Where is ascorbic acid found? Vitamin C: why is it needed and where is it found?

Remember the lemons that English sailors rebelled against? Already in the middle of the 18th century it was known that these yellow sour fruits could prevent scurvy. Only many decades later it was discovered that the very healing substance that prevents and treats scurvy is ascorbic acid, or vitamin C.

Beautiful smooth skin;

Visual acuity;

Sound sleep, good mood.

Vitamin C is found in four various forms, so-called stereoisomers (in this case, its atomic composition is always the same, it’s just that the molecule has a different spatial structure). This gives the vitamin the opportunity in each case to perform different functions in the metabolic process, making it extremely versatile.

The most active natural stereoisomer of ascorbic acid is L-ascorbic acid.

After vitamin C enters the intestines with food, it immediately appears almost instantly in the blood, in the intercellular space and cells. According to the latest data, the vitamin C molecule has its own transport protein, thanks to which it penetrates into cells.

Ascorbic acid reaches its highest concentration in the adrenal cortex and in the central nervous system. Vitamin C is also high in leukocytes, white blood cells that play an important role in the immune system; it is also involved in the formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells.

By the way, this concentration of the vitamin in the body has its own limit, beyond which the vitamin simply stops being transported into the cells. Therefore, it is much wiser, for example, to eat several oranges throughout the day, instead of eating them all at once. Some of the vitamin is stored in the kidneys, from where it then enters the metabolism.

The activity of vitamin C is manifested throughout the body.

It helps strengthen the smallest blood vessels, cell membranes, and participates in the biosynthesis of collagen and elastin - special proteins connective tissue, supporting components of cartilage, bones, and vessel walls. Thanks to these properties, vitamin C prevents subcutaneous hemorrhages, accelerates the healing process of wounds and other skin damage, and strengthens the gums and ligaments connecting bones.

In addition, ascorbic acid smoothes and strengthens the walls of blood vessels - from microscopic capillaries to thick veins. Thanks to this property, vitamin C helps with varicose veins and hemorrhoids.

Ascorbic acid is an excellent “dentist” and “toothbrush”.

It strengthens countless small vessels and cells of the connective tissue of the gums, spreading sulfuric acid salts throughout the cells. If these salts are not enough, micro-tears can occur in the connective tissues, and then the gums begin to bleed... Ascorbic acid also helps supply calcium to the jaw bones and teeth. Well, the comparison with a toothbrush will be in favor of ascorbic acid: if there is raw vegetables and fruits, they will clean your teeth, give you fresh breath, and the vitamin C they contain will deal with bacteria that cause caries!

Ascorbic acid is involved in maintaining immunity and the synthesis of hormones, homeostasis of the human body.

The vitamin C molecule not only performs its role “for an encore”, but also helps other vitamins. One study found that vitamin E concentrations in people who took more than 220 mg of vitamin C per day were 18% higher than those who took 120 mg or less.

In addition, being an antioxidant, ascorbic acid helps the body use other antioxidants, it protects body cells and other vitamins from oxidation, and provides direct protection of proteins, lipids, DNA and RNA from the damaging effects of free radicals and peroxides. That is why vitamin C, along with other “healing” vitamins such as B5, E and PP, are added to various skin creams.

Vitamin C also becomes a real protector of the body against bacteria and viruses during pregnancy, protecting a woman from many other troubles, for example, varicose veins or stretch marks on the skin.

Note

You should not get too carried away with medications containing ascorbic acid.

Large doses of vitamin C can cause loose stools, gas and bloating, and interfere with the absorption of copper and selenium. Therefore, vitamin C should be taken in large doses only as prescribed by a doctor, and for preventive purposes it is better to obtain it from food and balanced vitamin and mineral supplements.

Sufficient amounts of vitamin C will help eliminate extra pounds! Vitamin C is involved in the synthesis of carnitine from the amino acid lysine. And carnitine, in turn, “takes” fat molecules from the blood and delivers them to cells for oxidation and energy production. Thus, ascorbic acid helps normalize weight.

Vitamin C stimulates the production of nerve stimulants, through which all our sensations are transmitted. Therefore, we can say that ascorbic acid plays a big role in a person’s mood.

Vitamin C is one of the four most important antioxidants. And together with vitamin A, vitamin E and selenium, it fights free radicals.

The main suppliers of ascorbic acid are vegetables and fruits, preferably eaten raw. The concentration of vitamin C decreases during storage, processing and especially when heated.

Regular consumption of vitamin C is beneficial for vision and prevents macular degeneration of the retina.

According to research, with long-term use, vitamin C protects against cataracts, a clouding of the lens that leads to vision loss. According to some data, women who took ascorbic acid for ten years or more experienced the initial stages of cataracts 77% less often than those women who did not take this vitamin.

If the skin becomes dry, pale, thin and rough, wrinkles increase, and hemorrhages appear, the cause may be a vitamin C deficiency.

For diseases of the digestive system, diets low in vitamin C are often used.

Sep-21-2016

What is ascorbic acid?

What is ascorbic acid, benefits and harms, as well as what it has medicinal properties and what exactly is this vitamin good for human health? These questions often arise among those who care about their health, lead a healthy lifestyle and are interested in traditional methods treatment. And this interest is understandable. Maybe in this article, to some extent, you can get an answer to these questions.

Perhaps the most ingenious invention of nature can be called vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid. If gold medals were awarded at the Olympics held among nutrients, “ascorbic acid” would certainly rise to the highest step of the podium.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - organic compound with the formula C6H8O6.Po physical properties This vitamin is a white crystalline powder with a sour taste. Easily soluble in water, soluble in alcohol. For the first time in pure form Vitamin C was isolated in 1928 by the Hungarian-American chemist Albert Szent-Györgyi, and in 1932 it was proven that the absence of this vitamin in human food causes scurvy.

Useful properties:

Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant. It plays an important role in the regulation of redox processes, participates in the synthesis of collagen and procollagen, the metabolism of folic acid and iron, as well as the synthesis of steroid hormones and catecholamines. Ascorbic acid also regulates blood clotting, normalizes capillary permeability, is necessary for hematopoiesis, and has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects.

This vitamin is a factor in protecting the body from the effects of stress. Strengthens reparative processes, increases resistance to infections. Reduces the effects of various allergens. There are many theoretical and experimental prerequisites for the use of vitamin C for the purpose of prevention cancer diseases. It is known that cancer patients, due to the depletion of its reserves in the tissues, often develop symptoms of vitamin deficiency, which requires their additional administration.

There is evidence showing the preventive role of vitamin C against colon, esophageal, bladder and endometrial cancers.

This vitamin improves the body's ability to absorb calcium and iron and remove toxic copper, lead and mercury.

It is important that in the presence of an adequate amount of vitamin C, the stability of vitamins B1, B2, A, E, pantothenic and folic acids significantly increases. Vitamin C protects low-density lipoprotein cholesterol from oxidation and, accordingly, the walls of blood vessels from the deposition of oxidized forms of cholesterol.

Ability to successfully cope with the emotional and physical burden of stress to a greater extent depends on ascorbic acid more than on any other vitamin. The adrenal glands, which secrete the hormones needed to act stressful situations, contain more ascorbate than any other part of the body. Vitamin C helps produce these stress hormones and protects the body from toxins produced during their metabolism.

Our body cannot store vitamin C, so we need to constantly supplement it. Because it is water soluble and susceptible to heat, cooked food destroys it.

Lack of ascorbic acid:

Vitamin C deficiency can be of two types:

• Severe – has symptoms such as muscle pain, apathy, lethargy, dry skin, aches and weakness, as well as bleeding gums;
• Acute – characteristic following signs: tooth loss, heart disease, hypotension, dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract and hemorrhages in the subcutaneous tissue.

An acute form of ascorbic acid deficiency can lead to serious consequences - a disease called scurvy. This disease is characterized by disruption of cartilaginous structures, destruction of tubular bones, and decreased functioning of the brain.

Scurvy in its primary stages has the following symptoms:

• Dizziness, weakness and fatigue;
• Irritation and drowsiness;
• Pain in the calf muscles and joints.

These symptoms appear several months after the onset of vitamin deficiency and do not indicate the presence of the disease, but are only its harbingers. If scurvy moves into a progressive stage, in which changes in gum tissue are observed, then this is an alarming sign, as it threatens not only serious damage to the health of the entire body, but also death.

Scurvy in an advanced state has the following signs of the disease:

• Specific pallor;
• Blueness of the mucous membranes;
• Changes in interdental papillae;
• Bleeding gums;
• Internal hemorrhages in the oral cavity;
• Increased salivation;
• Pain when chewing food.

The first symptoms of vitamin deficiency of this vitamin indicate the need for emergency measures to compensate for the deficiency of this element. If treatment is not timely, there is a gradual destruction of human systems and organs, which entails disappointing consequences:

• Attachment of secondary infections;
• Complete loss of teeth;
• Acquiring a specific appearance;
• Severe muscle and joint pain that blocks movement;
• Suppression of intestinal and gastric motility;
• Insufficient secretion of digestive enzymes.

Due to the development of the disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C, cardiac system disorders may occur. This condition is indicated by such signs as increased blood pressure, increased heart rate and weakened heartbeats. A long-term lack of ascorbic acid in a disease such as scurvy can lead to massive hemorrhages, bone fractures, disability and even death.

How is vitamin C beneficial for children?

Ascorbic acid is important for children at any age, but I would like to highlight the special conclusions of some experts. Vitamin C is a prophylactic agent that helps prevent sudden infant death (in infancy). This does not mean that babies need an increased intake of vitamin C. Babies receive all important vitamins through mother’s milk or through artificial nutrition (modern formulas are enriched with vitamins). It is strictly forbidden to use vitamin complexes independently without a doctor's prescription. If necessary, the doctor prescribes vitamins and also gives recommendations on organizing the child’s nutrition (timing of introducing complementary foods) or on organizing the nutrition of the nursing mother. It is normal nutrition that you should pay attention to during this age period.

One of the most famous beneficial effects of “ascorbic acid” can be called positive influence for immunity. Vitamin C is often recommended for children during colds. It helps resist colds and speed up recovery.

This vitamin helps wounds and burns heal faster, recover faster after operations, is considered a natural laxative, and reduces the likelihood of blood clots.

Benefits of ascorbic acid for a child:

• Improves immunity
• Helps fight viruses
• Helps treat colds
• Heals wounds
• Helps with recovery after surgery
• Positive effect on blood

Hair treatment:

Vitamin C is needed for hair no less than other vitamins, especially group B. As you know, the latter are responsible for the constant growth of hair, its silkiness and shine. In addition, their deficiency affects the state of the body as a whole, provoking depression and stress. As a result, the scalp becomes dry and uneven hair oiliness appears: the roots will be oily, and the ends will be dry and brittle.

To restore in these cases, you will also need ascorbic acid - it regulates the activity of all capillaries that supply each individual hair. The role of this vitamin should not be underestimated, since disturbances in blood microcirculation will cause a terrible problem - hair loss. This is the most danger sign for every woman, rather than loss of hair shine or oiliness. During a prolonged imbalance, caused by malfunctions of the capillaries, whole strands of hair may fall out, and complete baldness is possible.

Vitamin C, as already noted, is also beneficial for men. In fact, when a man begins to lose hair, timely treatment with vitamin C can restart the functions of the hair follicles and, therefore, stimulate hair growth.

Dentistry:

Vitamin C means healthy gums and strong teeth.

This process is especially pronounced in the gums and jaw alveoli, which differ from all other bones of the body in the highest calcium content. Our teeth are attached here, which have to withstand heavy loads when biting food. Increased doses of vitamin C can eliminate bleeding gums in no time, as it can literally strengthen countless small vessels in the gum tissue in just half an hour.

Calcium alone travels too slowly to the body's cells, especially when a lot of it is needed. With vitamin C, it forms chemical complexes, so-called chelates, and with their help is delivered to the right place with truly courier speed. This is especially noticeable when supplying calcium to dentin. Without this vitamin, calcium loses half of its beneficial qualities.

Calcium and vitamin C are secret competitors of dentists, or rather, they themselves are natural dentists. Some American biochemists, instead of brushing their teeth, eat lemon twice a day. They have absolutely clean teeth and fresh breath thanks to self-cleaning means of the mouth, which includes saliva. Vitamin C kills bacteria that cause dental caries, strengthens gums, and calcium turns jawbones and teeth into an impregnable fortress. “It’s healthier than scratching your gums with a toothbrush three times a day,” say modern biochemists. As evidence, they refer to jaws found during archaeological excavations of people who lived 5 or even 10 thousand years ago, whose teeth were all healthy, although there was no toothpaste or dentists then.

Ascorbic acid also carries sulfuric acid salts throughout the body's cells. If these salts are not enough, microscopic tears occur in the connective tissues, which most often manifests itself in bleeding gums and poorly healing wounds. What is very important: if the gums begin to bleed, then in most cases hidden internal bleeding appears throughout the body.

Cold treatment:

Although vitamin C cannot protect us from influenza viruses and other colds, it beneficial properties are still used for the prevention and treatment of ARVI.

World-famous biochemist and winner of two Nobel Prizes, Linus Pauling, has devoted many years to studying the properties of vitamin C. The scientist became interested in its biological effects in the late sixties of the 20th century.

In 1971, Pauling completed the monograph “Vitamin C and the Cold.” The scientist believed that loading doses of ascorbic acid - the best remedy prevention of colds.

But don't rush to follow his advice! Modern research showed that humans do not need “horse” doses of this vitamin, because its excess is excreted by the kidneys unchanged.

A synthetic analogue of ascorbic acid is often added to medications designed to alleviate the symptoms of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections. Of course, powders and tablets are not as pleasant a treat as tangerines or strawberries, but in terms of their properties, synthetic vitamin C is not inferior to natural one.

Now let's move on to the main thing - why do the mentioned drugs contain ascorbic acid and how can it help a person with a cold? The fact is that vitamin C stimulates the synthesis of interferons - protein compounds that our immune system produces to fight enemies ( pathogenic bacteria and viruses).

That is, vitamin C cannot neutralize, for example, the influenza virus, but it can strengthen our body’s natural defenses, accordingly easing the symptoms of the disease and shortening its duration.

Benefits for weight loss:

By the way, this vitamin stabilizes body weight. It takes part in the synthesis of carnitine from the amino acid lysine. This is of utmost importance for all obese people. Carnitine is a kind of taxi that picks up fat molecules from the blood and delivers them inside cells for oxidation and energy production. Since it is vitamin C that ensures the production of stress hormones that convert fat into a digestible form, it more than anyone cares about the slimness of our figure.

It is curious that animals in nature, with the help of vitamin C, maintain a stable weight until death. This vitamin also has other functions in the body. It releases iron from the intestinal walls and bile and delivers it to the blood to saturate the cells with oxygen.

Since it is vitamin C that ensures the production of stress hormones that convert fat into a digestible form, it more than anyone else cares about the slimness of our figure, and indeed about beauty in general.

Vitamin C with Zinc:

Today, quite often in pharmacies you can see combination preparations containing vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and zinc.

• Zinc. It is an important microelement for the body, it is necessary for the functioning of the immune system, participates in many metabolic processes, is integral part more than 90 different enzymes. Zinc increases the body's resistance to colds and has antiviral and antitoxic properties.
• Vitamin C. Helps increase the body's nonspecific resistance to infections. It stimulates the body's immune system to fight colds and flu. Vitamin C also plays an important role in metabolic processes and the formation of the body's antioxidant status. Vitamin C increases the concentration of interferon and antibodies in the blood, activates the production of leukocytes and immune proteins, which together quickly increases protective forces body.

What foods contain ascorbic acid?

Vegetables and fruits, the main suppliers of vitamin C, are preferably eaten raw. The longer they are stored, the lower their concentration of ascorbic acid.

During storage or processing, especially when heated, a significant portion of vitamin C is lost. Ready-to-eat salads in plastic packaging, which are offered in supermarkets, tend to contain more harmful and toxic substances (due to the presence of pest control agents, preservatives and etc.) than vitamin C. The same, although to a lesser extent, applies to frozen fruits and vegetables.

Fruits and vegetables are still the main sources of vitamin C. They should be eaten raw whenever possible, since high temperatures destroy most of the vitamin they contain.

The following foods are especially rich in this vitamin: (in milligrams per 100 g.)

• Elderberry - 37.1
• Kiwi - 26.7
• Oranges - 35.4
• Lemons with pulp - 34.0
• Lemon juice - 28.2
• Raspberry - 27.7
• Grapefruit juice (freshly prepared) - 26.3
• Beets, onions - 26.2
• Spinach, broccoli - 26.1
• Green peas - 26.0
• Kohlrabi - 25.8
• Asparagus - 23.7
• Cabbage - 23.6
• Liver - 22.2
• Blackberry - 21.2
• Soybeans - 18.5
• Potatoes - 18.0
• Tomatoes - 16.9
• Artichokes - 10.2
• Apples - 8.8

Contraindications:

An overdose of vitamin C is a rare occurrence; the body does not have a reserve of this substance. Everything that is consumed with food is immediately consumed by the body, and the excess is excreted by the kidneys, through the intestines and sweat glands. But when using synthetic ascorbic acid or injecting the substance, some difficulties may arise.

• Increased blood clotting, thrombophlebitis and thrombosis (blockage of blood vessels with blood clots).
• Poisoning with this vitamin in combination with glucose can lead to disruption of the pancreas. In this case, glucose appears in the urine and glycogen synthesis is disrupted - this is the main form of storage of its excess in the human body.
• Excessive repeated intake of the vitamin with food disrupts the functioning of the stomach glands, which manifests itself in the form of heartburn, nausea and pain.
• Such a symptom of an overdose of ascorbic acid, such as an allergic reaction in the form of urticaria, is rare, but with increased sensitivity to the drug it is possible.
• Impaired kidney function: changes in urine, constant overdose of vitamins often lead to the appearance of kidney stones.
• This is another factor in the development of arterial hypertension.

P N015746/01

Trade name of the drug:

Vitamin C

International nonproprietary name:

Ascorbic acid

Dosage form:

effervescent tablets

Compound:

1 effervescent tablet 250 mg contains:
active substance: ascorbic acid 250.00 mg;
excipients: sodium bicarbonate - 721.00 mg, sodium carbonate - 152.00 mg, citric acid- 1300.00 mg, sucrose - 962.00 mg, orange flavor - 90.00 mg, riboflavin sodium phosphate - 1.00 mg, sodium saccharinate - 3.50 mg, macrogol 6000 - 80.00 mg, sodium benzoate - 20.00 mg, povidone-K30 - 8.00 mg.
1 effervescent tablet 1000 mg contains:
active substance: ascorbic acid 1000.00 mg;
excipients: sodium bicarbonate - 821.00 mg, sodium carbonate - 152.00 mg, citric acid - 1030.00 mg, sorbitol - 808.00 mg, lemon flavor - 75.00 mg, riboflavin sodium phosphate - 1.00 mg, sodium saccharinate - 5.00 mg, macrogol 6000 - 60.00 mg, sodium benzoate - 40.00 mg, povidone-K30 - 8.00 mg.

Description:

Round tablets of flat-cylindrical shape with a chamfer on both sides, with a rough surface, from pale yellow to yellow, with the presence of light orange dotted inclusions.

Pharmacotherapeutic group:

Vitamin.

ATX code:

A11GA01.

Pharmacological properties

Pharmacodynamics
Ascorbic acid is a vitamin, has a metabolic effect, is not formed in the human body, and is supplied only with food. With an unbalanced and inadequate diet, a person experiences a deficiency in ascorbic acid.
Participates in the regulation of redox processes, carbohydrate metabolism, blood clotting, tissue regeneration; increases the body's resistance to infections, reduces vascular permeability, reduces the need for vitamins B1, B2, A, E, folic acid, pantothenic acid.
Participates in the metabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine, folic acid, norepinephrine, histamine, Fe, utilization of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, proteins, carnitine, immune reactions, hydroxylation of serotonin, enhances the absorption of non-heme Fe. It has antiplatelet and pronounced antioxidant properties.
Regulates H + transport in many biochemical reactions, improves the use of glucose in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, participates in the formation of tetrahydrofolic acid and tissue regeneration, the synthesis of steroid hormones, collagen, procollagen.
Maintains the colloidal state of the intercellular substance and normal capillary permeability (inhibits hyaluronidase).
Activates proteolytic enzymes, participates in the metabolism of aromatic amino acids, pigments and cholesterol, promotes the accumulation of glycogen in the liver. Due to the activation of respiratory enzymes in the liver, it enhances its detoxification and protein-forming functions, and increases the synthesis of prothrombin.
Improves bile secretion, restores exocrine function of the pancreas and endocrine function of the thyroid gland.
Regulates immunological reactions (activates the synthesis of antibodies, C3 component of complement, interferon), promotes phagocytosis, increases the body's resistance to infections. Inhibits the release and accelerates the degradation of histamine, inhibits the formation of Pg and other mediators of inflammation and allergic reactions.
In low doses (150-250 mg/day orally) it improves the complexing function of deferoxamine in chronic intoxication with Fe preparations, which leads to increased excretion of the latter.

Pharmacokinetics
Absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (mainly in the jejunum). With an increase in dose to 200 mg, up to 140 mg (70%) is absorbed; with a further increase in dose, absorption decreases (50-20%). Communication with plasma proteins - 25%. Gastrointestinal diseases ( peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum, constipation or diarrhea, helminthic infestation, giardiasis), consumption of fresh fruit and vegetable juices, alkaline drinks reduce the absorption of ascorbate in the intestines.
The normal concentration of ascorbic acid in plasma is approximately 10-20 mcg/ml, body reserves are about 1.5 g when taking daily recommended doses and 2.5 g when taking 200 mg/day, the time to reach maximum concentration after oral administration is 4 hours.
Easily penetrates into leukocytes, platelets, and then into all tissues; the highest concentration is achieved in the glandular organs, leukocytes, liver and lens of the eye; deposited in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, adrenal cortex, ocular epithelium, interstitial cells of the seminal glands, ovaries, liver, spleen, pancreas, lungs, kidneys, intestinal wall, heart, muscles, thyroid gland; penetrates the placenta. The concentration of ascorbic acid in leukocytes and platelets is higher than in erythrocytes and plasma. In deficiency states, leukocyte concentrations decline later and more slowly and are considered a better measure of deficiency than plasma concentrations.
Metabolized primarily in the liver into deoxyascorbic acid and further into oxaloacetic and diketogulonic acids.
Excreted by the kidneys, through the intestines, with sweat, breast milk in the form of unchanged ascorbate and metabolites.
When high doses are prescribed, the rate of elimination increases sharply. Smoking and drinking ethanol accelerate the destruction of ascorbic acid (conversion into inactive metabolites), sharply reducing reserves in the body.
Excreted during hemodialysis.

Indications for use

For tablets containing 1000 mg ascorbic acid:
Treatment of vitamin C deficiency.
For tablets containing 250 mg ascorbic acid:
Treatment and prevention of hypo- and avitaminosis C., including those caused by a state of increased need for ascorbic acid with:

• increased physical and mental stress;
• in complex therapy of colds, ARVI;
• for asthenic conditions;
• during the recovery period after illnesses.
• pregnancy (especially multiple pregnancy, against the background of nicotine or drug addiction).

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.
Childhood up to 18 years of age (for this dosage form).
With long-term use in large doses (more than 500 mg): - diabetes mellitus, hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis, hemochromatosis, thalassemia.

With caution
Diabetes mellitus, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; hemochromatosis, sideroblastic anemia, thalassemia, hyperoxaluria, oxalosis, kidney stones.

Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding

The minimum daily requirement for ascorbic acid in the II-III trimesters of pregnancy is about 60 mg. It should be borne in mind that the fetus can adapt to high doses of ascorbic acid taken by a pregnant woman, and then the newborn may develop a withdrawal syndrome. The minimum daily requirement during lactation is 80 mg. A maternal diet containing adequate amounts of ascorbic acid is sufficient to prevent deficiency in infant. Theoretically, there is a danger to the baby when the mother uses high doses of ascorbic acid (it is recommended that a nursing mother not exceed the daily requirement for ascorbic acid).

Directions for use and doses

The drug is taken orally after meals. 1 tablet is dissolved in a glass of water (200 ml). The tablets should not be swallowed, chewed or dissolved in the mouth.
Treatment of Vitamin C Deficiency: 1000 mg per day.
Treatment and prevention of hypo- and vitamin C deficiency: 250 mg 1-2 times a day.
During pregnancy The drug is prescribed in a maximum daily dose of 250 mg for 10-15 days.

Side effect

From the central nervous system (CNS): with long-term use of large doses (more than 1000 mg) - headache, increased excitability of the central nervous system, insomnia.
From the digestive system: irritation of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), with long-term use of large doses - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hyperacid gastritis, ulceration of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract.
From the outside endocrine system : inhibition of the function of the insular apparatus of the pancreas (hyperglycemia, glycosuria).
From the urinary system: moderate pollakiuria (when taking a dose of more than 600 mg/day), with long-term use of large doses - hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis (from calcium oxalate), damage to the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys.
From the side of the heart vascular system : with long-term use of large doses - a decrease in capillary permeability (possible deterioration of tissue trophism, increased blood pressure, hypercoagulation, development of microangiopathies).
Allergic reactions : skin rash, skin hyperemia.
Laboratory indicators: thrombocytosis, hyperprothrombinemia, erythropenia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, hypokalemia.
Others: hypervitaminosis, metabolic disorders, feeling of heat, with prolonged use of large doses - sodium (Na +) and fluid retention, metabolic disorders of zinc and copper.

Overdose

Symptoms: with long-term use of large doses (more than 1000 mg per day), nausea, heartburn, diarrhea, irritation of the gastrointestinal mucosa, flatulence, spastic abdominal pain, frequent urination, nephrolithiasis, insomnia, irritability, hypoglycemia are possible.
Treatment: symptomatic, forced diuresis. When any side effects you should stop taking the drug and consult a doctor.

Interaction with other drugs

Increases the concentration of benzylpenicillin and tetracyclines in the blood; at a dose of 1 g/day increases the bioavailability of ethinyl estradiol (including that included in oral contraceptives). Improves the absorption of iron preparations in the intestines (converts ferric iron to divalent iron), can increase the excretion of iron when used simultaneously with deferoxamine.
Reduces the effectiveness of heparin and indirect anticoagulants.
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), oral contraceptives, fresh juices and alkaline drinks reduce the absorption and absorption of ascorbic acid.
When used simultaneously with ASA, the urinary excretion of ascorbic acid increases and the excretion of ASA decreases. ASA reduces the absorption of ascorbic acid by approximately 30%. Increases the risk of developing crystalluria during treatment with salicylates and short-acting sulfonamides, slows down the excretion of acids by the kidneys, increases the excretion of drugs that have an alkaline reaction (including alkaloids), and reduces the concentration of oral contraceptives in the blood.
Increases the overall clearance of ethanol, which, in turn, reduces the concentration of ascorbic acid in the body.
Medicines quinoline series, calcium chloride, salicylates, glucocorticosteroids with long-term use deplete ascorbic acid reserves.
When used simultaneously, it reduces the chronotropic effect of isoprenaline.
Long-term use or use in high doses may interfere with the disulfiram-ethanol interaction.
In high doses, it increases the excretion of mexiletine by the kidneys.
Barbiturates and primidone increase the excretion of ascorbic acid in the urine.
Reduces the therapeutic effect of antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) - phenothiazine derivatives, tubular reabsorption of amphetamine and tricyclic antidepressants.

Special instructions

Foods rich in ascorbic acid: citrus fruits, greens, vegetables (peppers, broccoli, cabbage, tomatoes, potatoes). When storing food (including long-term freezing, drying, salting, pickling), cooking (especially in copper dishes), chopping vegetables and fruits in salads, making purees, ascorbic acid is partially destroyed (up to 30-50% during heat treatment).
Due to the stimulating effect of ascorbic acid on the synthesis of corticosteroid hormones, it is necessary to monitor adrenal function and blood pressure.
With long-term use of large doses, inhibition of the function of the pancreatic insular apparatus is possible, so it must be regularly monitored during treatment. In patients with high iron levels in the body, ascorbic acid should be used in minimal doses.
Currently, the effectiveness of using ascorbic acid for the prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system (CVS) and some types of malignant tumors is considered unproven.
Ascorbic acid is not recommended for use in cases of pyorrhea, infectious gum diseases, hemorrhagic phenomena, hematuria, retinal hemorrhage, immune system disorders, and depression not associated with vitamin C deficiency.
Prescribing ascorbic acid to patients with rapidly proliferating and intensively metastasizing tumors can aggravate the process.
Ascorbic acid as a reducing agent can distort the results of various laboratory tests (blood glucose, bilirubin, liver transaminase and LDH activity).

Release form

Effervescent tablets 250 mg, 1000 mg.
20 tablets per plastic tube, sealed with a plastic cap with silica gel and tamper evident.
1 tube along with instructions for use in a cardboard box.

Storage conditions

Store in a dry place, protected from light, at a temperature of 15 to 25°C.
Keep out of the reach of children!

Best before date

2 years.
Do not use after the expiration date stated on the package.

Vacation conditions

Over the counter.

Manufacturer

Hemofarm A.D., Serbia
26300, Vršac, Beogradski put bb, Serbia

Owner of RU:
Soko Stark D.O.O., Serbia
11000, Belgrade, st. Kumodrashka 249, Serbia

Representative office in the Russian Federation/organization accepting complaints from consumers:
Representative office of Atlantic Group joint stock company in the field of domestic and foreign trade
115114, Russia, Moscow, 1st Derbenevsky lane, 5

Vitamin C (L-isomer of ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble biologically active organic compound related to glucose.

Ascorbic acid gets its name from the Latin “scorbutus” (scurvy). Back in the 18th century, long before the discovery of vitamins, it was found that citrus juice contained a certain substance that prevented the development of scurvy in sailors during a long voyage. It is known that scurvy is a disease caused by a severe lack of vitamin C in food (vitaminosis).

What functions does vitamin C perform in the body?

Vitamin C is one of the most effective antioxidants; it protects the body's cells from the harmful effects of free radicals. Ascorbic acid is a participant in the process of biosynthesis of collagen and its precursor - substances that are necessary for the formation of complete bone and connective tissue. It is needed for normal hematopoiesis and the production of catecholamines and steroid compounds in the body. Vitamin C is able to regulate blood clotting and normalize the permeability of the walls of small blood vessels. It can prevent the development of hypersensitivity reactions (allergy) and reduce the severity of the inflammatory process.

Ascorbic acid is necessary for humans to protect their body from negative consequences impact. It has been established that the concentration of ascorbic acid salts in the “stress hormones” secreted by the adrenal glands is very high.

Under the influence of this vitamin, it is strengthened and recovery processes are activated.

Important: there is reason to believe that vitamin C is an important factor in, in particular, malignant tumors of organs digestive tract, urinary and reproductive systems.

Ascorbic acid accelerates the process of removing heavy metals and their compounds from the body.

Vitamin C prevents the oxidation of cholesterol and its deposition on vascular walls, thus exerting an anti-atherosclerotic effect. Its sufficient content increases the stability of other vitamins - A, E and B compounds.

The compound does not have the property of being deposited and is not synthesized in the body, and therefore a person must constantly receive it from the outside through the diet (with food and drinks).

Natural sources of this compound are many vegetables and fruits. Animal products contain very little vitamin C.

Since ascorbic acid is water-soluble and loses stability when heated, most of this vital vitamin is lost during cooking. It is advisable to consume vegetables and fruits containing it raw.

Animal sources:

• beef and pork liver;
• animal kidneys and adrenal glands;
• mare's milk;
• goat milk.

Plant sources:

• leafy greens ( , );
• horseradish;
• onions (green and onions);
• citrus fruits (oranges, etc.);
• cabbage (any variety);
• sweet pepper ("Bulgarian" and hot cayenne);
• tomatoes;
• potatoes (only baked with skins);
• green peas;
• apples;
• currant;
• peaches;
• apricots (including dried apricots);

Please note:the content of “ascorbic acid” is very high in the fruits of rowan, rose hips and. Vitamin drinks made from them allow you to cope with seasonal (winter-spring) hypovitaminosis.

Plants that can be used to prepare vitamin infusions:

• burdock (root);
• pepper;
• plantain;
• yarrow;
• pine needles;
• raspberry (leaves);
• violet (leaves;
• fennel (seeds);
• nettle.

Sufficiently long storage of products and biochemical processing negatively affect the level of vitamin C in food products. One of the few exceptions is dried rose hips, which retain an exceptionally high concentration of ascorbic acid (up to 0.2%) for up to 1 year or more. Rose hips contain a lot of other useful substances - vitamins K, P, tannins, sugars, etc. A syrup is made from the fruit (it can be purchased at the pharmacy), which will help you easily overcome hypovitaminosis.

Important:of all the dishes that have passed heat treatment, the “record holder” for the amount of preserved vitamin C is boiled white cabbage. When cooked for 1 hour (no more!) 50% of the “ascorbic acid” remains in it (relative to the initial level). Approximately the same amount of vitamin is retained in freshly prepared potato soup.

Vitamin C intake standards

An increased amount of “ascorbic acid” is required by patients, as well as those who take medications, etc.

Important:It has been found that the need for vitamin C increases significantly in people suffering from nicotine addiction; In addition, tobacco combustion products impair the digestibility of the beneficial compound. Smokers, as well as those who regularly consume alcohol, are recommended to consume 20-40% more vitamin C.

It is recommended for amateurs to consume a lot of vitamin C meat food. This is necessary to reduce the negative effects of nitrogenous compounds, in large quantities present in muscle tissue animals. Special attention It is worth paying attention to this vitamin for those who prefer meat in the form of sausages and smoked meats. As one of the preservatives in the manufacture of such products, the nitrogen-containing compound saltpeter is often used, which can be converted in the stomach into nitrosamines that provoke development.

The daily value depends on a number of factors, including:

• climate;
• environmental situation in the region;
• occupational hazards;
• smoking (including passive smoking);
• alcohol consumption;
• age;
• pregnancy;
• lactation.

Please note: Studies have shown that in hot or very cold climates, a person needs on average 30-50% more ascorbic acid.

The average adult needs to consume 60-100 mg of vitamin C per day. If ascorbic acid preparations are prescribed as part of complex therapy for diseases, the usual daily dosage is from 500 to 1500 mg.

During pregnancy, women need to consume at least 75 mg, and during breastfeeding, at least 90 mg of vitamin C.

Infants from birth to six months of age require 30 mg, and babies from 6 months to 1 year - 35 mg of vitamin C per day. Children from 1 to 3 years old require 40 mg, and from 4 to 10 years old - 45 mg daily.

Features of taking vitamin C

It is advisable to divide the recommended daily dose into several doses, i.e. use the principle “ fractional meals" The human body quickly uses up water-soluble vitamins and quickly excretes the “excess” in the urine. Thus, it is much better to maintain a constant concentration of ascorbic acid by taking medications or consuming fruits and vegetables in small portions throughout the day.

Hypovitaminosis of vitamin C was detected in 60-80% of preschool and younger children school age. Almost identical data were obtained from studies conducted in different regions Russian Federation.

Important : the deficiency of this compound is especially pronounced in winter and spring, when there are few fresh vegetables and fruits in stores, and those plant products that are sold year-round have much less ascorbic acid than freshly picked ones.

Hypovitaminosis leads to a decrease in immunity, as a result of which the frequency of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections increases (by 25-40%). Due to a decrease in the phagocytic activity of leukocytes towards foreign bacterial agents, diseases are much more severe.

The causes of hypovitaminosis can be divided into endo- and exogenous.

Internal causes are impaired absorption and ability to assimilate ascorbic acid.

The external reason is a long-term lack of vitamin intake from food.

With a deficiency of vitamin C, the following culinary manifestations of hypovitaminosis may occur:

• increased bleeding of gums;
• pathological mobility and loss of teeth;
• easy occurrence of hematomas;
• impaired regeneration (slow healing of cuts and scratches);
• lethargy and decreased muscle tone;
• alopecia (hair loss);
• dry skin;
• increased irritability;
• decreased pain threshold;
• arthralgia;
• general discomfort;

Please note : teeth can become loose and fall out as resorption of the bone tissue of the alveoli (tooth sockets) occurs, and insufficient collagen synthesis leads to weakening of the fibers of the periapical ligaments.Bruises on the body form almost spontaneously due to the fragility of the capillary walls.

Indications for starting to take higher doses of vitamin C

Indications for taking ascorbic acid in the form of drugs are:

• prevention of hypovitaminosis;
• treatment of hypo- and vitamin deficiency;
• pregnancy period;
• breast-feeding;
• active growth;
• frequent psycho-emotional;
• significant physical activity;
• general ;
• the period of convalescence after illness (to strengthen the immune system, accelerate recovery and restore the body);
• bleeding gums;
• nosebleeds;
• intoxication;
• infections (including);
• liver pathologies;
• slow healing of wounds and fractures;
• general dystrophy.

Important:In rare cases, when taking high doses of vitamin C, hypersensitivity reactions (allergy) may develop.

For preventive purposes, it is recommended to take 0.25 g of vitamin C with meals (the frequency of administration is 4 times a day). If cold symptoms appear in the first 4 days from the onset of the disease, you need to consume 4 g of ascorbic acid per day. Then the dose can be gradually reduced to 3, and then to 1-2 g per day.

Hypervitaminosis

In most cases, the body tolerates even very high doses of this biologically active compound well, but the development of diarrhea is possible.

When taken in parallel with drugs salicylic acid Vitamin C can trigger the development of and. It is advisable to consume it in the form of calcium ascorbate, which has a neutral pH.

In patients with genetically determined deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, large doses of ascorbic acid can lead to the destruction of red blood cells, which can lead to serious complications.

Large doses of vitamin C reduce the absorption of B12.

Contraindications to the use of “loading doses” are diabetes mellitus, increased blood clotting, and a tendency to.

Important:Long-term course treatment with vitamin C preparations can cause inhibition of insulin production by the pancreas.

G-Lactone 2,3-dehydro-L-gulonic acid.

Description

Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin. First isolated in 1923-1927. Zilva (S.S. Zilva) from lemon juice.

According to the results of numerous scientific research ascorbic acid is involved in the regulation of redox processes, carbohydrate metabolism, blood clotting, tissue regeneration, in the synthesis of steroid hormones, collagen; increases the body's resistance, reduces vascular permeability, which is important for various capillary bleeding, infectious diseases, nasal, uterine and other bleeding. Helps maintain healthy condition skin, participates in immune reactions, improves iron absorption. Has antioxidant properties.

Plays an important role in the functioning of the immune system, helping to increase the body's resistance to viral and bacterial infections.

In diseases accompanied by fever, as well as with increased physical and mental stress, the body's need for vitamin C increases.

Vitamin C is one of the body's defense factors against the effects of stress. Strengthens reparative processes. There are theoretical and experimental prerequisites for the use of vitamin C to reduce the risk of developing cancer.

Sources of ascorbic acid

A significant amount of ascorbic acid is found in foods plant origin(citrus fruits, leafy green vegetables, melon, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower and cabbage, black currants, bell pepper, strawberries, tomatoes, apples, apricots, peaches, persimmons, sea buckthorn, rose hips, rowan, baked jacket potatoes). It is present insignificantly in products of animal origin (liver, adrenal glands, kidneys).

Herbs rich in vitamin C: alfalfa, mullein, burdock root, chickweed, eyebright, fennel seed, fenugreek, hops, horsetail, kelp, peppermint, nettle, oats, cayenne pepper, red pepper, parsley, pine needles, yarrow, plantain , raspberry leaf, red clover, skullcap, violet leaves, sorrel.

		Name of food products	Amount of ascorbic acid
Vegetables		Fruits and berries		Eggplant	5	Apricots	10	Canned green peas	10	Oranges	50	Fresh green peas	25	Watermelon	7	Zucchini	10	Bananas	10	White cabbage	40	Cowberry	15	Sauerkraut	20	Grape	4	Cauliflower	75	Cherry	15	Potatoes are stale	10	Pomegranate	5	Freshly picked potatoes	25	Pear	8	Green onion	27	Melon	20	Carrot	8	Garden strawberries	60	cucumbers	15	Cranberry	15	Sweet green pepper	125	Gooseberry	40	Red pepper	250	Lemons	50	Radish	50	Raspberry	25	Radish	20	Tangerines	30	Turnip	20	Peaches	10	Salad	15	Plum	8	Tomato juice	15	Red currant	40	Tomato paste	25	Black currant	250	Red tomatoes	35	Blueberry	5	Horseradish	110-200	Dried rose hips	Up to 1500	Garlic	Traces	Apples, Antonovka	30	Spinach	30	Northern apples	20	Sorrel	60	Southern apples	5-10	Dairy products				Kumis	20	Mare's milk	25	Goat milk	3	Cow's milk	2

Remember that few people, and especially children, eat enough fruits and vegetables, which are the main dietary sources of the vitamin. Cooking and storage lead to the destruction of a significant part of vitamin C. In states of stress, exposure to adverse factors environment(smoking, industrial carcinogens, smog) vitamin C is consumed faster in tissues.

To prevent hypovitaminosis, rose hips are often used. Rose hips are distinguished by a relatively high content of ascorbic acid (at least 0.2%) and are widely used as a source of vitamin C. The fruits collected during the ripening period and dried are used. different types rosehip bushes. They contain, in addition to vitamin C, vitamins A, E, sugars, organic acids, and dietary fiber. Used in the form of infusion, extracts, syrups.

An infusion of rose hips is prepared as follows: 10 g (1 tablespoon) of the fruit is placed in an enamel bowl, pour 200 ml (1 glass) of hot boiled water, cover with a lid and heat in a water bath (in boiling water) for 15 minutes, then cool at room temperature at least 45 minutes, filter. The remaining raw materials are squeezed out and the volume of the resulting infusion is adjusted with boiled water to 200 ml. Take 1/2 cup 2 times a day after meals. Children are given 1/3 glass per dose. To improve the taste, you can add sugar or fruit syrup to the infusion.

Daily requirement for ascorbic acid

A person’s daily need for vitamin C depends on a number of reasons: age, gender, work performed, physiological state of the body (pregnancy, breastfeeding, presence of disease), climatic conditions, presence of bad habits.

Illness, stress, fever and exposure to toxic substances (cigarette smoke, chemicals) increase the need for vitamin C.

In hot climates and in the Far North, the need for vitamin C increases by 30-50 percent. A young body absorbs vitamin C better than an older one, so in older people the need for vitamin C is slightly increased.

It has been proven that contraceptives (oral contraceptives) lower the level of vitamin C in the blood and increase daily requirement in it.

The weighted average physiological requirement for the vitamin is 60-100 mg per day.

Table. Norms of physiological need for vitamin C [MP 2.3.1.2432-08]

The body quickly uses up incoming vitamin C. It is advisable to constantly maintain a sufficient supply of vitamin C.

Signs of hypervitaminosis

Vitamin C is generally well tolerated in doses up to 1000 mg/day.

If taken in too large doses, diarrhea may develop.

Large doses may cause hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) in people lacking the specific enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Therefore, people with this disorder can take increased doses of vitamin C only under the strict supervision of a doctor.

When using large doses of ascorbic acid, pancreatic function may be impaired with impaired insulin synthesis.

Vitamin C promotes the absorption of iron in the intestines.

Gummies and chewing gum with vitamin C can damage tooth enamel, so you should rinse your mouth or brush your teeth after taking them.

Large doses should not be taken by people with increased blood clotting, thrombophlebitis and a tendency to thrombosis, as well as diabetes. With long-term use of large doses of ascorbic acid, inhibition of the function of the pancreatic insular apparatus is possible. During treatment, it is necessary to regularly monitor its functional ability. Due to the stimulating effect of ascorbic acid on the formation of corticosteroid hormones, during treatment with large doses, it is necessary to monitor renal function, blood pressure and the level of hormones in the blood.

Extremely permissible level vitamin C intake for adults is 2000 mg/day ( Methodical recommendations“Norms of physiological needs for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation”, MR 2.3.1.2432-08)

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis

According to the head of the laboratory of vitamins and minerals at the Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, prof. V.B. Spirichev, the results of surveys in different regions of Russia show that the vast majority of children of preschool and school age lack vitamins necessary for their normal growth and development.

The situation is especially unfavorable with vitamin C, the deficiency of which was identified in 80-90% of the children examined.

When examining children in hospitals in Moscow, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and other cities, vitamin C deficiency is found in 60-70%.

The depth of this deficiency increases in the winter-spring period, however, in many children, insufficient supply of vitamins persists even in the more favorable summer and autumn months, that is, it is year-round.

But insufficient intake of vitamins significantly reduces the activity of the immune system, increases the frequency and severity of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. According to domestic researchers, a lack of ascorbic acid in schoolchildren halves the ability of leukocytes to destroy pathogenic microbes that have entered the body, as a result of which the frequency of acute respiratory diseases increases by 26-40%, and vice versa, taking vitamins significantly reduces the incidence of acute respiratory infections.

Deficiency may be exogenous (due to the low content of ascorbic acid in food products) and endogenous (due to impaired absorption and digestibility of vitamin C in the human body).

If there is insufficient vitamin intake over a long period of time, hypovitaminosis may develop. Possible signs of vitamin C deficiency:

• bleeding gums
• cyanosis of lips, nose, ears, nails, gums
• swelling of the interdental papillae
• ease of bruising
• poor wound healing
• lethargy
• hair loss
• pale and dry skin
• irritability
• joint pain
• feeling of discomfort
• hypothermia
• general weakness

Preservation of vitamin C during cooking

Name of dishes	Preservation of vitamin compared to the original raw material in%
Boiled cabbage with broth (cooking 1 hour)	50	Cabbage soup standing on a hot plate at 70-75° for 3 hours	20	Same with acidification	50	Cabbage soup standing on a hot plate at 70-75° for 6 hours	10	Cabbage soup from sauerkraut(cooking 1 hour)	50	Stewed cabbage	15	Potatoes, fried raw, finely chopped	35	Potatoes boiled for 25-30 minutes in their skins	75	Same, cleaned	60	Peeled potatoes, kept in water at room temperature for 24 hours	80	Mashed potatoes	20	Potato soup	50	The same, standing on a hot stove at 70-75° for 3 hours	30	Same thing, standing for 6 hours	traces	Boiled carrots	40

From the book by O.P. Molchanova "Fundamentals" rational nutrition", Medgiz, 1949.

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When studying the effect of vitamin C on passive smokers, it was found that people staying in smoky rooms experience oxidative stress, which accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis.

Conclusion: passive smokers need vitamin C supplements.

* dietary supplement. NOT A MEDICINE