How waste affects humans. Research work: “Household waste and its impact on human health”

Every year the problem of solid waste becomes more and more serious. In Russia, about 130 million m3 of solid household waste is generated annually. Of this amount, no more than 3% is subject to industrial processing, the rest is transported to landfills and landfills. Recycled waste is a serious source of pollution, but with proper waste management it can be an inexhaustible source of resources.

Unfortunately, so far 90% of waste is buried (deposited) in landfills, although this is associated with transport costs and the alienation of large areas. In addition, these landfills often do not meet basic sanitary and hygienic requirements and are secondary sources of environmental pollution.

The garbage is stacked compactly layer by layer. Some Western companies offer to press waste into briquettes or grind it, which reduces its volume by three times. After each working day, all garbage brought during the day is covered with a layer of soil to eliminate unpleasant odors, to prevent the proliferation of insects and rodents, and also to prevent garbage from being blown away by the wind. After filling the repository, it is again covered with a layer of waterproof material to prevent surface water from entering. Then a layer of fertile soil is poured, trees and other vegetation are planted and, perhaps, after a while everyone will forget that there was a landfill here.

This method of solid waste disposal may help avoid environmental problems, but hardly anyone can say this with certainty. Such landfills appeared no more than 20-30 years ago, and when scientists began excavating old landfills, they discovered that 80% of the food waste that ended up in the landfill did not decompose. Sometimes I was able to read a 30-year-old newspaper dug up in a landfill. The lack of contact of waste with air and water makes it difficult for waste to decompose, and it turns into a kind of “time bomb”. No one knows how long it will take for the garbage to completely decompose and what consequences this may lead to. It is important that such disposal of waste requires quite significant financial costs. According to some estimates, more than $100 is spent on one ton of garbage at a modern landfill.

But if ordinary waste can still be disposed of by depositing, then, for example, some types of medical waste can only be disposed of thermal processing, since they pose a hazard associated with the risk of infection or the spread of infections.

Being in open areas, exposed to atmospheric air, sun and precipitation, harmful substances are washed away and penetrate into the ground, into the soil and underground water basins, groundwater. As a result of various physical, chemical and biological processes, gases are constantly released in landfills. For example, due to anaerobic decomposition of landfills located inside organic matter flammable gases are formed, mainly methane. The formation of gases is not controlled. They constantly enter the atmosphere and can ignite on their own or as a result of unauthorized human influence (sometimes as a result of deliberate arson in order to increase capacity). Let us note that gases released in landfills, in particular methane, are gases that create a strong greenhouse effect.

Waste in landfills burns slowly but constantly - smoldering. As is known, smoldering is the combustion phase characterized by the greatest formation of persistent organic pollutants. In some cases, waste is deliberately incinerated to reduce volume and operating costs and to extend the life of landfills.

The waste that goes to local landfills (storage sites) includes: glass, ceramics, fabric, leather, and bags of various drinks. Often paper, cardboard, plastics, polymer (sometimes halogenated) materials. Besides: food waste, non-toxic industrial waste, detergents, copper wires, construction waste, including building materials, packaging materials, wood, asphalt, paints and solvents.

When burning any organic waste (plants, bones, etc.) at a sufficiently high temperature and a sufficient amount of oxygen, the following should be formed: water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides (in small quantities, due to the nitrogen content in proteins and nucleic acids).

However, even with a small amount of moisture in the garbage, the temperature drops sharply. For example, when burning a pile of last year's leaves and grass, only the upper part of the pile burns, while the lower part smolders. It turns out that the top of the garbage heap burns, and the middle and lower parts of the heap smolder, smoke and with insufficient oxygen, releasing into the atmosphere many substances hazardous to human health.

When last year's leaves are burned, it releases large number harmful substances and compounds, including such extremely dangerous to human health as benzopyrene, formaldehyde, and heavy metal compounds that have carcinogenic activity, affect the incidence of cancer, and affect the central nervous system.

When street garbage and household waste, which usually contains plastic bags, plastic bottles, labels, wrappers and even worn tires, gets into a fire, in addition to the above substances, super-ecotoxicants are also formed - polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins.

Biphenyls, having relatively low acute toxicity, are quickly absorbed into the blood and accumulate in the body. Adverse effects may occur at relatively low levels of exposure over long periods of time in humans.

Dioxins are a polytropic poison that affects almost all organs and systems of the body, which can cause immunodeficiency and enhance the effect of other carcinogens. When a certain level of dioxin accumulation is reached in the body, dangerous genetic changes occur, the consequences of which for the gene pool of the population, flora and fauna are unpredictable.

The main component of smoke is carbon monoxide, or carbon monoxide (CO). Moreover, the concentration of CO when burning household waste can be equivalent to the concentration on the street of a regional center with heavy traffic.

As you know, carbon monoxide (CO) is an extremely chemically active and dangerous compound for humans. The maximum one-time MPC (maximum permissible concentration) for carbon monoxide for the atmospheric air of populated areas is 5 mg/m3, the average daily norm is 3 mg/m3, constant monitoring of the CO content in the air is required in the work area, the MPC in the work area is 20 mg/m3. It has been noted that CO, very easily binding to hemoglobin in the blood, blocks the delivery of oxygen to tissues, resulting in poisoning.

In addition, on foggy days, fires create a kind of “smog” (microparticles released during incomplete combustion of garbage are associated with water vapor) harmful to the human body. How smaller particle, the faster it penetrates the lungs and, accordingly, the more harm it can cause. When burning a ton of plant waste in an open way, more than 9 kilograms of such particles are released into the atmosphere... Even when burning simple cellulose (a natural polymer), polycyclic compounds are released that have obviously mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. The most noticeable for humans are “irritants” - irritating substances that are most dangerous for people with acute respiratory infections, asthma, and chronic bronchitis. Irritants irritate the nerve endings in the bronchi, causing suffocation.

Some of the most powerful irritants are acetic acid (CH3COOH) and acrolein (CH2CHCHO), released when a fire burns. It is because of them that the eyes become red and watery, and there are painful coughing attacks. But the most dangerous of open burning products organic waste, are PAHs (polyaromatic hydrocarbons), these include benzopyrenes (C20H12), the MPC composition of which for populated areas should be no more than 0.1 μg/100 m3, and they belong to the highest - hazard class I, and have the highest compared to other related substances carcinogenicity. PAHs also include benzanthracenes, also carcinogenic, benzofluoroanthracenes and indenopyrenes.

Scientists have proven that fire smoke contains 350 times (!) more benzopyrene than cigarette smoke (containing 70 parts per million of harmful particles)...

However, fire smoke is most harmful when it is exposed to PVC waste(polyvinyl chloride - CH2-CHCl-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CHCl-) is waste plastic, linoleum, leatherette, electric cable braid, plastic toys, packaging, greenhouse film, etc.

As a rule, these wastes burn in the flame of a fire at a temperature of no more than 1100 degrees, and most of them smolder in the fire, at the most “acceptable” temperature for the formation of dioxins at 850-900 degrees. Moreover, as studies have shown, when PVC is burned (remember the greenhouse film), at a temperature of 600 degrees, in the absence of air (in a small pile of garbage or in a large landfill, this is exactly what happens) “ideal” conditions are created for the occurrence of such most dangerous toxic substances such as DIOXINS (CnHnClnO2). Dioxins are known for their strong toxic effects on almost all human vital organs. In addition, under these conditions, carbonyl chloride (COCl2), known to us as phosgene, which was used as a chemical weapon during the First World War, is also released into the atmosphere.

It is extremely dangerous to burn all kinds of films, synthetic materials (foam rubber used for stuffing mattresses, sofas, armchairs, making rugs, polystyrene foam) during combustion of which cyanides (CN) are released, which are the cause of many deaths during domestic fires. In fires, in most cases, due to lack of oxygen, cyanides are not destroyed, getting into environment. At low temperatures combustion (below 600 degrees) polyurethane foams (polyurethane [-OCNH(CH2)6NHCOO (CH2)4O-]n) do not emit cyanide, but form dense, yellow, suffocating smoke containing isocyanates, including the strongest allergen and irritant toluene diisocyanate (CONCH3 (CH2)6NCO). In 1984, in Bhopal (India), as a result of a leak of methyl isocyanate at the plant of the American transnational company Union Carbide, the largest accident in the history of the chemical industry occurred, which claimed 3 thousand lives and led to the poisoning of more than 200 thousand people. Methyl isocyanate affects the skin, eyes, and gastrointestinal tract.

When burning polyethylene: (-CH2-CH2-CH2-), polystyrene: (C6H5-CH-CH2-), polypropylene: (CH2=CH-CH3), the most common bottles for drinks made of polyethylene terephthalate: (HOCH2CH2On-1 OCC6H4COOH) , at high temperatures, almost no harmful substances are released into the atmosphere - they simply burn, turning into carbon dioxide and water vapor. But, as a rule, the temperature of the fire is not sufficient for this, so carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons, acrolein, etc. enter the atmosphere.

When fragments of plywood, fiberboard, chipboard containing phenol-formaldehyde resins (phenol-formaldehyde - C6H5OHCH2OH) fall into the fire, cyanide and formaldehyde (HCO) are released into the atmosphere. When wood painted with paint containing lead compounds is burned, these compounds enter the body through the lungs.

Carbon monoxide. It is produced by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous substances. It enters the air as a result of the combustion of solid waste, exhaust gases and emissions from industrial enterprises. Every year, at least 1250 million tons of this gas enter the atmosphere. Carbon monoxide is a compound that reacts actively with components atmosphere, and contributes to an increase in temperature on the planet, and the creation of a greenhouse effect.
Sulfur dioxide. Released during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel or processing of sulfur ores (up to 170 million tons per year). Some sulfur compounds are released during the combustion of organic residues in mining dumps. US only total quantity sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere amounted to 65% of global emissions.
Sulfuric anhydride. Formed by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The final product of the reaction is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater, which acidifies the soil and aggravates diseases of the human respiratory tract. The fallout of sulfuric acid aerosol from smoke flares of chemical plants is observed under low clouds and high air humidity. Leaf blades of plants growing at a distance of less than 11 km. from such enterprises are usually densely dotted with small necrotic spots formed in places where drops of sulfuric acid settled. Pyrometallurgical enterprises of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, as well as thermal power plants, annually emit tens of millions of tons of sulfuric anhydride into the atmosphere.
Hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide. They enter the atmosphere separately or together with other sulfur compounds. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing artificial fiber, sugar, coke plants, oil refineries, and oil fields. In the atmosphere, when interacting with other pollutants, they undergo slow oxidation to sulfuric anhydride.
Nitrogen oxides. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, nitro compounds, viscose silk, celluloid. The amount of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere is 20 million tons. per year.
Fluorine compounds. Sources of pollution are enterprises producing aluminum, enamels, glass, ceramics, steel, and phosphate fertilizers. Fluorine-containing substances enter the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds - hydrogen fluoride or sodium and calcium fluoride dust. The compounds are characterized by a toxic effect. Fluorine derivatives are strong insecticides.
Chlorine compounds. They enter the atmosphere from chemical plants producing hydrochloric acid, chlorine-containing pesticides, organic dyes, hydrolytic alcohol, bleach, and soda. In the atmosphere they are found as impurities of chlorine molecules and hydrochloric acid vapors. The toxicity of chlorine is determined by the type of compounds and their concentration. In the metallurgical industry, when smelting cast iron and processing it into steel, various heavy metals and toxic gases are released into the atmosphere. So, per 1 ton of pig iron, 12.7 kg is released. sulfur dioxide and 14.5 kg of dust particles, which determine the amount of compounds of arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, lead, mercury vapor and rare metals, resin substances and hydrogen cyanide.

Aerosol air pollution

Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. In some cases, solid components of aerosols are especially dangerous for organisms and cause specific diseases in people. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived as smoke, fog, haze or haze. A significant portion of aerosols are formed in the atmosphere through the interaction of solid and liquid particles with each other or with water vapor. The average size of aerosol particles is 1-5 microns. About 1 cubic km enters the Earth's atmosphere annually. dust particles of artificial origin. A large number of dust particles are also formed during human production activities. Information about some sources of industrial dust is given below:

Environmental factors influencing the prevalence of certain classes and groups of diseases

Francois Ramada 1981 “Fundamentals of Applied Ecology” gives the following definition: “Pollution is an unfavorable change in the environment, which is wholly or partly the result human activity, directly or indirectly changes the distribution of incoming energy, radiation levels, physical and chemical properties of the environment and the conditions of existence of living beings. These changes may affect humans directly or indirectly through agricultural inputs, water, or other biological products. They can also affect a person, worsening the physical properties of objects in his possession, conditions for outdoor recreation and disfiguring nature itself.”

Effect on soil

Chemical compounds entering the soil accumulate and lead to a gradual change in the chemical and physical properties of the soil, reduce the number of living organisms, and deteriorate soil fertility.

Along with pollutants, pathogenic bacteria, helminth eggs and other harmful organisms often enter the soil.

Fecal residues may contain pathogens of typhus, dysentery, tuberculosis, and polymyelitis. Some pathogenic bacteria can for a long time persist in the soil and even reproduce - these are the causative agents of tetanus (up to 12 years), gas gangrene.

Some helminths can survive in the soil for up to 7-8 years, and in Central Asia up to 15 years, whipworm eggs - 1-3 years.

From the soil, toxic substances and helminth eggs can enter the organs of animals and humans, causing severe illness and even death.

Unauthorized garbage dumps are main reason spread of ticks. Now cases of tick attacks in Karelia are observed in the Muezersky district and Kostomuksha, which was not observed previously.

Negative attitude towards the technology of factory waste incineration

The Greens categorically object to the imposed technologies of factory waste incineration. Experts advocating safe methods of waste disposal indicate that Sweden, Finland and Norway are abandoning incineration technologies, switching to composting to restore soil ecosystems. I think that this is why a little-known Swedish company is offering us to use outdated experience...

Such dangerous technologies, even if compliance with “all environmental standards” during their use is declared, are contraindicated for several reasons. Firstly, we do not have a law on waste incineration. Secondly, we do not have an ecological culture of waste management, so at the proposed production, things that absolutely should not go there will end up in the furnace. Thirdly, our public organizations are excluded from discussing the proposed waste incineration technology, which amounts to a lack of independent control. Finally we have good memory, and we remember that after a mandatory study of the composition of city garbage, we were promised not incineration, but sorting and reuse.

A waste incineration plant is a “dump in the sky.” Nothing more can be said. Well, except that waste incineration technologies are the most expensive method of neutralizing them of all known and used.”

“We want to dispel the myth that waste incineration technology is the most promising. In the incinerator, household waste becomes, of course, less visible, but much more hazardous to health. After combustion, highly toxic ash will still have to be buried, but in special landfills for toxic waste.”

European experience

Every year, the European Union generates an astronomical amount of waste: 1.8 billion tons, approximately four tons per inhabitant. And that is why waste management has become one of the problems solved at the state and supranational levels.

According to the European Environment Agency (eea.eu.int), household waste (so-called “municipal”) accounts for 14% of all waste.

Household waste are considered as serious problem also because more and more packaging is being produced in Europe, and this is one of the main components of household waste. In just four years, from 1997 to 2001, packaging production in the European Union increased by 7% - and this despite close public and government attention to the problem of waste. At the same time, the largest amount of packaging per year per capita is produced in Ireland and France (210 kg), and the smallest is in Finland (about 100 kg).

“The Swedish city of Umeå is heated by burning waste. And by 2008, the Swedes are going to abandon the use of nuclear power plants altogether and switch to the use of alternative energy sources, including recyclable garbage.

In Europe, people are already accustomed to sorting waste; even children in kindergartens are taught how to properly dispose of garbage. And if a person mistakenly throws something that is not paper into a container marked “Paper,” then he can easily be fined.

In Sweden, this is also the case with manufacturers, who are obliged to collect and dispose of their products that have turned into garbage. If the manufacturer for some reason does not do this, then he either has serious financial problems with the tax service, or he has to pay a lot of money to the waste removal organization. Of course, people had to get used to this state of affairs, and this did not happen right away. All in the same Sweden to create new system it took about ten years.

Waste sorting is a whole science. School lessons are dedicated to her, during which the teacher brings a bag of himself to the class. various garbage, dumps its contents on the floor, and the students put the waste into piles and discuss what should happen to each of these piles later. Europe hopes that such lessons will bear fruit: it is planned that by 2020 the share of sorted waste will increase by about 40%.

The fight against garbage is also carried out through the introduction of taxes. For example, at the end of last year, a government commission in Ireland proposed introducing a ten percent tax on chewing gum (about five euro cents per pack). From the money received, a fund should be created to clean the streets of discarded chewing gum. So, to fight chewing gum Irish utilities spend up to 30% of funds allocated for cleaning. Earlier this year, a similar initiative was launched in the UK and Germany - it was reported that 300 and 900 million euros were spent on cleaning streets from chewing gum in these countries, respectively.

Another solution to the garbage problem is the German “green dot” system - this is exactly the sign, a large green dot with an arrow inside, that German manufacturers, and then manufacturers in other EU countries, began to put on their products. This point means that the cost of recycling the packaging is already included in the price of the product. The manufacturer either handles the recycling itself or transfers funds to a specialized organization for it.

Finally, the main task in the fight against waste is to prevent its formation. This is the simplest and most effective way out, and at the same time the most difficult, leaving both EU experts and ordinary Europeans scratching their heads.

Relevance: Environmental pollution is one of the most important problems of our time. The volume of waste, including toxic waste, is growing every year. All waste poses a threat to the environment, many of them are dangerous to human health, because... contain dyes, solvents, detergents, drugs, mercury, etc. Hypothesis: One of the problems of cleanliness in the city is the organization of unauthorized landfills and unauthorized dumping of garbage in unidentified places. Garbage dumps cause soil, air, and water pollution, which leads to a deterioration in health and the emergence of a number of diseases among the population of nearby areas. Purpose of the work: - to study the impact of household waste landfills on the environment and determine ways to resolve the situation. Objectives: 1. Review various sources indicating environmental pollution from landfills. 2. Study the types and composition of household waste. 3. Study the places where household waste is collected, analyze their condition and determine the necessary measures to improve them. 4. Find out the potential impact of landfills on human health. Object: Garbage dumps

Now in the Urals there are about 600 solid waste landfills, of which only 71 have permits, the rest operate with all sorts of violations. In the territory adjacent to the capital of the Urals there are only landfills for waste disposal of the 4th and 3rd degrees of the safest materials. These, for example, include household appliances, counterfeit audio and video products. And all this can be “grinded.” Garbage problem

Solid waste is often found in landfills. Toxic substances that make up such garbage penetrate into the soil, water, and atmosphere, having a detrimental effect on environmental situation our area. Today we have produced so much waste that it would take several thousand years to dispose of it in natural conditions. Impact of solid waste

Results of solid waste decomposition Ordinary large-scale municipal solid waste modern city contain more than 100 types of toxic compounds. Among them are dyes, pesticides, mercury and its compounds, solvents, lead and its salts, drugs, cadmium, arsenic compounds, formaldehyde, thallium salts, etc. A special place Solid waste includes plastics and synthetic materials; they are not subject to biological destruction processes and can remain in the environment for a long time (tens of years). When plastics and synthetic materials burn, numerous toxicants are released, including polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxins), fluoride compounds, cadmium, etc.

Ecological scientist, chairman of the regional board public organization“Green Cross” member of the Public Chamber of the region Maria Sobol: People’s attitude to the “garbage problem” often leaves much to be desired, and it is no coincidence that, on behalf of Governor Mikhail Yurevich, a concept is now being developed to form an environmental culture of the population. Recycling waste will reduce the burden on landfills and turn waste into income. Scientists about the problem of recycling:

Natural waste processing requires for many years and even centuries. Rubber soles of boots - years.

Natural processing of waste requires many years and even centuries. Nylon products – years.

Natural processing of waste requires many years and even centuries. Plastic bag – years

3. Do not throw trash into sinks or toilets. Every year, millions of tons of sewage enter the sea, killing all living things. They take months to process naturally, but most plastic packaging materials, for example, are not biodegradable at all. A few tips

Are you concerned about the problem of garbage in your city/town? Are you ready to sort garbage (collect paper, plastic, metal, glass, food waste separately)? Are you ready to hand over waste (waste paper, glass, plastic, etc.) to recycling collection points? Are you ready to take part in a cleanup event to clean up garbage or arrange waste collection/storage sites? Questions from the questionnaire.
Ideas for respondents. The option with the most common answers is presented. I can’t Someday I will do it I will definitely do it I don’t want to I could Suggestions + Collect waste paper + Use both sides of the paper for notes + Reuse plastic bags+ Make compost from waste + Reuse parts from old machinery + Don’t throw away clothes

Recommendations: To improve the state of the environment, it is necessary to take measures to organize the collection and disposal of household waste: 1. Sorting and appropriate processing of household waste is recommended. 2. In the process of producing consumer goods, use the most environmentally friendly technologies and materials. 3. Increase the number of containers and trash cans in places where garbage accumulates the most and cover them with lids. 4. Organize recycling collection points where you can donate waste paper, bottles, batteries and cans. Previously, these points existed, and many city residents successfully used them. In addition, these points, it seems to me, will contribute to the sorting of recycled materials being handed over.

5. Resolve the issue of construction and commissioning of a waste processing plant as soon as possible; - introduce into the practice of actions to eliminate spontaneous landfills the planting of trees and shrubs in the areas where landfills are being disposed of in order to prevent re-contamination of the territory. 6. Regularly hold “Days of Struggle for Environmental Safety” actions in the city or any other locality with mandatory summing up of results through radio, television, and the press, and turn such actions into holidays. 7. Schools can organize students to create propaganda posters and leaflets about the dangers of environmental pollution. Recommendations:

Importance and relevance in modern society problems of the negative impact of production and consumption waste on environmental objects and the state of public health are associated with their daily formation, large-tonnage, storage, and disposal. Waste and the places where it is stored and buried pose a toxicological and epidemiological hazard. Chemical and biological contamination solid waste poses a threat of its penetration into the soil, atmospheric air, underground and surface water bodies, vegetation and can directly or indirectly cause deviations in the health of the population. Chemical compounds entering the soil accumulate and lead to a gradual change in its chemical and physical properties, reduce the number of living organisms, and impair fertility. Along with pollutants, pathogenic bacteria, helminth eggs and other harmful organisms often enter the soil.

Mankind has invented compounds that do not decompose. These include various packaging materials, containers for storing liquids, rubber, lavsan, synthetic polymers, detergents, and dyes. All of them emit substances harmful to the environment and people.

Rotting household waste provides a favorable environment for the development of many pathogens.

Waste disposal methods such as landfilling and incineration are not harmless. Garbage dumps emit methane gas, which creates a greenhouse effect that threatens our planet by trapping heat in the earth's atmosphere.

When burning, it is necessary to take into account that MSW contains potentially hazardous elements characterized by high toxicity and high volatility. For example, various compounds of halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine), nitrogen, sulfur, heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, tin, mercury).

Table 6 shows the comparative content in solid waste and earth's crust a number of dangerous elements.

Table 6 - Comparative content of hazardous chemical elements (according to V.I. Smetanin, 2003)

These dangerous chemicals, entering the body, can affect the function of hematopoiesis, cause changes in the composition of the blood, and contribute to the development of carcinogenic, genetic and other long-term biological effects. Increased release of methane, oxygen, carbon dioxide can cause human suffocation (see Table 7).

Table 7 - Environmental pollution and possible violations of human health

Main pollutants	Possible health problems
Heavy metals, lead, cadmium, zinc.	Hemoglobin biosynthesis disorder, change defense mechanisms body. Functional and organic disorders cardiovascular system. Intoxication of the central nervous system. Mental disorders. Functional disorders of the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract. Accumulation of lead in the body (in bones, blood, urine), lag physical development children, even death.
Metallic mercury vapor, its inorganic and organic compounds. Mercury	Accumulation of mercury in the body (in the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen, pancreas, muscle tissue, blood, milk, cerebrospinal fluid, hair). Neuropsychic disorders, increased general morbidity. In children - hypertension, increased incidence of dental caries. Irreversible damage to the central nervous system and brain.
Oils, phenols	Increase in general morbidity, respiratory diseases
Hydrocarbons, including benzopyrene	Irritation of the respiratory tract, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness. Decreased immunological activity of the body.

As can be seen from the table, heavy metals are especially dangerous, causing damage to almost all organ systems, especially nervous system and respiratory organs. Sewage and fecal runoff from cities are no less dangerous. A particular danger in this case is associated with the possibility of epidemics of infectious diseases.

The severity of the environmental impact of waste treatment and disposal depends on the volume of waste produced, its composition, the amount of illegally dumped waste, the amount of waste disposed of in a landfill, and the standards of waste treatment plants. Final treatment of waste today means either landfilling or incineration, and these two types of final treatment have different, but in both cases negative, effects on the environment.

We found out that in the village, final waste treatment today means either burying it in a landfill or burning it, and these two types of final treatment have different, but in both cases negative, effects on the environment. In order to study the issue of the impact of household waste on human health, we visited the “Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology” of the Boguchansky District.”

We found that the maximum accumulation of garbage occurs in autumn, since in autumn the share of garden waste is equal in volume to all other categories of waste combined. Old landfills contain large amounts of hazardous waste and toxic chemicals that have been deposited there for years and leaked into the environment. Disposal of waste in landfills leads to the release of methane, one of the greenhouse gases and hazardous chemicals that have harmful effects on the environment.

Burning waste results in the release of various gases. These gases contain hazardous chemicals such as cadmium, mercury and lead. It is known that when entering the body they can affect the function of hematopoiesis and pose a danger, contributing to the development of carcinogenic and genetic biological effects. In addition, the natural environment is affected by the release of biogas - methane, oxygen, carbon dioxide, the content of which can be tens of percent. These values exceed sanitary standards and can cause human suffocation [see. Appendix 6, table. 5]. Biochemical decomposition and chemical oxidation of landfill material can be accompanied by the formation of heat generation centers with temperatures rising to 75°C, i.e. Spontaneous combustion of waste is possible. The rotting of solid waste material is accompanied by the spread of odor over a distance of more than 1 km.

Used electrical appliances and electronics (TVs, refrigerators, etc.) continue to be disposed of in landfills, although they contain harmful substances. Impact chemical compounds in humans can occur in various ways: by inhalation, through contact with skin and by ingestion through food. After entering the body, chemicals are distributed to various parts of the body, where they are metabolized, which may be accompanied by the transformation of these substances into toxic ones [see. Appendix 5, table. 4].

A person throwing out garbage in the wrong place does not think about the consequences of his actions. But this garbage contains a whole bunch of substances that are toxic to humans. It's good to know that:

Ø Rotting food waste is a breeding ground for microbes; decomposition time: 1–2 weeks; It is strictly forbidden to throw it into fire, as dioxides may form.

Ø Waste paper. The ink that covers the paper can release toxic gases and, when decomposed, toxic substances; Decomposition time: 2–3 years;

Ø Cans are poisonous to many organisms; decomposition time on land is several decades, in fresh water - about 10 years, in salt water - 1-2 years.

Ø Iron compounds are poisonous to many organisms; decomposition rate: on land - 1 mm deep in 10-20 years, in fresh water - 1 mm deep in 3-5 years, in salt water - 1 mm deep in 1-2 years.

Ø The decomposition time of foil on the ground is several decades, in fresh water - several years, in salt water - 1-2 years.

Ø Cans of beer and other drinks decompose on the ground - hundreds of years, in fresh water - several decades, in salt water - several years. The decomposition time of glass containers on land is several hundred years, in water - about 100 years.

Ø Plastic products interfere with gas exchange in soils and water bodies; may release toxic substances during decomposition; decomposition time: about 100 years or more.

Ø Batteries are very dangerous waste! Poisonous to humans and many organisms; decomposition time: on land - about 10 years, in water - several years, in salt water - about one year.

Landfills near settlements, become the main gathering and feeding site for many birds and mammals. A large number of rats, mice, cats and dogs live here. They are attracted to food waste in landfills. These animals simply get out of the habit of chasing live prey; they are completely satisfied with the waste of the human table. These animals become carriers of various infectious diseases.

The specifics of organizing production in a metropolis require the presence large number repair, construction and related enterprises and organizations of the city’s construction complex.

Emerging construction waste consist of heavy and light reinforced concrete, brick, stone materials, insulation, plaster, wood, cardboard, paper, polymer materials, mortar, bitumen, asphalt, rubbish, etc. For example, in civilized countries there is such a thing as construction waste, no longer exists. There it is the raw material for useful and necessary products.

Waste management (including construction waste) is one of the main areas of environmental activity of an economic entity, as a factor actively influencing the environment. The following main types of waste are distinguished: industrial waste; construction waste; sediments from stormwater treatment facilities, water supply stations and aeration stations; medical waste; biological waste; municipal solid waste (MSW).

Typical municipal solid waste of a large modern city contains more than 100 types of toxic compounds. Among them are dyes, pesticides, mercury and its compounds, solvents, lead and its salts, drugs, cadmium, arsenic compounds, formaldehyde, thallium salts, etc. Plastics and synthetic materials occupy a special place among solid waste; they are not subject to biological degradation processes and can remain in environmental objects for a long time (tens of years). When plastics and synthetic materials burn, numerous toxicants are released, including polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxins), fluoride compounds, cadmium, etc.

Industrial waste, like municipal solid waste, is varied in chemical composition. Particularly dangerous is waste from the chemical and oil refining industries and biochemical industries that deal with highly toxic chemical elements and compounds, bacteria and viruses. To such chemical elements These include primarily heavy metals, due to the fact that they are not subject to biochemical decomposition and easily penetrate the human body and the food chain.

The greatest danger is posed by liquid industrial wastewater, which is characterized by high concentrations of many toxic substances and can penetrate into the hydrographic network and groundwater, polluting them and negatively affecting the soil and vegetation cover. One of the most common components of liquid waste is petroleum products.

Sewage and fecal effluent from industrial zones are no less dangerous. Decline negative impact such wastewater on the environment is important issue all urbanized areas. A particular danger in this case is associated with bacterial contamination of the habitat and the possibility of outbreaks of various epidemic diseases.

Considering the unresolved nature of many basic problems associated with the removal and disposal of all types of waste, we can say with confidence that currently any metropolis is practically on the verge of biological and bacteriological poisoning from its own waste. And, first of all, any accident at treatment plants, water and heat supply systems, systematic failure to remove garbage or its disposal at unsuitable landfills leads to the spread of harmful bacteria, leading to a sharp increase in citizens affected infectious diseases gastrointestinal tract associated with intestinal dysbiosis.

In the field of handling solid waste The influence of new political and ideological attitudes has caused radical changes in the last decade. In most countries in Europe and North America, waste management includes a number of mandatory stages. These include: programs to reduce waste generation; widespread introduction of recycling of waste fractions with consumer properties; use of appropriate waste fractions as raw materials for production processes; extraction and use of waste energy potential; disposal of waste residues that do not have any useful properties in environmentally neutral landfills.

This waste management scheme in various countries is determined by specific economic, raw materials, demographic and other conditions, depending on which adequate legislative acts are adopted and appropriate organizational and financial mechanisms are launched. In general, these steps are aimed at creating conditions that stimulate the introduction of waste recycling methods that are priority for a given country.

It should be noted that, as in all waste incineration plants in the world, hundreds of tons of toxic ash and thousands of tons of super-toxic dust accumulate. The problem of their processing in the world has not been solved. In this regard, the concentration of waste recycling in certain areas of the city causes a negative reaction among the population and environmentally oriented organizations and creates additional social tension in the city.

With rare exceptions, suburban landfills produce an overwhelming psychological impression, poison the atmosphere and hydrosphere, destroy vegetation, and create an unfavorable living environment.

During storage, all waste undergoes changes caused by both internal physical and chemical processes and the influence external conditions, including colonies of endogenous microorganisms, in some cases dangerous to human health. As a result of this, new environmentally hazardous substances, as well as new types of microorganisms that pose a serious threat to the natural environment and the health of citizens. Biogenic effects make waste favorable for the reproduction of insects, birds, rodents, other mammals, and various microorganisms. At the same time, birds and insects are carriers pathogenic bacteria and viruses over long distances.

The most dangerous is considered to be the leachate formed in the body of the landfill during the interaction of waste with infiltrating materials. precipitation. The filtrate contains numerous components of the breakdown of organic and mineral substances. As a result of numerous data, it has been established that the timing of leachate release, depending on the hydrogeological structure of the site, can vary from 1 (for sandy) to 25 (for clay pounds) years after disposal of waste in landfills. Zones of active water exchange confined to the upper part of the section, and primarily pound waters, are especially susceptible to contamination by filtrate.

Until recently, when organizing landfills, the main role was played by factors that take into account immediate interests; the principle of saving money was dominant; in this regard, many facilities are located in exhausted quarries and other unused lands. The bulk of objects are in critical or potentially dangerous condition.

As a rule, private landfills are not properly equipped; there is non-compliance with the rules for operating these facilities. Savings on environmental protection measures allow these commercial firms to reduce tariffs for waste accepted for disposal. That's why financial losses of the official waste management system are very significant, which does not allow the full implementation of work on the technical arrangement of existing landfills to ensure their complete environmental safety.

The main directions in the field of reducing production volumes and increasing waste disposal volumes are as follows: increasing the efficiency of control over the generation, disposal and disposal of waste; creation of a unified system for accounting for the movement, sorting, placement, disposal, and processing of production and consumption waste for the city and region; improving the waste management incentive system, including the development low-waste industries; improving the technology for collecting and removing garbage and waste; increasing capacity most efficient enterprises for the processing of secondary raw materials, waste processing plants, landfills, waste transfer and waste briquetting stations; increasing the number of well-equipped landfills, reconstruction, liquidation and subsequent reclamation.