A person experiences the world as the earth is depicted. Inverted Drake Helen Class: Human

Since ancient times, exploring the environment and expanding living space, people have thought about how the world where they live works. Trying to explain the Universe, he used categories that were close and understandable to him, first of all, drawing parallels with familiar nature and the area in which he himself lived. How did people used to imagine the Earth? What did they think about its shape and place in the Universe? How have their ideas changed over time? All this allows you to find out historical sources that have survived to this day.

How did ancient people imagine the Earth?

The first prototypes of geographical maps are known to us in the form of images left by our ancestors on the walls of caves, incisions on stones and animal bones. Researchers find such sketches in different parts peace. Such drawings depict hunting grounds, places where game hunters set traps, as well as roads.

Schematically depicting rivers, caves, mountains, forests on available material, man sought to convey information about them to subsequent generations. To distinguish terrain objects already familiar to them from new ones that had just been discovered, people gave them names. Thus, humanity gradually accumulated geographical experience. And even then our ancestors began to wonder what the Earth was.

The way ancient people imagined the Earth largely depended on the nature, topography and climate of the places where they lived. Because the peoples different corners the planets saw the world around them in their own way, and these views differed significantly.

Babylon

Valuable historical information about how ancient people imagined the Earth was left to us by civilizations that lived on the lands between and the Euphrates, inhabiting the Nile Delta and the shores of the Mediterranean Sea (the modern territories of Asia Minor and southern Europe). This information is over six thousand years old.

Thus, the ancient Babylonians considered the Earth to be a “world mountain”, on the western slope of which Babylonia, their country, was located. This idea was facilitated by the fact that the eastern part of the lands they knew abutted high mountains which no one dared to cross.

To the south of Babylonia there was a sea. This allowed people to believe that the “world mountain” was actually round, and was washed by the sea on all sides. On the sea, like an inverted bowl, rests the solid heavenly world, which is in many ways similar to the earthly one. It also had its own “land”, “air” and “water”. The role of land was played by the belt of the Zodiacal constellations, blocking the celestial “sea” like a dam. It was believed that the Moon, Sun and several planets moved along this firmament. The Babylonians saw the sky as the place of residence of the gods.

The souls of dead people, on the contrary, lived in an underground “abyss”. At night, the Sun, plunging into the sea, had to pass through this dungeon from western edge Earth to the east, and in the morning, rising from the sea to the firmament, again begin your daily journey along it.

The way people imagined the Earth in Babylon was based on observations of natural phenomena. However, the Babylonians could not interpret them correctly.

Palestine

As for the inhabitants of this country, other ideas different from Babylonian ones reigned in these lands. The ancient Jews lived in flat areas. Therefore, the Earth in their vision also looked like a plain, intersected in places by mountains.

Winds, bringing with them either drought or rain, occupied a special place in Palestinian beliefs. Living in the “lower zone” of the sky, they separated the “heavenly waters” from the surface of the Earth. Water, in addition, was also under the Earth, feeding from there all the seas and rivers on its surface.

India, Japan, China

Probably the most famous legend today, telling how ancient people imagined the Earth, was composed by the ancient Indians. These people believed that the Earth was actually shaped like a hemisphere, which rested on the backs of four elephants. These elephants stood on the back of a giant turtle swimming in an endless sea of milk. All these creatures were wrapped in many rings by the black cobra Sheshu, which had several thousand heads. These heads, according to Indian beliefs, supported the Universe.

The earth in the minds of the ancient Japanese was limited to the territory of the islands known to them. It was attributed to a cubic shape, and the frequent earthquakes occurring in their homeland were explained by the violence of a fire-breathing dragon living deep in its depths.

About five hundred years ago, the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, observing the stars, established that the center of the Universe is the Sun, and not the Earth. Almost 40 years after Copernicus's death, his ideas were developed by the Italian Galileo Galilei. This scientist was able to prove that all planets solar system, including the Earth, actually revolve around the Sun. Galileo was accused of heresy and forced to renounce his teachings.

However, the Englishman Isaac Newton, born a year after Galileo's death, subsequently managed to discover the law universal gravity. On its basis, he explained why the Moon revolves around the Earth, and why planets with satellites and numerous revolve around the Sun.

1. Sense organs

How does our “I” learn about what surrounds a person?

Psychologist: A person gets an idea of the world around him using wonderful tools given by nature itself: the senses.

How many feelings does a person have?

Psychologist: Scientists have not yet come to a consensus on this issue, but the main five - vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch - are familiar to everyone.

And what does each of his feelings tell a person?

Psychologist: We receive most information about the outside world through vision. Our eye allows us to distinguish colors, their brightness, as well as the movement and size of surrounding objects. He has remarkable vigilance. It has been established that a person with good eyesight is able to see the flame of a candle on a clear night, which is located at a distance of 27 km from him!
With the help of hearing, people can distinguish sounds and determine the source of their origin. A person with good hearing is able to hear ticking in complete silence. wristwatch at a distance of up to 6 m!
Human skin experiences sensations of touch, pressure, heat, and cold. They occur with the most minor impacts. For example, a person is able to feel the movement of air when a fly's wing falls onto the surface of the skin from a height of about one centimeter! Great importance for a person they have painful sensations. On one square centimeter of human skin there are 100 pain points, and there are about 900 thousand of them over the entire surface of the skin.
The tongue helps to accurately determine the taste and does this very skillfully: it has been proven that a person feels the presence of one teaspoon of sugar in eight liters of water. The tip of the tongue is most sensitive to sweet tastes, the edges of the tongue to sour tastes, and the base of the tongue to bitter tastes.
The fifth sense that a person constantly uses is smell. A good nose can sense the presence of one drop of perfume in a room of one hundred square meters!
Along with these five basic senses, one more should be noted - the sense of balance.

Skin vision

If desired, a person can develop the acuity of the senses given to us by nature. For example, a professional musician is able to distinguish many nuances of the sound of an instrument, and an artist is able to distinguish dozens and even hundreds of shades of the same color.
Remarkable abilities can be acquired by developing the sense of touch. In 1960, reports appeared in American newspapers about 14-year-old Margaret Fus, who could see perfectly even when she was blindfolded. Scientists did many experiments with the girl. With her eyes closed and using only her hands, Margaret read passages taken at random from the Bible, articles from newspapers and magazines, and named the objects that the experiment participants pointed to.
And this case is far from the only one! The well-known psychic in our country, Roza Kuleshova, demonstrated an amazing ability - she read with her hands the headlines of newspaper articles lying in tightly sealed envelopes. How can this happen? Research has shown that the ability to “read with your hands” can be developed in any person with appropriate training. Moreover, for this purpose you can use any areas of the skin, and it is not necessary to touch the perceived text.
In Moscow, for several years now, there has been a school where Nikolai Denisov teaches the art of seeing without eyes to everyone, primarily schoolchildren. According to him, it takes about five days of special exercises to see with eyes closed first letter.

2. Sensation and perception

Psychologist: The senses can be called our “windows to the world.” Thanks to them, we perceive the individual properties of objects. Colors, glare of light, sounds, smells, feelings of heat, cold, pain - all these are sensations.

Eyes see, ears hear, skin touches... But where do all these sensations “merge” with each other?

Psychologist: When sensations merge with each other, perception is formed. It is perception, thanks to the coordinated work of all senses, that creates a holistic image of an object. For example, a person touches the ground with his hand and feels a cold, crumbly mass under his fingers, he sees sparkling whiteness, hears a crunch under his feet, inhales an unlike anything frosty smell. And he says to himself: “This is snow. This is winter!"
Psychologists believe that the leading role in creating perception is played by the brain, where a variety of information received from the senses is combined and organized. Analyzing sensations, the brain selects each object from its environment, distinguishes them by shape, color, size; determines the distance at which they are from us; finds out whether objects are moving or not. And all this happens almost instantly! Thanks to the activity of the brain, we see around us on the street not random colored spots of different illumination, but houses, trees, people, cars. In the conservatory, the brain puts together a variety of auditory sensations, and we hear not a random set of sounds, but a symphony. In the evening in the forest, we not only notice to ourselves individual rustles, glares and smells, but we see a burning fire, feel the resinous aroma of pine trees warmed by the sun during the day, and notice a bird flying by.

So, when all the sensations add up, merge together, a perception is obtained?

Psychologist: No, that's not true! Any perception is not just the sum of individual sensations (color, light, sounds, smells, etc.). A person’s previous experience plays a huge role in creating perception. When we see an object for the first time, it takes time to analyze all our sensations. But if an object is well known to us, only one sign is enough to identify it. So, having heard the characteristic ticking from the next room, we immediately understand: “This is a clock!”

The famous French poet Arthur Rimbaud wrote the once unusual poem “Vowels”. It said that letters could be colored: A - black, E - white, I - red, U - green, O - blue. The poet did not at all try to surprise his listeners with unusual comparisons. He actually saw sounds! “Vowels” was the first to describe a phenomenon that scientists call “color hearing,” or synthesis (translated from Greek, this term means “co-sensation”).
Arthur Rimbaud is far from only person, who had the gift of “color hearing.” The Moscow reporter Leonid Shershevsky, who lived in the first half of the twentieth century, is considered to be a real genius of synthesis. In perceiving any attribute of an object, all his senses were involved at once! He could, for example, say when meeting: “What a yellow and crumbly voice you have!” When under Shershevsky they began to play musical notes on the piano one after another, he saw either a silver stripe, then yellow, then brown... And in the latter case, the visual sensation was complemented by a taste sensation - the taste of sweet and sour borscht appeared in the mouth. One of the musical tones evoked in Shershevsky an image of lightning splitting the sky in half. And the sharp sound gave him the impression of a needle piercing his back. For him, vowels were figures, consonants were splashes, and numbers were like towers.
“I remember,” writes one of his contemporaries, “how Shershevsky and I once walked from the institute.
“Don’t forget the way,” I warned him.
“No, what are you talking about,” he answered. - Is it possible to forget? After all, this fence, it tastes so salty and so rough, and it has such a piercing sound...”

3. Attention

Thanks to our senses, do we notice everything that happens around us?

Psychologist: That's not entirely true. Yes, our senses constantly inform us about what is happening around us. However, as a rule, we do not see everything that surrounds us, and we do not perceive all the sounds. Of the many surrounding objects, our consciousness focuses only on the most significant ones. This ability of consciousness to single out one thing from many is called attention. Attention plays a huge role in our lives. If a person did not have attention, he could neither study nor work.
Attention can be voluntary and involuntary. Imagine that you are solving a complex problem, and you just can’t find the right solution. Patience is running out, you are ready to give up on your goal, but then you gather your strength and again direct your attention to the condition of the task. Such attention, which is controlled by the person himself, is called voluntary. It is characterized by a feeling of tension. Another – opposite – type of attention is involuntary attention. Unlike voluntary, it arises on its own, without effort on our part (this happens during an interesting movie, when we follow the events on the screen with interest).

Is your attention always focused on one thing?

Psychologist: Sometimes a person has to do several things at once. For example, during a lesson, a student can listen to the teacher, take notes, and look at the map. This ability is called attention distribution. This kind of exercise is not always successful. For example, if you do homework and watch TV at the same time, you can make a lot of ridiculous mistakes, and it will take more time to prepare your lessons. But sometimes, thanks to targeted training, you can learn to distribute your attention in such a way that one thing does not interfere with another. In 1887 their unusual abilities Frenchman Paulan demonstrated to the public how to manage attention. For example, he could read one poem to listeners and at the same time compose another on a given topic. Or, while reciting poetry, solve complex problems at the same time.

4. Imagination

Psychologist: A person can observe not only objects of the external world, but also vivid pictures generated by his brain. Each of us is able to clearly and clearly imagine a well-known landscape, for example, the view from the window of our room or a face close relative. It is enough to close our eyes, and we will see them as if on an “inner screen”. This brain ability is called imagination.

Is a person able to imagine only what he has seen or heard before?

Psychologist: No, of course. By imagining, a person is able to combine parts of various objects into a single image. This is how, by merging the images of a horse and a man, we got a centaur. Many heroes of fairy tales and myths well known to you have never existed in real life. They were created by the power of human imagination.

Do all people have imagination?

Psychologist: Sometimes they say about a person: “He has no imagination.” This is certainly an exaggeration. Everyone has imagination. Without imagination there would be no science or art. A person could not only write piece of art, but also read it. After all, the images created by writers, poets and artists would not make any impression on him.
Moreover! Without human imagination, we would be absolutely helpless in practical life. It is in the imagination that we foresee the results that we want to achieve with the help of certain actions.

Psychologist: All living beings have sense organs. Man in this respect is no different from them. But a person has another tool for cognition - speech. Unlike animals, he lives, as it were, in a double world: the world of the objects around him and the world of words.

What does it mean to “lives in the world of words”?

Psychologist: Speech is an extremely complex phenomenon of human mental life. Fundamental element speech is served by the word, which is at the same time a concept. And concepts are common names adopted in human society for objects or phenomena. Each such concept evokes a certain picture in our imagination. For example, someone says the word “forest”. And immediately a certain picture appears in our imagination: many trees, shadows, the wind rustling in the branches... And if someone talks about “rain”, another image appears: the sky overcast with clouds, drops falling on the ground, puddles underfoot ...

How a person experiences the world around him. Why do people travel? What does the science of archeology study? The world Program "Harmony" 4th grade Everything - from the poplar by the fence Everything - from the poplar by the fence To the large dark forest And from the lake to the pond - Environment. And also a bear, and a moose, and a kitten, Vaska, I suppose? Even a fly - wow! - Environment. I love the silence on the lake and the reflection of the roofs in the pond, I love picking blueberries in the forest, I love the badger and the fox.

The world

I love you forever! - Environment!

L. Fadeeva

In front of you are objects of the surrounding world.

I love you forever! - Environment!

What three groups can all objects of the surrounding world be divided into?

Inanimate nature

Live nature

Products of man

What is inanimate nature? Celestial bodies Name the celestial bodies. Name the landforms of land. Name the bodies of water.

Remember!

– What groups can reservoirs be divided into?

- Which

L. Fadeeva

natural phenomena

connected with

inanimate nature

– What safety rules should you follow when being in nature?

Natural and artificial

Clouds, wind, precipitation, thunderstorm, rainbow, tsunami, flood, tornado and others.

What about living nature?

Plants

Animals

invertebrates

vertebrates

Inferior

seaweed

Higher

Conifers

Ferns

Flowering

Invertebrates

Worms

Shellfish

Crustaceans

Arachnids

Insects

Vertebrates

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

What have we learned about man?

Part of wildlife

Society member

World Transformer

What have we learned about the human body?

Arachnids

Insects

Vertebrates

What organs inform people about the state of the environment? Sense organs: organ of vision

organ of hearing sense of smell touch

taste What have we learned about man?

Name the important ones

internal organs

person.

What's happened

healthy image

Now we learn about events in the world, about customs different nations from television programs, radio messages, newspapers, books. But in ancient times, only travelers could tell peoples about each other. Now we learn about events in the world, about the customs of different peoples from television programs, radio messages, newspapers, and books. But in ancient times, only travelers could tell peoples about each other. This was well noted by the great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Tsar Saltan in his fairy tale asks the overseas merchants: This was well noted by the great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Tsar Saltan in his fairy tale asks the overseas merchants:

Oh, you, gentlemen, guests,

How long did it take? Where?

Is it good or bad overseas? And what is the miracle in the world?, their clothes and food, customs and traditions are different. A person learned that there are many different peoples on Earth who speak different languages, have different clothes and food, customs and traditions. If you read the legends and fairy tales of any nation, there will definitely be travels that penetrated there from real life. If you read the legends and fairy tales of any nation, there will definitely be travels that penetrated there from real life. What kind of journeys do ancient Greek myths tell about? If you read the legends and fairy tales of any nation, there will definitely be travels that penetrated there from real life."). Researchers of antiquity are called archaeologists. They explore ancient buildings, burial mounds, household items and military equipment , crafts and works of art. Researchers of antiquity are called archaeologists. They explore ancient buildings, burial mounds, household and military equipment, crafts and works of art. An archaeologist's backpack may contain ancient coins , seals, medals, scraps of birch bark with incomprehensible signs, shards of pottery and much more. An archaeologist's backpack may contain ancient coins, seals, medals, scraps of birch bark with incomprehensible signs, shards of pottery and much more. Having found antiquities, archaeologists clean them with scrapers, knives or brushes and tassels. Having found antiquities, archaeologists clean them with scrapers, knives or brushes and tassels. Then everything is carefully packaged and taken to the laboratory for research. Then everything is carefully packaged and taken to the laboratory for research.

In written sources of knowledge about the past one finds information about
significant events
peoples, oh
natural disasters

, about the laws by which our ancestors lived.

In written sources of knowledge about the past, one finds information about significant events of peoples, about natural disasters, about the laws by which our ancestors lived.
[email protected]

What is the wealth of the world of knowledge?
What motivates a person in the pursuit of truth?
Are there eternal truths?
How to know yourself?

Knowledge about the world and the world of knowledge. Man is an inquisitive creature. His behavior is first determined by the orienting reflex: “What is it?” Gradually, curiosity in him does not fade, but, on the contrary, acquires a stable desire for knowledge. Moreover, the world around us is so diverse, interesting and attractive.

A small child never tires of repeating his “why?” and for what?". His curiosity is aimed at everything that comes into his field of attention. Gradually, these questions become less frequent, but the desire to get answers becomes more urgent. Human cognitive capabilities are very great. And the object of human knowledge is the whole world.

We often say “the world of knowledge,” but how often do we really think about what this world is like? And it contains different levels knowledge. A person receives part of the information about the world through his senses through sensations. The world is visible, full of sounds and smells, it affects the senses of touch. Can we trust that our senses give us correct information? You will immediately object that not everyone’s vision and hearing are perfect, and people distinguish smells differently. Over time, a person generally lost the subtlety of many sensations. We have to agree with this. Nevertheless, the volume of them that we receive as a direct reaction to irritations caused by the impact of the surrounding reality on our receptors is an important channel of information. The brain perceives, processes, and remembers this information. From a variety of immediate sensations perception is born - a holistic image of the world or part of it. In humans, the world of sensations is additionally colored with the help of language. As soon as we hear the word “flower”, a fragrant rose in drops of dew appears before the mind’s eye of one person. Another sees a modest wildflower or an exotic tree in bloom.

The images that our memories create are based on previous sensations and are supplemented by the entire amount of information we receive through various senses, giving rise to a complex perception. Sense organs help a person to experience the world directly, but they do not provide many important information, without which knowledge is not complete.

Language and speech play an important role in understanding the world. With their help, a person names surrounding objects, describes their properties and characteristics. Based on these descriptions, he determines what these objects have in common, and creates generalized concepts, and also establishes what their differences are. With the help of judgments and conclusions, a person formulates questions, conclusions, and theories. And all this is for the sake of knowing the truth.

True- the desire for it drives man from the time of his appearance on Earth. The path to truth is often very difficult and even dangerous. For the sake of truth, people went to trials and even death. Truth is usually called knowledge that corresponds to the surrounding world most fully and accurately. There are well-known truths: “Don’t go into the water without knowing the ford.” To ensure the validity of this advice, you don’t have to test it yourself in practice, especially if you don’t know how to swim. Many truths come to us from folk wisdom developed over generations.

There are truths that are verified by direct practice every day: “It is better to be healthy and rich than poor and sick.” There is common sense behind such truths. They also rely on experience and do not require complex arguments for their proof. Everything is obvious here. But there are also non-obvious truths, for the comprehension of which there is little personal experience or the experience of one’s loved ones. The more complex the phenomenon that is comprehended, the more difficult it is sometimes to see the incredible behind the obvious. In a children's book about Dunno and his friends, the unlucky hero argues that once during a flight hot-air balloon There are clouds under the travelers’ feet, which means they are flying upside down. At first glance, this is so: the clouds are below, which means the head is below. In fact, science has long established that clouds are located above the Earth's surface at different heights, which means that by changing your flight altitude, you can find yourself above the clouds, in their thickness, and under them.

Science, exploring the world, resorts to special means and methods: observations, experiments and experiments, modeling, measurements, calculations, theory building. Getting acquainted with the basics of science in different lessons, you also go through this path of knowledge. The only difference between a student and a scientist is that the student comprehends truths that are still unknown to him personally, and the scientist discovers new knowledge.

In a special way a person knows social life. The sciences of society differ from the sciences of nature at least in that it is impossible to repeat many historical events or social phenomena. However, social sciences have developed their own ways of collecting and processing information. They draw extensively on their sources, summarizing and explaining their findings. Once upon a time, the father of history, Herodotus, called his work “History,” which translates as narrative, story. He set himself the goal of telling people about everything that he learned during his travels or that other people told him about. It’s up to the reader to separate truth from fiction. Since then, history has noticeably changed its way of understanding the world. It is no longer limited to referring to the mentioned facts, it compares versions of the same events, compares and double-checks data with the help of material and written sources. They come to the historian's aid exact sciences, computers, radioactive substances and much more. Science today is much closer to the truth than in the time of Herodotus.

Does this mean that science knows everything, that it has universal knowledge? Of course not. Many theories of science are being replaced by more advanced and accurate ones. Penetrating into the depths of the secrets of nature is an endless process, like this world itself. Gaining knowledge, a person moves further, further, further. Many old ideas are being replaced by new ones. A classic example is the discovery of the theory of relativity by Einstein, who proved that Newtonian mechanics is only special case, and laws apply discovered by Newton, only in terrestrial conditions. Space flights have practically made it possible to study weightlessness and to comprehend new patterns that exist in outer space.

Our understanding of the world greatly enriches art. It not only draws plots, situations, problems, impressions from the surrounding world, but also creates various artistic media, revealing the multifaceted aspects of life reality. The fantasies of artists not only serve as a means of self-expression, they help a person understand something important in the world, feel and learn about himself and others what neither science nor personal experience, nor common sense. However, this only happens when it is possible to comprehend the depth of the artistic image, which is sometimes quite complex.

How many “I”s are there in each “I”? The inscription on the Delphic Temple reads: “Know thyself.” A person needs to know: what is he like? Who is he? Does he know himself?

First of all, let us understand that the concept of “I” is very complex. Each person sees himself from different angles. Therefore, they distinguish between the “real self” - how a person actually imagines himself in this moment; “dynamic self” - what a person wants to become; “fantastic self” - how he sees himself in his dreams, what he would like to become; “ideal self” - how a person would like to see himself; a whole series of imaginary, “imagined selves” - how a person deliberately exposes himself, as if hiding behind masks that hide some features of the “real self”.

A person’s knowledge and awareness of himself, distinguishing himself from the world around him, awareness of his uniqueness and originality, his physical, mental and moral qualities is called self-awareness. As a result, a person develops a “self-image” - a unique system of ideas, images and assessments related to himself.

"Image of Me" is an attitude towards oneself that arises from many components. Firstly, appearance plays an important role in this image. Few people can say that they are completely satisfied with themselves. More often we grumble that we would like to have a different height, eye or hair color, to be at least a little similar in appearance to the ideal. Alas... You can change your appearance, but is it necessary? Over the years, there are fewer and fewer complaints about her, her own appearance seems more and more familiar. Yes and folk wisdom rightly teaches: “Do not drink water from your face...”

Another component is the idea of one’s internal qualities and properties: “smart”, “ambitious”, “romantic”, etc. It is important for a person to evaluate what he knows about himself, his emotional attitude towards his self-image.

How does a person usually learn about himself? Most often, he learns about himself from other people: first from adults, then more and more often by comparing himself with other people. And he not only looks in the “mirror” - another person, stating certain human properties: kindness, intelligence, discipline, ability to work, boastfulness or the like. He, as it were, “tryes on” these qualities for himself, determines whether he has them or not.

Knowing his “real self,” a person often strives to get closer to his “ideal self.”

Self-esteem- this is an individual’s assessment of himself, his capabilities, qualities and place among other people. A person’s relationships with others, his criticality, self-demandingness, and attitude toward successes and failures depend on self-esteem.

Self-esteem is influenced by many external and internal circumstances. “Besides him, I felt untalented.” “After succeeding in the exam, I instantly grew in my eyes.” These phrases highlight how quickly things change in the way we think about ourselves.

Self-esteem is closely related to the goals that a person sets for himself: the more difficult the goal, the more demanding he is of himself.

One person sets high goals for himself and persistently strives to achieve them. Another lives by the principle “I am a small person” and does not do much to avoid failure. Psychologists have discovered that the less self-interest and self-esteem a person has, the more acutely he reacts to a possible discrepancy between the intended goal and the result obtained. Sometimes this attitude towards oneself is associated with a reluctance to participate in strenuous activities, as well as opposition to others.

Knowing yourself is very difficult. Unexpected difficulties await a person here. What are they? First of all, people often tend to overestimate their capabilities. In this case, they talk about inflated self-esteem. Such people arouse the skepticism of others. “He thinks a lot about himself,” they say about such a person. If a person evaluates himself too low (low self-esteem), then another danger lurks here: lack of self-confidence. It turns out that for a person’s self-esteem it is very important what people say about you behind your back.

In order for self-esteem and the attitude of others towards a person to coincide, you need to analyze your actions more often.

It just so happens that we are usually prompted to self-analysis by some special, critical events: difficulties, conflicts, contradictions. It happens that we reproach ourselves for acting this way and not differently, for not saying or doing differently. This analysis is useful. It will be even more effective if in similar situations we find the strength to behave as we should, taking into account our past mistakes.

Basic Concepts

Man's knowledge of the world and himself.

Terms

Sensation, perception, concept, judgment, inference, truth, introspection, self-esteem, “self-image”.

Self-test questions

What role do sensations play in cognition?
What is perception, how is it related to sensations?
How does truth differ from plausible knowledge?
How does knowing nature differ from knowing society?
Describe the features of the main types of cognition.
What role does language play in the process of human cognition of the world?
What is the “I-image” made of?
How can you improve your self-esteem? What significance does it have in a person’s life?

Tasks

Not all scientists admit that the world is knowable. Those who deny the very possibility of knowing the truth are called agnostics. Express your ideas about agnostics: what they are right about, what it is difficult to agree with them.
Give examples that refute truths that are obvious from the point of view of common sense.
Make a comparative table “Knowledge of nature, society, oneself”, outline lines of comparison, formulate conclusions about the features of knowledge of these three objects.
The famous ancient Greek philosopher Thales answered the question: “What is difficult?” - answered: “Know yourself.” Determine your attitude to the opinion of the ancient sage. Give the necessary arguments.

Public lesson
How the Earth is depicted. Idea of the Earth
ancient peoples. Earth model

Goals :

– introduce the ideas of ancient peoples about the shape and movement of the Earth;

– form ideas about the globe as a model of the Earth;

– develop imagination, cognitive interest to the history of the development of knowledge about the shape of the Earth, the ability to reason;

– cultivate a desire to learn new things.

Equipment: illustrations (ancient ideas about the shape of the Earth, images of ancient globes); hemisphere map.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

The lesson begins

It will be useful for the guys.

Try to understand everything.

Learn to reveal secrets

Give complete answers

To get paid for work

Only a “5” rating.”

2.. Checking homework.

1. Frontal survey.

– How is a map different from a plan?

– What can you find out from geographical map?

– What and how is shown on a historical map?

2. ShowBy physical map Russian natural and geographical features (rivers, lakes, plains, mountains, etc.)

3. Working with cards.

Card1. Connect the concepts and words that explain them with lines.

Card2. Connect possible scales with lines.

4. Examination homework in workbooks (tasks No. 24, 25).

III. Test - survey

– Solvecrosswordand read the key phrase. This is the topic of our lesson.

1. The terrain that we see around us.

2. Image of the top view of the object.

3 A number showing how many times the dimensions of objects are reduced when depicting them in a drawing.

4. System of counting days, weeks, months, years.

5. Unit of time.

Answers. 1. Horizon. 2. Drawing. 3. Scale. 4. Calendar. 5. Month.

Key phrase: Earth.

– Today in class we will learn how ancient peoples imagined the Earth. Let's learn how to depict not a section of the earth's surface, but the entire Earth.

Ancient people often thought about what our earth rests on. They had similar conversations about this.

Staging.

Do you know what holds the Earth?

The water is high

What holds water?

Stone

What does the stone hold?

Four golden whales

What keeps golden whales alive?

River of fire

What keeps the fire going?

Iron oak…

What do you know about the shape of our Earth?

How many of you know what science studies the Earth in more detail? (geography)

You will study geography in high school. But today our guest is geography teacher Irina Alekseevna Konovalova. She will tell you in more detail about how our Earth was previously represented and how it is represented now.

But before that, let's rest

Physical education minute

We fly under the clouds, And the earth floats beneath us:

Grove, field, garden and river, And houses, and little men.

(Flap your arms like wings.)

We were tired of flying, so we landed in a swamp.

(Several deep squats.)

IV. Learning new material.

Slide 1: The world around us is only the first step in the study of natural sciences. Next year, when you are fifth graders, you will rise to another level of study - this is the subject of natural history. In the 6th grade, this step will be the study of the subjects of geography and biology, and in the 7th and 8th grades you will become acquainted with the sciences of physics and chemistry.

Slide 2: Do you guys know what the science of geography studies? Translated from Greek, Ge means Earth, and grapho means I write, which means geography is a description of the earth or a description of the Earth.

Slide 3: In the lessons “The World Around You” you have already become acquainted with the concepts of map, terrain plan, horizon, landmarks, compass, scale, parallels and meridians. These concepts are inextricably linked with geography. A map is a mandatory attribute of every true geographer, and a set of maps is called an atlas. Everyone has such an atlas on their desk.

Slide 4: One of the first disputes in the history of geography that has come down to us is associated with the sides of the horizon. Every step in the development of geography, like any other science, is accompanied by controversy. Not all of them are already allowed.

The ancient Greek scientist Herodotus was called by his descendants “the father of history” because we learned a lot about the events ancient world. But Herodotus can also be called the “father of geography.” He brought to us the following legend. We'll talk about Africa. Find it on the map in your atlases. Who will show Africa on the map at the board?

Approximately 2700 years ago egyptian pharaoh(king) Necho sent a ship from the Red Sea to the south, giving the sailors the task of circumnavigating Africa (then called Libya). For three years there was no word or breath about the ship. But suddenly Mediterranean Sea A ship entered the harbor from the west. These were the sailors. They still carried out the order of the pharaoh.

Afterwards, Herodotus will write: “What they say, in my opinion, is not true, but someone else, perhaps, will believe that, sailing around Libya, they had the sun on the right.”

Who do you think is right: Herodotus or the sailors?

The teacher explains from the map of the hemispheres: - If you sail from the Red Sea around Africa, the path first goes south, then turns west. This means that when the sailors sailed from east to west, they saw the sun on the right, that is, in the north. It is clear that Herodotus did not believe this, since it contradicted his observations.

Why did Herodotus doubt the sailors' rightness? (There was little information about the Earth and its shape).

What do you need to know to depict the entire Earth? What should you use for this? (Dimensions of the Earth, map, scale must be used).

Do we need to know the shape of the Earth? (Necessary, since a small area of the earth’s surface can be considered flat and transferred to a certain scale onto a sheet of paper (plane), but in the case of the Earth this will not work).

What kind of Earth did the ancient peoples imagine and how did they depict it? (Students give answers).

Scene: Now my assistants will show you an excerpt from L. I. Lagin’s story “Old Man Hottabych,” how sixth-grader Volka Kostylkov, at the prompting of the genie Hottabych, whom he took from a bottle, proved that the Earth is shaped like a disk:

“If the Earth were a ball, water would flow down from it, and people would die of thirst, and plants would dry up. The earth, O most worthy and noblest of teachers and mentors, was and is in the shape of a flat disk and is washed on all sides by a majestic river called “Ocean”. The earth rests on six elephants, and they stand on a huge turtle. This is how the world works, O teacher.”

Volka himself understood that he was talking nonsense, but he could not stop. His helplessness brought tears to his eyes. The teacher decided to help him and asked another question.

Well, Kostylkov, dry your tears, don’t be nervous. Tell me, what is a horizon?

Horizon? – Volka was delighted. - It's simple. The horizon is an imaginary line that... - But Hottabych was again fussing behind the wall, and Kostylkov again fell victim to his hint.

“Horizon, O most revered one,” he corrected himself, “I will call the horizon the line where the crystal dome of heaven comes into contact with the edge of the Earth.”

What mistakes did Volka make? How did the genie Hottabych imagine the Earth and its shape?

Slide 5: Everything is correct. That's exactly what they thought.

Slide 6, 7: Why did they depict the Earth this way? In ancient times, a person’s knowledge of the world essentially boiled down to familiarity with the immediate surroundings. You can judge this from old maps.

Slide 8 – 12: During travel, and even more so in everyday life, this area unfolded before a person like a scroll of paper, on which one landscape replaced another. In any given place earth's surface it looked flat. This means that the sum of such surfaces must also be flat. This led naturally to the idea of a flat Earth.

How do you think our Slavic ancestors imagined the Earth? I suggest you find the answer to this question in your textbooks on pages 52-53. (Read out the answers found).

But then, in ancient times, several “whys” arose, to which the flat Earth ideas did not provide an answer:

Why does a ship, moving away from the shore, suddenly disappear from view?

Why does our gaze encounter some kind of obstacle, the horizon line?

Why does the horizon expand when you rise to a high point?

Why did sailors sailing around Africa from east to west see the sun to their right?

Why during lunar eclipses does the shadow of the Earth approaching the Moon have a round outline?

These questions have given rise to a number of speculations about the shape of the Earth. In science, such assumptions that have not yet been proven are called hypotheses. The earth was considered flat, cylindrical, and cubic.

Slide 13: Greek mathematician Pythagoras, who lived inVcentury before new era, considered it spherical, but could not prove the correctness of his point of view.

Thus began the “great debate” in geography. At first he concerned only the question of the shape of the Earth. Then its scope expanded and the main question became the question of the Earth’s place in the Universe. The dispute lasted for more than two thousand years, drawing into its orbit not only scientists, but also people who were far from science, but who had power. There were breakthroughs and setbacks, the triumph of one point of view and the persecution of supporters of others. The dispute, on a historical scale, ended quite recently - at the turnXIXcenturies.

Slide 14: The great Greek scientist and thinker Aristotle lived inIVcentury BC. He considered various hypotheses and came to the conclusion that the Earth can only be spherical. In doing so, he relied on two of the above questions - about the horizon and about observing the Earth's shadow during eclipses.

Slide 15: In fact, only by recognizing the sphericity of the Earth can one explain the appearance of the horizon. True, in some way a similar effect can occur with a cylindrical shape of the Earth, but with a cylinder the horizon would be visible only in two of the four sides light, in the other two our eyes would see infinitely far.

Slide 16 : They especially clearly pointed out the sphericity of the Earth lunar eclipses. Neither a cylinder, nor a cube, nor any other shape can produce a circular shadow, and a flat circle cannot have a horizon.

Slide 17: Thus, combined together, two arguments lead to an unambiguous conclusion: the Earth has the shape of a sphere.

Aristotle's point of view was accepted by most scientists of that time, and subsequent times. Based on it, Eratosthenes, the same one who gave the name to our science - geography, using an ingenious method based on the difference in the length of shadows at noon in different points of the Earth, was able for the first time to calculate the circumference of the globe. It was inIIV. BC. According to the calculations of Eratosthenes, it is equal to 39,500 kilometers.

This is very close to our modern data, which was obtained more than two thousand years later using the most accurate instruments - 40,008 kilometers.

Which model do you think is more consistent with the actual shape of the Earth? (Round, and this is a globe model).

The spherical shape of the Earth corresponds to a model in the form of a ball.

Having realized that the Earth was not flat, but spherical, people began to create its models, many times smaller copies, a kind of toy earth - globes. And the word “globe” in Latin is a ball.

Slide 18: The oldest globe that has come down to us was created in 1492 by the German scientist Martin Beheim. This was the year Columbus discovered America, which, however, did not in any way affect the contents of the globe. Half the world is missing on it.Why? And it could not be otherwise, if even Columbus himself was convinced until the end of his life that he had visited Asia, and not America. Beheim's globe gives us an idea of the level geographical knowledge on the eve of the era of the Great geographical discoveries VXVI – XVIIIcenturies On Beheim's globe there are no such continents as Australia and Antarctica, because... they were discovered much later. And we will talk about these discoveries in 6th grade geography lessons.

Slide 19: The first practical proof of the sphericity of the Earth was circumnavigation Ferdinand Magellan. In 1519, a flotilla of five ships left Spain and sailed along the eastern coast South America, went around it through the strait and went out into the ocean. In 1522, the expedition returned to Spain, rounding Earth. This was proof of the sphericity of the Earth. True, Magellan himself died in a skirmish with the natives in the Philippine Islands, and out of five ships, only Victoria remained. But that's a completely different story.

And now, Vera Konstantinovna, will introduce you to the concept of syncwine.

6. Consolidation.

a) selective reading of the text p. 53

As it was written about the Earth in a geography textbook 600 years ago.

7.Checking knowledge acquisition.

(syncwine)

V. Lesson summary.

Who liked the lesson?

What do you remember most?

8. Reflection.

Our land is very beautiful planet, but we will try to decorate it further. I suggest you choose an emoticon that suits your mood and place it on the map of our country.

(music)

Homework: textbook (pp. 52–54).

Draw our Earth in the future