The most terrible poison. The most dangerous toxic substances
Not only potential attackers, but also ordinary Internet users ask about how to poison a person with poison. Today the pharmaceutical market offers consumers a variety of medicines, some products are available for purchase without a doctor's prescription.
There are also toxic substances that allow you to quickly eliminate your opponent or, conversely, provoke chronic disease. Age-old knowledge and modern technologies become dangerous weapons in the hands of competent people.
Potassium cyanide is known to almost everyone; at the beginning of the 20th century, the dangerous powder was a common way to get rid of unwanted persons.
The poison belongs to the group of hydrocyanic acid derivatives and is highly soluble in water. Some sources indicate a specific smell of this substance, however, not all people are able to smell it. Potassium cyanide causes poisoning if ingested, and it is also dangerous to inhale powder particles and solution vapors. Lethal dose the poison is only a few grams, but in most cases it depends on the weight and individual characteristics body.
Potassium cyanide can quickly poison a person. Death is affected by the route of entry of the substance into the body, so when particles are inhaled, the effect of the toxin manifests itself instantly, and when it enters the stomach, the poison begins to cause irreversible consequences after 15 minutes.
The victim goes through several stages of intoxication. At first, a sore throat is felt, then nausea and vomiting begins, and possible numbness of the throat. Over time, general weakness increases, a feeling of fear arises, and the pulse slows down. Subsequently, signs such as convulsions and loss of consciousness are noted. As a rule, if a sufficient dose of poison is ingested, a person dies within 4 hours.
With the arrival of new drugs on the pharmaceutical market, people are interested in how to poison a person with pills. Add to list dangerous poisons if used incorrectly, the following medications are included:
- sleeping pill "Phenazepam";
- hellebore water;
- Corvalol drops.
The medicine "Phenazepam" is prescribed by doctors as a remedy against insomnia, panic attacks and stress. It refers to psychotropic medications, and offenders use this drug to poison a person in their sleep.
Like many other drugs, Phenazepam is incompatible with alcohol - this is what criminals take advantage of, since the combined use of these tablets and alcohol leads to respiratory arrest and death. But it is not easy to get the described drug, since it is sold only with a doctor’s prescription.
Hellebore water is freely sold in pharmacies and is used not only in traditional medicine, but also as a remedy against alcohol addiction. However, some cases of intentional intoxication are not taken into account, which is why this medicine is suitable for those who want to poison a person without identifying the poison.
Lethal outcome occurs when ingested for 2 years. raw materials, hellebore water negatively affects heart function and blood pressure. Thus, the oxygen supply to the brain gradually decreases.
As a rule, alcohol accelerates the absorption of poison and signs of intoxication with hellebore water develop within 20 minutes after taking the product. Vomiting begins, and symptoms such as extreme thirst, slow heart rate, and mental disturbances are also noted. Death occurs on average after 8 hours; this medicine allows criminals to poison a person without determining the exact cause of death.
Corvalol drops can be purchased at any pharmacy, which makes them an affordable and effective medicine for poisoning. The lethal dose of the drug depends on the weight and age of the person, on average it is 150 drops.
Intoxication is characterized by prolonged sleep, decreased blood pressure and pupil dilation. The combined use of this drug with alcohol is especially dangerous; in this case, tachycardia appears and the skin turns blue. Poisoning a person slowly using Corvalol drops will most likely not work; death occurs within 24 hours, which is taken advantage of by various asocial elements of society.
Poison of any origin, chemical, food or natural, has always been a subject of interest from the media mass media, chemical safety and popular writers. Humanity knows hundreds deadly poisons, many of which were practically used as a means of murder, genocide and acts of terrorism. Some of them are presented in our review.
The well-known cyanide is a deadly poison that affects the central nervous system and the heart. Even a small dose, entering the blood, binds iron molecules and blocks the supply of oxygen to vital organs, resulting in death in a matter of minutes. There are different forms of cyanide, such as hydrogen cyanide, which is considered the most poisonous. This gas kills a person in about 10 minutes. The gas was used during World War I as a chemical weapon and was banned by the Geneva Convention. Today, cyanide is used as a means of murder, suicide and in the plots of books.
This main character events of September 2011, when reports of people receiving anthrax spores in envelopes appeared in the news almost every day. As a result, five people died and 17 were injured from exposure to the poison, which caused panic among US citizens. This fear is understandable, since anthrax spores are easily transmitted through the air. After infection, the respiratory system becomes numb and the person begins to choke. Out of 10 people, 9 die within a week of infection.
Sarin is considered a mass murder agent that causes death by asphyxia within 60 seconds. Minute terrible torment and the person dies. Since 1993, the production of this substance has been prohibited, but despite this, in 1995 a massive massacre was committed in Japan. terrorist attack in the metro, as well as in Iraq and Syria, resulting in between 330 and 1,800 deaths.
Amatoxin is a substance found in the world's deadliest mushrooms. When it enters the bloodstream, it affects the cells of the kidneys and liver, resulting in organ failure within a few days. Amatoxin also affects the heart. If a large dose of penicillin is not administered, the person may fall into a coma or die from heart and liver failure.
Strychnine has been used as a pesticide to kill pests, but it can also kill humans. It was discovered in Asia, contained in special varieties of trees, but it can also be obtained in the laboratory (the one who managed to do this received Nobel Prize). Strychnine can enter the body in different ways: injection, inhalation and absorption. After entering the body, muscle convulsions and spasms begin, leading to asphyxia. After the injection, the person dies within half an hour.
Back in school, everyone was warned to be careful with the thermometer. And this is not just like that, but because of a heavy metal called mercury. It is an incredibly toxic metal that enters the body either through inhalation or through skin contact. If mercury comes into contact with the skin, it causes itching, burning, and the skin may even peel off. Mercury can cause memory loss, vision loss, kidney failure and brain cell destruction. The result is death.
A notorious poison found in fugu fish, popular among sushi connoisseurs who are willing to pay a hefty price in the hope that the fish is cooked correctly. The first symptoms appear 30 minutes after consumption poisonous fish. At first, a person feels his mouth paralyzed and it becomes difficult to swallow. Soon there is a violation of coordination of movements and speech. Seizures and convulsions begin, as a result the person may fall into a coma and die. Death occurs in approximately 6 hours, but cases have been reported fatal outcome after 17 minutes. This poison is considered one of the deadliest on earth.
Ricin is another poison that has become popular, as has anthrax, in connection with sending it by mail. Actress who starred in the film “ Walking Dead”, was convicted of precisely this crime. Ricin was found in the seeds of the castor bean. Ricin is an incredibly deadly poison; it binds to proteins in the body, causing death. He was considered as chemical weapons US military and al-Qaeda members.
The most dangerous nerve gas on the planet, formerly a pesticide, has become an excellent target for militaries around the world, despite the ban on the use of weapons mass destruction. Gas has no other use except during war. The gas is so poisonous that one drop of it on the skin can kill a person. When inhaled, the first symptoms of poisoning are similar to the onset of the flu, then paralysis of the respiratory system occurs, which leads to death.
This is the deadliest poison on Earth. A cup of the toxin could kill hundreds of thousands of people by causing the disease botulism, a disease that affects the central nervous system. Surprisingly, this poison has an important practical application- from Botox injection procedures to migraine treatment. It is known that some patients have died after procedures using botulinum toxin. Of those injured as a result of poisoning with this poison, 50% die without treatment. medical care, and those who survive suffer from serious complications for many years. Due to its instability and easy availability in nature, botulinum toxin is the deadliest poison in the world. However, the cosmetic industry often uses
Poisons have been used from ancient times to the present day as weapons, antidotes, and even medicine.
In fact, poisons are all around us, in drinking water, in everyday objects and even our blood.
The word "poison" is used to describe any substance that can cause a dangerous disorder in the body.
Even in small quantity, the poison can lead to poisoning and death.
Here are some examples of some of the most insidious poisons that can be fatal to humans.
1. Botulinum toxin
Many poisons can be lethal in small doses, so it is quite difficult to single out the most dangerous one. However, many experts agree that botulinum toxin, which is used in Botox injections to smooth out wrinkles is the strongest.
Botulism is a serious disease leading to paralysis, caused by botulinum toxin, which is produced by bacteria Clostridium botulinum. This poison causes damage nervous system, respiratory arrest and death in terrible agony.
Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, double vision, facial weakness, speech impediments, difficulty swallowing and others. The bacterium can enter the body through food (usually poorly canned foods) and through open wounds.
2. Poison ricin
Ricin is natural poison which is obtained from castor beans castor bean plants. A few grains are enough to kill an adult. Ricin kills cells in the human body, preventing it from producing the proteins it needs, resulting in organ failure. A person can become poisoned by ricin through inhalation or ingestion.
If inhaled, symptoms of poisoning usually appear within 8 hours of exposure and include difficulty breathing, fever, cough, nausea, sweating and chest tightness.
If ingested, symptoms appear in less than 6 hours and include nausea and diarrhea (possibly bloody), low blood pressure, hallucinations and seizures. Death may occur within 36-72 hours.
3. Sarin gas
Sarin is one of the the most dangerous and deadly nerve gases, which is hundreds of times more toxic than cyanide. Sarin was originally produced as a pesticide, but the clear, odorless gas soon became a powerful chemical weapon.
A person can be poisoned by sarin gas by inhaling or exposing the gas to the eyes and skin. Initially, symptoms may appear such as runny nose and chest tightness, difficulty breathing and nausea.
Then the person loses control over all functions of his body and falls into a coma, convulsions and spasms occur until suffocation occurs.
4. Tetrodotoxin
This deadly poison found in the organs of fish of the genus pufferfish, from which the famous Japanese delicacy "fugu" is prepared. Tetrodotoxin persists in the skin, liver, intestines and other organs, even after the fish has been cooked.
This toxin causes paralysis, convulsions, mental disorder and other symptoms. Death occurs within 6 hours after ingestion of the poison.
Every year, several people are known to die painful deaths from tetrodotoxin poisoning after eating fugu.
5. Potassium cyanide
Potassium cyanide is one of the the fastest deadly poisons , known to mankind. It may be in the form of crystals and colorless gas with a bitter almond odor. Cyanide can be found in some foods and plants. It is found in cigarettes and is used to make plastic, photographs, extract gold from ore, and kill unwanted insects.
Cyanide has been used since ancient times, and in modern world it was a method of capital punishment. Poisoning can occur through inhalation, ingestion and even touching, causing symptoms such as seizures, respiratory failure and in severe cases death, which may occur in a few minutes. It kills by binding to iron in blood cells, making them unable to carry oxygen.
6. Mercury and mercury poisoning
There are three forms of mercury that can be potentially hazardous: elemental, inorganic and organic. Elemental mercury, which contained in mercury thermometers , old fillings and fluorescent lamps, non-toxic on contact, but may be fatal if inhaled.
Inhalation of mercury vapor (the metal quickly turns into gas when room temperature) affects the lungs and brain, turning off the central nervous system.
Inorganic mercury, which is used to make batteries, can be fatal if ingested and cause kidney damage and other symptoms. Organic mercury found in fish and seafood is usually hazardous over long-term exposure. Symptoms of poisoning may include memory loss, blindness, seizures and others.
7. Strychnine and strychnine poisoning
Strychnine is an odorless, white, bitter crystalline powder that can be acquired by ingestion, inhalation, solution, and intravenous injection.
They get it from the seeds of the chilibuha tree(Strychnos nux-vomica), native to India and southeast Asia. Although it is often used as a pesticide, it can also be found in narcotic substances such as heroin and cocaine.
The degree of strychnine poisoning depends on the amounts and route of entry into the body, but to cause serious condition, a small amount of this poison is enough. Symptoms of poisoning include muscle spasms, respiratory failure and even lead to brain death 30 minutes after exposure.
8. Arsenic and arsenic poisoning
Arsenic, which is the 33rd element in the periodic table, has been synonymous with poison since ancient times. It was often used as a poison of choice in political assassinations, as Arsenic poisoning resembled cholera symptoms.
Arsenic is considered a heavy metal with properties similar to those of lead and mercury. In high concentrations it can lead to symptoms of poisoning such as abdominal pain, seizures, coma and death. In small amounts, it can contribute to a number of diseases, including cancer, heart disease and diabetes.
9. Poison curare
Curare is a mixture of various South American plants that were used for poison arrows. Curare has been used for medicinal purposes in a highly diluted form. The main poison is an alkaloid, which causes paralysis and death, as well as strychnine and hemlock. However, after paralysis occurs respiratory system, the heart can continue to beat.
Death from curare is slow and painful, as the victim remains conscious but cannot move or speak. However, if artificial respiration is applied before the poison settles, the person can be saved. Amazon tribes used curare to hunt animals, but the poisoned animal meat was not dangerous to those who consumed it.
10. Batrachotoxin
Fortunately, the chances of encountering this poison are very small. Batrachotoxin, found in the skin of tiny dart frogs, is one of the most powerful neurotoxins in the world.
Frogs themselves do not produce poison; it is accumulated from the foods they consume, mainly small bugs. The most dangerous poison content was found in a species of frogs terrible leaf climber , living in Colombia.
One specimen contains enough batrachotoxin to kill two dozen people or several elephants. I affects nerves, especially around the heart, makes breathing difficult and quickly leads to death.
Trying to figure out which poison is the strongest in nature is doomed to failure - too many variables affect the results. However, if we take only one parameter - the average lethal dose, only one type of living beings - laboratory mice, only one route of administration - intramuscular, and evaluate not whole poisons, but their individual components, then some idea of the “ideal killers” can be obtained .
The average lethal dose, DL50 (lat. dosis letalis), causes the death of half of the experimental animals (DL100 is the dose minimally sufficient for all who received it). DL is measured in milligrams of a substance per 1 kg of animal body weight (mg/kg); in our rating it is indicated in parentheses after the name of the substance. So, the top 10 most toxic poisons with DL50 - for mice when administered intramuscularly.
Neurotoxin II (0.085 mg/kg)
Source: component of the poison of the Central Asian (Naja oxiana).
The venom of this snake is extremely strong. When bitten, it has a neurotoxic effect. After the bite, the victim is lethargic, but soon begins to experience convulsions, breathing becomes more frequent and shallow. Death occurs after some time due to paralysis of the respiratory tract. Local manifestations (hematomas, tumors) do not occur with a Central Asian bite.
Despite the danger, this snake bites quite rarely, preferring to take a defensive pose when danger approaches, and hisses loudly, raising the front part of the body and spreading the front eight pairs of cervical ribs to the sides in such a way that the flattened neck expands in the form of a “hood”. Usually, this is enough to convince the enemy to retreat. Although, even if the enemy does not heed the warnings, this is not always followed by a bite. First, the cobra delivers a false bite - throwing the front part of the body sharply forward and hitting the enemy with its head. The mouth is closed during this blow. In this way, the snake protects its own from possible injury.
The Central Asian cobra, whose length reaches 1.5-1.6 m, is common in northwestern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and northeastern Iran. IN Central Asia this snake is found in Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Northern border area - the Nura-Tau ridge and the Bel-Tau-Ata mountains, the western - the spurs of the Turkestan ridge.
Antidote: it is recommended to administer Anticobra serum or polyvalent antisnake serum, use of anticholinesterase drugs in combination with atropine, corticosteroids, and antihypoxants. In case of deep breathing disorders, artificial ventilation of the lungs is necessary.
Alpha-latrotoxin (0.045 mg/kg)
Source: Contained in the venom of 31 species of spiders of the genus Latrodectus (karakurts).
A neurotoxin that causes the release of acetylcholine, norepinephrine and other mediators from presynaptic terminals, followed by depletion of their reserves.
At the moment of a bite, an immediate burning pain is most often felt (in some sources, the bite is painless), which spreads throughout the body within 15-30 minutes. Typically, patients complain of unbearable pain in the abdomen, lower back, and chest. Characterized by sharp abdominal muscles. Shortness of breath, palpitations, increased heart rate, dizziness, headache, tremor, vomiting, pallor or flushing of the face, sweating, a feeling of heaviness in the chest and epigastric areas, exophthalmos and dilated pupils. The face takes on a bluish tint. Priapism, bronchospasm, urinary and defecatory retention are also characteristic. Psychomotor agitation in the later stages of poisoning is replaced by deep depression, blackouts, and delirium. Known deaths in humans and farm animals. After 3-5 days, the skin becomes covered with a rash, and the victim’s condition improves somewhat. Recovery begins after 2-3 weeks, but long time feels general weakness.
Karakurts (“black widows”) live in tropical, subtropical and even temperate latitudes on all continents except Antarctica. Only females are dangerous (their body size is up to 2 cm). Males are much smaller (0.5 cm) and are not able to bite through human skin. The toxicity of the poison has a pronounced seasonal dependence: the September one is about ten times more powerful than the May one.
Antidote: antikarakurt serum.
Alpha-conotoxin (0.012 mg/kg)
Source: component of the complex venom of the mollusk Conus geographus (geographic cone).
A neurotoxin that blocks H-cholinergic receptors in muscles and peripheral nerves.
Cones are very active when touched in their habitat. Their toxic apparatus consists of a poisonous gland connected by a duct to a hard proboscis by a radula-grater located at the wide end of the shell, with sharp spines that replace the mollusk’s teeth. If you take the shell in your hands, the mollusk instantly extends the radula and thrusts spines into the body. The injection is accompanied by acute pain leading to loss of consciousness, numbness of the fingers, strong heartbeat, shortness of breath, and sometimes paralysis. In the Pacific Islands, cases of shell collectors dying from cone stings have been recorded.
The cone shells are 15-20 cm long. Habitat is the eastern and northern coasts of Australia, east coast Southeast Asia and China and the Central Pacific region.
Antidote: There is no antidote. The only measure is copious bloodletting from the injection site.
Chiriquitotoxin (0.01 mg/kg)
Source: Produced by the skin of the toad Atelopus chiriquiensis.
A structural analogue of tetrodotoxin - it differs only in the replacement of the CH2OH group with an as yet unidentified radical. Neurotoxin, blocks sodium and potassium channels in the membranes of nerve endings.
Causes impaired coordination of movements, convulsions, incomplete paralysis of the limbs.
Small (males - about 3 cm, females - 3.5-5 cm) toads with beautiful name Chiriquitas are found on the isthmus between North and South America - in Panama and Costa Rica. The species is endangered. The toxin is produced by the skin of the chirikit, and the toxicity, we recall, was assessed when administered intramuscularly.
Antidote
Tityutoxin (0.009 mg/kg)
Source: one of the venom components of the yellow fat-tailed scorpion (Androctonus australis).
Neurotoxin slows down the inactivation of fast sodium channels of electrically excitable membranes, which leads to the development of persistent depolarization.
The venom of the yellow fat-tailed scorpion is produced in two enlarged glands located immediately behind the sting, which looks like a barb at the end of the tail. They are what give Scorpios the “fat” appearance. It also differs from other scorpions in the color of its sting - from dark brown to black. The venom of the fat-tailed scorpion is so toxic that it can even kill an adult human. Mainly eats small insects, such as locusts or beetles, but easily deals with a small lizard or mouse. As soon as the victim stops resisting, the scorpion dismembers the body into small parts using sharp claws.
This type of scorpion is associated with up to 80% of all serious poisonings and up to 95% of deaths from scorpion injections.
Androctonus australis are medium-sized scorpions up to 10 cm long. They are not related to Australia: australis in Latin means “southern”, and androctonus in Greek means “murderer”. Found in the Middle East, north and southeast Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Jordan, UAE, Iraq, Iran, etc.).
Antidote: antitoxic serum “Antiscorpion”. Antikarakurt serum can be used as a slightly less effective replacement.
Tetrodotoxin (0.008 mg/kg)
Source: produced and accumulated in the tissues of fish of the Tetraodontidae family, the mollusk BabyIonia japonica and the chirikit’s close relative, the toad Atelopus varius.
Neurotoxin, selectively blocks sodium channels in the membranes of nerve endings.
This is a dangerous poison that, once in the digestive tract, causes severe pain, convulsions and usually leads to death.
Some species of the Tetraodontidae family (four-toothed, also known as rock-toothed, dogfish and pufferfish) reach a length of up to half a meter. Both these fish and the dish made from them are called “fugu” in Japan. The poison is contained in the liver, milk, caviar, intestines and skin, so only specially trained chefs are allowed to prepare fugu, who remove the poisonous organs using a separate method for each type. If pufferfish meat is prepared by ignorant amateurs, then in 60 cases out of 100, trying such a dish leads to death. And such cases are still not uncommon. According to a Japanese proverb, “he who eats fugu is a fool, but he who does not eat is also a fool.”
The habitat of puffer fish is from the northern coast of Australia to the northern coast of Japan and from the southern coast of China to the eastern islands of Oceania.
The mollusk Babylonia japonica has a very beautiful sink classic spiral shape 40-85 mm long. Habitat: coast Korean Peninsula, Taiwan and Japan.
Toads Atelopus varius (Atelop variegated) are small, 2.5-4 cm, and if you are “lucky” you can stumble upon them only in the jungles of Panama and Costa Rica.
Antidote: There is no specific antidote; detoxification and symptomatic therapy is carried out.
Typoxin (typotoxin) (0.002 mg/kg)
Source: component of the poison itself poisonous snake on land - the Australian taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus). Before the development of the antidote (1955), up to 90% of those bitten died.
A presynaptic toxin has phospholipase activity and causes a characteristic release of nerve impulse mediators (weakening of secretion, strengthening and, finally, its complete inhibition). Has neurotoxic and myotoxic effects.
Taipan is very aggressive. When in danger, it curls and vibrates the end of its tail. Snakes are most aggressive during the mating period and skin change, but this does not mean that at other times they are peaceful and docile.
Taipans reach a length of 2 to 3.6 m. They have a very aggressive character, but, fortunately, they are found only in sparsely populated areas on the northeast coast of Australia and southern New Guinea.
Antidote: antitoxic taipan serum.
Batrachotoxin (0.002 mg/kg)
Source: skin secretion of leaf-climbing frogs of the genus Phyllobates.
It has a strong cardiotoxic effect, causing extrasystoles and fibrillation of the ventricles of the heart, paralyzing the respiratory muscles, myocardium and skeletal muscles. Persistently and irreversibly increases the permeability of the resting membrane for sodium ions and blocks axonal transport.
The poisonousness of these frogs is such that you can’t even touch them. The skin secretions of leafhoppers contain alkaloids-batrachotoxins, which, when ingested, cause arrhythmia, fibrillation and cardiac arrest.
Tree frogs do not exceed 5 cm in length and are usually brightly colored in gold, black-orange and black-yellow (warning coloration). If you get carried away South America from Nicaragua to Colombia - don't grab them with your hands.
Antidote: There is no specific antidote; detoxification and symptomatic therapy is carried out. A strong antagonist is tetrodotoxin - wedge by wedge...
Palytoxin (0.00015 mg/kg)
Source: contained in the rays of the six-rayed coral polyps Palythoa toxica, P. tuberculosa, P. сaribacorum.
Cytotoxic poison. Damages the sodium-potassium pump of cells, disrupting the gradient of ion concentrations between the cell and the intercellular environment. Causes pain in the chest, as with angina, tachycardia, difficulty breathing, hemolysis. Death occurs within the first few minutes after the injection into the polyp.
The body of these polyps - inhabitants of the coral reefs of the Indian and Pacific Oceans- consists not of eight, as in ordinary corals, but of six or of more than eight, the number of rays located on several corollas, usually a multiple of six.
Antidote: There is no specific antidote; symptomatic therapy is carried out. Animal studies suggest that simple vasodilators such as papaverine or isosorbide dinitrate may be effective.
Diamphotoxin (0.000025 Kmg/kg)
Source: the most powerful poison of animal origin on our planet, contained in the hemolymph (“blood”) of the larvae of the South African leaf beetle of the genus Diamphidia (D.Кlocusta, D.Кnigro-ornata, D.Кfemoralis), belonging to the same family with all known pests - Colorado potato beetle. Designed solely for protection from predators.
A single-chain polypeptide that opens all sodium-potassium channels in the cell membrane “for entry”, as a result of which the cell dies due to an imbalance in the intracellular electrolyte balance. It has a neurotoxic and especially pronounced hemolytic effect; in a short period of time it reduces the hemoglobin content in the blood by 75% due to the massive destruction of red blood cells. Bushmen still use crushed larvae of diamphidia: an arrow smeared with this liquid can knock down an adult 500-kilogram giraffe.
Adult beetles reach 10-12 mm in length. Females lay eggs on the branches of Commiphora plants. The larvae burrow into the ground, pupate and develop into a pupa over several years. Therefore, finding Diamphidia cocoons is not a problem for hunters.
Antidote: There is no specific antidote. Carry out detoxification and symptomatic therapy.
Household poisons, as the name suggests, can often be found in everyday life even where in theory they cannot exist. But forewarned is forearmed, so let’s slowly study the material on household poisons.
ADRENALIN
Adrenaline (epinephrine, suprarenin). Neurotropic and psychotropic effects. Lethal dose 10 mg. Quickly inactivated in the gastrointestinal tract. When administered parenterally, it is detoxified in the liver and excreted in the form of metabolites in the urine.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Symptoms of intoxication appear within the first 10 minutes after administration of the drug. Nausea, vomiting, pallor skin cyanosis, chills, dilated pupils, blurred vision, tremors, convulsions, difficulty breathing, coma. Tachycardia and initially a significant increase in blood pressure. Then a sharp decrease in it and ventricular fibrillation are possible. Sometimes psychosis develops with hallucinations and a feeling of fear.
C. Emergency care:
2. Antidote treatment.
3. Symptomatic therapy.
1. When taken orally, gastric lavage. Forced diuresis.
2. Phentolamine 5-10 mg intravenously (1-2 ml 0.5%
solution), aminazine 50-100 mg intramuscularly or intravenously.
3. for tachycadria, obzidan, inderal 1-2 ml of 0.1% solution intravenously repeatedly until a clinical effect is obtained.
ACACIA WHITE.
Yalovite roots and bark containing toxalbumin. Gastroenterotoxic effect. .
B. Symptoms of poisoning
Nausea, vomiting, tenesmus, abdominal pain, diarrhea. In severe cases, bloody stools, hematuria, acute cardiovascular failure.
C. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
D. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage, activated carbon orally
2. Intravenous administration of 5-10% glucose solution, 0.9% sodium chloride solution, electrolyte solution used for forced diuresis. Cardiovascular drugs, calcium chloride, vikasol.
ACONITE.
Aconite (borech, blue buttercup, Issykul root). The active principle is the alkaloid aconitine. Neurotoxic (curare-like, ganglion-blocking), cardiotactic effect. Lethal dose - about 1 g of plant, 5 ml of tincture, 2 mg of aconite alkaloid.
B. Symptoms of poisoning
Nausea, vomiting, numbness of the tongue, lips, cheeks, tips of the fingers and toes, a feeling of crawling, sensations of heat and cold in the extremities, transient visual disturbances (seeing objects in green light), dry mouth, thirst, headache, anxiety, convulsive twitching of the muscles of the face, limbs, loss of consciousness. Breathing is rapid, shallow, difficulty inhaling and exhaling, there may be a sudden stop in breathing. Decrease in blood pressure (especially diastolic). In the initial stage, bradyarrhythmia, extrasystole, then paroxysmal tachycardia, turning into ventricular fibrillation
C. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods 2. Antidote treatment
D. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative, activated carbon orally, forced diuresis, detoxification hemosorbium
2. Intravenous 20-50 ml of 1% novocaine solution, 500 ml of 5% glucose. Intramuscularly 10 ml of 25% magnesium sulfate solution. For convulsions, diazepam (Seduxen) 5-10 mg internally. For heart rhythm disorders - intravenously 10 mg of 10% solution of novocainamide (with normal blood pressure!) or 1-2 ml of 0.1% solution of obsidan, 20 ml of 40% glucose solution with 1 ml of 0.06% solution of corglycone. For bradycardia -0.1% atropine solution subcutaneously. Intramuscular cocarboxylase - 100 mg, 1% ATP solution - 2 ml, 5% ascorbic acid solution - 5 ml, 5% solutions of vitamins B1 - 4 ml, B6 - 4 ml.
ALCOHOL
A. Title chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics
Alcohol
B. Symptoms of poisoning - see Ethyl alcohol. Alcohol substitutes
ALDEHYDES
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics
Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, paraldehyde, metaldehyde. Psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic (convulsive), local irritant, hepatoxic effect. Absorbed through the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. excreted in the lungs and in the urine in the form of non-toxic metabolites.
B. Symptoms of poisoning
See Formalin. When taken orally - salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, chills, drowsiness, tremor, tonic convulsions, coma, respiratory depression. Jaundice, enlargement and tenderness of the liver on palpation. When inhaling vapors - severe irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract, sharp cough, suffocation, impaired consciousness, and in severe cases, coma.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage with the addition of sodium bicarbonate
2. Forced diuresis
3. See Formalin. For seizures - diazepam 10 mg intravenously
Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics
AMIDOPYRINE
Amidopyrine (pyramidon). Neurotoxic (convulsive), psychotropic effect. Lethal dose 10-15 g. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, 15% is bound to plasma proteins. Metabolism in the liver, excretion mainly in the urine.
Symptoms of poisoning.
In case of mild poisoning, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, general weakness, decreased temperature, shortness of breath, palpitations. In severe poisoning - convulsions, drowsiness, delirium, loss of consciousness and coma with dilated pupils, cyanosis, hypothermia, decreased blood pressure. The development of peripheral edema, acute agranulocytosis, gastric bleeding, and hemorrhagic rash is possible.
Urgent Care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Flushing the ventricle through a probe. Saline laxative orally. Forced diuresis, alkalization of the blood (sodium bicarbonate 10 -15 g orally). Detoxification hemosrbia.
2. Vitamin B1 solution 6% - 2 ml intramuscularly. Cardiovascular drugs. For seizures, diazepam 10 mg intravenously.
AMINAZINE.
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.
Aminazine (plegomazine, largactil, chlorpromazine). Psychotropic, neurotoxic effects (gangliolytic, adrenolytic). Toxic dose is more than 500 ml. Lethal dose 5-10g. Toxic concentration in the blood 1-2 mg/l, fatal 3-12 mg/l. Detoxification in the liver, excretion through the intestines and urine - no more than 8% of the dose taken for 3 days.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Severe weakness, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea. Convulsions and loss of consciousness may occur. The comatose state is shallow, tendon reflexes are increased, the pupils are constricted. Increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure without cyanosis. Skin allergic reactions. Upon recovery from a coma, symptoms of parkinsonism are possible. When chewing chlorpromazine tablets, hyperemia and swelling of the oral mucosa occurs; in children, this has an expressive effect on the mucous membrane of the digestive tract.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative. Forced diuresis of plasma alkalization bases.
3. For hypotania: 10% caffeine solution - 1-3 ml or 5% ephedrine solution - 2 ml subcutaneously, vitamin B1 solution 6% - 4 ml intramuscularly. For parkinsonism syndrome: cyclodol 10-20 mg/day orally. Treatment of acute cardiovascular failure.
AMITRYPTYLINE.
Amitriptyline (tryptisol), imizin (melipramine, imipramine, tofranil) and other tricyclic natidepressants. Psychotropic, neurotoxic (anticholinergic, antihistamine), cardiotoxic effects. Toxic dose 500 mg, lethal 1200 mg. Rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract Binds to plasma proteins, partial metabolism in the liver, excretion in urine within 24 hours - 4 days
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
In mild cases, dry mouth, blurred vision, psychomotor agitation, weakened intestinal motility, urinary retention. Muscle twitching and hyperkinesis. In severe poisoning - confusion up to deep coma, attacks of colonic-tonic convulsions of the epileptiform type. Cardiac disorders: brady and tachyarrhythmias, intracardiac blockade, ventricular fibrillation. Acute cardiovascular failure (collapse). The development of toxic hepatopathy, hyperglycemia, and intestinal paresis is possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Repeated gastric lavage, forced diuresis.
2. 3. For tachyarrhythmia - 0.05% proserin - 1 ml intramuscularly or 0.1% solution of physiostigmine - 1 ml subcutaneously again an hour later until the pulse rate is 60 - 70 per minute, lidocaine - 100 mg, 0.1% solution inderal 1-5 ml intravenously. For bradyathermia - 0.1% atropine solution subcutaneously or intravenously again after an hour. For convulsions and agitation - 5 - 10 mg of diazepam intravenously or intramuscularly. Sodium bicarbonate solution 4% - 400 ml intravenously.
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.
AMMONIA.
B. Symptoms of poisoning: see. Alkalis are caustic.
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics
ANALGIN.
B. Symptoms of poisoning: see Amidopyrine
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics
ANESTHESIN.
Anestezin (benzocaine, ethylaminobenzoate). Hemotoxic (methemoglobin-forming) effect. Lethal dose 10-15 g.
Rapidly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and excreted by the kidneys.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When a toxic dose is ingested, there is severe cyanosis of the lips, ears, face, and limbs due to acute methemoglobinemia. Psychomotor agitation. When methglobinemia exceeds 50% of the total hemoglobin content, coma, hemolysis, and exotoxic shock may develop. High risk of anaphylactic reactions, especially in children
B. Emergency care:
2. Antidote treatment.
3. Symptomatic therapy.
1. Gastric lavage through a tube, forced diuresis with blood alkalization (sodium bicarbonate 10-15 g orally)
2. Methylene blue 1% solution, 1-2 ml per 1 kg of body weight with 250-300 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously, 5% ascorbic acid solution - 10 ml intravenously.
3. Oxygen therapy, hyperbaric oxygenation.
ANDAXIN.
A. Names of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.
Andaxin (meprotan, meprobamate). Psychotropic neurotoxic (central muscle relaxation), antipyretic effect. The lethal dose is about 15 g. The toxic concentration in the blood is 100 mg/l, lethal 200 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and excreted in the urine within 2-3 days
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Drowsiness, muscle weakness, decreased body temperature. In severe cases - coma, dilated pupils, decreased blood pressure, respiratory failure. See also barbiturates.
B. Emergency care:
1. Methods of active detoxification.
2. Antidote treatment.
3. Symptomatic therapy.
1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative. Forced diuresis without plasma alkalization. With the development of a coma - peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, detoxification hemosorption. In case of severe breathing disorders - artificial ventilation.
ANILINE.
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics
Aniline (amidobenzene, phenylamine). Psychotropic, neurotoxic, hemotoxic (methemoglobin-forming, secondary hemolysis), hepatotoxic effect. The lethal dose when taken orally is 1 g. When the methemoglobin content of total hemoglobin is 20-30%, symptoms of intoxication appear, 60-80% is a lethal concentration. Entry through the respiratory tract, digestive tract, skin. Most of it is metabolized to form intermediate products that cause methemoglobin formation. Deposited in adipose tissue, relapses of intoxication are possible. Excreted through the lungs and kidneys (para-aminophenol).
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Bluish discoloration of the mucous membranes of the lips, ears, and nails due to acute methemoglobinemia. Severe weakness, dizziness, headache, euphoria with motor excitement, vomiting, shortness of breath. The pulse is frequent, the liver is enlarged and painful. In severe poisoning, impaired consciousness and coma quickly occur, the pupils are constricted, without reaction to light, salivation and bronchorrhea, hemic hypoxia. Danger of developing paralysis of the respiratory center and exotoxic shock. On the 2-3rd day of the disease, relapses of methemoglobinemia, clonic-tonic convulsions, toxic anemia, parenchymal jaundice, and acute hepatic-renal failure are possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. In case of contact with skin, wash with a solution of 1:1000 potassium permanganate. When taken orally - abundant gastric lavage, administration of 150 ml of petroleum jelly through a tube. Forced diuresis, hemosorption, hemodialysis.
2. Treatment of methemoglobinemia: 1% solution of methylene blue, 1-2 ml per 1 kg of body weight with 5% glucose solution 200-300 ml intravenously. Ascorbic acid solution 5% to 60 ml per day intravenously. Vitamin B12 600 mcg intramuscularly. Sodium thiosulfate 30% solution - 100 ml intravenously.
3. Treatment of exotoxic shock, acute hepatic-renal failure. Oxygen therapy, hyperbaric oxygenation.
ANTABUS.
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.
Antabuse (teturam, disulfiram). Psychotropic, hepatotoxic effect. Lethal dose: without alcohol in the blood about 30g with a blood alcohol concentration of more than 1% - 1g. Slowly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, excretion is slow in the urine (in unchanged form). Leads to the accumulation of acetaldehyde in the body, the main metabolite of ethyl alcohol.
B. Symptoms of poisoning
After a course of treatment with Antabuse, drinking alcohol causes a sharp vegetative-vascular reaction - hyperemia of the skin, a feeling of heat in the face, difficulty breathing, palpitations, a feeling of fear of death, chills. Gradually the reaction ends and after 1-2 hours sleep sets in. After taking large doses of alcohol, a severe reaction may develop - severe pallor of the skin, cyanosis, repeated vomiting, increased heart rate, drop in blood pressure, signs of myocardial ischemia.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. When taking a toxic dose - gastric lavage, forced diuresis.
3. Place the patient in a horizontal position. Intravenous influence of a 40% glucose solution - 40 ml with a 5% ascorbic acid solution - 10 ml. Sodium bicarbonate 4% solution 200 ml - intravenous drip. Vitamin B1 5% solution - 2 ml intramuscularly. Lasix - 40 mg intravenously. Cardiovascular drugs
ANTIBIOTICS.
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.
Antibiotics (streptomycin, monomycin, kanamycin). Neurotoxic otoxic effect
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
At the same time, ingestion of an excessively high dose of antibiotics (over 10 g) can cause deafness due to damage to the auditory nerve (streptomycin) or oliguria due to renal failure (kanamycin, monomycin). These complications develop 6 as a rule, with a noticeable decrease in diuresis against the background of various infections with a lower daily dose of the drug, but longer use. With increased sensitivity to antibiotics when using normal therapeutic doses, anaphylactic shock may develop.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. For hearing loss: 1-3 days after poisoning, hemodialysis or forced diuresis is indicated.
3. For oliguria: forced diuresis for the first day. Treatment of acute renal failure.
ANTICOAGULANTS.
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.
Direct anticoagulants - heparin.
B. Symptoms of poisoning
When administered into a vein, the effect is immediate, into a muscle or under the skin - after 45-60 minutes.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. In severe cases - blood replacement surgery, forced diuresis
2. Vikasol - 5 ml of 1% solution intravenously under the control of prothrombin content. Calcium chloride - 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously. In case of heparin overdose - 5 ml of 1% protamine sulfate solution intravenously, repeated if necessary (1 ml for every 100 units of heparin administered)
3. Aminocaproic acid 5% solution - 250 ml intravenously. Antihemophilic plasma - 500 ml intravenously. Repeated blood transfusion of 250 ml. Cardiovascular drugs as indicated.
Indirect anticoagulants - dicoumarin (dicumarol), neodicoumarin (pelentan), syncumar, phenylin, etc. Hemotoxic effect (blood hypocoagulation).
B. Symptoms of poisoning
It is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the effect appears after 12-72 hours. It is excreted in the urine. Bleedings from the nose, uterus, stomach, intestines. Hematuria. Hemorrhage into the skin, muscles, sclera, hemorrhagic anemia. A sharp increase in blood clotting time (heparin) or a drop in the prothombin index (other drugs)
A. Name of the chemical substance, its synonyms and characteristics.
Antifreeze
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
See ethylene glycol.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
See ethylene glycol.
ARSENITES.
Arsenites: sodium arsenite, calcium arsenite, double salt of acetic and metaarsenic copper (Schweinfurt or Paris green). See Arsenic.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
See Arsenic.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
See Arsenic.
ASPIRIN.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Aspirin (acetylsolicylic acid). Also included in the preparations: askofen, asphen, citramon, sodium salicylate. Psychotropic, hemotoxic (anticoagulant) effect. The lethal dose is about 30 - 40g, for children 10g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 150 - 300 mg/l, lethal 500 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed in the stomach and small intestine. Deacetylated in blood plasma, 80% is excreted in urine within 24 - 28 hours. B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Excitement, euphoria. Dizziness, tinnitus, hearing loss, visual impairment. Breathing is noisy and rapid. Delirium, suparosis, coma. Sometimes subcutaneous hemorrhages, nasal, nasal, gastrointestinal, uterine bleeding. The development of methemoglobinemia and toxic nephropathy is possible. Metabolic acidosis, peripheral edema
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage, Vaseline oil 50 ml orally. Forced diuresis, alkalization of the blood. Early hemodialysis, hemosorption.
3. For bleeding - 1 ml of 1% solution of Vikasol, 10 ml of 10% solution of calcium chloride intravenously. When excited - 2 ml of a 2.5% solution of aminazine subcutaneously or intramuscularly. For methemoglobinemia - see Aniline.
ATROPINE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Atropine (also found in bellaldonna, henbane, datura). Psychotropic, neurotoxic (anticholinergic) effect. The lethal dose for adults is 100 mg, for children (under 10 years old) - about 10 ml. Rapidly absorbed through mucous membranes and skin, hydrolyzed in the liver. About 13% is excreted unchanged in urine within 14 hours.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Dry mouth and throat, speech and swallowing disorders, impaired near vision, diplopia, photophobia, palpitations, shortness of breath, headache. The skin is red, dry, the pulse is rapid, the pupils are dilated and do not respond to light. Mental and motor agitation, visual hallucinations, delirium, epileptiform convulsions followed by loss of consciousness, development of a coma, especially in children.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. When taken orally - gastric lavage through a tube generously lubricated with petroleum jelly, forced diuresis.
2. In a comatose state in the absence of sudden excitement - 1 ml of a 1% solution of pilocarpine again, 1 ml of a 0.05% solution of proserine or 1 ml of a 0.1% solution of eserine subcutaneously again.
3. When excited, 2.5% solution of aminazine - 2 ml intramuscularly, 1% solution of diphenhydramine - 2 ml intramuscularly, 1% solution of promedol 2 ml subcutaneously, 5 - 10 mg diazepam intravenously. For severe hyperthermia - 4% amidopyrine solution - 10 - 20 ml intramuscularly, ice packs on the head and groin areas, wrapping in a damp sheet and blowing with a fan.
ACETONE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Acetone (dimethylketone, propanol). Psychotropic (narcotic) nephrotoxic, local irritant effect. Lethal dose is more than 100 ml. Toxic concentration in the blood is 200 - 300 mg/l, lethal - 550 mg/l. It is quickly adsorbed by mucous membranes and excreted through the lungs in the urine.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
If ingested and inhaled, intoxication, dizziness, weakness, unsteady gait, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, collapse, coma. There may be a decrease in diuresis, the appearance of protein and red blood cells in the urine. When recovering from a comatose state, pneumonia often develops.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. For oral administration, gastric lavage; for inhalation poisoning, rinse eyes with water and inhale oxygen. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization (sodium bicarbonate 10-15 g orally).
3. Treatment of acute cardiovascular failure (toxic shock), pneumonia. For abdominal pain, subcutaneously 2% solution of papaverine - 2 ml, 0.2% solution of platiflline - 1 ml, 0.1 solution of atropine -1 ml.
BABITURATES.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Long-acting barbiturates (8 - 12 hours) - phenobarbital (luminal), medium-acting (6 - 8 hours) - barbital (veronal), sodium barbital (medinal), sodium amytal (barbamyl), short-acting (4 - 6 hours) - sodium etaminal ( Nembutal).
Preparations containing barbiturates: tardil, bellaspon, Sereysky powders, verodone, bromital, andipal, dipasalin, camphotal, tepaphilin, etc. Psychotropic (narcotic, hypnotic) effect. The lethal dose is about 10 therapeutic doses with large individual differences. Absorption in the stomach and small intestine; sometimes in unconscious patients, drugs are found unchanged in the stomach 2-3 days after administration. Short-acting barbiturates are almost completely (90%) metabolized in the liver, 50-60% are protein bound. Long-acting barbiturates are protein bound (8-10%), 90-95% are not metabolized and are excreted in the urine.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
There are 4 clinical stages of intoxication. Stage 1 - falling asleep: drowsiness, apathy, contact with the patient is possible, moderate miosis with a live reaction to light, bradycardia during shallow sleep, hypersalivation. Stage 2 - superficial coma (a - uncomplicated, b - complicated): complete loss of consciousness, preserved reaction to painful stimulation, weakening of the pupillary and corneal reflexes. Variable neurological symptoms: decreased or increased reflexes, muscle hypotonia or hypertension, pathological reflexes of Babinsky, Rossolimo, which are transient in nature. Breathing disorders due to hypersalivation, bronchorrhea, tongue retraction, aspiration of vomit. There are no significant hemodynamic disturbances. Stage 3 - deep coma (a - uncomplicated, b - complicated): a sharp absence or decrease in eye and tendon reflexes, lack of response to painful stimulation. The pupils are narrow. Breathing is rare, superficial, pulse is weak, cyanosis. Diuresis is reduced. In the case of a prolonged coma (12 hours), the development of bronchopneumonia, collapse, deep bedsores and septic complications is possible. Impaired liver and kidney function. Stage 4 - postcomatose period: unstable neurological symptoms (prose, unsteady gait, etc.), emotional lability, depression, thromboembolic complications.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage (in comatose patients - after preliminary intubation) again after 3 - 4 days until consciousness is restored, water-alkaline load, forced diuresis in combination with blood alkalization. In stages IIb, III - early use of hemodialysis in case of poisoning with long-acting barbiturates, detoxification hemosorption, in case of poisoning with short-acting barbiturates or mixed poisoning. In stage IV - water-electrolyte load, diuretics
2. In the stage of complicated coma, the use of bemegride is contraindicated. A 20% solution of camphor, a 10% solution of caffeine, a 5% solution of ephedrine, and 2-3 ml of cardamine are administered subcutaneously after 3-4 hours.
3. Intensive infusion therapy. Plasma substitutes (polyglucin, hemodez). Antibiotics. Intramuscularly: vitamins B1 and B6 5% solutions - 6-8 ml, B12 - 500 mcg (B vitamins should not be administered at the same time), ascorbic acid 5% solution - 5-10 ml, ATP 1% solution - 6 ml per day. For low blood pressure - 0.2% norepinephrine in combination with 0.5% dopamine solution, 1 ml intravenously in 400 ml of polyglucin. Cardiac glycosites.
BARIUM.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Barium. Neurotoxic (paraletic), cardiotoxic effect. All soluble barium salts are toxic; insoluble barium sulfate, used in radiology, is practically nontoxic. Lethal dose is about 1g. Soluble barium salts are quickly absorbed in the small intestine and excreted primarily through the kidneys.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Burning in the mouth and esophagus, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, profuse diarrhea, dizziness, profuse sweating. The skin is pale. The pulse is slow and weak. Extrasystole, bbbigeminia, atrial fibrillation, arterial hypertension followed by a drop in blood pressure. Shortness of breath, cyanosis. 2-3 hours after poisoning - increasing muscle weakness, especially the muscles of the upper limbs and neck. Hemolysis, weakened vision and hearing, and clonic-tonic convulsions are possible with preserved consciousness.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1, 2. Gastric lavage through a tube with a 1% solution of sodium or magnesium sulfate to form insoluble barium sulfate, magnesium or barium sulfate 30 g orally (100 ml of a 30% solution). Forced diuresis, hemodialysis. Intravenous 10-20 ml of 10% solution of sodium or magnesium sulfate. Tetacin - calcium - 20 ml of 10% solution with 500 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously.
3. Promedol - 1 ml of 2% solution. Atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution intravenously with 300 ml of 5% glucose solution. For rhythm disturbances - potassium chloride 2.5 g in 500 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously, repeated if necessary. Cardiovascular drugs. Vitamins B1 and B6 intramuscularly (not simultaneously). Oxygen therapy. Treatment of toxic shock. Cardiac glycosides are contraindicated.
HENBANE.
See Atropine.
BELLADONNA.
See Atropine.
BELLOOID, BELLASPON.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Psychotropic (narcotic) and neurotoxic (cholinergic) effects. The drugs contain barbiturates, ergotamine, atropine. Lethal dose - more than 50 tablets.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
The earliest symptoms of atropine poisoning (see Atropine) appear, followed by the development of a severe coma, similar to a barbiturate coma (see barbiturates), with severe dryness of the skin and mucous membranes, dilated pupils, and skin hyperemia, hyperthermia. Poisoning is especially dangerous in children.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage. Forced diuresis, in case of severe poisoning - detoxification hemosorption.
3. When excited - see Atropine. If coma develops, see Barbiturates.
PETROL.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Petrol. Psychotropic (narcotic), hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, pneumotoxic effects. Leaded gasoline containing tetraethyl lead is especially dangerous. Rapidly absorbed in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. It is excreted primarily through the lungs.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When inhaling vapors - dizziness, headache, feeling of intoxication, agitation, nausea, vomiting. In severe cases - breathing problems, loss of consciousness, convulsions, smell of gasoline from the mouth. If swallowed - abdominal pain, vomiting, enlarged and painful liver, jaundice, toxic hepatopathy, nephropathy. With aspiration - chest pain, bloody sputum, cyanosis, shortness of breath, fever, severe weakness (gasoline toxic pneumonia). Poisoning is especially severe in children. Chronic inhalation intoxication is possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Removing the victim from the premises, steamy gasoline. If gasoline gets inside, lavage the stomach through a 200 ml tube. Vaseline oil or activated carbon.
3. In case of inhalation of vapors or aspiration - oxygen inhalation, antibiotics (10,000,000 units of penicillin and 1 g of streptomycin intramuscularly), cups, mustard plasters. Subcutaneously camphor - 2 ml of a 20 (percent) solution, cordiamine - 2 ml, caffeine - 2 ml of a 10 (percent) solution. Intravenous 30-50 ml of 40 (percent) glucose solution with corglycon (0.06 (percent) solution - 1 ml) or strophanthin (0.05 (percent) solution - 0.5 ml). For pain - 1 ml of 1 (percent) solution of promedol, 1 ml of 1 (percent) solution of atropine subcutaneously. In a comatose state with respiratory failure - intubation and artificial respiration, oxygen.
BENZODIAZEPINES.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Benzodiazepines - elenium (chlordiazepoxide, Napotom, Librium), diazepam (Seduxen, Valium), oxazepam (Tazepam), nitrazepam (Eunoctin, Radedorm). Psychotropic, neurotoxic effect. Lethal dose - 1-2g (large individual differences. Absorbed in the stomach and small intestine, binds to plasma proteins, detoxification in the liver, excretion in urine and feces.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
See Barbiturates.
BENZENE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Bezol. Psychotropic (narcotic), hemotoxic, hepatotoxic effects. Lethal dose 10-20 ml. The lethal concentration in the blood is 0.9 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. 15-30% is oxidized and excreted by the kidneys in the form of metabolites, the remaining portion is excreted unchanged through the lungs and in the urine. Depanation is possible in red blood cells, glandular organs, muscles, and fatty tissue.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When inhaling benzene vapors - excitement similar to alcohol, clinical-tonic convulsions, pallor of the face, red mucous membranes, dilated pupils. Shortness of breath with irregular breathing rhythm. Increased pulse rate, often arrhythmic, decreased blood pressure. Bleeding from the nose and gums, hemorrhage into the skin, and uterine bleeding are possible. When taking benzene orally - burning in the mouth, behind the sternum, in the epigastric region, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, agitation followed by depression, coma, enlarged liver, jaundice (toxic hepatopathy). Chronic inhalation intoxication is possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Removing the victim from danger zone. If poison is ingested, gastric lavage through a tube, Vezelin oil orally - 200 ml. Forced diuresis, blood replacement surgery.
2. 30% sodium thiosulfate solution - 200 ml intravenously.
3. Intramuscular vitamins B1 and B6 - up to 1000 mcg/day (B vitamins should not be administered at the same time). Cardiovascular drugs. Ascorbic acid - 10-20 ml of 5% solution with 5% glucose solution intravenously. Oxygen inhalation. For bleeding - 1% solution of Vikasol intramuscularly up to 5 ml.
BORIC ACID.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Boric acid (borax), borax, sodium borate. Local irritant, weak cytotoxic, convulsive effect. The lethal dose for adults is 10-20g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 40 mg/l, lethal 50 mg/l. Absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and damaged skin. They are excreted unchanged by the kidneys and through the intestines within a week. Deposited in bone tissue and liver.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Symptoms of intoxication develop 1 to 48 hours after ingestion. Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, general weakness, headache. Dehydration of the body, loss of consciousness, generalized twitching of the muscles of the face, limbs, convulsions. Cardiovascular failure. Possible damage to the liver and kidneys. Poisoning is especially severe in children.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diurcz. Hemodialysis for severe poisoning.
3. Riboflavin mononucleotide 10 g per day into the muscle. Correction of wine-electrolyte balance and acidosis: infusion of sodium bicarbonate solution, plasma-substituting solutions, glucose, sodium chloride. For abdominal pain - 0.1% atropine solution - 1 ml, 0.2% platifilin solution - 1 ml, 1% promedol solution - 1 ml subcutaneously. Novocaine 2% solution - 50 ml with glucose - 5% solution - 500 ml intravenously. Cardiovascular drugs.
VEGH IS POISONOUS.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Veh poisonous (hemlock, water hemlock, water omega). The most poisonous rhizome of the plant, especially late autumn And early spring. Contains cycototoxin. Neurotoxic (cholinergic, convulsive) effect. The lethal dose is about 50 mg of plant per 1 kg of body weight.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Initial symptoms of poisoning appear after 1.5 - 2 hours, sometimes after 20 - 30 minutes. Salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dilated pupils, tachycardia, clonic-tonic convulsions, respiratory depression. Loss of consciousness, collapse. Most often, poisoning develops in children, who usually eat rhizomes, mistaking them for carrots.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative, activated carbon orally, hemosorption.
3. Intramuscular injection of 25% magnesium sulfate solution - 10 ml. For seizures - diazepam 5 - 10 mg intravenously. Artificial respiration. For cardiac arrhythmias - 10 ml of 10% solution of novocainamide intravenously.
HYDROGEN IS ARSENIC.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Arsenic hydrogen (arsine) is a colorless gas with a garlic odor. Neurotoxic, hemotoxic (hemolytic), hepatotoxic effects. The lethal concentration in the air is 0.05 mg/l with an exposure of 1 hour; at a concentration of 5 mg/l, several breaths lead to death.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
In case of poisoning with low doses, the development of poisoning is preceded by a latent period of about 6 hours; in case of severe intoxication, the latent period is less than 3 hours. General weakness, nausea, vomiting, chills, anxiety, headache, parasthesia in the limbs, suffocation. After 8 - 12 hours - hemoglobinuria (red or brown urine), cyanosis, possible convulsions, impaired consciousness. On the 2-3rd day - toxic hepatotopathy, nephropathy, hemolytic anemia.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Early hemodialysis. Blood replacement surgery.
2. Mecaptide 40% solution - 1-2 ml every 4 hours with 0.25% navocaine solution intramuscularly for the first 2 days, then 2 times a day until 5 - 6 days, after which - unithiol 5% solution 5 ml 3 - 4 times per day.
For hemoglubinuria - intravenous glucozone-novocaine mixture (glucose 5% solution - 500 ml, novocaine 2% solution - 50 ml), hypertonic 20-30% glucose solutions - 200 - 300 ml, aminophylline 2, 4% solution - 10 ml, sodium bicarbonate 4 % solution - 100 ml intravenously. Forced diuresis. Cardiovascular drugs.
VITAMIN D2.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol, calciferol). Disturbance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body, cytotoxic (membrane), nephrotoxic effect. The toxic dose for a single dose of 1,000,000 IU is 25 mg (20 ml of oil solution, 5 ml of alcohol solution). Vitamin D is metabolized in the liver and kidneys to form active metabolites that cause the toxicity of the drug. Cumulates in the body.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Intoxication can develop as a result of a single dose of the drug or repeated consumption of the drug (sometimes instead of sunflower oil). In children - as a result of exceeding the course of preventive and therapeutic doses. Nausea, repeated vomiting, dehydration, malnutrition, lethargy, increased body temperature, general adynamia, muscle hypotension, drowsiness, followed by severe anxiety, clonicotonic convulsions. Increased blood pressure, muffled heart sounds, sometimes rhythm and conduction disturbances. Hematuria, leukocyturia, proteinuria, azotemia, acute heart failure. Hypercalcemia (calcium content in blood serum up to 20 mg% or more), hypercholesterolemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperproteinemia. Fluoroscopy of cadaveric bones reveals osteoporosis of the diaphyseal part. Metastatic calcification of the kidneys, myocardium, heart valves, and vascular wall is possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. At a high dose - hemodialysis, detoxification hemosorption.
3. Hydrocotisone - 250 mg/day or prednisolone - 60 mg/day intramuscularly. Thyrocalcitonia - 5D 2-3 times a day, vitamins A (oil solution) 3000-50000 IU 2 times a day intramuscularly. Tocopherol (vitamin E) 30% solution - 2 ml intramuscularly 2 times a day. Cardiovascular drugs. For increased blood pressure - 1% dibazole solution, 2-4 ml intramuscularly. Calcium-disodium salt ELTA 2-4 g per 500 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously. Glucose with insulin - 8D, isotonic sodium chloride solution 40% - 20 ml, plasma and plasma-substituting solutions.
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Cardiac glycosides: preparations different types foxgloves ( active principle- glycosides ditoxin, digoxin), adonis, lily of the valley, jaundice, strophanthus, hellebore, sea onion, etc. Cardiotoxic effect. It is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract; when administered intravenously, it is excreted slowly in the urine.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Dyspeptic disorders (nausea, vomiting). Bradycardia, ventricular and atrial extrasystoles, conduction disturbances, various types tachycardia, fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation. Fall in blood pressure, cyanosis, convulsions, blurred vision, mental disorders loss of consciousness.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage, saline laxative, activated charcoal orally. Detoxification hemosorption.
2. Atropine 0.1% solution - 1 ml subcutaneously for bradycardia. Intravenous drip administration of potassium chloride (only for hypokalemia!) - 0.5% solution 500 ml. Unithiol 5% solution, 5 ml intramuscularly 4 times a day.
For arrhythmias: 0.1% atropine solution - 1-2 ml intravenously, lidocaine - 100 ml every 3 - 5 minutes intravenously (until the arrhythmia is eliminated), diphenin - 10 - 12 mg/kg for 12-24 hours intravenously .
GRANOSAN.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Granosan (2% ethyl mercuric chloride). Enterotoxic, hepatotoxic effects.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Poisoning develops when consuming granosan-treated sunflower seeds, peas, flour from treated seeds, and fruits from untimely treated trees. Symptoms of poisoning develop gradually - 1-3 weeks after eating contaminated foods. Loss of appetite, unpleasant taste and dry mouth, thirst, lethargy, insomnia, headache. Then nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, lethargy, adynamia, hallucinations, and sometimes paresis of the limbs appear. Possible visual impairment, anisocaria, strabismus, ptosis (damage to the cranial nerves), tremor, epileptic syndrome, vomiting, diarrhea with blood. Symptoms of toxic nephropathy and toxic hepatopathy appear (enlarged and painful liver, jaundice).
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1, 2. See Sulema.
H. Vitamins B1 and B12. Prozerin - 0.05% solution, 1 ml subcutaneously.
MUSHROOMS ARE POISONOUS.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Mushrooms are poisonous. 1. Pale grebe— contains toxic alkaloids phalloin, phalloidin, amanitin. Hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, enterotoxic effects. 100 g of fresh mushrooms (5 g of dry) contains 10 mg of phalloidin, 13.5 mg of amanitin. The lethal dose of amanitin is 0.1 mg/kg. Toxins are not destroyed by heat treatment and when dried, they are quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and deposited in the liver.
2. Fly agaric - active principle - muscarine, muscaridine. Neurotoxic (cholinergic effect). Toxins are partially destroyed during heat treatment.
3. Strings, morels - contain gelvelic acid. Hemotoxic (hemolytic) effect. The toxin is destroyed by heat treatment.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
The latent period before the development of pronounced symptoms of intoxication is 6 - 24 hours. Uncontrollable vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria (red urine). Damage to the liver, kidneys. Hemolytic jaundice.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Sodium bicarbonate - 1000 ml of 4% solution into a vein. Forced diuresis.
DIKUMARIN.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Dicumarin.
B. Symptoms of poisoning. See Anticoagulants
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
See Anticoagulants.
DIMEDROL.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Diphenhydramine (diphenhydramine) and other antihistamines.
Neurotoxic (parasympatholytic, central anticholinergic), psychotropic (narcotic) effect. The lethal dose is 40 mg/kg. Toxic concentration in the blood is 10 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed, reaches maximum concentration in tissues within the first 6 hours, detoxification in the liver, and is excreted in the urine mainly in the form of metabolites within 24 hours.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Dry mouth and throat, drowsiness and dizziness, nausea, nausea, muscle twitching, tachycardia, blurred vision. The pupils are dilated, there may be horizontal nystagmus, the skin is dry and pale. Motor and psychological agitation, convulsions followed by loss of consciousness. Comatose state, drop in blood pressure, respiratory depression. Oral numbness may occur when taking premedimedrol by mouth.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. When taken orally, lavage the stomach through a tube lubricated with petroleum jelly. Forced diuresis.
2. Physostigmine - 0.1% solution, 1 ml subcutaneously, again, in the absence of sudden excitement - pilocarpine - 1 ml of 1% solution subcutaneously.
3. For agitation - aminazine or tizercin - 2.5% solutions, 2 ml intramuscularly, for convulsions - diazepam - 5 - 10 mg intravenously.
DIMETHYL PHTHALATE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Dimethyl phthalate. Local irritant, psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic, nephrotoxic effect. Absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract. In the body in short terms undergoes metabolism to form methyl alcohol.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
See Methyl alcohol.
Inhalation of vapors causes irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and nose.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
See Methyl alcohol.
DICHLOROETHANE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) exists in the form of 2 isomers: 1 - 1-dichloroethane and the most toxic 1 - 2-dichloroethane. Psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, local irritant effect. The lethal dose when taken orally is 15 - 20 ml. Toxic concentration in the blood - traces of dichloroethane, lethal 5 mg/l. Quickly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and skin. After oral administration, the maximum concentration in the blood is reached in the first 6 hours; the rate of absorption increases when taken together with alcohol and fats. It is metabolized in the liver with the formation of toxic metabolites chloroethylene and monochloroacetic acid. Deposited in adipose tissue. Excreted in exhaled air, urine, and feces.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Symptoms of intoxication appear in the first 1 - 3 hours. Upon admission - nausea, vomiting (persistent) with an admixture of bile, blood, pain in the epigastric region, salivation, loose, flaky stool with the smell of dichloroethane, scleral hyperemia, severe weakness, headache, psychomotor agitation, coma, exotoxic shock (1 - 2 days), on days 2 - 3 - toxic hepatopathy (pain in the right hypochondrium, liver enlargement, jaundice, nephropathy, hepatic-renal failure, hemorrhagic diathesis (stomach, nosebleeds) With inhalation poisoning - headache, dizziness, drowsiness, dyspeptic disorders, increased salivation, hepatopathy, nephropathy. In severe cases - coma, exotoxic shock. In case of contact with the skin - dermatitis, bullous rashes.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Abundant repeated gastric lavage through a tube, followed by the introduction of vaseline oil (150 - 200 ml) into the stomach. Detoxification hemosorbium, forced diuresis with blood alkalization. Vitamin E 1 - 2 ml 30% intramuscularly 4 times in the first 3 days.
3. In the presence of deep coma - intubation, artificial respiration. Cardiovascular drugs. Treatment of toxic shock. On the first day - hormone therapy (prednisolone up to 120 mg intravenously repeatedly. Vitamin therapy: B12 - up to 1500 mcg; B1 - 4 ml of a 5% solution intramuscularly; B15 up to - 5 g orally. Ascorbic acid - 5-10 ml of a 5% solution intravenously. Tetacin calcium - 40 ml of 10% solution with 300 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously. Unithiol 5% solution intramuscularly again. Lipoic acid - 20 - 30 mg/kg intravenously per day.
In case of sudden excitement, 2 ml of 2.5% solution of pipolfen intravenously. Treatment of toxic nephropathy and hepatopathy is carried out in a hospital.
Datura.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Datura. See atropine.
B. Symptoms of poisoning. See Atropine.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
See Atropine
LUCK.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Zamanikha (araliaceae seeds). Rhizomes and roots contain saponins, traces of alkaloids and glycosides, essential oil. Available in the form of a tincture of 5% alcohol. Cardiotoxic local irritant, psychotropic (stimulating) effect.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
If you take a toxic dose, you may experience nausea, repeated vomiting, loose stools, bradycardia, dizziness, anxiety, and a possible decrease in blood pressure. Bradyarrhythmia, ventricular extrasystole.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
3. Atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously or intravenously again until bradycardia stops.
ISOMIAZIDE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Isoniazid (GINK, isonicotinic acid hydrazide); derivatives: tubazide, ftivazide, saluzide, larusan, etc. Neurotoxic (convulsive) effect. Lethal dose - 10 g. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, maximum concentration in the blood 1-3 hours after administration. 50 - 75% of the drug in acetylated form is excreted in the urine within 24 hours, 5 - 10% through the intestines.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, headache, paresthesia, dry mouth, tremor, ataxia, shortness of breath, bradycardia, then tachycardia. In severe poisoning - epileptiform-type convulsions with loss of consciousness and respiratory distress. The development of toxic nephropathy and hepotopathy is possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization. Detoxification hemosorption.
2. B6 - 5% solution, 10 ml intravenously repeatedly.
3. Ether-oxygen anesthesia with muscle relaxants, mechanical breathing. Correction of acidosis - 4% sodium bicarbonate solution 1000 ml into a vein.
INDIAN HEMP.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Indian hemp (hashish, plan, marijuana, anasha).
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Initially, psychomotor agitation, dilated pupils, tinnitus, vivid visual hallucinations, then general lethargy, weakness, tearfulness and long, deep sleep with a slow pulse and a drop in body temperature.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
Gastric lavage if poison is taken orally, forced diuresis. In case of sudden excitement - 4 - 5% ml of 2.5% chlorpromazine solution intramuscularly.
INSULIN.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Insulin. Hypoglycemic effect.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Active only when administered parenterally. In case of an overdose, symptoms of hypoglycemia occur - weakness, increased sweating, hand tremors, feeling of hunger. In case of severe poisoning (blood sugar level below 50 mg%) - psychomotor agitation, clinical-tonic convulsions, coma. When emerging from a comatose state, prolonged encephalopathy (schizophrenia-like syndrome) is observed.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Phosphorus diuresis with blood alkalization.
2. Immediate intravenous administration of a 20% glucose solution in the amount necessary to restore normal blood sugar levels. Glucagon - 0.5 - 1 mg intramuscularly.
3. For coma, adrenaline - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously. Cardiovascular drugs.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Iodine. Local cauterizing effect. The lethal dose is about - - 3g.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When inhaling iodine vapor, the upper respiratory tract is affected.
(see Chlorine). When hit concentrated solutions severe burns occur inside digestive tract, the mucous membrane has a characteristic color. The development of hemolysis and hemoglobinuria is possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
Gastric lavage through a tube, preferably 0.5% sodium thiosulfate solution.
2. Sodium thiosulfate 30% solution - up to 300 ml per day intravenously, 10% sodium chloride solution 30 ml intravenously.
3. Treatment of burns of the digestive tract (see Strong acids)
POTASSIUM PERMANGATE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Potassium permanganate. Local cauterizing, resorptive, hemotoxic (methemoglobinemia) effects. The lethal dose for children is about 3 g, for adults - 0.3 - 0.5 g / kg.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
If ingested, sharp pain occurs in the oral cavity, along the esophagus, in the abdomen, vomiting, and diarrhea. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity and pharynx is swollen, dark brown, purple. Possible swelling of the larynx and mechanical asphyxia, burn shock, motor agitation, and convulsions. Severe pneumonia, hemorrhagic colitis, nephropathy, hepatopathy, and parkinsonism often occur. At low acidity gastric juice, methemoglobinemia with severe cyanosis and shortness of breath is possible.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. See Strong acids.
2. For severe cyanosis (methemoglobinemia) - methyl blue 50 ml of 1% solution, ascorbic acid - 30 ml of 5% solution intravenously.
3. Vitamin therapy: B12 up to 1000 mcg, B6 - 3 ml of 5% solution intramuscularly. Treatment of toxic nephropathy, hepatopathy in the hospital.
ACIDS ARE STRONG.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Strong acids: inorganic (nitric, sulfuric, hydrochloric, etc.), organic (acetic, oxalic, etc.). Oxalic acid is included in a number of products household chemicals used to remove rust: liquid "Vaniol" (10%), "Antirzhavin", paste "Prima" (19.7%), powder "Sanitary" (15%), "Tartaren" (23%). Local cauterizing effect (coagulative necrosis), hemotoxic (hemolytic) and nephrohepatotoxic - for organic acids. Lethal dose - 30 -50 ml.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When ingested, a chemical burn develops in the oral cavity, pharynx, pharynx, stomach, esophagus, and sometimes intestines - sharp pain in the oral cavity along the esophagus, in the abdomen. Significant salivation, repeated vomiting with blood, esophageal bleeding. Mechanical asphyxia due to burns and swelling of the larynx. Phenomena of toxic burn shock (compensated or decompensated). In severe cases, especially in case of poisoning with vinegar essence, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria are observed (urine becomes red-brown, dark brown), and by the end of the first day, yellowness of the skin and sclera appears. Against the background of hemolysis, toxic coagulopathy develops (short-term phase of hypercoagulation and secondary fibrinolysis). On days 2 - 3, the phenomena of exogenous toxemia (fever, agitation), the phenomena of active peritonitis, pancreatitis, then the phenomenon of nephropathy against the background of acute hemoglobinuric nephrosis (in case of acetic acid poisoning), hepatopathy, infectious complications (purulent tracheobronchitis, pneumonia) predominate. - 3 weeks, a complication of a burn disease can be late esophageal-gastric bleeding. By the end of the 3rd week, with severe burns (ulcerative-necrotic inflammation), signs of cicatricial narrowing of the esophagus or, more often, of the outlet of the stomach appear (in case of poisoning with inorganic acids, burn asthenia is noted). loss of body weight, disturbance of protein and water-electrolyte balance. Ulcerative necrotic gastritis and esophagitis often become chronic.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage cold water through a lubricated probe vegetable oil. Before gastric lavage - subcutaneous morphine - 1 ml of 1% solution and atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution. Forced diuresis with alkalization of the blood. Swallow pieces of ice.
2. Injection of 4% sodium bicarbonate solution up to 1500 ml into a vein when dark urine appears and metabolic acidosis develops.
3. Treatment of burn shock. Polyglucin - 800 ml intravenously. Glucose-novocaine mixture (glucose - 300 ml of 5% solution, novocaine - 30 ml of 2% solution) intravenous drip. Papaverine - 2 ml of 2% solution, platifilin - 1 ml of 0.2% solution, atropine - 0.5 - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously up to 6 - 8 times a day. Cardiovascular drugs (cordiamine - 2 ml, caffeine - 2 ml of 10% solution subcutaneously). If bleeding develops, apply ice inside. In cases of significant blood loss, repeat blood transfusion. Antibiotic therapy (penicillin - up to 8,000,000 units per day). Hormone therapy: hydrocartisone - 125 mg, ACTH - 40 units intramuscularly per day. For local treatment of the burnt surface, 20 ml of the mixture of the following composition is given orally after 3 hours: 10% sunflower oil emulsion - 200 ml, anesthesin - 2 ml, chloramphenicol - 2 g. Vitamin therapy: B12 - 400 mcg, B1 - 2 ml of 5% solution intramuscularly (do not enter at the same time). Treatment of toxic nephropathy, hepatopathy - in a hospital. For the treatment of toxic coagulopathy after stopping bleeding - heparin up to 30,000 - 60,000 units per day intravenously intramuscularly for 2 - 3 days (under the control of a coagulogram). For swelling of the larynx - inhalation of aerosols: novokina - 3 ml of 0.5% solution with ephedrine - 1 ml of 5% solution or adrenaline - 1 ml of 0.1% solution. If this measure fails, tracheostomy is performed.
CAFFEINE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Caffeine and other xanthines - theophylline, theobromine, aminophylline, aminophylline. . Psychotropic, neurotoxic (convulsive) effect. The lethal dose is 20 g with large individual differences, the lethal concentration in the blood is more than 100 mg/l. It is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, demethylated in the body, and excreted in the urine in the form of metabolites, 10% unchanged.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Tinnitus, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, increased body temperature, palpitations. Severe psychomotor agitation and clonicotonic convulsions are possible. In the future, depression of the nervous system may develop up to a soporous state, severe tachycardia (sometimes paroxysmal, accompanied by hypotension), and cardiac arrhythmias. In case of an overdose of drugs, especially when administered intravenously, an attack of clonic-tonic convulsions and a drop in blood pressure are possible. Orthostatic collapse.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative. Forced diuresis. In severe cases, detoxification hemosorption.
3. Aminazine - 2 ml of 2.5% solution intramuscularly. In severe cases, intramuscular injection of a lytic mixture: aminazine - 1 ml of a 2.5% solution, promedol - 1 ml of a 1% solution, diprazine (pipolfen) - 2.5% solution. For convulsions - barbamyl - 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously. To relieve paroxysmal tachycardia - novocainamide 10% solution 5 ml intravenously slowly.
LITHIUM.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Lithium - lithium carbonate. Psychotropic, neurotoxic, cardiotoxic effects. Lethal dose - 20 g. Toxic concentration in the blood - 13.9 mg/l, lethal dose -34.7 mg/l. Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, distributed evenly in the body in intracellular and extracellular fluid, 40% is excreted in the urine, a small part through the intestines.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, muscle weakness, tremor of the limbs, adynamia, ataxia, drowsiness, stuporous state, coma. Heart rhythm disturbances, bradyarrhythmia, decreased blood pressure, acute cardiovascular failure (collapse). On days 3 - 4 - manifestations of toxic nephropathy. The wavy course of intoxication is characteristic.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diuresis. In severe cases, early hemodialysis.
2. Into a vein - sodium bicarbonate - 1500 - 2000 ml of 4% solution, sodium chloride - 20 - 30 ml of 10% solution after 6 - 8 hours for 1 - 2 days.
3. When blood pressure decreases - 0.2% norepinephrine solution intravenously until a clinical effect is obtained. B vitamins, ATP - 2 ml of 1% solution intramuscularly 2 - 3 times a day. Treatment of toxic nephropathy.
MERCURY OINTMENT.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Mercury ointment: gray (contains 30% metallic mercury, white (10% mercury amide chloride), yellow (2% yellow mercuric oxide).
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Poisoning develops when the ointment is rubbed into the skin, especially into the hairy parts of the body and when there are excoriations, abrasions on the skin, or during prolonged exposure (more than 2 hours). On days 1–2, signs of dermatitis appear and body temperature rises, which may be a manifestation of hypersensitivity to mercury preparations. On days 3–5, symptoms of toxic nephropathy and acute renal failure develop. At the same time, manifestations of stomatitis, gingivitis, enlargement of regional nodes occur, and on the 5th - 6th day - enterocolitis.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Forced diuresis. Early hemodialysis in the presence of toxic concentrations of mercury in the blood and severe intoxication.
2. Unithiol - 5% solution, 10 ml intramuscularly repeatedly.
3. Treatment of toxic nephropathy in a hospital setting. Apply ointment dressings with hydrocortisone and anesthesin to the affected areas of the skin. Treatment of stomatitis.
COPPER.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Copper and its compounds (copper sulfate). Copper-containing toxic chemicals: Bordeaux liquid (a mixture of copper sulfate and lime), Burgud liquid (a mixture of copper sulfate and sodium carbonate), cupronafte (a combination of copper sulfate with a solution of methylonaphtha), etc. Local cauterizing, hemotoxic (hemolytic), nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic effect. The lethal dose of copper sulfate is 30 - 50 ml. The toxic concentration of copper in the blood is 5.4 mg/l. About 1/4 of the dose administered orally is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and binds to plasma proteins. Most of it is deposited in the liver. Excretion with bile, feces, urine.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When copper sulfate is ingested, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, frequent bowel movements, headache, weakness, tachycardia, and toxic shock develop. With severe hemolysis (hemoglobin), acute renal failure (anuria, nuremia). Texas hepotopathy. Hemolytic jaundice, anemia. When non-ferrous metals (highly dispersed copper dust (zinc and chromium)) enter the upper respiratory tract during welding, acute “foundry fever” develops: chills, dry cough, headache, weakness, shortness of breath, persistent fever. Possible allergic reaction(red rash on the skin, itching).
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diuresis. Early hemodialysis.
2. Unithiol - 10 ml of a 5% solution, then 5 ml every 3 hours intramuscularly for 2 - 3 days. Sodium thiosulfate - 100 ml of 30% solution intravenously.
3. Morphine - 1 ml of 1% solution, atropine - 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously. For frequent vomiting - aminazine - 1 ml of 2.5 solution intramuscularly. Glucose-novocaine mixture (glucose 5% - 500 ml, novocaine 2% - 50 ml intravenously). Antibiotics. Vitamin therapy. For hemoglobinuria - sodium bicarbonate - 1000 ml of 4% solution intravenously. Treatment of acute renal failure and toxic hepatopathy - in a hospital setting. For foundry fever - acetylsolicylic acid - 1 g, codeine - 0.015 g orally. For allergic rash - diphenhydramine - 1 ml of 1% solution subcutaneously, calcium gluconate 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously.
MORPHINE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Mlorphine and other narcotic analgesics of the opium group: opium, pantopon, heroin, dionine, codeine, tecodin, fenadone. Preparations containing substances of the opium group - gastric drops and tablets, codeterpin, cotermops. Psychotropic (narcotic), neurotoxic effect. The lethal dose when morphine is taken orally is 0.5 - 1 g, when administered intravenously - 0.2 g. The lethal concentration in the blood is 0.1 - 4 mg/l. All drugs are especially toxic for children younger age. The lethal dose for children under 3 years of age is 400 ml, phenadone - 40 mg, heroin - 20 mg. Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and when administered parenterally, detoxification in the liver by conjugation with glucoronic acid (90%), 75% is excreted in the urine on the first day in the form of conjugants.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When ingesting or parenterally administering toxic doses of drugs, a coma develops, which is characterized by significant constriction of the pupils with a weakened reaction to light, skin hyperemia, muscle hypertonicity, and sometimes clonic-tonic convulsions. In severe cases, breathing disturbances and the development of asphyxia are often observed - severe cyanosis of the mucous membranes, dilated pupils, bradycardia, collapse, hypothermia. In case of severe cadeine poisoning, breathing problems are possible while the patient remains conscious, as well as a significant decrease in blood pressure.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Repeated gastric lavage (even with pantheral administration of morphine), activated charcoal orally, saline laxative. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization. Detoxification hemosorption.
2. Administration of nalorphine (anthorphine) - 3 - 5 ml of 0.5% solution intravenously.
3. Subcutaneously atropine - 1 - 2 ml of 0.1% solution, caffeine - 2 ml of 10% solution, cordiamine - 2 ml. Vitamin B1 - 3 ml of 5% solution intravenously again. Oxygen inhalation, artificial respiration. Warming the body.
ARSENIC.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Arsenic and its compounds. Nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, enterotoxic, neurotoxic effects. The most toxic compounds are trivalent arsenic. The lethal dose of arsenic when taken orally is 0.1 - 0.2 g. Toxic concentration in the blood is 1 mg/l, lethal - 15 mg/l. Slowly absorbed from the intestine and after parenteral administration. Deposited in the liver, kidneys, spleens, thin intestinal walls, and lungs. When inorganic compounds are consumed, arsenic appears in the urine within 2–8 hours and is excreted in the urine within 10 days. Organic compounds excreted in urine and feces within 24 hours.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When ingested, a gastrointestinal form of poisoning is more often observed. Metallic taste in the mouth, vomiting, severe abdominal pain. Vomit is greenish in color. Loose stools resembling rice water. Severe dehydration of the body, accompanied by chlorpenic convulsions. Hemoglobinuria as a result of hemolysis, jaundice, hemolytic numbness, acute hepatic-renal failure. In the terminal phase - collapse, coma. A paralytic form is possible: stunning, stuporous state, convulsions, loss of consciousness, coma, respiratory paralysis, collapse. In case of inhalation poisoning with arsenous hydrogen, severe hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, cyanosis quickly develop, and on the 2nd - 3rd day - hepatic-renal failure.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube, repeated siphon enemas. Early hemodialysis with simultaneous intravenous administration of 150 - 200 ml of 5% unithiol solution.
2. Unithiol - 5% solution, 5 ml 8 times a day intramuscularly; 10% solution of thetacine-calcium - 30 ml in 500 ml of 5% glucose intravenously.
3. Vitamin therapy: ascorbic acid, vitamins B1, B6, B15. 10% sodium chloride solution intravenously, repeated 10 ml (under ionogram control). For severe pain in the intestines - platifilin -1 ml of 0.2% rasta, atropine 1 ml of 0.1% solution subcutaneously, perirenal block with novocaine. Cardiovascular drugs. Treatment of exotoxic shock. For hemoglobinuria - glucose-novocaine mixture (glucose 5% - 500 ml, novocaine 2% - 50 ml) intravenously, hypertonic solution (20 - 30%) glucose - 200 - 300 ml, aminophylline 2, 4% solution - 10 ml, bicarbonate sodium 4% - 1000 ml intravenously. Forced diuresis.
NAPHTHALENE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Naphthalene has a local irritant, hemotoxic (hemolytic) effect. The lethal dose when taken orally is about 10 g, for children - 2 g. Poisoning is possible through inhalation of vapors and dust, through penetration through the skin, or into the stomach. Excretion in urine in the form of metabolites.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
When inhaled - headache, nausea, vomiting, lacrimation, cough, superficial clouding of the cornea. The development of hemolysis and hemoglobinuria is possible. Upon contact with skin - erythema, dermatitis phenomena. If ingested - abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea. Anxiety, in severe cases - coma, convulsions. Tachycardia, shortness of breath, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, toxic nephropathy. The development of toxic hepatopathy is possible. Poisoning is especially dangerous in children.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. When taken orally - gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative. Forced diuresis with blood alkalization.
2. Sodium bicarbonate 5 g orally in water every 4 hours or intravenously 4% solution 1 - 1.5 liters per day.
3. Calcium chloride - 10 ml of 10% solution intravenously, orally - rutin - 0.01 g, riboflavin 0.01 g repeated. Treatment of toxic nephropathy.
AMMONIA.
Ammonia - see Caustic alkalis.
NICOTINE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Nicotine. Psychotropic (stimulating), neurotoxic (cholinergic, convulsive) effect. Toxic concentration in the blood is 5 ml/l, lethal dose is 10 - 22 mg/l. It is quickly absorbed by the mucous membranes and quickly metabolized in the body. Detoxification in the liver. 25% are excreted unchanged in the urine and through the lungs with sweat.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, cold sweat. The pulse is slow at first, then rapid and irregular. Constriction of the pupils, visual and hearing disturbances, muscle fibrillation, clonic-tonic convulsions. Coma, collapse. Non-smokers are more sensitive to nicotine than long-term smokers.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage with a solution of potassium permanganate 1:1000, followed by the administration of a saline laxative. Activated carbon inside. Forced diuresis. In case of severe poisoning - detoxification hemosorption.
3. Intravenous 50 ml of 2% novocaine solution, 500 ml of 5% glucose solution. Intramuscularly - magnesium sulfate 25% - 10 ml. For convulsions with difficulty breathing - 10 ml of 10% barbamyl solution intravenously or 2 ml of 2% ditilin and artificial respiration. For severe bradycardia - 1 ml of 0.1% atropine solution subcutaneously.
NITRITES.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Nitrites: sodium nitrite (saltpeter), potassium, ammonium, amyl nitrite, nitroglycerin. Hemotoxic (direct hemoglobin formation), vascular effect (relaxation of the smooth muscles of the vascular wall). The lethal dose of sodium nitrite is 2 g. It is quickly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and is excreted mainly unchanged through the kidneys and intestines. They are not deposited in the body.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
First, redness of the skin, then cyanosis of the mucous membranes and skin. The clinical picture is mainly due to the development of methemoglobinemia (see Aniline). A decrease in blood pressure is possible up to the development of acute cardiovascular failure (collapse).
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube. Forced diuresis.
2. Treatment of methemoglobinemia (see Aniline).
3. When blood pressure decreases, administer 1 - 2 ml of cordiamine, 1 - 2 ml of a 10% caffeine solution subcutaneously, 1 - 2 ml of a 0.2% solution of norepinephrine in 500 ml of a 5% glucose solution - intravenously.
CARBON MONOXIDE.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Carbon monoxide ( carbon monoxide). Hypotoxic, neurotoxic, hemotoxic effects (carboxyhemoglobinemia). The lethal concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood is 50% of the total hemoglobin content. Engine exhaust poisoning internal combustion(cars), “burning out” due to malfunctions of the stove heating system, poisoning at the source of the fire.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Mild degree - headache of a circling nature (symptom of a hoop), pounding in the temples, dizziness, nausea, vomiting. A transient increase in blood pressure and the phenomenon of trachyobronchitis (poisoning in a fire) are possible. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood taken at the scene of the incident is 20 - 30%. Moderate severity - short-term loss of consciousness at the scene, followed by agitation with visual and auditory hallucinations or retardation, adynamia. Hypertension syndrome, tachycardia, toxic damage to the heart muscle. The phenomenon of tracheobronchitis with impaired external respiration function (poisoning in a fire). The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in blood taken at the scene of the incident is 30 - 40%.
Severe poisoning - prolonged coma, convulsions, cerebral edema, disturbances in external respiration with symptoms of respiratory failure (aspiration-obstruction syndrome, burn of the upper respiratory tract - fire poisoning), hypertensive syndrome, toxic damage to the heart muscle, possible development of myocardial infarction. Sometimes trophic skin disorders, development of myorenal syndrome, acute renal failure. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood taken at the scene was 50%.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Carry the victim to fresh air. Continuous inhalation for 2 - 3 hours.
2. For moderate and severe poisoning - hyperboric oxygenation at a pressure in the chamber of 2 - 3 atm for 50 - 60 minutes.
3. For cerebral edema - lumbar punctures with removal of 10 - 15% of the cerebrospinal fluid with high blood pressure, craniocerebral hypothermia (ice application or cold apparatus) for 6 - 8 hours, osmotic diuretics (mannitol, urea). For agitation, 1 ml of a 1% solution subcutaneously, aminazine - 2 ml of a 2.5% solution intramuscularly, for convulsions - 2 ml of a 0.5% solution of diazepam or 5 ml of a 10% solution of barbamyl intravenously. In case of damage to the upper respiratory tract - therapeutic and diagnostic tracheobronchoscopy, sanitation. Prevention of pulmonary complications: antibiotics, heparin (up to 25,000 units per day intramuscularly). In case of severe respiratory failure - artificial respiration, aminophylline - 10 ml of 2.4% solution intravenously, ascorbic acid - 10 - 20 ml, 5% glucose solution - 500 ml. Vitamin therapy.
PAHICARPIN.
A. Name of the chemical substance and its characteristics.
Pahikarpin. Neurotoxic (ganglionic blocking) effect. The lethal dose is about 2 g. The lethal concentration in the blood is more than 15 mg/l. Rapidly absorbed when taken orally and parenterally. Excreted in urine.
B. Symptoms of poisoning.
Stage I - nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, weakness, dry mucous membranes; stage II - impaired neuromuscular conduction: dilated pupils, impaired vision, hearing, severe weakness, ataxia, psychomotor agitation, clonic-toxic convulsions, muscle fibrillations, tachycardia, pallor, acrocyanosis, hypotension; stage III - coma, respiratory failure, collapse, cardiac arrest with sudden brachycardia.
B. Emergency care:
1. Active detoxification methods
2. Antidote treatment
3. Symptomatic therapy
1. Gastric lavage through a tube, saline laxative, forced diuresis, detoxification hemosorption.
2. In stage I, specific therapy is not performed. In stage II: 0.05% proserin solution subcutaneously 10 - 15 ml (days 1 - 2), 2 - 3 ml (days 3 and 4), ATP - 12 - 15
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