Foreign unmanned aerial vehicles performance characteristics. Russian aviation at a glance

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B non-pilot aircraft, or UAVs, in international practice are designated by the English abbreviation UAV ( Unmanned Aerial Vehicle). Currently, the range of this type of system is quite diverse and is becoming increasingly widespread. The article provides the main directions of development and classification of UAVs marine purposes. The publication completes a series of articles about uninhabited military systems in service with modern navies of foreign countries.

Main directions of UAV development

The use of military UAVs over the sea is carried out both from ships and from ground strongholds. Foreign experts have identified the following directions for the development of unmanned aerial vehicles:

Flexibility: Among military UAVs, only some are designed to perform exclusively maritime missions. Most drones designed for operations over the sea, if necessary, by changing payload or drive systems are also suitable for use over land. With the exception of battery-powered models, most military maritime UAVs use military aviation fuel and, in some cases, optionally, also marine diesel fuel.

autonomy: in principle, each UAV can be controlled remotely. The prevailing direction of development, however, is the development of autonomously operating systems. First of all, large UAVs with significant flight duration must complete their mission by landing independently at the take-off airfield.
the use of squads, or groups (swarm tactics): in some scenarios, hundreds of small or micro UAVs must independently communicate with each other in order to carry out coordinated tasks. The use of UAV squads is intended to overload and overcome the enemy's defense system.
interaction of different types of systems: UAVs will be mainly used in combination with manned systems ( Manned/Un-Manned Teaming - MUM-T). For example, a manned aircraft, in order to detect and capture a target, sends a UAV forward as a reconnaissance tool. Subsequently, the aircraft pilot hits the target with a remote weapon without entering the enemy’s air defense coverage area. Another option is the mutual autonomous or semi-autonomous operation of UAVs with ground, surface or underwater uninhabited systems ( Un-Manned / Un-Manned Teaming, UM-UM-T).

globalization: besides the United States, China is considered the most active country in the development, production and export of UAVs. According to some estimates, Beijing will become the leading exporter of military UAVs from 2025. However, there are a growing number of countries around the world producing military or dual-use UAVs. In particular, transnational projects in Europe are becoming increasingly important.

Classification of UAVs can be carried out mainly according to two parameters: according to their main purpose or according to size and combat effectiveness (performance). Below are examples of adopted and promising military UAVs.

By task

The most important tasks for maritime unmanned systems are still reconnaissance and monitoring tasks ( Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance - ISR). These are supplemented by armed missions and other activities to support the Navy.

Reconnaissance UAVs

The use of small and medium-sized UAVs aboard warships as tactical reconnaissance aircraft is growing worldwide. One helicopter hangar can accommodate up to three medium-sized UAVs. When used alternately, they can guarantee virtually continuous monitoring.

The model “Campcopter S-100” is considered especially successful ( CamcopterS-100) company "Schiebel" (Schiebel, Austria). This UAV has been tested and adopted by the navies of nine countries since 2007.

The Camcopter S-100, with a weight of 200 kg, provides a 6-hour flight duration, which can be increased to 10 hours with the help of additional fuel tanks. The standard payload set includes electro-optical infrared sensors ( EO/IR). It is possible to complement them with one SAR radar (synthetic aperture radar) for land and sea surveillance. It is also noted that the UAV, in principle, can be armed with light multi-purpose missiles such as LMM ( Lightweight Multirole Missile). The missiles are manufactured by the French company Thales and are designed to destroy light sea and air targets.

MQ-8B Fae Scout unmanned helicopter project ( Fire Scout, Fire Scout) launched by the US Navy in 2009. The device weighs 940 kg. Operationally, the MQ-8 system includes one control console (located on a manned helicopter or ship) and up to three UAVs.

The MQ-8B is primarily intended for use on destroyers, frigates and LCS ships ( Littoral Combat Ship). One vehicle has a flight duration of up to 8 hours and is capable of reconnaissance and surveillance within a radius of 110 nautical miles from the mother ship. The payload capacity is 270 kg. Sensory equipment The MQ-8B model includes a laser target detection device.

Targeting data can be transmitted to ships or aircraft in real time. This parameter was tested on August 22, 2017 in the waters off the island. Guam. According to the assignment, one MQ-8B UAV controlled the targeting of the Harpoon anti-ship missile fired from the ship. As explained by Rear Admiral Don GABRIELSON, commander of the 73rd task force of the US Navy ( Task Force 73), this ability is especially valuable in the waters of island archipelagos, where warships rarely have direct visual contact with their targets.

In addition to EO/IR sensors, SAR radar can be installed to detect and track air and sea targets. Additional modules payloads also provide alternative uses for the MQ-8B. UAV applications include relaying communications signals, reconnaissance of sea mines and submarines, control of laser-guided missiles, and detection of radioactive, biological and chemical warfare agents.

Combat use of military UAVs

Various countries are striving to perform missions similar to a fighter-bomber using unmanned systems. Thus, in 2016, the multinational European concept aircraft nEUROn completed its first flight test in the French Navy. First of all, the suitability of the model, manufactured using stealth technology, was tested for performing tasks over the sea. In particular, the drone landed on the Charles de Gaulle aircraft carrier participating in the tests.

Both the French Navy and the Royal Navy are seeking to acquire a combat stealth UAV suitable for deployment on an aircraft carrier. It is likely that this ability will be implemented in the joint project of the unmanned aerial combat system of the future being developed by Paris and London ( Future Combat Air System, FCAS). As BAE chief technology officer Nigel WHITEHEAD said in September 2017, FCAS could enter service around 2030 and will be used in conjunction with manned aircraft.

According to Western experts, the Chinese Armed Forces have moved significantly ahead in the combat UAV sector. Developed by Aviation Industry Corporation China, the Lijian aircraft ( Lijian, Sharp Sword) is considered the first unmanned stealth aircraft outside the NATO zone.

The payload inside the vehicle is estimated to be two tons. The ten-meter jet aircraft has a wingspan of 14 m. The aircraft is designed for covert observation of enemy warships and inflicting primary destruction on important targets covered by an air defense belt. By such targets, analysts understand American and Japanese ships or military bases. It is assumed that development of a carrier-based version of the UAV is underway.

Chinese unofficial sources report that the model will be put into operation by 2020. According to Western estimates, this period is quite optimistic, given the fact that the Lijian made its first flight only in 2013.

Professional magazine Jane reported in July 2017 about a secret Chinese project designated as CH-T1. The 5.8 m long unmanned aerial vehicle has stealth-like properties and is designed to fly over the sea at an altitude of one meter. This is believed to allow the UAV to remain undetectable and ensure it can get within 10 nautical miles of the ship. With a total drone weight of 3000 kg, the payload weight is estimated at one ton. It is assumed that it may consist of anti-ship missiles or torpedoes. Detailed information the serial readiness of the project is unknown.

Refueling drones

Initially, at the turn of 2020, the US Navy planned to begin introducing carrier-based unmanned combat aircraft. However, after several years of conceptual studies in 2016, the Navy command decided to first adopt the MQ-25A Stingray jet unmanned tanker ( Stingray, Skat). Secondary tasks for this UAV include reconnaissance flights and use as a communications relay.

The design contract will be awarded to four competing companies in 2018. The start of serial development is expected in the mid-2020s. Six Stingrays are planned to be integrated into each of the US Navy's carrier aviation squadrons. One MQ-25A UAV should support up to six F/A-18 fighters. This will increase their effective combat range from 450 to 700 nautical miles.

Classification of UAVs by size and performance

Small and micro drones

According to Western experts, small unmanned aerial vehicles in the best possible way Suitable for operational use as part of a squad. The US Navy tested the concept of low-cost UAV swarm technology in 2016 ( Low Cost WAV Swarming Technology, LOCUST).

Nine devices of the Coyote model ( Coyote) of the Raytheon company (Raytheon, USA) after a rapid sequential launch from a rocket launcher carried out a planned autonomous reconnaissance mission. During its implementation, the UAVs coordinated the flight direction, formation order of battle swarm, distance between cars.

The installation used for starting is capable of starting within 40 seconds. up to 30 UAVs. At the same time, the drone is 0.9 m in length and weighs nine kilograms. The Coyote's flight time and range are about two hours and 110 nautical miles, respectively. It is assumed that similar units could be used in the future to conduct offensive operations. In particular, similar UAVs equipped with small explosive charges could destroy sensors or on-board weapons of enemy ships and boats.

Another option is the Fulmar system ( Fulmar) from Thales. The UAV has a take-off weight of 20 kg, a length of 1.2 m and a wingspan of three meters.

According to publications, despite its small size, Fulmar shows significant operational performance. Mission completion time is up to 12 hours. Combat range is 500 nautical miles. The ability to conduct video surveillance of targets at a distance of up to 55 nautical miles. The device is suitable for flights at wind speeds of up to 70 km per hour.

The flight is carried out by choice, either in fully automatic mode or using remote control. Like many small sea-based UAVs, the Fulmar is launched by a catapult, and after the mission is completed, it is received by a network deployed on the deck of the ship. The main tasks of the model are to conduct reconnaissance and act as a relay for organizing communications. It is reported that combat use of the Fulmar is not yet envisaged.

The main advantage of small UAVs is the ability to use them without lengthy preliminary preparation. In particular, Fulmar is ready for use within 20 minutes. Micro UAVs launch even faster. For this reason, in 2016, US Navy Lieutenant Commander Christopher KIETHLEY proposed having miniature helicopters on all ships and submarines. After the “man overboard” signal, the task of these UAVs should be to immediately search for the missing person while the ship was making a turn. The US Pacific Fleet is currently studying the implementation of this concept.

Medium sized UAV

Medium-sized unmanned aerial vehicles are usually used directly from a carrier ship. For example, a 760 kg unmanned helicopter VSR700 produced by the Eabas concern ( Airbus). Flight tests of the model are scheduled for 2018. The start of mass production is possible in 2019. It is expected that the UAV will initially be acquired for frigates of the French Navy.

The payload, with a total weight of 250 kg, includes EO/IR sensors and radar. Additional elements may include a sonar buoy to search for submarines or life rafts. The duration of a combat mission is up to 10 hours. As an advantage of its model, Airbus emphasizes its higher performance compared to the Campcopter S-100 and more. low price compared to MQ-8.

Jet UAVs are also available in this size category. According to the Fars news agency, the Iranian drone "Sadek 1" launching from land ( Sadegh 1) reaches supersonic speed. The flight altitude during the mission is 7,700 m. In addition to reconnaissance equipment, the UAV also carries two air-to-air missiles. It is noted that this particular UAV, put into service in 2014, often provokes US Navy ships and aircraft in the Persian Gulf.

Large unmanned aerial vehicles

This category of UAVs includes devices that, taking into account the dimensions of the fuselage, weight and bearing surface of the wing, are similar to manned vehicles. Moreover, the wingspan of drones is often much larger than that of manned aircraft. The largest UAVs, as a rule, have the most long range, altitude, and flight duration.

medium-altitude with long flight duration ( Medium Altitude/Long Endurance, MALE);
high altitude with long flight duration ( High Altitude/Long Endurance, HALE).

At the same time, both classes of UAVs, even if they are used as maritime systems, are used mainly from ground airfields due to their size.

Unmanned maritime reconnaissance US Navy MQ-4C "Triton" ( Triton) has a practical mission ceiling of 16,000 m and, therefore, belongs to the HALE class. With a take-off weight of 14,600 kg and a wingspan of 40 m, the MQ-4C is considered one of the largest maritime UAVs. Its range of application is 2000 nautical miles. According to information published in a US Navy press release, during a 24-hour mission, one UAV covers an area of 2.7 million square meters. miles. This roughly corresponds to the area Mediterranean Sea, including coastal areas.

Compared to the MQ-4C, the Italian Piaggio P.1HH Hammerhead UAV belongs to the MALE class. In fact, this 6,000 kg, 15.6 m wingspan UAV is a derivative of the P180 Avanti II executive aircraft. P.1HH.

Two turboprop engines allow a maximum speed of 395 knots (730 km per hour). At a speed of 135 knots (about 250 km per hour), the UAV is ready to conduct 16-hour loitering at an altitude of 13,800 m. The maximum flight range is 4,400 nautical miles. Normal combat radius is 1500 nautical miles.

The unmanned aircraft is designed to perform reconnaissance missions over land or sea (monitoring coastal waters or open ocean). Although flight tests are still underway, United United Arab Emirates Eight cars have already been ordered. The Italian Armed Forces are also showing some interest.

Impact use of unmanned systems of the MALE and HALE classes is possible. Thus, according to the project management, in 2017 the Chinese drone CH-5 (MALE) reached the stage of mass production. Western experts question this fact, since the drone made its first long-distance flight only in 2015.

The glider has a length of 11 m, a wingspan of 21 m. Its configuration is similar to the American MQ-9 Reaper UAV ( Reaper, Reaper). As Chinese military expert Wang QIANG said in July 2017, the model will play a significant role in maritime security and intelligence.

The UAV provides an estimated operational ceiling of 7,000 m and can accommodate up to 16 air-to-ground weapons (payload capacity - 600 kg). The combat radius, according to various sources, ranges from 1,200 to 4,000 nautical miles. Jane Magazine, quoting the Chinese officials, reports that the CH-5, depending on the engine, can remain airborne for 39 to 60 hours. According to the manufacturer, China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), coordinated control of several CH-5s is possible.

UAV families

Increasingly, so-called “UAV families” are emerging from specialized models that complement each other. An example is the series “Rustom” ( Rustom, Warrior), which is being developed by the Indian Armed Forces Research and Development Directorate.

The Rustom 1 class MALE unmanned vehicle is 5 m long and has a wingspan of 8 m. Its payload capacity is 95 kg, its service ceiling is 7,900 m, and its flight duration is 12 hours.

Model Rustom H is a HALE class UAV. The device has a length of 9.5 m, a wingspan of 20.6 m. Payload of 350 kg. Service ceiling – 10,600 m. Flight duration – 24 hours. Currently, the reconnaissance Rustom 2 is being developed on the basis of the Rustom H. It is reported that the Indian Navy will initially acquire 25 units different versions Rustom.

More complex is India's Ghatak project to develop an unmanned stealth fighter-bomber. A 1:1 scale non-flying model is currently being created. This model will be used to test the drone's radar signature, as well as the effectiveness of its radar reflection.

India is receiving technical support for the project from France. At the same time, the Indian Ministry of Defense emphasizes that we are talking about the development of a completely domestic project. The time of the first flight of the delta-shaped prototype with a take-off weight of 15 tons is currently not determined.

Based on materials from MarineForum magazine

For a quarter of a century, ideas have been floating around the world about creating a so-called hybrid aircraft, which in its design will combine an airship, an airplane and a helicopter. Why is such a strange design needed if all three of these types of aircraft can be used separately? But the fact is that even in the era of large Soviet construction projects, a problem arose in transporting massive structures that still had to be installed exactly in the designated place. After all, in fact, an ordinary helicopter will not carry a multi-ton drilling rig to the operation site. Therefore, the tower elements were delivered by rail, and then assembly began. This took a huge amount of time and resources, including financial ones. It was then that the Tyumen designers had the idea of creating an aircraft that could move through the air at a relatively low speed and carry a large load.

By the way, this idea, first born in the USSR, reached the United States. Already next year, the Americans plan to take to the skies a giant Aeroscraft - both an airplane and an airship at the same time. It can be stated that Russian designers are ahead of the Americans in terms of implementing the idea of a hybrid aircraft. After all, its “BARS”, which is how the hybrid is named, made its first flight over the Tyumen fields back in the mid-90s. It turns out that the job is done and our aircraft designers can rest on their laurels, however, as always, their work and talent cannot be appreciated. This is due, first of all, to total underfunding. That same “BARS”, despite its obvious advantages, has not been put into mass production, so many problems in transporting goods by air have not yet been solved.

Let's try to figure out what the advantages of hybrid aircraft are? The fact is that the design of the same “BARS” is a real integration of elements of three aircraft at once. Its body is made of the same materials as the aircraft body, but in its central part there is a technological area with several propellers. These screws allow the hybrid machine to move strictly vertically. In addition, the aircraft is equipped with helium containers, which implement the principle of airship flight and allow the hybrid to be firmly fixed to the ground during unloading. The BARS and similar models have elevators, as well as side tails, like a regular airplane. This allows him to maneuver effectively in flight.

Many may notice that an airship could cope with the function of delivering equipment of large mass to a designated point, however, an airship is much more difficult to control and is subject to the influence of flows air masses which could easily lead to disaster. And the airship cannot effectively lower a large load - after lowering a multi-ton structure, the airship can take off uncontrollably, as if discarding large ballast. A hybrid aircraft does not have such disadvantages. In addition, aircraft such as the BARS are equipped with an air cushion, which can allow it to fill a special capsule with water, and then use it to extinguish fires or irrigate fields.

If Russian idea While it is entirely focused on civilian cargo transportation, the Americans plan to use their hybrid for military purposes. The Pentagon says that it is already ready to purchase several Aeroscraft in order to use it in the future to deliver warheads and troops to hard-to-reach areas.

Of course, there is no point in saying that hybrid aircraft should be used as passenger transport. Airplanes are better suited for this purpose, because the speed of a hybrid is not higher than 200 km/h. But in terms of effectively providing remote construction sites, transporting large loads across mountain ranges, and extinguishing fires, these machines will have no equal. Note that the carrying capacity of the hybrid is about 400 tons, which is 130 tons higher than the carrying capacity of the huge Mriya aircraft.

Let's hope that flying hybrids will soon begin to be supplied to various sectors of Russian civil aviation.

In Hollywood science fiction films Quite often one can see the image of an unmanned aerial attack vehicle. So, currently The USA is the world leader in the construction and design of drones. And they do not stop there, increasingly increasing the fleet of UAVs in the armed forces.

Having gained experience from the first and second Iraqi campaigns and the Afghan campaign, the Pentagon continues to develop unmanned systems. Purchases of UAVs will be increased, and criteria for new devices will be created. UAVs first occupied the niche of light reconnaissance aircraft, but already in the 2000s it became clear that they were also promising as attack aircraft - they were used in Yemen, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Drones have become full-fledged strike units.

MQ-9 Reaper "Reaper"

The Pentagon's latest purchase was order of 24 attack UAVs of the MQ-9 Reaper type. This contract will almost double the number of such drones in the military (at the beginning of 2009, the US had 28 of these drones). Gradually, the “Reapers” (according to Anglo-Saxon mythology, the image of death) should replace the older “Predators” MQ-1 Predator; there are approximately 200 of them in service.

The MQ-9 Reaper UAV first flew in February 2001. The device was created in 2 versions: turboprop and turbojet, but the US Air Force, interested in the new technology, pointed out the need for uniformity, refusing to purchase a jet version. In addition, despite its high aerobatic qualities (for example, a practical ceiling of up to 19 kilometers), it could be in the air for no more than 18 hours, which did not satisfy the Air Force. The turboprop model went into production with a 910-horsepower TPE-331 engine, the brainchild of Garrett AiResearch.

Basic performance characteristics of the Reaper:

— Weight: 2223 kg (empty) and 4760 kg (maximum);
— Maximum speed- 482 km/h and cruising - about 300 km/h;
— Maximum flight range – 5800…5900 km;
— With a full load, the UAV will perform its work for about 14 hours. In total, the MQ-9 is capable of staying in the air for up to 28-30 hours;
— The practical ceiling is up to 15 kilometers, and the working altitude level is 7.5 km;

Reaper weapons: has 6 hardpoints, a total payload of up to 3800 pounds, so instead of 2 AGM-114 Hellfire guided missiles on the Predator, its more advanced brother can take up to 14 missiles.
The second option for equipping the Reaper is a combination of 4 Hellfires and 2 five-hundred-pound GBU-12 Paveway II laser-guided bombs.
The 500-pound caliber also allows the use of GPS-guided JDAM weapons, such as the GBU-38 ammunition. Air-to-air weapons are represented by the AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles and, more recently, the AIM-92 Stinger, a modification of the well-known MANPADS missile, adapted for air launch.

avionics: AN/APY-8 Lynx II synthetic aperture radar capable of operating in mapping mode - in the nose cone. At low speeds (up to 70 knots), the radar can scan the surface with a resolution of one meter, scanning 25 square kilometers per minute. At high speeds (about 250 knots) – up to 60 square kilometers.

In search modes, the radar, in the so-called SPOT mode, provides instantaneous “images” of local areas of the earth’s surface measuring 300x170 meters from a distance of up to 40 kilometers, with a resolution reaching 10 centimeters. Combined electro-optical and thermal imaging sighting station MTS-B - on a spherical suspension under the fuselage. Includes a laser rangefinder/target designator capable of targeting the full range of US and NATO semi-active laser-guided munitions.

In 2007, the first attack squadron of “Reapers” was formed, they entered service with the 42nd Attack Squadron, which is located at Creech Air Force Base in Nevada. In 2008, they were armed with the 174th Fighter Wing of the Air National Guard. NASA, the Ministry of national security, at the Border Guard Service.
The system was not put up for sale. Of the allies, Australia and England bought the Reapers. Germany abandoned this system in favor of its own and Israeli developments.

Prospects

The next generation of medium-sized UAVs under the MQ-X and MQ-M programs should be operational by 2020. The military wants to simultaneously expand the combat capabilities of the strike UAV and integrate it as much as possible into the overall combat system.

Main tasks:

“They plan to create a basic platform that can be used in all theaters of military operations, which will greatly increase the functionality of the unmanned air force group in the region, as well as increase the speed and flexibility of response to emerging threats.

— Increasing the autonomy of the device and increasing the ability to perform tasks in difficult weather conditions. Automatic take-off and landing, entering the combat patrol area.

— Interception of air targets, direct support ground forces, the use of a drone as an integrated reconnaissance complex, a set of electronic warfare tasks and the task of providing communications and illumination of the situation in the form of deployment of an information gateway on the basis of an aircraft.

— Suppression of the enemy’s air defense system.

— By 2030, they plan to create a model of a refueling drone, a kind of unmanned tanker capable of supplying fuel to other aircraft - this will dramatically increase the duration of their stay in the air.

— There are plans to create modifications of UAVs that will be used in search and rescue and evacuation missions related to the air transportation of people.

— Into the concept combat use The UAV is planned to lay down the architecture of the so-called “swarm” (SWARM), which will allow for the joint combat use of groups of unmanned aircraft for the exchange of intelligence information and strike operations.

— As a result, UAVs should “grow” into such tasks as inclusion in the country’s air defense and missile defense system and even delivering strategic strikes. This dates back to the mid-21st century.

Fleet

In early February 2011, a jet took off from Edwards Air Force Base (California). UAV X-47V. The development of drones for the Navy began in 2001. Sea trials should begin in 2013.

Basic requirements of the Navy:
— deck-based, including landing without violating the stealth regime;
— two full-fledged compartments for installing weapons, the total weight of which, according to some reports, can reach two tons;
— in-flight refueling system.

The United States is developing a list of requirements for the 6th generation fighter:

— Equipping with next-generation on-board information and control systems, stealth technologies.

— Hypersonic speed, that is, speeds above Mach 5-6.

— Possibility of unmanned control.

— The electronic element base of the aircraft’s on-board complexes must give way to an optical one, built on photonics technologies, with a complete transition to fiber-optic communication lines.

Thus, the United States confidently maintains its position in the development, deployment and accumulation of experience in the combat use of UAVs. Participation in a number of local wars allowed the US armed forces to maintain combat-ready personnel, improve equipment and technology, combat use and control schemes.

The Armed Forces gained unique combat experience and the opportunity in practice to reveal and correct design flaws without major risks. UAVs are becoming part of a unified combat system—waging “network-centric warfare.”

Hello!

I want to say right away that it is difficult to believe in this, almost impossible, the stereotype is to blame for everything, but I will try to present this clearly and justify it with specific tests.

My article is intended for people associated with aviation or those who are interested in aviation.

In 2000, an idea arose about the trajectory of a mechanical blade moving in a circle with a turn on its axis. As shown in Fig.1.

And so imagine, the blade (1), (flat rectangular plate, side view) rotating in a circle (3) rotates on its axis (2) in a certain dependence, by 2 degrees of rotation along the circle, 1 degree of rotation on its axis (2) . As a result, we have the trajectory of the blade (1) shown in Fig. 1. Now imagine that the blade is in a fluid, in air or water, with this movement the following happens: moving in one direction (5) around the circle, the blade has maximum resistance to the fluid, and moving in the other direction (4) around the circle, has minimal resistance to fluid.

This is the principle of operation of the propulsion device; all that remains is to invent a mechanism that executes the trajectory of the blade. This is what I did from 2000 to 2013. The mechanism was called VRK, which stands for rotating deployable wing. IN this description wing, blade, and plate have the same meaning.

I created my own workshop and started creating, tried different options, and around 2004-2005 I got the following result.

Rice. 2

Rice. 3

I made a simulator to test the lifting force of the lifting rocket (Fig. 2). The VRK is made of three blades, the blades along the inner perimeter have a stretched red raincoat fabric, the purpose of the simulator is to overcome the force of gravity of 4 kg. Fig.3. I attached the steelyard to the VRK shaft. Result Fig.4:

Rice. 4

The simulator easily lifted this load, there was a report on local television, State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company Bira, these are stills from this report. Then I added speed and adjusted it to 7 kg, the simulator lifted this load too, after that I tried to add more speed, but the mechanism could not stand it. Therefore, I can judge the experiment by this result, although it is not final, but in numbers it looks like this:

The clip shows a simulator for testing the lifting force of a lifting rocket. The horizontal structure is hinged on legs, with a rotary control valve installed on one side and a drive on the other. Drive – el. motor 0.75 kW, electric efficiency engine 0.75%, that is, in fact the engine produces 0.75 * 0.75 = 0.5625 kW, we know that 1 hp = 0.7355 kW.

Before turning on the simulator, I weigh the VRK shaft with a steelyard; the weight is 4 kg. This can be seen from the clip, after the report I changed the gear ratio, added speed and added weight, as a result the simulator lifted 7 kilograms, then when the weight and speed increased, it could not stand it. Let's return to the calculations after the fact, if 0.5625 kW lifts 7 kg, then 1 hp = 0.7355 kW will lift 0.7355 kW/0.5625 kW = 1.3 and 7 * 1.3 = 9.1 kg.

During testing, the VRK propulsion device showed a vertical lift force of 9.1 kg per horsepower. For example, a helicopter has half the lifting force. (I compare the technical characteristics of helicopters, where the maximum take-off weight per engine power is 3.5-4 kg/per 1 hp; for an airplane it is 8 kg/per 1 hp). I would like to note that this is not the final result; for testing, the lifting force must be made in the factory and on a stand with precision instruments to determine the lifting force.

The propeller of the VRK, has technical feasibility, change the direction of the driving force by 360 degrees, this allows you to take off vertically and switch to horizontal movement. In this article I do not dwell on this issue; this is set out in my patents.

Received 2 patents for VRK Fig.5, Fig.6, but today they are not valid for non-payment. But all the information for creating a VRK is not contained in patents.

Rice. 5

Rice. 6

Now the most difficult thing is that everyone has a stereotype about existing aircraft, these are airplanes and helicopters (I am not taking examples of jet-powered aircraft or rockets).

VRK - having advantages over the propeller such as higher driving force and a change in direction of movement by 360 degrees, allows you to create completely new aircraft for various purposes that will take off vertically from any site and smoothly transition to horizontal movement.

In terms of the complexity of production, aircraft with propeller-propelled propellers are no more complicated than a car; the purpose of aircraft can be very different:

Individual, put it on your back, and flew like a bird;
Family type of transport, for 4-5 people, Fig. 7;
Municipal transport: ambulance, police, administration, fire, Ministry of Emergency Situations, etc., Fig. 7;
Airbuses for peripheral and intercity transport, Fig. 8;
An aircraft taking off vertically on a VRK, switching to jet engines, Rice. 9;
And any aircraft for all kinds of tasks.

Rice. 7

Rice. 8

Rice. 9

Their appearance and the principle of flight are difficult to perceive. In addition to aircraft, the propeller can be used as a propulsion device for swimming vehicles, but we do not touch on this topic here.

VRK is a whole area that I can’t cope with alone, I would like to hope that this area will be needed in Russia.

Having received the result in 2004-2005, I was inspired and hoped that I would quickly convey my thoughts to the specialists, but until this happened, all the years I have been making new versions of the propeller control system, using different kinematic schemes, but the test result was negative. In 2011, repeated the 2004-2005 version, el. the engine was turned on via an inverter, this ensured soft start The VRK, however, the VRK mechanism was made from materials available to me according to simplified version, so I can’t give the maximum load, I adjusted it to 2 kg.

I slowly raise the engine speed. engine, as a result the airborne rocket launcher exhibits a silent, smooth takeoff.

Full clip of the latest challenge:

On this optimistic note, I bid you farewell.

Sincerely, Kokhochev Anatoly Alekseevich.

Russian airspace protection / Photo: cdn5.img.ria.ru

Russian scientists are developing hypersonic aircraft to overcome missile defense, said the head of the project team Boris Satovsky.

According to him, now the whole world is going through a turning point, when, taking into account the achieved level of technological development, the methods of using strategic weapons are being rethought. In the process of technological development, new types and types of weapons emerge, for example, based on maneuvering hypersonic elements.

According to media reports, this year the Russian military has twice tested a hypersonic aircraft designed to replace traditional warheads for promising intercontinental ballistic missiles.

The maneuver that a hypersonic warhead makes after entering the dense layers of the atmosphere makes it difficult for missile defense systems to intercept it. Hypersonic is a flight speed that significantly (five times or more) exceeds the speed of sound in the atmosphere, that is, 330 meters per second, reports RIA Novosti.

Technical information

Russia will be able to limit the effectiveness of the US missile defense system with the help of the Yu-71 hypersonic aircraft, which is currently being tested, writes the American edition of the Washington Times. The new weapon will be able to carry a nuclear charge at 10 times the speed of sound.

Estimated view of Yu-71 / Image: nampuom-pycu.livejournal.com

In the strictest secrecy, Russia is testing a new hypersonic maneuvering aircraft, the Yu-71, which will be capable of carrying nuclear warheads at a speed 10 times the speed of sound, reports the American edition of the Washington Times. The Kremlin is developing similar devices to overcome US missile defenses, InoTV notes, citing the newspaper. (Yu-71) has been in development for several years. The last tests of the aircraft took place in February 2015. The launch took place from the Dombarovsky test site near Orenburg. Previously, it was purely speculatively reported by other Western sources, but now this launch has been confirmed by new analysts. The publication refers to a report released in June by the famous Western military analytical center Jane’s.

Previously, this designation - Yu-71 - did not appear in open sources.

Yu-71 - hypersonic aircraft / Photo: azfilm.ru

According to The WashingtonFree Beacon, the aircraft is part of a secret Russian project to create a certain object 4202. Analysts claim that the February launch was carried out using an UR-100N UTTH rocket, in which object 4202 served as the warhead, and ended unsuccessfully.

Perhaps this index refers to the modifications being developed of hypersonic maneuvering nuclear warheads, which have been equipped with them for several years now Russian ICBMs. These units, after separation from the launch vehicle, are capable of changing the flight trajectory in altitude and heading and, as a result, successfully bypass both existing and future missile defense systems.

This would give Russia the ability to launch precision strikes against selected targets, and when combined with the capabilities of its missile defense system, Moscow would be able to successfully hit a target with just one missile.

24 hypersonic aircraft with nuclear warheads will be deployed at the Dombarovsky training ground from 2020 to 2025, the military analytical center Jane’s Information Group is confident. By that time, Moscow will already have a new intercontinental ballistic missile capable of carrying the Yu-71, the publication writes.

The speed of hypersonic aircraft reaches 11,200 km/h, and unpredictable maneuverability makes the task of finding their bearing almost impossible, the Washington Times emphasizes.