What rights are associated with his needs. Why is need not a legal term?

United Nations

In 2007, 113 million children school age did not attend school - 97 percent of them live in developing countries. Of the estimated 854 million illiterate adults worldwide, 544 million are women.
An estimated 171 million children, including 73 million under 10 years of age, work with hazardous chemicals and pesticides in agriculture, as well as with various dangerous mechanisms or in mines.
An estimated 8.4 million children are forced into work, prostitution and pornography, armed conflict and other illegal activities.
The UN developed two optional protocols to the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, in which states parties committed to prohibit the participation of children under 18 years of age in armed conflict; and prohibit the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. Both protocols came into force at the beginning of 2002.
In many countries, women tend to suffer more violence due to their disenfranchised status due to gender discrimination. Racial discrimination is often the cause of violence. Therefore, women who are discriminated against on the basis of both race and gender are doubly at risk of violence.

Every person has the right to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights can be fully realized (Article 28 of the Declaration).

Human rights are the rights we need to live a full life. Without human rights, we cannot fully develop and realize our human qualities, intelligence and abilities and satisfy our spiritual needs.

By adopting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, the United Nations established a common standard of human rights for all countries. In this declaration, governments committed themselves to ensuring that all people - rich and poor, strong and weak, men and women, regardless of race or creed - were equal. This declaration is one of the binding international legal acts, but due to its widespread recognition by countries around the world, it has acquired great moral significance.

In addition, the UN has adopted many international treaties in the field of human rights, which legally oblige countries to guarantee social, economic and political rights to their citizens. The most important of these treaties are two international covenants - on economic, social and cultural rights and on civil and political rights. These treaties, together with the Optional Protocols, form the International Bill of Human Rights.

In June 2006, the Human Rights Council was established to replace the Human Rights Commission, which had operated from 1946 to 2006. Unlike the Commission, the Council is a subsidiary body of the General Assembly. This means that it is directly accountable to all members of the United Nations. The Council is the UN's main forum for dialogue and cooperation in the field of human rights. He is assisted by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.

Source:
All the most interesting about the United Nations
United Nations In 2007, 113 million school-age children were out of school - 97 percent of them living in developing countries. Of approximately 854 million
http://www.un.org/ru/aboutun/booklet/rights.shtml

EMOTIONS(from lat. emovere- excite, excite) - a special class of mental processes and states (of humans and animals) associated with instincts, needs, motives and reflecting in the form of direct experience (satisfaction, joy, fear, etc.) the significance of the phenomena and situations affecting the individual for the implementation of his life activities. Accompanying almost any manifestation of the subject’s activity, Emotions serve as one of the main mechanisms of internal regulation of mental activity and behavior aimed at satisfying current needs.

In ancient philosophy Emotions were seen as special kind cognition, and states of pleasure or suffering were associated with the idea of a future good or disaster ( Aristotle and etc.). Similar in their psychological intellectualism views were developed in modern philosophy, especially among J. Locke, G. Leibniz, G. Hegel. The opposite characteristic of E. is based on the recognition of the existence of an independent ability of feeling, which is not identified with the processes of cognition and will (I. Tetens, AND. Kant). The views of R. Descartes, N. Malebranche and especially B. Spinoza.

Great importance in concrete scientific study Emotions had the work of Charles Darwin “Expression emotions in humans and animals" (1872), where the adaptive role of accompanying E. is emphasized. expressive movements. In many respects, close to the views of Charles Darwin is the so-called. peripheral theory E., extended U. James and G. Lange (see James-Lange theory of emotions), according to which the emergence emotional experiences are caused by certain changes in activity internal organs and motor sphere. Despite serious criticism, the peripheral theory of E. in its various variants continued to be considered in psychology until studies conducted by W. Cannon, F. Bard, and others, which showed that emotional states m.b. explained by the specific activity of c. n. With.

E. arose in the process of evolution as a means by which living beings determine biological significance body conditions and external influences. During evolutionary development E. differentiate and form different kinds, distinguished by their psychological characteristics and patterns of flow.

The simplest form of emotion is emotional tone of sensations- innate hedonic experiences (from the Greek. hedone - pleasure), accompanying certain vital influences (for example, taste, temperature, pain). Already at this level, E. are differentiated into 2 polar classes. Positive E., caused by beneficial influences, encourage the subject to achieve and maintain them; deny. E. stimulate activity aimed at avoiding harmful effects.

IN extreme conditions, when the subject cannot cope with the situation that has arisen, the so-called. affects- a special type of emotional phenomena that differs great strength, the ability to brake others. mental processes and impose a certain method of “emergency” resolution of the situation, fixed in evolution (for example, flight, aggression).

In general, biological E. represent a form behavioral adaptation, in which the specific (hereditary) experience is updated: focusing on it, the individual commits necessary actions(for example, avoiding danger, procreation), the expediency of which remains hidden to him. E. are also important for acquiring individual experience. Carrying out the function of positive and negative reinforcement, they contribute to the acquisition of useful and elimination of unjustified forms of behavior.

Events that signal possible changes in a person’s life, along with specific emotions, can cause long-term changes in the general emotional background - the so-called. mood.

Human emotions differ in the degree of awareness. The conflict between conscious and unconscious emotions most often underlies neuroses. E. play an important role in the etiology of mental and psychosomatic diseases.

Addition: Giving a definition of E. (that is, all emotional phenomena together) is much more difficult than experiencing a variety of emotions every hour. Sometimes E. is forced to think; so, E., called existing definitions E., make you think about E. themselves.

Emotional phenomena are extremely diverse not only in modality and intensity of emotional assessment, but also in the dynamics and degree of expression of all others their components. The main divisions of the emotional sphere - the emotional (affective) tone of sensations, affects, situational (specific-subject) E., feelings, moods - structure many emotional phenomena based on taking into account the relationships between the components of E., but this list is rather an intuitive quasi-classification. (B.M.)

Emotions. A person’s experience of his relationship to objective reality and to himself, satisfaction or dissatisfaction with his own actions. Formation of E. different levels and complexity occurs due to the development of certain forms of communication between the organism and external environment. There are biological E., associated with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of vital needs (hunger, thirst, sexual desire) and higher ones, associated with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of spiritual (social, moral, cognitive, etc.) needs. According to their sensory coloring, emotions are divided into positive and negative. They talk about detained E. in cases where, for one reason or another (mainly social), a person is forced to suppress them.

Source:
How are human rights related to human needs?
Emotions are a special class of mental phenomena that express, in the form of a biased subjective experience, the meaning of reflected objects and situations to satisfy the needs of a living being.
http://psychologiya.com.ua/ee/4038-emoczii.html

Classification of human needs

Publication date 03/26/2013 22:34

In order to understand what human needs are and how they differ from the needs of plants and animals, you will first have to understand what the term “needs” means.

Needs in psychology and philosophy are states that are inherent exclusively to living organisms. This state expresses the organism’s dependence on environmental conditions for existence and development. The same condition determines the forms of activity of the body.

U different organisms different needs. Plants need only a mineral substrate for nutrition, light and water.

The needs of animals are more diverse, despite the fact that they are based on instincts. Fear, nutrition, the desire to reproduce, sleep - these are the main “needs” of animal organisms.

Human needs are very, very diverse. They are determined by two main factors: the presence of the first (common with animals) and the second signaling system(speech and thinking) and high mental organization. That is why human needs are so ambiguous, purposeful and are the main source of individual activity.

The peculiarity of a person is that he is able to recognize his own subjective ideas about the need with its objective content. Only a person is able to understand that in order to satisfy a need, one must first set a goal and then achieve it.

Even human physical needs different from the needs of animals. That is why they are directly related to forms of activity and can change significantly throughout life.

A person’s needs are represented as his desires, aspirations, drives and passions, and their satisfaction is always accompanied by the emergence of evaluative emotions. Joy, satisfaction, pride, anger, shame, dissatisfaction - this is what distinguishes humans from animals.

The form of manifestation of needs is desires. They can be traced in aspirations and hobbies; they move a person’s entire life and his activities.

The topic “man and his needs” is studied by scientists of many specialties: philosophers, psychologists, economists, etc., and they all came to the unequivocal opinion: if we talk about a person, then his needs are limitless.

This is explained simply. One need leads to another. As some are satisfied, a person has other needs.

Classification of needs- the concept is ambiguous, there are many of them. For example:

Needs related to the area human activity: this is the need for work, new knowledge, the need for rest and communication.
The object of application of needs can be material, spiritual, biological, aesthetic and other spheres of life.
Subjectively, needs are divided into group and individual, public and collective.
By nature of activity: playful, sexual, eating, defensive, communicative, cognitive.
According to the functional role of needs, many scientists believe, they can be dominant or secondary, central or peripheral, stable or situational.

H. Murray, B. I. Dodonov, Guilford, Maslow and other researchers proposed their classifications of needs. Despite their slightly different approaches, almost all of them agree on one thing.

All human needs can be divided into natural and culturally acquired. Natural ones are based on instincts, fixed at the genetic level.

Cultures are acquired with age. They can be simple acquired or complex acquired. The first arise on the basis of one’s own experience (for example, the need to communicate with friends or the need for a job you love). The latter arise on the basis of non-empirical own conclusions. For example, believers need confession not because they have made their own conclusion that it is needed, but because it is generally accepted that after confession it becomes easier.

Among human needs one can often find the desire to develop. Some people do this quite successfully in the legal field. Purchasing helps them with this legal addresses. This procedure can resolve the most important issues in the legal sector. When purchasing legal addresses, contact only professionals in your field.

Option I

1. Human rights are:

a) an exclusive benefit granted to someone in contrast to others;

b) a legalized opportunity to do something, to satisfy one’s needs;

c) absence of any restrictions.

2. Depending on what does a person have all the rights and freedoms?

A) from nationality, race;

B) gender;

B) religion;

D) from wealth;

D) political beliefs;

E) from nothing, (everyone should have equal rights).

3. The heroes of the famous series “The Town Musicians of Bremen” sing:
“For us, tempting vaults of palaces will never replace freedom...”
Why do people value freedom over wealth?

A) it is appreciated by those who were not rich;

B) only romantics think so;

C) it is an inalienable human right.

4. What international documents enshrine the rights of the child?

A) “Declaration of the Rights of the Child” (1959);

B) “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” (1948);

B) “Convention on the Rights of the Child” (1989)

5. A child is considered to be any person:

A) under 18 years of age;

B) under 16 years of age;

B) under 14 years of age.

6. Human rights are related to:

A) citizenship;

B) the fact of birth;

B) general legal capacity.

7. Indicate universal international instruments in the field of human rights.

A) European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;

B) International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights;

B) Constitution of the Russian Federation.

8. The right to elect and be elected to federal, regional and local government bodies refers to the system:

A) civilians;

B) political;

B) social;

D) economic;

D) cultural.

9. The subject of socio-economic rights is:

A) person;

B) citizen;

B) a foreigner;

D) a person with dual citizenship.

10. Economic rights that mediate human activity are the rights:

A) in the sphere of power relations;

B) production and economic sphere of society;

C) spiritual and cultural sphere.

11. Social and economic rights are provided for:

A) Civil Code;

B) Law on Entrepreneurship;

IN) Labor Code;

D) Criminal Code.

12. The highest value in Russia, according to its Constitution, is:

A) Russian state;

B) its territory;

C) man, his rights and freedoms.

13. The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes:

A) the right to work;

B) the duty to work;

B) freedom of labor;

D) the right to work in conditions that meet safety and hygiene requirements.

14. Citizenship Russian Federation:

15. Constitutional duties of a person and a citizen:

A) pay taxes;

B) work;

C) perform military service.

Test No. 2 on the topic “Human and Civil Rights”

Option II

1. The specific rights of the child include (are)

A) Right to life

B) The right to live in a family

B) Ownership

G) Voting rights

2. Are the following judgments about the constitution true?

1. The Constitution has the highest legal force.

2. The Constitution is a set of all laws of the state.

A) only 1 is correct

B) only 2 is correct

C) both 1 and 2 are true

D) both judgments are incorrect.

3.What branch of law establishes the foundations of the political system?

A) administrative B) civil

B) constitutional D) criminal

4. Which human right applies to economic rights?

A) the right to rest B) the right to housing

B) right of property D) right to life

5. What branch of law regulates parental responsibilities?

A) civil law B) family law

B) labor law D) administrative law

6. Are the following statements about the rights of the child true?

1. The rights of the child are protected by a special convention.

2. The right to live and be raised in a family is one of the main rights of a child.

A) only 1 is correct

B) only 2 is correct

C) both 1 and 2 are true

D) both judgments are incorrect.

7. Human political rights (freedoms) include

A) Property rights B) voting rights

B) freedom of religion D) freedom of movement

8. Law as opposed to morality

A) is a species social norms

B) regulates people's behavior

B) supported by the power of the state

D) addressed to the whole society

9. A citizen acquires Vacation home at a real estate agency. What branch of law governs the relationship between a citizen and an agency?

A) administrative law B) civil law

B) labor law D) tax law

10. What are social human rights?

A) the right to work B) Voting rights

B) right to life D) right of property

11. What does freedom of religion mean?

A) the right to disseminate both religious and non-religious views

B) the right to conduct only religious propaganda

C) the right of predominantly atheistic propaganda

12. What type of rights include the right to housing, health care, and a prosperous environment, social security, etc.?

A) civilian

B) economic

B) social

13. In which international documents are civil (personal) rights enshrined (indicate at least 2):

A) Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948;

B) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966;

B) International Covenant on Socio-Economic and Cultural Rights 1966;

D) European Cultural Convention.

14. The right to life presupposes:

A) the impossibility of the death penalty;

B) prohibition of suicide;

B) ban on euthanasia;

D) the death penalty is established federal law for especially serious crimes against the state;

D) the death penalty is established by federal law for especially serious crimes against life.

15. Citizenship of the Russian Federation:

A) an inextricable connection between a person and Russian state, expressing the totality of their mutual rights and obligations;

B) a stable legal connection between a person and the Russian Federation, expressed in the totality of their mutual rights and obligations.

Answers to tests

Option I

Option II

Question no.

answer

Question no.

answer

Question 1. What human and civil rights do you already know about?

Question 2. What rights and freedoms are basic? Why are they called inalienable? Why do we need to talk about this in the country’s Basic Law?

The main ones are: recognition of human rights and freedoms as the highest value, which belong to a person from birth; the exercise of rights and freedoms by a person without violating the rights and freedoms of others - equality of all before the court and the law; equality between men and women; priority of generally recognized international norms over Russian laws; strictly defined conditions that allow the restriction of rights by law; prohibition of the use of rights and freedoms for violent change of the constitutional order, incitement of racial, national, religious hatred for the promotion of violence and war.

Inalienable rights are a constitutional characteristic of fundamental rights, designed to determine their natural, inalienable nature, belonging to a person from birth. The inalienable nature of rights and freedoms indicates that each person, by the very fact of birth, has a certain equal set of rights and freedoms that constitute internal structure personality. Rights and freedoms in this sense are an attribute of personality, its integral quality. They determine all possible manifestations of human existence and can be completely lost only in the event of a person’s death.

Question 3. Remember and name these human and civil rights. In what document are they recorded? What are the guarantees for these rights?

Personal rights include the right to life (the death penalty is applicable only for particularly serious crimes against life), the right to personal dignity, the right to freedom and personal integrity, the right to inviolability privacy. Freedom of movement, including the freedom to leave Russian territory, is important.

Political rights and freedoms - rights and freedoms that ensure the full participation of every citizen in political life countries. The basic political rights include: the right to association; the right to assemble peacefully, to hold meetings, rallies and demonstrations, processions and picketing; the right to participate in the management of state affairs; the right to elect and be elected to bodies state power and local government bodies, as well as participate in the referendum; the right to equal access to public service; the right to participate in the administration of justice; the right to appeal, freedom of the press and information.

All these rights are written down in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Question 4. What lessons can humanity learn from the decisions of the Nuremberg trials?

Anyone who commits crimes against humanity: the murder of millions of innocent people, the destruction of prisoners of war and civilian population, the creation of concentration camps must be punished. And all attempts at such crimes must be suppressed.

Question 5. Remember who the law considers a child. Which international document proclaims the rights of the child? Name the basic rights of a child.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as a human being until the age of eighteen. At the same time, national legislation has priority in this matter.

Convention on the Rights of the Child - International legal document, which defines children's rights in member states. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is the first and main international legal document of a binding nature dedicated to wide range rights of the child. The document consists of 54 articles detailing the individual rights of persons aged from birth to 18 years. Basic rights: to life, to a name, to the care of parents, to free education, for rest and leisure.

Question 6. Think about what would happen if each of us had only rights and did not bear any responsibilities. Would you like to live in such a society? Explain your answer.

Anarchy would set in; it would be impossible to live in such a society, because the rights of one person end where the rights of another begin.

Question 7. How are human rights related to his needs?

Natural rights are aimed at satisfying natural needs and are inalienable. These rights include: the right to life, the right to freely use one’s abilities and property for business and other activities not prohibited by law economic activity, the right to private property, free labor, the right to rest, the right to housing, the right to health and medical care, the right to education.

Question 8. Which groups of peahens are highlighted in the text of the paragraph?

Rights and freedoms of man and citizen and their implementation and protection, Rights of the child and their protection, Responsibilities.

Question 9. How did the recognition of human rights occur on an international scale?

after the victory over fascism the leaders largest states the world have joined forces to prevent the recurrence of crimes against humanity. They began to agree on rules and principles that would help protect human life. The first step on this path was taken on December 10, 1948, when General Assembly The UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which defined the range of fundamental human rights and freedoms. First, it was argued that human rights cannot be just a matter domestic policy individual states that preventing a new world catastrophe is possible only through joint efforts. Secondly, the universal, inalienable and indivisible nature of human rights was recognized.

Question 10. How is the protection of children’s rights ensured in the Russian Federation?

In the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution, a child from birth has the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen.

The state recognizes childhood important stage human life. It makes efforts to prepare children for a full life in society, develop their creative activity, and raise high moral qualities, patriotism and citizenship. The main areas of state activity in the field of protecting children's rights include: family support; statement healthy image life; support different forms employment of adolescents and youth; organization of children's leisure; prevention of childhood disability; rehabilitation of disabled children, etc. The state especially protects the rights and interests of children left without parental care. In Russia, the position of Commissioner for Children's Rights has appeared, exercising independent control over the observance of children's rights.

Question 11. Why for normal life Is it necessary for society that people not only have rights, but also fulfill responsibilities?

Responsibilities without rights are also impossible. Freedom becomes real only when it contributes to the establishment of order. Rights and responsibilities determine what is permissible and proper in a person’s behavior, giving scope to any of his legal actions. Thus, the care and upbringing of children are considered in the Constitution as a right and as a responsibility of parents. In turn, able-bodied children who have reached the age of majority are obliged to take care of their disabled parents. Responsibilities always imply something that must be unconditionally fulfilled.

Question 12. Imagine that you were asked to create laws for a new state. List three rights that, in your opinion, should be guaranteed to every person in new country. Compare with the choices of your classmates. Together, identify the ten rights that everyone agrees are most important.

The right to life, the right to personal freedom, the right to freedom of speech.

Question 13. The second chapter of the Constitution of the Russian Federation defines the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. Choose any five rights and think about how other people's rights might limit each of these rights. Did you have any difficulty completing this task? What is their main reason?

In the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen are recognized and guaranteed in accordance with generally recognized principles and norms international law and in accordance with this Constitution. Fundamental human rights and freedoms are inalienable and belong to everyone from birth. The exercise of human and civil rights and freedoms must not violate the rights and freedoms of others. Everyone is equal before the law and the court. The state guarantees equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, affiliation public associations, as well as other circumstances. Any form of restriction of the rights of citizens on grounds of social, racial, national, linguistic or religious affiliation. According to the constitution: “The rights of one person end where the rights of another begin,” i.e. we can only do what does not harm other citizens and does not violate their rights. The law protects human rights and requires it to respect the rights and dignity of every person in society.

Option I

1. Human rights are:

a) an exclusive benefit granted to someone in contrast to others;

b) a legalized opportunity to do something, to satisfy one’s needs;

c) absence of any restrictions.

2. Depending on what does a person have all the rights and freedoms?

A) from nationality, race;

B) gender;

B) religion;

D) from wealth;

D) political beliefs;

E) from nothing, (everyone should have equal rights).

3. The heroes of the famous series “The Town Musicians of Bremen” sing:
“For us, tempting vaults of palaces will never replace freedom...”
Why do people value freedom over wealth?

A) it is appreciated by those who were not rich;

B) only romantics think so;

C) it is an inalienable human right.

4. What international documents enshrine the rights of the child?

A) “Declaration of the Rights of the Child” (1959);

B) “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” (1948);

B) “Convention on the Rights of the Child” (1989)

5. A child is considered to be any person:

A) under 18 years of age;

B) under 16 years of age;

B) under 14 years of age.

6. Human rights are related to:

A) citizenship;

B) the fact of birth;

B) general legal capacity.

7. Indicate universal international instruments in the field of human rights.

A) European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;

B) International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights;

B) Constitution of the Russian Federation.

8. The right to elect and be elected to federal, regional and local government bodies refers to the system:

A) civilians;

B) political;

B) social;

D) economic;

D) cultural.

9. The subject of socio-economic rights is:

A) person;

B) citizen;

B) a foreigner;

D) a person with dual citizenship.

10. Economic rights that mediate human activity are the rights:

A) in the sphere of power relations;

B) the production and economic sphere of society;

C) spiritual and cultural sphere.

11. Social and economic rights are provided for:

A) Civil Code;

B) Law on Entrepreneurship;

B) Labor Code;

D) Criminal Code.

12. The highest value in Russia, according to its Constitution, is:

A) Russian state;

B) its territory;

C) man, his rights and freedoms.

13. The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes:

A) the right to work;

B) the duty to work;

B) freedom of labor;

D) the right to work in conditions that meet safety and hygiene requirements.

14. Citizenship of the Russian Federation:

15. Constitutional duties of a person and a citizen:

A) pay taxes;

B) work;

C) perform military service.

Test on the topic “Social rights of man and citizen”

Option II

1. The specific rights of the child include (are)

A) Right to life

B) The right to live in a family

B) Ownership

D) Voting rights

2. Are the following judgments about the constitution true?

1. The Constitution has the highest legal force.

2. The Constitution is a set of all laws of the state.

A) only 1 is correct

B) only 2 is correct

C) both 1 and 2 are true

D) both judgments are incorrect.

3.What branch of law establishes the foundations of the political system?

A) administrative B) civil

B) constitutional D) criminal

4. Which human right is related to economic rights?

A) the right to rest B) the right to housing

B) right of property D) right to life

5. What branch of law regulates parental responsibilities?

A) civil law B) family law

B) labor law D) administrative law

6. Are the following statements about the rights of the child true?

1. The rights of the child are protected by a special convention.

2. The right to live and be raised in a family is one of the main rights of a child.

A) only 1 is correct

B) only 2 is correct

C) both 1 and 2 are true

D) both judgments are incorrect.

7. Human political rights (freedoms) include

A) Property rights B) voting rights

B) freedom of religion D) freedom of movement

8. Law as opposed to morality

A) is a type of social norm

B) regulates people's behavior

B) supported by the power of the state

D) addressed to the whole society

9. A citizen purchases a country house from a real estate agency. What branch of law governs the relationship between a citizen and an agency?

A) administrative law B) civil law

B) labor law D) tax law

10. What are social human rights?

A) the right to work B) Voting rights

B) right to life D) right of property

11. What does freedom of religion mean?

A) the right to disseminate both religious and non-religious views

B) the right to conduct only religious propaganda

C) the right of predominantly atheistic propaganda

12. What type of rights include the right to housing, health protection, a healthy environment, social security, etc.?

A) civilian

B) economic

B) social

13. In which international documents are civil (personal) rights enshrined (indicate at least 2):

A) Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948;

B) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966;

B) International Covenant on Socio-Economic and Cultural Rights 1966;

D) European Cultural Convention.

14. The right to life presupposes:

A) the impossibility of the death penalty;

B) prohibition of suicide;

B) ban on euthanasia;

D) the death penalty is established by federal law for especially serious crimes against the state;

D) the death penalty is established by federal law for especially serious crimes against life.

15. Citizenship of the Russian Federation:

A) the inextricable connection of a person with the Russian state, expressing the totality of their mutual rights and obligations;

B) a stable legal connection between a person and the Russian Federation, expressed in the totality of their mutual rights and obligations.

Answers to tests

Option I

Option II

Question no.

answer

Question no.

answer

A, B

Any state strives to create a society in which people would feel comfortable. At a minimum, because power is maintained by the will and level of contentment of citizens. To do this, the state must protect its citizens, make ensuring human rights one of its main tasks, and monitor justice in society.

Human needs

The famous scientist Maslow schematically depicted the basic ones in the form of a pyramid, where the base was the initial, necessary ones, and then only those that are possible in a more civilized society, taking into account the fact that the basic ones are satisfied. Of course, this pyramid did not reveal how human rights are related to his needs, but it suggested important reflections, including in this field. For example, based on this pyramid, it is concluded that it is impossible to fully satisfy the “upper” need (for example, aesthetic) if the lower one (for example, the need for food) is not satisfied. The basis of such a scheme has always been the biological needs necessary for human life.

State and needs

Several goals of the creation and existence of the state are aimed at satisfying Thus, it protects a person, provides him with ways to participate not only in his life, but also in political life, and so on. Otherwise, the state is not needed by society at all, does not represent any useful element or practical benefit for it, on the contrary, it is a burden (taxation). The state is obliged not only to control human needs and rights, but also to assist in their implementation and create appropriate institutions in society. Executive and judiciary are obliged to monitor the observance of rights. The legislature must be clear about how human rights relate to human needs.

Connection

Of course, all socio-legal phenomena are interconnected in one way or another. And in this case, it is necessary to highlight clear criteria for how human rights are related to his needs. Then we will be able to provide the most complete access to opportunities to satisfy them. It is concluded that rights and needs are in direct relationship with each other, but rights are always derived from needs. Let’s say that if a person wants to realize himself, and this is his need, then he needs the right to study, to work, to engage in the activity that he likes, if it does not violate the law.

Most rights related to needs are presumed, that is, enshrined at the legislative level in the form of a basic, inviolable provision. So, you can bring to free religion and Political Views, which are also aimed at satisfying basic human needs. Let us give a more clear comparison: the law is associated with public relations as human rights are related to his needs. That is, first relations arise, then there is a need to regulate them, then the process of lawmaking begins, and only the end of this long chain is the law. The situation with rights is the same - there is no need, there is no need to create and give people such a right.

Why is this so?

The fact is that a person’s needs play the most important role in life. Moreover, his entire life process consists of the emergence of a need and its satisfaction. Dissatisfaction breeds dissatisfaction, and this can lead to more dangerous and negative phenomena. It is necessary to separate needs that are legitimate and have the right to exist, as well as those that are completely incorrect and contrary to the law. The former must be regulated by ensuring people have the right to realize them. From there, each citizen will decide specifically whether he needs such a need and whether he wants to satisfy it. But the latter need to be regulated by law by imposing a ban at the risk of liability. It is unacceptable that meeting the needs of one person violates or infringes on the rights of another.

Conclusion

Knowing how human rights are connected to his needs, one can draw a significant conclusion - such a connection is necessary and cannot be violated. Imagine if your rights depended only on the will of the legislator, and not on real needs. In this case, instead of you would receive the right to participate in political life, instead of freedom of speech - the right to work or occupation entrepreneurial activity. Such a state is rather harmful to society. In addition, for a long time, people united in groups in order to satisfy their needs, then these groups grew, because doing it collectively is much easier than doing it alone, and, according to many views, this is how the first states appeared. Moreover, human needs are the engine of scientific progress, the main motivation of many scientists.