MRK SN (strategic intercontinental missile system) "Topol-M" (SS-X-27, "Sickle" according to NATO systematization) with the RS-12M2 missile (RT-2PM2, 15Zh65) depicts the result of further modernization of the Topol missile system ( SS-25).

"Poplar"

"Topol-M"

This complex was entirely created by Russian enterprises.
Work on the creation of a new missile system began in the mid-1980s. The resolution of the Military-Industrial Commission dated September 09, 1989 ordered the creation of two missile systems (mobile and stationary), as well as a universal three-stage solid-fuel intercontinental ballistic missile. This development work was given the title “Universal”, and the complex being developed was given the designation RT-2PM2. The complex was jointly developed by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering and Yuzhnoye Design Bureau (Ukraine, Dnepropetrovsk).

The missile was supposed to be unified for both complexes, however, in the original design, there were differences in the warhead breeding system. For a silo-based missile, the combat stage had to be equipped with a liquid jet engine using promising monofuel PRONIT. For the maneuverable complex, MIT developed a solid propellant propulsion system. There were also differences in the transport and launch container (TPC). In the maneuverable version, the TPK was supposed to be made of fiberglass, in the stationary version - from metal, with a number of ground equipment systems mounted on it. That is why the rocket for the maneuverable complex was given the index 15Zh55, for the stationary one - 15Zh65.

In March 1992, it was decided to develop the Topol-M complex on the basis of the Universal (Yuzhnoye Design Bureau abandoned participation in work on this complex in April). On February 27, 1993, the President of the Russian Federation issued the necessary decree (this date is considered the beginning of work on Topol-M). By this decree, MIT was appointed as the lead enterprise for the development of Topol-M, and financing of the work was guaranteed.

In fact, it was necessary to develop a universal missile based on its launch conditions. At the same time, both in the silo version and in the mobile version, the rocket had to have elevated combat capabilities, high accuracy of heat and being able to endure long combat duty in unequal degrees of resistance. In addition, it had to have high resistance to damaging factors during flight and overcome missile defense probable enemy.

The missile for the Topol-M MRK was created as a modernization of the RS-12M intercontinental ballistic missile. The conditions for modernization were found by the START I Treaty. According to this document, a new missile can be found that is similar to one that is identified by one of the following signs:

Number of steps;

External fuel for any of the stages;

The starting weight is increased by more than 10 percent;

The length of a concentrated rocket without a warhead (head lobe), or the length of the first stage of the rocket is extended by more than 10 percent;

The diameter of the first stage is extended by more than 5 percent;

A drop in weight of more than 21 percent combined with a change in first stage length of 5 percent or more.

Due to present restrictions performance characteristics The Topol-M MRK missiles could not undergo significant changes, and the main differences from the analogue (RT-2PM) lie in the flight characteristics and stability when penetrating enemy missile defense. The head lobe was developed from the very beginning taking into account the possibility of rapid modernization in the event of the appearance of operating systems missile defense from a potential enemy. It is possible to install a warhead with multiple warheads with individual guidance.

The Topol-M missile system is unique in many ways and is approximately 1.5 times superior to the previous generation missile system in terms of combat capability, survivability and maneuverability (in the mobile version), and the effectiveness of hitting different objects, even in the event of opposition from the enemy. The energy capabilities of the rocket provide an increase in the weight to be dropped, an impressive decrease in the altitude of the active part of the flight trajectory, as well as effective coping promising missile defense.

When developing the Topol-M MRK, the latest achievements of domestic rocketry and science were used. For the first time, the newly created experimental testing system was used during tests with high standard operating procedures for units and systems of the missile complex. This has dramatically compressed traditional testing volume and reduced costs without sacrificing reliability.

The complex is a monoblock three-stage solid-fuel rocket housed in a transport and launch container. The lifespan of a rocket in it is 15 years, while the overall service life is 20 years. Among the features of the complex:

Possibility of using floating silo launchers without significant costs (the entire system of attaching the container to the missile is modified).

Mine are used launchers which are exempt from decommissioned missiles and launchers in accordance with the START-2 treaty;

- increased, compared to “Topol”, firing accuracy, vulnerability of missiles during flight from the effects of air defense weapons (introducing nuclear weapons) and readiness for launch;

The ability of missiles to maneuver during flight;

Immunity to electromagnetic pulses;

Compatibility with existing control, communication and support systems.

The 15Zh65 (RT-2PM2) rocket has 3 sustainer stages with powerful solid propellant power plants. The propulsion stages of the rocket have a one-piece “cocoon” body made of composite material. The 15Zh65, unlike the Topol, does not have lattice stabilizers and rudders. Flight control is carried out by the central partially submerged rotary nozzle of the propulsion engines of the three stages of the rocket. The nozzles of the propulsion engines are made of carbon-carbon material. A three-dimensionally reinforced oriented carbon-carbon matrix is ​​used for the nozzle liners.

The launch weight of the rocket is more than 47 tons. The absolute length of the rocket is 22.7 meters, and without the warhead the length is 17.5 meters. The maximum diameter of the rocket body (first stage) is 1.86 meters. The mass of the head part is 1.2 tons. The length of the first stage is 8.04 meters, the mass of the fully loaded stage is 28.6 tons, the operating time is 60 seconds. The thrust of the first stage solid rocket engine at sea level is 890 thousand kN. The diameter of the second and third stages is 1.61 and 1.58 meters, respectively. The operating times of the stages are 64 and 56 seconds, respectively. Three solid propellant main engines provide a brisk set of speed, reducing the vulnerability of the rocket in the acceleration section, and the current control systems and dozens auxiliary engines provide maneuver in flight, following a trajectory difficult to predict for the enemy.

A monoblock thermonuclear detachable warhead with a thermonuclear 550-kiloton warhead, unlike strategic intercontinental ballistic missiles of another entity, can be quickly replaced by a warhead with multiple independently targetable warheads with a capacity of 150 kilotons. In addition, the Topol-M missile can be equipped with a maneuvering warhead. The newly-made nuclear warhead, according to real media, can overcome the US missile defense system, which is confirmed by the results of tests of the complex (November 21, 2005) with the newly-made warhead. The probability of overcoming the American missile defense system at present is 60-65 percent, in the future - more than 80.

It should be noted that when creating the brane part of the ICBM, the technologies and developments obtained in the creation of the brane part for the Topol were used to the maximum, which made it possible to reduce the cost and compress the development time. The new warhead, despite such unification, is significantly more resistant to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and the effects of weapons, which are based on new carnal principles, compared to its predecessor, has a lower specific gravity, and also has more complete mechanisms for ensuring safety during transportation, storage and while on combat duty. Fighting share owns increased coefficient healthy use of fissile materials. The real head section was created without testing components and parts during full-scale explosions (a first for the domestic military industry).

The 15Zh65 missile is equipped with a complex of missile defense breakthrough weapons (KSP ABM), which includes inactive and active decoy targets, as well as weapons that distort the characteristics of warheads. False targets are indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges electromagnetic radiation(laser, optical, radar, infrared). They allow you to imitate the characteristics of BBs in almost all selecting signs in all sections of the descending branch of their flight trajectory, they are depicted as ironclad to PFYV, etc. Real decoy targets are the first ones capable of resisting radar stations with super-resolution. Weapons that distort the characteristics of warheads consist of a radio-absorbing coating, aerosol sources infrared radiation, generators of active radio interference and so on.

The 15Zh65 missile can be operated as part of a stationary (15P065) or mobile (15P165) DBK. In this case, for the stationary version, silo missile launchers are used, which are removed from service or destroyed in accordance with START-2. A stationary group is formed by converting silo launchers 15P735 and 15P718.

The 15P065 combat stationary silo-based missile system includes 10 15Zh65 missiles in 15P765-35 launchers, as well as one unified 15V222 high-security subject CP (placed in the silo on a hanger using special shock absorption). Work on the conversion of silo 15P735 to accommodate Topol-M missiles was carried out under the leadership of Dmitry Dragun at the Vympel Design Bureau.

During combat duty, the 15Zh65 missile is housed in a metal TPK. The transport and launch container is unified for the different types of silos and combines the functions of a transport and reloading machine and an installer. The transport and installation unit was developed at the Motor design bureau.

Mobile-based intercontinental ballistic missiles "Topol-M" were rolled out as part of the 15P165 complex. The mobile-based missile is housed in a high-strength fiberglass transport and launch container on an MZKT-79221 (MAZ-7922) all-terrain chassis with eight axles from the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant. Structurally, the TPK from the utilitarian mine version is not issued. The launcher and its adaptation to the tractor were carried out by the Titan Design Bureau. Serial production of launchers is carried out at the Volgograd production company "Barricades". The mass of the launcher is 120 tons, width - 3.4 meters, length - 22 meters. Six of the eight pairs of wheels are rotating (the first and last three axles), which provides outstanding maneuverability for such dimensions (the turning radius is approximately 18 meters) and cross-country ability. The ground pressure is two times less than that of a regular truck. The launcher engine is a 12-cylinder V-shaped 800-horsepower YaMZ-847 diesel engine with turbocharging. The depth of the ford is 1.1 meters. When creating units and systems 15P165, several fundamentally new technologies were used. decisions. To this extent, approximately, the incomplete suspension system allows the deployment of the Topol-M launcher on soft soils. The maneuverability and maneuverability of the installation have been improved, increasing its survivability. "Topol-M" can launch missiles from any point in the positional area and has improved camouflage weapons against optical and other reconnaissance weapons.

The characteristics of the Topol-M missile system make it possible to significantly increase the readiness of strategic missile forces to carry out combat missions in different circumstances, ensure secrecy, maneuverability of operations and survivability of individual launchers, units and units, as well as autonomous operation and reliability of control during for a long time (without replenishing reserves of material weapons). Aiming accuracy has been increased by almost two times, the accuracy of determining geodetic data has been increased by one and a half times, and the preparation time for launch has been compressed by half.

The rearmament of units of strategic missile forces is carried out using existing infrastructure. Stationary and mobile versions are fully compatible with existing communication and combat control systems.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the 15Zh65 rocket:

Maximum firing range – 11000 km;
Number of steps – 3;
Launch weight – 47.1 t (47.2 t);
Loaded weight – 1.2 t;
The length of the rocket without the warhead is 17.5 m (17.9 m);
Rocket length - 22.7 m;
Maximum case diameter – 1.86 m;
The young man of the warhead is nuclear, monoblock;
Warhead equivalent – ​​0.55 Mt;
Circular probable deviation – 200 m;
The diameter of the TPK (without protruding parts) is 1.95 m (for 15P165 – 2.05 m).

Performance characteristics of MZKT-79221(MAZ-7922):

Wheel formula – 16x16;
Turning radius – 18 m;
Ground clearance – 475 mm;
Loaded weight – 40 t (without combat equipment);
Load capacity – 80 t;
Maximum speed – 45 km/h;
Power reserve – 500 km.

Complex RT-2PM2 "Topol-M"(code RS-12M2, according to NATO classification - SS-27 Sickle “Sickle”) - Russian missile system strategic purpose with an intercontinental ballistic missile, developed in the late 1980s - early 1990s on the basis of the RT-2PM Topol complex. The first intercontinental ballistic missile developed in Russia after the collapse of the USSR. Adopted into service in 1997. The lead developer of the missile system is the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (MIT).

Rocket of the Topol-M complex is solid fuel, three-stage. Maximum range - 11,000 km. Carries one thermonuclear warhead with a power of 550 kt. The missile is based both in silo launchers (silos) and on mobile launchers. The mine-based version was put into service in 2000.

Designed to carry out missions to target enemy territory in the face of counteraction from existing and future missile defense systems, with multiple nuclear impacts on a positional area, and when a positional area is blocked by high-altitude nuclear explosions. It is used as part of the 15PO65 silo-based and 15P165 mobile-based complexes.

Stationary complex "Topol-M" includes 10 intercontinental ballistic missiles mounted in silo launchers, as well as a command post.
Main characteristics of the Topol-M rocket

Number of steps	3
Length (with MS)	22.55 m
Length (without MS)	17.5 m
Diameter	1.81 m
Launch weight	46.5 t
Throwing weight	1.2 t
Fuel type	Solid mixed
Maximum range	11000 km
Head type	Monobloc, nuclear, detachable
Number of warheads	1 + about 20 dummies
Charge power	550 Kt
Control system	Autonomous, inertial based on BTsVK
Based method	Mine and mobile

Mobile complex "Topol-M" is a single missile placed in a high-strength fiberglass transport and launch container (TPK), mounted on an eight-axle MZKT-79221 cross-country chassis and is structurally practically no different from the silo version. The weight of the launcher is 120 tons. Six of the eight pairs of wheels are swivel, providing a turning radius of 18 meters.

The ground pressure of the installation is half that of a conventional truck. Engine V-shaped 12-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine YaMZ-847 with a power of 800 hp. The depth of the ford is up to 1.1 meters.

When creating systems and units of the mobile Topol-M, a number of fundamentally new technical solutions were used in comparison with the Topol complex. Thus, the partial suspension system makes it possible to deploy the Topol-M launcher even on soft soils. The maneuverability and maneuverability of the installation have been improved, which increases its survivability.

"Topol-M" is capable of launching from any point in the positional area, and also has improved means of camouflage, both against optical and other reconnaissance means (including by reducing the infrared component of the complex's unmasking field, as well as the use of special coatings that reduce radar signature).

Intercontinental missile consists of three stages with solid propellant propulsion engines. Aluminum is used as fuel, ammonium perchlorate acts as an oxidizing agent. The step bodies are made of composites. All three stages are equipped with a rotating nozzle to deflect the thrust vector (there are no lattice aerodynamic rudders).

Control system– inertial, based on the on-board central heating system and a gyro-stabilized platform. The complex of high-speed command gyroscopic devices has improved accuracy characteristics. The new BTsVK has increased productivity and resistance to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Aiming is ensured through the implementation of autonomous determination of the azimuth of the control element installed on a gyro-stabilized platform using a ground-based complex of command instruments located on the TPK. Increased combat readiness, accuracy and continuous operation life of on-board equipment are ensured.

Launch method - mortar for both options. The rocket's sustaining solid-propellant engine allows it to gain speed much faster than previous types of rockets of a similar class created in Russia and the Soviet Union. This makes it much more difficult for missile defense systems to intercept it during the active phase of the flight.

The missile is equipped with a detachable warhead with one thermonuclear warhead with a capacity of 550 kt of TNT equivalent. The warhead is also equipped with a set of means to overcome missile defense. The complex of means for overcoming missile defense consists of passive and active decoys, as well as means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. Several dozen auxiliary correction engines, instruments and control mechanisms allow the warhead to maneuver along the trajectory, making it difficult to intercept it at the final part of the trajectory.

False targets indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation (optical, laser, infrared, radar). False targets make it possible to imitate the characteristics of warheads according to almost all selection criteria in the extra-atmospheric, transitional and significant part of the atmospheric section of the descending branch of the flight trajectory of missile warheads, and are resistant to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and the radiation of a super-powerful nuclear-pumped laser. For the first time, decoys have been designed that can withstand super-resolution radars.

In connection with the termination of the START-2 treaty, which prohibited the creation of multi-charge intercontinental ballistic missiles, the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering is working on equipping Topol-M with multiple independently targetable warheads. Perhaps the result of this work is the RS-24 Yars. A mobile version of this complex, placed on the chassis of an eight-axle MZKT-79221 tractor, is being tested.

The high resistance of the 15Zh65 missile to the effects of potential enemy missile defense systems is achieved due to:

• Reducing the time and length of the active section through extremely rapid acceleration of the rocket. Acceleration time to final speed (over 7 km/s) is less than 3 minutes.
• The missile’s ability to maneuver in the active section, complicating the enemy’s solution to the interception task, as well as to perform a program maneuver when passing through the cloud of a nuclear explosion
• Newly developed protective coating for the hull, providing comprehensive protection against the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and weapons based on new physical principles.
• A complex for overcoming missile defense, including passive and active decoys and means of distorting the characteristics of the warhead. LCs are indistinguishable from warheads in all ranges of electromagnetic radiation (optical, laser, infrared, radar), they allow simulating the characteristics of warheads according to almost all selection criteria in the extra-atmospheric, transitional and significant part of the atmospheric section of the descending branch of the flight path of missile warheads, up to altitudes 2 - 5 km; are resistant to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and radiation from a super-powerful nuclear-pumped laser, etc. For the first time, LCs have been designed that can withstand super-resolution radars. Means for distorting the characteristics of the warhead consist of a radio-absorbing (combined with heat-shielding) coating of the warhead, active jammers, etc. The radar signature of the warhead is reduced by several orders of magnitude, the ESR is 0.0001 sq.m. Its detection range has been reduced to 100 - 200 km. The optical and IR visibility of the BB is extremely reduced due to the effective cooling of the BB surface in the transatmospheric section and the reduction in the luminosity of the BB's wake in the atmospheric section, achieved incl. due to the injection of special liquid products into the trace area that reduce the intensity of radiation. As a result of the measures taken, it is possible to overcome the monoblock warhead of a promising multi-echelon missile defense system with space-based elements with a probability of 0.93 - 0.94. The high- and sub-atmospheric missile defense section is overcome with a probability of 0.99, the atmospheric - with a probability of 0.93 - 0.95.

The 15Zh65 rocket is equipped with a thermonuclear monoblock warhead with a power of 0.55 MGt. Tests of ICBMs with MIRVs (from 3 to 6 multiple warheads with a capacity of 150 kt.) have been carried out. In the future, it is planned to equip the missile with a maneuvering warhead (tests of which were also successfully carried out in 2005 and continue), and therefore the possibility of intercepting warheads, according to Russian specialists will be practically reduced to zero.

The probable circular deviation is no more than 200 m, which allows the half-megaton power warhead to confidently hit highly protected point targets (in particular, command posts and silos). Due to the limited throw weight, which limits the power of nuclear warheads, the Topol-M missile, unlike the 15A18 missile "Voevoda"(the power of a monoblock warhead was 20-25 MGt) has limitations on the implementation of a destructive effect on a large area target.

The mobile-based 15P165 complex has unique characteristics initial survival, capable of functioning covertly and autonomously for a long period of time. The patrol area of ​​the complex is 250,000 sq. km.

Rocket "Topol-M" unified with the rocket "Mace" sea-based, created to arm the Project 955 SSBN. The Bulava’s competitor is the R-29RMU2 liquid-fueled ICBM “ Sineva" It is significantly superior to the Bulava (like all other ICBMs) in terms of energy and mass sophistication, but is inferior in terms of an important criterion for Russian sea-based missiles - survival in the active site due to its lower acceleration speed and greater vulnerability from laser weapons characteristic of liquid rockets compared to solid propellant ones. However, the Bulava rocket, with a launch weight of about 37 tons, is significantly inferior in striking power to existing heavier solid-fuel rockets, including the Trident-2 rocket with a launch weight of 59 tons. (Bulava warhead - 6x150 kt, Trident-2 (theoretically) - 8x475 kt). The project to equip the naval component of the Russian nuclear forces with SSBNs with light ballistic missiles "Bulava" is criticized by experts who point to the need to arm domestic SSBNs with high-tech solid-fuel SLBM R-39UTTH, the testing of which was curtailed in the 90s. and which, if put into service, would have no analogues in the world among SLBMs in terms of striking power and flight performance.

Transportation of the rocket and loading into the silo

Transportation and loading into the silo of the 5th generation intercontinental ballistic missile system RT-2PM2 "Topol-M". Location: 60th Taman Order October Revolution Red Banner Missile Division.

DATA FOR 2019 (standard update)
Complex RS-12M / 15P158.1 / 15P158 "Topol", missile RT-2PM / 15Zh58 - SS-25 SICKLE / PL-5

Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) / mobile ground-based missile system (MGRS). Preliminary development of the complex project has been carried out since 1975 by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (MIT) under the leadership of Alexander Davidovich Nadiradze on the basis of ICBMs and MRSDs. Chief designer since 1987 - Boris Lagutin (until 1993). The full development of the Topol ICBM for use as part of the PGRK began according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers dated July 19, 1976 ( ). The next Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers on the development of the Topol complex with solid fuel ICBMs was issued on July 19, 1977.

In 1979, testing began on the production of charges for the engines of the second and third stages of the rocket at the Pavlograd Chemical Plant ().

The first launch of an ICBM from a specially equipped silo launcher was carried out at the Kapustin Yar test site on October 27, 1982. Probably, one of the launch tasks was to check the operation of the launch systems and the missile’s exit from the TPK, followed by the launch of the main engine of the first stage. The launch was unsuccessful. Flight design tests (FDT) of the 15Zh58 ICBM began with a launch from a converted silo launcher at the Plesetsk training ground on February 8, 1983. The launch was completely successful. In total in 1983-1984. 12 launches took place under the LCI program. All launches were carried out at the Plesetsk test site. The test launch of the LCI program took place on November 20, 1984.

Serial production of the Topol missile system began according to the Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers dated December 28, 1984 ( ist. - Strategic missiles). The missile has been mass-produced by the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant since 1985. Self-propelled launchers of the complex were produced by the Barrikady plant (Volgograd). In 1984, the construction of permanent base structures and the equipment of combat patrol routes for the PGRK began. The objects were located in those divisions of the Strategic Missile Forces where the RT-2P, MR-UR-100 and UR-100N ICBMs were removed from combat duty. At the same time, the PGRK complex was deployed in the positional areas of the Pioneer MRBM ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The first division of the PGRK 15P158.1 "Topol" entered combat duty on July 23, 1985 as part of the Strategic Missile Forces regiment in Yoshkar-Ola, Mari Autonomous Okrug of the USSR (). Until the end of 1985, another PGRK floor took up combat duty ( ist. - Strategic missiles). The first regiment of the Strategic Missile Forces with RS-12M missiles, equipped with the mobile regimental command post "Barrier" (), was put on combat duty on April 28, 1987 in the area of ​​Nizhny Tagil and on May 27, 1988 the first missile regiment was put on combat duty with a modernized mobile regimental command post "Granit" (), based in Irkutsk (). The Topol ICBM complex was adopted by the USSR Strategic Missile Forces on December 1, 1988 ().

Since 1997, there has been a gradual replacement of the RS-12M ICBMs with ICBMs and .

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Launches of the RS-12M Topol ICBM:

№pp	Date	Launch location	Result	Description
	29.09.1981	Plesetsk		There was probably no such launch, but it is mentioned in a number of foreign sources (). The date is referred to as the start date of LCI in some sources (). The launch is mentioned in the book on the history of the Plesetsk cosmodrome, 2002 edition. Most likely this is a throw test of an early prototype/test rocket rockets 15Zh58
	30.10.1981	Plesetsk		Throw launch (?)
	25.08.1982	Plesetsk		Throw launch (?)
00	27.10.1982	Kapustin Yar	unsuccessful launch	Launch from a specially converted silo.
01	08.02.1983 (02/18/1983 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	The launch was carried out by the combat crew of the 6th Research University. Launch of an RT-2P missile from a specially converted silo launcher (). First launch of the 15Zh58 rocket.
02	03.05.1983 (05/05/1983 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	Launch of an RT-2P missile from a specially converted silo launcher (). 2nd start LKI ()
03	30.06.1983 (05/31/1983 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	Launch of an RT-2P missile from a specially converted silo launcher (). 3rd launch of LCI ()
04	10.08.1983	Plesetsk	emergency start	First launch from SPU PGRK. 4th launch of LCI. In the book "Navigators of the Planets" (under the general editorship of E.L. Mezhiritsky, 2008), the launch is called an emergency - not through the fault of the control system ().
05	25.10.1983	Plesetsk	successful launch	5th launch of LCI ()
06	20.02.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	6th launch of LCI ()
07	27.03.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	7th launch of LCI ()
08	23.041984	Plesetsk	successful launch	8th launch of LCI ()
09	23.05.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	9th launch of LCI ()
10	26.07.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	10th launch of LCI ()
11	10.09.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	11th launch of LKI ()
12	02.10.1984	Plesetsk	emergency start	12th launch of LCI (). In the book "Navigators of the Planets" (under the general editorship of E.L. Mezhiritsky, 2008), the launch is called an emergency - not through the fault of the control system ().
13	20.11.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	Test launch LKI ()
14	06.12.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	13th launch of LKI
15	06.12.1984	Plesetsk	successful launch	14th launch of LKI
16	29.01.1985	Plesetsk	emergency start	15th launch of the LKI () program. In the book "Navigators of the Planets" (under the general editorship of E.L. Mezhiritsky, 2008), the launch is called an emergency - not through the fault of the control system ().
17	21.02.1985	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch
18	22.04.1985	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
19	14.06.1985	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
20	06.08.1985	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
21	25.08.1985 (08/28/1985 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
22	04.10.1985	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
23	24.10.1985 (10/25/1985 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
24	06.12.1985	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
25	18.04.1986	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
26	20.09.1986	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
27	29.11.1986	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
28	25.12.1986	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
29	11.02.1987	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
30	04/26/1987 (05/26/1987 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
31	30.06.1987	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
32	14.07.1987	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
33	31.07.1987	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
34	23.12.1987	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
35	23.12.1987	Plesetsk	successful launch	Last launch of the joint testing program PGRK "Topol" (). 16th launch of LCI ().
36	29.04.1988	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch of the Topol ICBM ()
37	07/05/1988 (08/05/1988 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
38	14.09.1988	Plesetsk	successful launch
39	08.10.1988 (10/20/1988 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
40	09.12.1988	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
41	07.02.1989	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
42	21.03.1989	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
43	15.06.1989	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
44	20.09.1989	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
45	10/26/1989 (10/27/1989 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
46	29.03.1990	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
47	21.05.1990	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
48	24.05.1990	Plesetsk	successful launch
49	31.07.1990	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
50	08.08.1990	Plesetsk, site No. 169	successful launch	1st launch of the test program for the 15YU75 command missile based on the 15ZH58 missile of the Perimeter-RC system ( , )
51	16.08.1990	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
52	17.10.1990	Plesetsk, site No. 169	successful launch	2nd launch of the 15YU75 command rocket based on the 15ZH58 rocket of the Perimeter-RC system ( , )
53	01.11.1990	Plesetsk, site No. 169	successful launch	3rd launch of the 15YU75 command rocket based on the 15ZH58 rocket of the Perimeter-RC system ( , )
54	25.12.1990	Plesetsk, site No. 169	successful launch	4th launch of the 15YU75 command rocket based on the 15ZH58 rocket of the Perimeter-RC system ( , )
55	25.12.1990	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
56	07.02.1991	Plesetsk	successful launch	() Combat training launch from the 2nd launcher of the 306th missile regiment ()
57	05.04.1991	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
58	25.06.1991	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
59	19.08.1991 (08/20/1991 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
60	02.10.1991	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
61	25.02.1993	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
62	25.03.1993	Plesetsk	partially successful launch	LV EK-25 "Start-1" ( , )
63	23.07.1993	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
64	22.06.1994	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
65	23.09.1994	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
66	10.11.1994	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
67	28.03.1995	Plesetsk	emergency start	Launch vehicle "Start" (5 stages), load - overall weight mock-up EKA-2 and the Gurwin Techsat 1A and UNAMSat A satellites were not launched into orbit ().
68	14.04.1995	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
69	10.10.1995	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
70	10.11.1995	Plesetsk	successful launch
71	17.04.1996	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
72	03.10.1996	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
73	09.11.1996 (05.11.1996 according to other data)	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
74	04.03.1997	Free	successful launch	The first successful launch of the Start-1.2 launch vehicle (), the Zeya satellite ().
75	03.10.1997	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
76	24.12.1997	Free	successful launch	LV "Start-1" (), satellite Early Bird ().
77	16.09.1998	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
78	01.10.1999	Plesetsk	successful launch	()
79	11.10.2000	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
80	05.12.2000	Free	successful launch	LV "Start-1" (), satellite EROS A ().
81	16.02.2001	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
82	20.02.2001	Free	successful launch	LV "Start-1" (), satellite "Odin" ().
83	03.10.2001	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
84	01.11.2001 19-20 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). Presumably testing combat equipment ().
85	12.10.2002	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch ()
86	27.03.2003 12-27 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The missile remained on combat duty for 18 years. According to media reports, this is the 79th launch of the Topol from the Plesetsk training ground and the 43rd combat training launch ().
87	18.02.2004 13-30 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). According to Western data, it is possible that the launch was carried out for the purpose of testing promising combat equipment (,).
88	02.11.2004	Plesetsk	successful launch
89	01.11.2005	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	According to Western data (target IP-10 is mentioned), the launch target of the test advanced combat equipment, 15Zh58E missile. The launch took place at the Sary-Shagan test site ()
90	29.11.2005 10-44 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch of the Topol ICBM at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The purpose of the launch is to test the reliability of the rocket with a long shelf life. For the first time in the Strategic Missile Forces, the shelf life of a missile was 20 years ().
91	25.04.2006	Free	successful launch	LV "Start-1" (), satellite EROS B ().
92	03.08.2006	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka).
93	18.10.2007 09-10 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The service life has been extended to 21 years.
94	08.12.2007 17-43 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch
95	28.08.2008	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). Probably the 15Zh58E rocket. " Experimental warhead missiles with high accuracy hit a conditional target at a training ground on the Kamchatka Peninsula, thereby demonstrating the ability to reliably hit targeted highly protected objects" ().
96	12.10.2008 11-24 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka).
97	10.04.2009 12-09 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The launch was carried out by the crew of the Irkutsk Strategic Missile Forces unit. The launched missile was manufactured in 1987 and until August 2007 was on combat duty at the Teikovsky missile formation (,).
98	10.12.2009	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	advanced combat equipment. The launch was carried out at the Sary-Shagan test site ().
99	28.10.2010	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The launched missile was manufactured in 1987 and until August 2007 was on combat duty at the Teikovsky missile formation (Ivanovo region), and then stored at one of the arsenals of the Strategic Missile Forces ().
100	05.12.2010	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	Launch of the 15Zh58E "Topol-E" rocket for testing purposes advanced combat equipment. The launch was carried out at the Sary-Shagan test site ().
101	03.09.2011	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The missile was produced by industry in 1988 and until March 2011 was on duty at the Novosibirsk missile formation. According to media reports, the missile was launched with a new experimental warhead ().
102	03.11.2011 10-45 Moscow time	Plesetsk	successful launch	Launch as part of work to extend the service life of Topol missiles, launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka). The launch used a rocket produced by industry in 1987 and as of July 2007 the rocket was on combat duty in the Tagil formation of the Strategic Missile Forces. The launch was carried out by the space forces and personnel of the Strategic Missile Forces unit from Yoshkar-Ola. Based on the launch results, the service life of the RS-12M missiles was extended to 25 years.
103	07.06.2012 21-39 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	Launch of the Topol-E missile to test advanced combat equipment. The launch took place at the Sary-Shagan test site. “The goals of this launch were to confirm the stability of the main flight characteristics of missiles of this class during the period of extended service life, and to test measuring instruments various types measuring systems in the interests of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, another test combat equipment for intercontinental ballistic missiles" ().
104	19.10.2012	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). “The goals of this launch were to confirm the stability of the main flight characteristics of missiles of this class during the period of operation extended to 24 years and to assess the possibility of extending the service life by 25 years” ().
105	10.10.2013 17-39 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	Launch of the Topol-E rocket for testing purposes advanced combat equipment. The launch took place at the Sary-Shagan test site. According to Western data TEST 1 ()
106	30.10.2013	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The launch was carried out by a rocket and a crew from the 14th division of the Strategic Missile Forces (Yoshkar-Ola). The launch was carried out as part of an exercise with a surprise check of the readiness of the aerospace defense and strategic missile forces.
107	27.12.2013 21-30 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	Launch of the Topol-E rocket for testing purposes advanced combat equipment. The launch took place at the Sary-Shagan test site. According to Western data TEST 2 ()
108	04.03.2014 22-10 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	Topol-E rocket. “The purpose of the launch was to test advanced combat equipment for intercontinental ballistic missiles. The training warhead of the missile hit a conditional target at the Sary-Shagan training ground with a given accuracy. According to Western data TEST 3 ()
-	March 2014	Kapustin Yar	launch plan 2	In addition to the launch on 03/04/2014, according to the Ministry of Defense of Kazakhstan, in March it was planned to conduct two more launches of ICBMs at the Sary-Shagan test site ().
109	08.05.2014	Plesetsk	successful launch	Combat training launch at the Kura training ground (Kamchatka). The launch was carried out as part of an exercise with a sudden check of the readiness of the aerospace defense and strategic missile forces ().
110	20.05.2014 21-08 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	Topol-E rocket. “The purpose of the launch was to test advanced combat equipment for intercontinental ballistic missiles. The training warhead of the missile hit a conditional target at the Sary-Shagan test site () with specified accuracy. According to Western data TEST 4 ()
111	11.11.2014	Kapustin Yar	emergency start	According to Western data, the Topol-E missile. The shooting took place at the Sary-Shagan training ground. Presumably one of the launches with promising combat equipment. According to Western data TEST 5 ()
112	22.08.2015 18-13 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	The rocket is probably Topol-E. “The purpose of the launch was to test advanced combat equipment for intercontinental ballistic missiles. The training warhead of the missile hit a conditional target at the Sary-Shagan training ground with specified accuracy.
113	30.10.2015	Plesetsk	successful launch	Successful launch as part of the training of the strategic forces control system.
114	17.11.2015 15-12 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch
115	24.12.2015 20-55 Moscow time	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	The rocket is probably Topol-E. “The purpose of the launch was to test advanced combat equipment for ICBMs.” The training warhead of the missile hit a simulated target at the Sary-Shagan training ground with specified accuracy.
116	09.09.2016	Plesetsk	successful launch	The purpose of the launch was to confirm the basic flight performance characteristics of the Topol intercontinental ballistic missile, as well as test promising combat equipment and means of overcoming missile defense. The set launch goals were achieved in full. An experimental missile warhead hit a hypothetical target at a training ground on the Kamchatka Peninsula with high accuracy ()
117	10/12/2016	Plesetsk	successful launch	Successful launch at the Kura test site in Kamchatka as part of the program to confirm the extended service life of ICBMs (). This launch was probably carried out by a command rocket 15Yu75 ().
-	2016-2017			According to the Russian Ministry of Defense for 2016-2017. planned to conduct 7 launches of the Topol ICBM. The insured amount for one launch is 180 million rubles.
118	September 26, 2017	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	The rocket is probably Topol-E. “The purpose of the launch was to test promising combat equipment for ICBMs.” The training warhead of the missile hit a simulated target at the Sary-Shagan training ground with specified accuracy. “During the test, experimental data were obtained on the parameters of the target environment formed by the combat equipment of promising ballistic missiles in the process of overcoming missile defense. Subsequently, this information will be used in the interests of developing effective means of overcoming missile defense to equip a promising group of Russian ballistic missiles with them.”
119	October 26, 2017	Plesetsk	successful launch	Successful launch at the Kura test site (Kamchatka) during the exercise of strategic nuclear forces.
120	December 26, 2017	Kapustin Yar	successful launch	The rocket is probably Topol-E. The purpose of the launch was to test promising combat equipment for intercontinental ballistic missiles. During the test, experimental data was obtained that will be used in the interests of developing effective means of overcoming missile defense and equipping a promising group of Russian ballistic missiles with them ().
121	12/11/2018	Kapustin Yar	accident	The launch of the Topol-E rocket at the 107th site at the Sary-Shagan test site ended with the explosion of the first stage of the rocket in the first seconds of flight. Official version - explosion anti-aircraft missile complex S-350 ().

Removal from service: The RS-12M Topol ICBM is planned to be withdrawn from service in 2022 (December 2016, ).

Launch and ground equipment:
silo- an experimental experimental mine launcher was used at the first stage of ICBM testing. In the mid-1980s, some Western sources speculated that the SS-25 ICBM would be deployed in silos, among other things.

PGRK - autonomous launcher APU 15U128.1- missile system 15P158.1 "Topol "with a point"" - MAZ-7912 chassis - this type of SPU was part of the Topol PGRK at the initial stage of deployment of the complex's assets. The SPU was developed by the Titan Central Design Bureau of the Barrikady plant (Volgograd). In part, the source notes that the 15U128.1 installation was precisely an SPU, and not an APU.

The length of the APU with TPK is 22.3 m (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
Chassis length - 17.3 m
APU width - 3.85 m
Minimum turning radius - 27 m
Power reserve - 400 km

SPU 15U128.1 on MAZ-7912 chassis with TPK - Topol complex ( official photo from SALT treaty documents, http://www.fas.org).

SPU 15U128.1 on a MAZ-7912 chassis without TPK - Topol complex (official photo from documents on SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).

Serial APU 15U128.1 on the MAZ-7912 chassis, complex 15P158.1 (http://military.tomsk.ru/forum).

PGRK - SPU 15U168- missile system 15P158 "Topol" - MAZ-7917 chassis. According to information from a number of historians, the SPU can launch from any point on the patrol route without prior geodetic reference and marking of the starting position (probably not true). The SPU was developed by the Titan Central Design Bureau of the Barrikady plant (Volgograd) under the leadership of V.M. Sobolev and V.A. Shurygin. The MAZ-7917 chassis was developed at the Minsk Automobile Plant under the leadership of V.P. Chvyalev ( ist. - Strategic missiles). SPU is equipped autonomous source power supply, navigation system, radio and official communications equipment, a set of spare parts, a set of mounting and covering the unit on a railway platform.

Calculation - 3 people
Engine - diesel with a power of 710 hp.
Length of SPU with TPK - 22303 mm (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
SPU length without TPK - 19520 mm ()
Chassis length - 18.4 m
TPK length - 22.3 m ()
TPK diameter - 2 m ()
The width of the APU in the stowed position is 3.85 m (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
Height with TPK - 4350 mm (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
Height without TPK - 3000 mm ()
Ground clearance with full load - 475 mm ()
Total weight of the launcher - 105.1 t (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
Minimum turning radius - 26 m (Poster from the exhibition "Army-2015", )
Power reserve - 400 km
Maximum speed ():
- 40 km/h (roads of 1-2 categories)
- 25 km/h (roads 3-4 categories)

APU 15U168 on a MAZ-7917 chassis with a TPK - the Topol complex (official photo from documents on SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).

APU 15U168 on a MAZ-7917 chassis without TPK - Topol complex (official photo from documents on SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).

TPK missiles 15Zh58 / RS-12M (official photo from documents on the SALT treaties, http://www.fas.org).

APU 15U168 on the MAZ-7917 chassis of the Topol complex after a missile launch at the Plesetsk test site, 2000s (http://militaryphotos.net).

APU 15U168 of the 15P158 “Topol” complex of the Novosibirsk division of the Strategic Missile Forces, 12/09/2011 (photo - Alexander Kryazhev, http://visualrian.ru/).

APU 15U168 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex at the exercises of graduates of the Serpukhov Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces, publication 12.12.2013 (photo - Konstantin Semenov, http://tvzvezda.ru/).

SPU 15U168 of complex 15P158 "Topol", Military Historical Artillery Museum, St. Petersburg, 05/09/2012 (photo - A.V. Karpenko, http://bastion-karpenko.narod.ru/).

http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

SPU 15U168 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex in the pre-launch position (http://www.nationaldefense.ru).

SPU 15U168 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex. On the starboard side of the SPU, some required structural elements are missing. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).

The aft part of the SPU 15P168 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex (Strategic ground-based missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007).

http://pressa-rvsn.livejournal.com/).

For the first time, control system cables were cut off using pyroelectric devices ( ist. - Strategic missiles). TPK is covered with a special fire-resistant intumescent coating SGK-1.

Unit 15U135 "Krona" - a hangar with a sliding roof for carrying out combat duty PGRK in a stationary equipped position. The rocket could be launched directly from the structure, which was equipped with a sliding roof.

Rocket RT-2PM / 15Zh58:
Design- a three-stage solid-fuel rocket with a sequential arrangement of stages. For the first time in the USSR, the stage bodies are made of organoplastic using the method of continuous winding of the “cocoon” type. All stages are equipped with transition compartments.

The first stage of the rocket is equipped with 4 lattice aerodynamic stabilizers and 4 lattice aerodynamic rudders combined with gas-jet rudders.

Launch of the 15Zh58 / RS-12M Topol ICBM from the Plesetsk test site, presumably 2007-2010. (http://pressa-rvsn.livejournal.com/).

The spent first stage of the Topol ICBM after launch from the Plesetsk test site in northern Russia, photo no later than 2013 (http://www.edu.severodvinsk.ru/).

One of the launches of the 15Zh58 / RS-12M "Topol" ICBM from the Plesetsk test site, presumably 2007-2012, published on January 15, 2013 (http://pressa-rvsn.livejournal.com/).

Rocket composition:
- starting pad

1st stage - solid propellant rocket engine with a fixed nozzle with gas-jet rudders (synchronized with aerodynamic lattice rudders).

2nd stage - solid propellant rocket engine with a fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle.

Stage 3 - solid propellant rocket engine with one fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle. In the front part of the solid propellant rocket engine there are engine thrust cut-off windows, which were opened using extended detonating charges (EDC).

Warhead launch stage

http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

Rocket 15Zh58 of the 15P158 "Topol" complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the Ledyanoe site of the Plesetsk training ground (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

Control system: autonomous inertial rocket control system using an on-board computer. The system was developed by NPO Automation and Instrumentation (chief designer Vladimir Lapygin). Firing accuracy has been increased through the use of new, more sensitive accelerometers and an on-board computer that implements direct guidance methods, which calculates the flight path of the warhead to the point of impact at the current moment in time. ( ist. - Strategic missiles). The aiming system was developed by the design bureau of the Arsenal plant (Kiev), the chief designer is Seraphim Parnyakov. All pre-launch preparation and launch operations, as well as preparatory and routine work, are fully automated.

One of the main components of the missile aiming system is the automatic gyrocompass (AGC) SPU 15U168 of the 15P158 Topol complex. On the starboard side of the SPU, some required structural elements are missing. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).

The heading and pitch control was carried out at the 1st stage by gas-jet rudders synchronized with aerodynamic rudders, at the second and third stages - by gas injection into the supercritical region of the nozzle. Range control was carried out by cutting off the thrust of the third stage engine.

Engines: development of production and production of charges for solid propellant rocket engines of the 2nd and 3rd stages of the rocket began at the Pavlograd chemical plant in 1979 ().

Starting pad

Stage 1 - solid propellant rocket engine with a new mixed fuel with increased density and specific impulse developed by LNPO Soyuz (Lyubertsy). The engine is equipped with one fixed nozzle with gas-jet rudders (synchronized with aerodynamic lattice rudders).

The rocket engines underwent fire tests at NIO-1 (Sofrinsky artillery range of the Research Institute "Geodesy") ().

The first stage of the 15Zh58 / RS-12M rocket. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the Ledyanoe site of the Plesetsk training ground (official photo from documents on the SALT treaties, http://www.fas.org).

Probably, the preparation of the 1st stage engine of the 15Zh58 Topol ICBM for experimental testing for the purpose of experimental combustion under the joint program of MIT, FCDT Soyuz, Moscow State University and the Lockheed Martin company (USA) at NIO-1 (Sofrinsky artillery range of the Research Institute "Geodesy") ().

Nozzle block of the first stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 “Topol” complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the Ledyanoe site of the Plesetsk training ground (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

- 2nd stage - solid propellant rocket engine with a new mixed fuel with increased density and specific impulse developed by LNPO "Soyuz" (Lyubertsy). The engine is equipped with one fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle. The thrust vector was controlled by gas injection into the supercritical region of the nozzle. Injection is provided by a special gas generator ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The second stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 Topol complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the Ledyanoe site of the Plesetsk training ground (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

- 3rd stage - solid propellant rocket engine with a new mixed fuel with increased density and specific impulse developed by LNPO "Soyuz" (Lyubertsy). The engine is equipped with one fixed nozzle with a fixed nozzle. In the front part of the solid propellant rocket engine there are 8 engine thrust cut-off windows, which were opened using extended detonating charges (EDC). The thrust vector was controlled by gas injection into the supercritical region of the nozzle. For the first time, part of the engine charge is made of metal-free fuel - the combustion products of this part of the charge are discharged through filters to special injection valves through devices in the nozzle flange ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The third stage of the 15Zh58 rocket of the 15P158 Topol complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the Ledyanoe site of the Plesetsk training ground (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

- warhead launch stage - 4 x solid propellant rocket motor

The launch stage of the 15Zh58 missile warhead of the 15P158 Topol complex. The photo was probably taken at the MIK at the Ledyanoe site of the Plesetsk training ground (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

Performance characteristics of the missile:
Length:
- full - 21.5 m
- without warhead - 18.5 m
- first stage - 8.1 m
- second stage - 4.6 m
- third stage - 3.9 m
- head part - 2.1 m
Diameter:
- first stage housing - 1.8 m
- second stage housing - 1.55 m
- third stage housing - 1.34 m
- TPK (transport and launch container) - 2.0 m

The area of ​​the combat patrol area is 125,000 sq. km

Warhead types:

The basic option is a thermonuclear warhead with a power of 550 kt (,). The charge was developed by VNIIEF under the leadership of Samvel Kocharyants. The warhead is equipped with a set of means to overcome missile defense.
Warhead mass - 1000 km

Launch vehicle "Start-1" in the workshop of the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant (http://www.iz-article.ru/).

Launch vehicle "Start-1" in the workshop of the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant (Yu. Solomonov. Nuclear vertical. M., Intervestnik, 2009).

Launch of the Start launch vehicle.

Infrastructure and auxiliary facilities of the complex:
As of 1999, 4-5 missile regiments were based simultaneously in one positional area of ​​the PGRK. The regiment includes three missile divisions - i.e. 9 SPU, a mobile command post and a stationary command post at the place of permanent deployment of the regiment. ( ist. - Strategic missiles).

The complex includes:
- self-propelled ICBM launchers;
- combat control vehicle (MCV);
- communication machine;
- combat duty support vehicles;

The combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) 15В148 / 15В231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis was intended for recreation of personnel on combat duty.

Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) 15В148 / 15В231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis (official photo from documents on SALT treaties, http://www.fas.org).

Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) 15В148 / 15В231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis (http://rvsn.ruzhany.info/).

Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) 15В148 / 15В231 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis at the exercises of graduates of the Serpukhov Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces, publication 12.12.2013 (photo - Konstantin Semenov, http://tvzvezda.ru/).

Combat duty support vehicle (MOBD) 15B148 of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).

- vehicle for training drivers on the MAZ-7917 chassis.

A vehicle for driver training on the MAZ-7917 chassis (official photo from documents on SALT agreements, http://www.fas.org).

Tropospheric radio communication station 15B78 from the support equipment of the Topol complex on the MAZ-543M chassis. Exhibition "Patriot", Kubinka, 2015 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net/).

The set of arsenal equipment of the complex includes a transport trolley for the TPK, probably developed by the Titan Central Design Bureau (Volgograd) and produced at the Barrikady plant.

A transport trolley with a TPK of the 15Zh58 missile of the Topol complex; in the second photo, in the foreground, a mock-up of the ICBM warhead is visible. Photos taken on the day open doors in the 42nd Tagil Missile Division of the Strategic Missile Forces, Nizhny Tagil, 03/04/2015 ().

Status: USSR / Russia

ICBM RS-12M "Topol" - SS-25. Illustration from the yearbook Soviet Military Power 1986 (http://www.defenseimagery.mil).

ICBM RS-12M "Topol" - SS-25 in position in Eastern Siberia. Illustration from the yearbook Soviet Military Power 1988 (http://www.defenseimagery.mil).

- 2013 December 19 - information appeared in the media that a center for recycling large-sized solid propellant rocket motors for missiles of the Tochka-U, Iskander and Poplar". 2 solid propellant rocket motors of the Topol rocket will be dismantled at the facility per day ().

Engines of the 2nd stage of the Topol ICBM before disposal at "object 103", 2013 (photo - Anatoly Sokolov,).

Test site for the Topol PGRK at the Plesetsk training ground, launch on 20/30/2015 (video footage from the Russian Ministry of Defense).

Launch of the Topol ICBM at the Plesetsk training ground, 20/30/2015 (video frames from the Russian Ministry of Defense, processed, the first frame is a different date).

- 2015 November 3 - the media reported that by December 2016 the Strategic Missile Forces plans to dispose of 17 APUs of the Topol PGRK in accordance with the START-III agreement signed in 2010. Elimination and disposal will take place in military unit 25850 (the village of Belezino, Republic of Udmurtia , .

2021 - according to a media statement by the commander's consultant Rocket Forces strategic purpose, Colonel General Viktor Esin dated July 21, 2015, by 2021 it is planned to remove the Topol PGRK from combat duty and completely replace it from the Yars and Yars-M ICBMs.
)

18-36 ? Barnaul (35th Division) 2019 Barnaul (35th division) ?
2020 2021 planned (2015) date for the removal of ICBMs from service 2022 planned (2016) date for removing ICBMs from service * - hypothetical data are in italics

Sources:
Cosmodrome "Plesetsk". Dedicated to the 45th anniversary of the founding of the Plesetsk cosmodrome. M., 2002
Lenta.ru. 2011
Missile system RS-12M, “Topol” (SS-25, Sickle), 2013 ()
RT-2PM, 2013 ().
Northern Cosmodrome of Russia. Mirny, Plesetsk cosmodrome, 2007
Ground-based strategic missile systems. M., "Military Parade", 2007

Cosmodrome "Plesetsk" | Intercontinental ballistic missile RS-12M ("Topol")

Intercontinental ballistic missile RS-12M ("Topol")

The intercontinental three-stage ballistic missile RS-12M (NATO code name - “Sickle”, SS-25 “Sickle”) with a monoblock warhead is part of the first mobile ground-based missile system put on combat duty in the USSR/RF.

Developed by a cooperation of enterprises, the head of which was the design bureau headed by A.D. Nadiradze (later - B.N. Lagutin). The complex is based on the experience of the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering in the creation in the 70s of mobile ground complexes with RS-14 (“Temp-2S”) and RSD-10 (“Pioneer”) missiles, the testing and deployment of which were prohibited by international treaties.

The RS-12M missile began development in 1980 as a modernization of the RS-12 (RT-2P) intercontinental ballistic missile and taking into account the severe restrictions imposed by the SALT II Treaty. This led to a slight deterioration by 10...20% in the energy and mass perfection of the rocket compared to similar indicators American missiles“Minuteman 2, -3.”

Flight design tests of the rocket took place at the 53rd NIIP MO (now the 1st GIK MO) from September 29, 1981 to December 23, 1987. More than 70 launches of this rocket were carried out.

The first stage of the rocket consists of a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine and a tail section. The mass of the fully loaded stage is 27.8 tons. Its length is 8.1 m and diameter is 1.8 m. The stage's main solid propellant rocket engine has one fixed, centrally located nozzle. The tail section is cylindrical in shape, on the outer surface of which aerodynamic control surfaces and stabilizers are located.

The rocket flight control in the first stage operation area is carried out using rotary gas-jet and aerodynamic rudders.

The second stage structurally consists of a conical-shaped connecting compartment and a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine. The case diameter is 1.55 m.

The third stage includes connecting and transition sections of a conical shape and a sustainer solid propellant rocket engine. Case diameter - 1.34 m.

The head of the rocket consists of one warhead and a compartment with a propulsion system and control system. Inertial type control system. It provides rocket flight control, routine maintenance on the rocket and launcher, pre-launch preparation and launch of the rocket, as well as solving other problems.

During operation, the RS-12M missile is located in a transport and launch container located on a mobile launcher. The length of the container is 22.3 m and the diameter is 2.0 m.

The launcher is mounted on the basis of a seven-axle chassis of a MAZ vehicle and is equipped with units and systems that ensure transportation, maintenance of combat readiness at the established level, preparation and launch of the rocket.

A missile can be launched both when the launcher is located in a stationary shelter, and from unequipped positions, if the terrain allows it. To launch a rocket, the launcher is hung on jacks and leveled. The rocket is launched after the container is lifted into a vertical position using a powder pressure accumulator placed in the transport and launch container (“mortar launch”).

Transportable rocket space complexes “Start-1” and “Start” were created on the basis of the RS-12M rocket.

Main performance characteristics of the RS-12M Topol ICBM

Maximum firing range, km	10500
Number of steps	3
Launch weight, tons	45.1
Throwing weight, tons	1
Rocket length, m	21.5
Maximum diameter, m	1.8
Head type	monoblock, nuclear
Nuclear warhead power, Mt	0.55
Firing accuracy (maximum deviation), km	0.9
Fuel	solid, mixed
Control system type	autonomous, inertial based on BTsVK
Controls	rotary gas-jet and aerodynamic rudders

In recent years, the word “poplar” in Russian media mass media It is much less often used in its immediate meaning - a fast-growing tree of the willow family - than before. Now this word is used much more often in a military and even geostrategic perspective. The Russian Topol-M ballistic missile has become one of the main information trends of recent times. It is with the presence in service Russian army this type of strategic weapon began to link positions Russian Federation on the international stage.

Launch of Topol-M: 93.75% success

The RT-2PM2 (“Topol-M”) missile system indeed has not only a purely military, but also a strategic and ideological character and significance. Since this is the first intercontinental ballistic missile developed and put into service in Russia after the abolition of the Soviet Union. “Topol-M” is the most frequent and reasoned response from Russian supporters in any geopolitical discussions. “We are not some banana republic that was lucky enough to inherit nuclear weapons; we are capable of creating high-tech weapons ourselves at the level of the best world standards” - Topol-M is most often mentioned in this context. The development of the Topol-M missile system began back in Soviet times, when the task of creating a missile system with a solid fuel rocket and two types of launchers for it was formulated - stationary (that is, from a launch silo) and mobile (from a mobile platform). But the bulk of the work was carried out after the collapse of the USSR - for example, tests of Topol-M began already in 1994.

In just twenty years, from December 1994 to November 2014, 16 test launches of the missile system were carried out. Of these, only one was unsuccessful: in October 1998, the launch of Topol-M was accompanied by the missile deviating from its course and a decision was made to shoot it down. Thus, the efficiency of the Topol-M missile today is 93.75%. The deployment of the missile in launch silos began in 1997, although the Topol-M, whose destruction radius depends on the individual characteristics of the target and the environment, was officially put on combat duty in 2000. In 2011, political and military leadership The country decided that the Topol-M missile system had fulfilled its task, that is, it had ensured Russia’s nuclear security for more than a decade and a half. Since 2012, the acquisition of the Topol-M complex by the Armed Forces has been discontinued; in the future, it is planned to put into operation the next generation missile system, the RS-24 Yars intercontinental ballistic missile. Currently, 60 stationary mine complexes and 18 mobile Topol-M complexes are on combat duty.

"Topol-M": characteristics for envy, fear and conscience

Regardless of the basing method, stationary (that is, located in launch silos), or mobile (installed on a transport platform), the Topol-M missile itself has the same characteristics, with the exception of the number of missiles. In the case of a stationary complex, this is ten missiles; the mobile version provides one missile. The Topol-M rocket consists of three stages running on solid fuel. Features of the fuel system and engine operation allow you to quickly dial up combat speed flight of the Topol-M, which distinguishes it favorably from previous Soviet ballistic missiles. In addition, the complex autonomous maneuvering system makes this missile a very difficult target for the air defense systems of a potential enemy.

The Topol-M's flight range is 11 thousand kilometers, which is quite enough to hit strategic targets on the territory of other states that have nuclear weapons. The mass of the thrown warhead is approximately 1.2 tons, the power of the nuclear reserve is estimated at 550 kilotons of TNT equivalent. Associated with these indicators is such a characteristic as the radius of destruction of the Topol-M missile: there is no single value in this case. The fact is that to determine the damage radius nuclear warhead you need to know all the accompanying quantities: location of the explosion (air, ground, water), characteristics of the object that the missile collided with (what material it is made of), type of environment (type of soil, presence of natural or artificial obstacles) and so on. Based on theoretical indicators of the size of the damage zone of a nuclear explosion, it is possible to calculate the conditional value for the explosion of a Topol-M missile charge with a power of 550 kilotons. In this case, the zone of complete destruction will be approximately 2 kilometers from the epicenter of the explosion, the zone of severe and moderate destruction will be up to 4 kilometers, and the zone of weak destruction will be about 7 kilometers.

How do they carry a nuclear bomb?

Of particular interest is the mobile version of the Topol-M missile system. Moreover, this interest concerns primarily not the rocket itself, but the transport platform on which it moves. So, the MZKT-79221 wheeled chassis, specially designed for such purposes, is used as the “workhorse” for the Topol-M. It has 16 wheels (wheel formula 16x16/12) and a load capacity of 80 tons. At the same time, the curb weight of the MZKT-79221 itself is about 44 tons. The engine of this wheeled chassis is diesel, the power of which is 588 kW (horsepower equivalent - 800 hp). With such an “engine”, a fully equipped Topol-M mobile missile system is capable of reaching speeds of up to 45 kilometers per hour.

This may seem like a more than modest speed from the point of view of an ordinary car enthusiast, but do not forget that we are talking about a colossus total mass 90 tons (44 tons of wheeled chassis and 46 tons of rocket) and a turning radius of 18 meters. Considering the huge amount of fuel required for the operation of a complex of this scale, an indicator of 500 kilometers of range when fully refueled should be considered quite good. But the armed forces have the ability to maneuver and create a flexible nuclear defense system, the launchers of intercontinental missiles of which can relatively quickly change their location. Add to this a system for carrying “false targets” and increased stability launched rocket to electromagnetic pulses - and get a weapon that can play a decisive role in a possible nuclear war.

Alexander Babitsky