What requirements must be observed when picking mushrooms? Rules for collecting mushrooms

Good day, dear visitors of the project “Good IS!” ", section " "!

It’s already September outside, which means it’s time to go mushroom picking, i.e. to the mushroom shop!

Therefore, in today’s article, I would like to draw your attention, dear readers, to basic rules for picking mushrooms. So…

Rules for collecting mushrooms

1. It is worth going for mushrooms early in the morning. Of course, there are people who believe that everyone will get mushrooms, and this is partly true if you know places where people rarely step, but in most cases - no.

2. It is worth going for mushrooms when, after heavy rains, warm nights begin, which has a beneficial effect on a good harvest.

3. Under no circumstances should you collect mushrooms in the vicinity of large cities, especially industrial ones, on the sides of highways, railways, near factories, etc. This is due to the fact that both the soil and mushrooms near these places strongly absorb heavy metals and other harmful substances. It is better to go for mushrooms in the mountains or deep forests, i.e. away from sources of pollution.

4. When going mushroom hunting, you should dress well. It is better to wear boots or high boots, as well as thick trousers. This must be done for security reasons, because... in many forests you can accidentally step on a snake.

5. If you doubt what kind of mushroom you found, it is better to leave it in place, because... Mushroom poisoning can cause very sad consequences that no mushroom is worth.

6. If you have little understanding of the mushrooms you find, contact an experienced mushroom picker so that he can weed out inedible finds, if you find any.

7. You should not take with you rotten, overripe, flabby or wormy mushrooms. The joke about worms, that this is additional meat, and the fat will be better, is not appropriate. In addition, spoiled mushrooms are already beginning to decompose, and they secrete toxic substances;

8. It is worth collecting mushrooms in wicker baskets that have good ventilation, or in extreme cases in buckets, but not in bags, because If mushrooms are kept in plastic bags for a long time, they can suffocate and simply deteriorate.

9. If you see the mushroom you need, then do not pull it out of the ground, and also do not tear its root, so as not to disturb the mycelium, which, if destroyed, will not bear fruit for several years. Just cut the mushroom with a knife.

If the mushroom is under a large layer of litter, then you can pull it out, but you need to do this carefully, turning it slightly by the stem and swinging it. And after you pull it out, sprinkle the hole left by the mushroom with moss or other bedding elements. This must be done so that the open mycelium does not dry out under the rays of the sun, and in that place mushroom pickers have been delighted with delicious mushrooms more than once.

10. While in the forest, do not knock down all the mushrooms that you do not take for yourself. Firstly, there are mushrooms that you consider inedible, but other people know them very well, and also know how to cook them wonderfully and nourish themselves with them. Secondly, some people even collect fly agarics from medicinal purposes, and you need to respect those who come after you for mushrooms.

11. When in the forest, behave as if you were visiting, taking care of nature, and justifying your title - human: do not leave behind unextinguished fires or burning coals; do not leave garbage behind in the forest; do not break trees; do not destroy bird nests or anthills.

12. For mushrooms, go only to those places with which you are familiar, otherwise only if you have excellent sense of direction in wooded areas;

13. If you go mushroom hunting with children, be sure to keep them near you; otherwise, it is better not to take them with you. Also, don't let kids taste raw mushrooms, as well as various berries, because there are many poisonous berries growing in the forest;

14. Before going to the forest, ask for information about the rules of behavior when meeting wild animals. As a last resort, remember that you should not show aggression or make loud noises when meeting, for example, wild boars.

Last year, I just had such a meeting. For the first time in my life, I saw wild boars not in the zoo, but at a distance of 25-30 meters. There was a flock of 6 wild boars in total. 2 large ones - the 1st and the trailing one, and between them there are 4 more hogs, 2-3 times smaller. When they saw me and my wife, they stopped. We also stopped without making a single sound, nor did we make the slightest movement. After about 15 seconds, the boars ran further, not paying attention to us. In general, thank God!

15. When you come home from mushroom hunting, be sure to carefully review each mushroom again to avoid possible misunderstandings.

16. When preparing mushrooms, do not drink the mushroom broth under any circumstances, because... it usually contains all the harmful substances.

So, after getting acquainted with the basic rules of mushroom picking, let's look at some varieties of mushrooms, which of them are edible and which are not.

, Boletus, Oyster mushroom, Volnushka, Milk mushroom, Chanterelles, Moss mushroom, Boletus, Boletus, Polish mushroom, Camelina, Russula, Truffle, Champignons, Shiitake, Common oak, Hygrofor, Semi-white mushroom.

Inedible mushrooms

Rower, Tinder fungus, Hard field beetle, Milky grass, Serushka, Orange aleuria, Golden bolbithus, Blackening fluff, Pepper mushroom, Rogatik reed, Honeydew, Collibium, False chanterelle, Discina thyroid, Common liverwort, Mokruha, Hebeloma, Brick-red honey fungus, Violin.

Poisonous mushrooms

Pale grebe, Fly agaric, Satanic mushroom, Silverfish, Fiberwort, False foam, Bile mushroom(bitterweed), False puffball, Rufous champignon, Poisonous row, Poisonous entoloma, Common stitch, Scorched Bjorkanderra, Sulfur-yellow honey fungus, Kalocera sticky, Conocybe, Alder moth, Chestnut umbrella, Pigweed not edible.

In future articles, dear readers, I will post descriptions of each of the mushrooms separately, but that’s all for today. Good, and only edible mushrooms for you!

Mushroom time has come. There's a reason why you get a chance to do more than just breathe fresh air, walking through the forest, but also take part in " quiet hunt" - the most exciting activity - mushroom picking.

Mushrooms - traditional food product- any book about Russian cuisine contains many appetizers, first and main courses,sauces and fillings for pies. Raw, boiled, salted, pickled and dried mushrooms. Unique taste and the aroma of mushrooms, as well as their nutritional benefits, ensure their popularity not only in Russian cuisine.

What are the good things about mushrooms?The chemical composition of most edible mushrooms is characterized by low calorie content - 25-45 kcal per 100 g. Mushrooms are a relatively good source of B vitamins - a serving of cooked mushrooms provides 5-10% of human needs for thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid. Unlike other plant foods, mushrooms also contain vitamin D . High potassium content (0.3-0.4%) and low sodium content - but we, as a rule, destroy this advantage of mushrooms by seasoning them with table salt. Pre-drying of mushrooms, their chopping and heat treatment increases the availability of nutrients.

If in other countries preference is given to mushrooms grown industrially, in conditions that guarantee safety, then in Russia many people get carried away or try to get carried away by “silent hunting”. Unfortunately, there are fewer and fewer “professional” mushroom hunters, and “newbies,” and especially children, collect all types of mushrooms in a row.

This is where it lies the first major danger of mushrooms - from several thousand species growing in our forests,not all are edible . A significant part of them are inedible and even poisonous.

The most famous representative of the latter, which is annually associated with dozens of cases of severe poisoning, often ending in death, is the pale grebe.

For poisoning to occur, a small piece of mushroom or just “mushroom broth” is enough.

Unfortunately, the young pale grebe “disguises” itself as many others edible mushrooms: russula, milk mushrooms, champignons, etc.

There are also poisonous mushrooms“twins” - typical representatives are false chanterelles And false honey mushrooms. That is why in the company of “mushroom hunters” there should be at least one experienced mushroom picker, who knows exactly which mushrooms are edible in a given area and a given period of the year .

Second danger forest mushrooms related to their biological feature - They are like a sponge, absorbing everything from the environment.. They are able to concentrate many microelements. But if the soil contains higher concentrations of cadmium or lead, then they will be concentrated by fungi, which become potentially hazardous to human health. KnowIt is strictly forbidden to pick mushrooms along highways- Move a few hundred meters away from the highway- the likelihood of soil contamination in the depths of the forest is much less, which means the mushrooms will be safe.

Third danger forest mushroomsassociated with ignorancetechnologies for preparing conditionally edible mushrooms - this applies to many rows, bitters, violins, etc. Their consumption should be preceded by long soaking and/or double boiling and drying. Poisoning by these mushrooms is not life-threatening, but can cause health problems, especially in people with chronic diseases gastrointestinal tract.

And finally the fourth danger is the lack of general sanitary and hygienic skills when processing and harvesting mushrooms.

The collected mushrooms must be immediately sorted out, old, wormy and damaged and broken mushrooms (which cannot be identified) must be removed, and the surface of the mushroom must be thoroughly cleaned of all foreign impurities. Convert special attention on soil impurities - spore-forming microorganisms can come with them, which will “come to life” during the subsequent preservation of mushrooms.

Even after collecting the mushrooms you know, after careful sorting, cleaning and washing, it is better to boil them, drain the broth and only then use them to prepare food.

Mushroom pickers need to know and perform basic rules for the safe collection and handling of mushrooms.

Basic rules of a mushroom picker.

How to recognize mushrooms, how to collect them, which ones to cook correctly in order to preserve their beautiful taste qualities and aroma are far from idle questions that concern many mushroom pickers, especially beginners.

1. Collect only those mushrooms in the forest that you know for sure are edible.

2. Remember that poisonous mushrooms often grow next to edible ones and can be very similar to them

3. Mushrooms that you do not know or that raise doubts, mushrooms that you are not sure are edible, should not be eaten or tasted, especially in raw form.

4. Remember that even edible mushrooms can become inedible and toxic if improperly prepared and stored.

5. Never pick or eat mushrooms that are overripe, wormy or spoiled.

6. Don't eat mushrooms raw.

7. Do not believe the popular belief that poisonous mushrooms will cause onions or silver items to darken if placed in a container where mushrooms are cooked. This is a false idea!

8. There is only one absolutely reliable way to recognize poisonous mushrooms: you need to know them.

9. Do not collect mushrooms, even those that are known to be edible, in city parks, squares, courtyards, as well as along roads and railways. Mushrooms accumulate toxic substances and become unsuitable for food.

(!) At the first signs of poisoning, you must urgently seek medical help .

Time and place of mushroom picking

A significant proportion of mushroom crops are collected individually for personal consumption. rural population, as well as (though in smaller numbers) the urban population. Schoolchildren do not lag behind adults either. Mushroom picking begins early spring and continues until late autumn with a short break at the beginning of June.
To collect mushrooms and search for them, experience and, as we have already said, knowledge and skill are required. An old Russian proverb says: “Troshka is standing on one leg, everyone is looking for him, but he won’t be found.” It is often observed that, having gone for mushrooms to the same place, one person picks up 1-2 kilograms of mushrooms, and the other many times more, or one brings low-grade types of mushrooms, and the other almost exclusively porcini mushrooms or saffron milk caps, etc. .
Mushrooms do not grow everywhere where there is forest. The main condition for their growth is warm weather without sharp fluctuations in day and night temperatures, as well as sufficient moisture in the heated soil. In damp or too dry soil, mushrooms grow poorly or not at all. Various types mushrooms grow more abundantly in appropriate forest conditions plant communities. The very names of some mushrooms reflect this connection (birch mushroom, aspen mushroom, boletus mushroom).
Certain patterns of growth and development of various fungi have been established depending on the nature of the soil and vegetation. Skilled mushroom pickers know from their own experience “ mushroom places"in the forest, as they are guided, often unconsciously, by the characteristics of the soil and forest vegetation. This information is partially given in the attached description of the mushrooms.

Mushroom picking technique

To collect mushrooms, you should take a basket that is well ventilated and therefore retains more or less long time the freshness of the collected mushrooms. It is not recommended to use soft containers (bags, bags and string bags) for collecting mushrooms. In them, the mushrooms will wrinkle, crumble and spoil. It is more convenient to place the mushrooms in the basket with the caps down, having first cut off the part of the stem contaminated with soil with a knife.
The most best time for mushroom picking - morning hours. Mushrooms collected at this time are fresher, denser and more stable during storage.
The technique of collecting mushrooms requires rational techniques that should protect the mycelium from damage and thereby ensure mushroom harvests for subsequent years. It is unacceptable, for example, to pull mushrooms out of the soil, since this significantly destroys the mycelium and the subsequent growth of mushrooms in this place often stops. It is recommended to cut off the stem of the mushroom with a knife. However, this creates an open wound that easily absorbs any infection that can cause the mycelium to rot.
The mycelium is least damaged if the mushroom is unscrewed. In this case, the mushroom is rotated around its axis several times, after which it easily comes off from the mycelium. The remaining hole should be lightly trampled.
If you saw in the forest pale grebe, it must be destroyed: trample the mushroom, and loosen the soil in the circle with a stick or knife.

Basic rules for picking mushrooms

When collecting mushrooms, even with some knowledge and experience, it is necessary to strictly follow the basic rules in order to avoid accidental mistakes that can lead to poisoning. The rules and tips for preventing mushroom poisoning must be well remembered.

1. Collect only those mushrooms in the forest that you know for sure are edible.
2. Never eat or taste mushrooms that you do not know or that are in doubt.
3. Never collect or eat those mushrooms that have a tuberous thickening at the base of the stem, surrounded by a shell (such as the red fly agaric), and do not taste them.
4. When picking mushrooms, especially russula, try to take them with a whole stalk, so as not to lose sight of the important sign indicated in the previous rule.
5. If you collect champignons in the forest, which are called pecheritsa in some places, pay special attention to the color of the plates located on the lower surface of the cap. Never pick or eat “champignons” that have lamellae white. The real ones edible champignons the plates quickly turn pink and then darken. The deadly poisonous pale toadstool, similar in appearance to a champignon, has always white plates.
6. If you collect mushrooms, nigella, white mushrooms, milk mushrooms, podgruzdi and other mushrooms containing milky juice for pickling, be sure to boil or soak them before salting in order to extract bitter substances that irritate the stomach. The same should be done with valui and russula, which have a caustic and bitter taste, as well as with pigs.
7. When collecting strings and morels, you must always remember the need to neutralize them before cooking. These mushrooms should first be boiled for 7-10 minutes in water; Be sure to throw away the decoction containing the poison. After this treatment, the stitches and morels can be boiled or fried.
8. Never collect or eat mushrooms that are overripe, slimy, flabby, wormy or spoiled.
9. Don't eat mushrooms raw.

Mushrooms brought home should be sorted into individual species on the same day and carefully examined again. All questionable, as well as overripe, flabby and wormy mushrooms should be thrown away. The lower part of the legs, contaminated with soil, is cut off and the mushrooms are thoroughly washed to remove sand and debris. For some mushrooms (butter mushrooms and mokrukhs), the film covered with mucus is removed from the cap. Mushrooms must be cooked on the day of collection and, in any case, no later than the morning of the next day.



Picking mushrooms in the forest is not only about searching for fruiting bodies for further culinary use. It is also relaxation, entertainment, a way to spend a few hours in silence to enjoy the beauty of nature, to dream, to think about something sublime. Or, on the contrary, you can collect mushrooms as some amateurs advise - in cheerful company, with songs and jokes.

Russian residents have always shown a love for nature. Fruitful years for mushrooms, or “mushroom” ones, are not observed every season - it all depends on the vagaries of the weather. Everyone should always follow simple rules collecting mushrooms that will protect you from poisoning and bring maximum pleasure from the “silent hunt”.

You will learn how to pick mushrooms in the forest by reading the material on this page.

How to pick mushrooms in the forest

A brief reminder of the rules for collecting mushrooms is as follows:

• In any case, resolutely throw away unfamiliar mushrooms, even if you have the slightest doubt, remember that even one questionable fungus can cost you your life.
• For the first time, or if you have little experience, go to the forest with experienced mushroom pickers who are familiar to you personally, use reference books.
• Following the basic rules, mushroom picking should be carried out in environmentally friendly places, away from cities and large industrial enterprises, at a distance of at least 500 meters from highways.
• Do not take old mushrooms or specimens with even slight signs of mold.
• Mushrooms should be harvested, preserved and stored according to the recipes of experienced specialists.
• Never buy mushrooms from unfamiliar sellers or in the absence of an officially registered store.

Look at the photo of how to pick mushrooms in the forest:






Go to the forest in thick, closed clothing, always with a hat, use mosquito and tick repellent, shake out your clothes after a walk in the forest, consult a doctor immediately if you find ticks on your body (in some areas ticks are not encephalitic and at the first sign of poisoning fruiting bodies.

This video details how to properly collect mushrooms in the forest:

Proper equipment for a mushroom picker

It’s not enough to know how to pick mushrooms correctly. When going into the forest, mushroom pickers need to have the right equipment. Otherwise, forest hikes can result in health problems.

According to the rules for collecting mushrooms in the forest, a mandatory set must contain:

• waterproof suit for rainy weather;
• thick jeans and a windbreaker type jacket that cannot be bitten by mosquitoes and even wasps, for dry and sunny weather;
• boots in rainy and humid weather, as well as early in the morning when the grass is wet with dew;
• comfortable and durable sports shoes such as sneakers for dry weather;
• a hand or pocket compass, but do not forget to determine the opposite direction when entering the forest;
• mosquito repellent;
• a sharp knife for mushrooms, preferably a folding one;
• basket required, do not take it plastic bags: in them the mushrooms become wrinkled and spoil ahead of time;
• if you are collecting different types mushrooms, among which there are puffballs and hedgehogs, whose spines fall off and stick to all the other mushrooms, or moths that can stain all other species, as well as tender young dung beetles, then you should make one or two partitions in the basket or take an additional small basket;
• A headdress or scarf is necessary in the forest.

Many mushroom pickers are looking forward to the start autumn season. It is no coincidence that autumn is sung by many poets; is it possible to calmly treat the beautiful golden foliage and unique beauty autumn forest! There are a lot of mushrooms in autumn. However, mushrooms can be collected at any time of the year. You just need to know where and when to look for them. And, of course, don’t forget about the basic rules for collecting edible mushrooms.

Good mushroom pickers in the fall prepare significant supplies of pickled, salted, frozen, and dried honey mushrooms, which last them until the next season.

Search for mushroom places

Climate significantly affects the time of fruiting and the amount of harvest. For example, in strong rainy summer 2008 in middle lane Russia observed a massive harvest of autumn honey mushrooms a month earlier than usual - from August 15 to 25. The weather anomaly also affected the harvest: the peak was powerful, but short-lived; within 10 days all honey mushrooms had disappeared. The anomaly was also reflected in the fact that in the unprecedentedly early harvest of autumn honey mushrooms, each mushroom contained small brown bugs. In addition, in 2008 there was a peak harvest of winter mushrooms. There were many beautiful pearl-red and brownish-yellow shiny mushrooms on the spruce trees, and in 2009 and 2010 there were yellow-brown ones in the parks. In 2011, there were few honey mushrooms, but in damp places there were a lot of boletus and Polish mushrooms. In 2012 there were a few honey mushrooms, russula and few chanterelles, but nature is never “empty”; this year there were a lot of everyone’s favorite porcini mushrooms.

If we consider the different families of edible mushrooms, then we can confidently say that there are good mushroom places where they grow valuable species mushrooms in different times or even in different years.

If you have identified three or four such mushroom places, then you can be sure that they will not let you down and will continue to delight you with new types of mushrooms, depending on the climate and season.

Thus, the well-known phrase that one must, first of all, search for mushroom places, then the mushrooms themselves will be found, becomes clear.

In some cases, one careful look is enough to identify good mushroom spots. Thus, a pine forest is visible from afar, usually on the banks of rivers and reservoirs; boletus, champignons, porcini mushrooms, saffron milk caps, and spring honey mushrooms are often found there. But “honey mushroom” places (where autumn and summer honey mushrooms grow) are most often located in windbreaks, where there is an abundance of fallen trees and stumps. In addition, there are many of them near summer cottages and villages where there are many cut down and broken trees and stumps.

Here you can see a selection of photos about picking mushrooms in the forest":

Spread of fungal spores

Having learned proper collection mushrooms, you can bring joy to others if you spread the spores near residential buildings. This doesn't require much effort. You need to know that your favorite porcini, aspen, boletus, saffron milk mushrooms, milk mushrooms and other mushrooms grow successfully only in symbiosis with the roots of certain plants and trees. These can be spruce, birch, rowan, pine, alder, ferns, mosses and so on.

If your gardening community or village has an alley of birch, spruce, and pine trees, then you can safely pour mixed water with old mushrooms near the roots. Old porcini mushrooms, boletus mushrooms, and aspen mushrooms are often thrown away. Take the down from them, or the lower tubular part of the cap. It contains a large number of spores. Stir it in warm water, now your planting solution is ready. Next, pour this solution under fir trees, birches, rowan trees and other trees. As a result, only the lazy do not collect boletus, boletus and other valuable mushrooms in the alley next to houses.

Not everyone becomes a professional mushroom picker. To constantly walk around forest plantings you need to have patience, free time and healthy legs. But everyone can be an amateur: wander through the forest, admire nature, and even bring home some beautiful and edible mushrooms.

Anyone who has once been on a “silent hunt” knows its basic rules if he has taken a walk with an experienced mushroom picker. But beginners should probably start by getting to know them.

How to pick mushrooms correctly

Where to pick mushrooms

• First of all, you should choose a familiar place where there are landmarks and paths.
• Sosnovy Bor, deciduous plantings with clearings and openings. Mushrooms grow well in close proximity to trees, in soil well fertilized with leaves or fallen spruce branches.

Where you shouldn't pick mushrooms

• Along roads and railways (due to large quantity carcinogenic substances in the air and soil).
• Along the edge of collective farm and farmer's cultivated fields, which can be treated with pesticides.
• In snow barriers - thin plantings of trees between fields. In such places, the level of soil contamination is usually increased.
• Here's where you definitely shouldn't pick mushrooms: near cemeteries, burial grounds and at former landfill sites household waste and near natural landfills. Obviously, the combination of substances in the soil of such sites is not entirely healthy, which makes nearby forest plantings poor places for collecting mushrooms.

It is important to know not only where and how to collect mushrooms, but also which ones.

The basic rule of mushroom picking: you can only pick mushrooms that are familiar to you.

Important

If you have doubts, but really want to take the find, for example, because you have someone to consult after a walk, you can take such a mushroom home, but you need to carry it in a separate bag so as not to accidentally confuse it with the rest of the “catch.” If in doubt, it is better to leave an unfamiliar mushroom in the forest.

Other rules for collecting mushrooms

When going to the forest, a mushroom picker must prepare: dress appropriately, take the necessary things, including a knife, a container for the harvest, and a mobile phone.

It is better to collect mushrooms in a bucket or basket, that is, in a container with a flat bottom. Mushrooms are quite fragile (for example, large chanterelles) and can become crushed. This also applies to agaric mushrooms.

It is best to go to the forest in the morning. In the afternoon, the light drops so much that the mushrooms become more difficult to see among the foliage.

Young mushrooms are best suited for cutting. The old ones are softer and less transportable. Wormy and rotten mushrooms cannot be collected.

Cut or pick mushrooms

Most mushroom pickers with extensive experience will definitely say that mushrooms need to be cut. This is what people who respect nature do. However, biologists insist that there is no difference, as such, between cutting or pulling out mushrooms. The fact is that a mushroom is, in fact, a seed storage facility above the soil surface. And the removal, by any means, of this body will not lead to the destruction or damage of the mycelium itself, which is located in the ground and produces these edible ground parts.

And yet, in order not to harm nature, it is recommended to cut off the mushrooms and, in extreme cases, twist them out. And cover the place where it grew with leaves.

A lyrical digression on how not to pick mushrooms

IN lately Mushroom picking has become one of the options for seasonal income. And there is a tendency among mushroom pickers and entrepreneurs, in pursuit of quantity, to forget that they need to respect nature. As a result, more and more often mushroom areas become like someone’s overgrown beds dug up and raked. Ripped up moss, bare soil in places. And this is already a threat to all forest habitats, including trees, insects and animals.

In this regard, I would like to remind you: a good mushroom picker is a lover and conservationist of nature.