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In the Russian language there is such an inflectional grammatical category as the person of verbs. With its help, you can find out who exactly is performing a specific action. There are three persons of the verb, both singular and plural.

What is the person of a verb in Russian?

Verb person in Russian is an inflectional grammatical category of verbs, expressing the correlation of the action called a verb to the participants in speech. That is, the person of the verb indicates who performs the action. The category of person is inherent in the verb forms of the present and future tenses of the indicative mood, as well as the forms imperative mood.

Meaning of person category of verbs

In Russian there are three persons of the verb in the singular and in plural person, expressing different meaning called an action verb.

Singular:

• 1st person verb– means that the action relates directly to the speaker, he is the subject of speech (I I'm cooking coffee, me I'll buy apples).
• 2nd person verb– indicates the correlation of the action to the interlocutor (you read a book, you build a house).
• 3rd person verb– expresses the relation of an action to a person or to an object that is not involved in speech (he goes to the cinema, she irons his shirt).

Plural:

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• 1st person verb– denote an action that relates to a group of people, including the speaker (we are sleeping, we will solve the problem).
• 2nd person verb– indicate an action that relates to a group of people, including the interlocutor (you think about summer, you will go to the mountains).
• 3rd person verb– express the attribution of an action to a group of objects or persons who do not take part in speech (they pick mushrooms, they clean the house).

How to determine the person of a verb?

To determine the person of the verb, highlight the personal ending of the verb form, determine its meaning in the context of speech, and also ask questions:

• 1st person verbs answer questions: What am I doing? What will I do? What are we doing? What will we do?
• Verbs 2nd person: What are you doing? What will you do? What you are doing? What will you do?
• 3rd person verbs: What is he doing? What will he do? What are they doing? What will they do?

For the convenience of determining the person of a verb, we present personal endings and examples of the use of persons of verbs in a table:

In the imperative mood, the 1st and 3rd person forms are formed using particles let's, yes, let, let.

The pronoun is independent part speech. Its peculiarity is that it indicates an object, property, quantity, but does not name them. The word “pronoun” itself speaks of the substitutive function of this part of speech. The term is a calque from the Latin pronomen, and it is from the Greek antonymia, which literally translates “instead of a name.”

Pronouns are some of the most common words. They occupy third place in terms of frequency of use. Nouns come first, verbs come second. However, out of the 30 most frequent words, as many as 12 are pronouns. 5 of them are personal, the rest are distributed among different categories. Third person pronouns occupy an important niche in the Russian language. There are 3 of them among the most frequent words - he, she, they.

Pronoun grades

At school, the topic of pronouns begins to be studied in the 4th grade.

There are such groups of pronouns as personal, possessive, reflexive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative, attributive.

Personal pronouns denote a person or thing: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.

Possessives indicate belonging to someone and answer the question: “Whose?” It's mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs and faceless - mine.

Returnable ( yourself, yourself) - to turn towards oneself.

Interrogative ( who, what, when etc.) are used in interrogative sentences.

Relative (the same who what etc., but in subordinate clauses) play the role of allied words.

Uncertain (to something, somebody, some etc.) are used when we do not know the quantity, object or attribute.

Negative ( nobody, nobody, nowhere etc.) indicate the absence of all of the above.

Demonstratives direct our attention to specific objects and signs, and attributives ( myself, all, other etc.) - help to clarify them.

Face category

The category of person shows the relation of the action to the speaker. It is possessed by verbs and some pronouns. As you know, there are 3 persons. The first person indicates the speaker(s) or affiliation with the speaker(s): me, we, my, our. Second person - on the interlocutor(s) or belonging to the interlocutor(s): you, you, your, your. Third - indicates the object, phenomenon or person being discussed or belonging to this person(s). What pronouns refer to the 3rd person? He, she, it, they, his, her, theirs.

Personal and possessive pronouns. Personal pronouns can be associated with nouns. They perfectly replace them in sentences and have the same categories: gender, number and case. They indicate an object, phenomenon or person and play the role of the subject in a sentence. And possessives are similar to adjectives. They also have gender, number and case, but agree with nouns and indicate the attribute of an object - its belonging.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns play a huge role in language. Every child’s self-awareness begins with the word “I.” As soon as the baby begins to talk about himself in the first person, and not in the third, calling himself by name, a new period of development begins. This usually happens at three years of age.

Without the words “you” and “you” it would be much more difficult for us to address our interlocutor. And third person pronouns - he, she, it, they- shorten speech and help avoid unnecessary repetitions and unnecessary searches for synonyms.

The first person pronouns are I and we. Second - you and you. The third ones are the most numerous due to the presence of the genus category. There are as many as 3 third person singular pronouns - he, she, it. And only one in the plural - They. Just like adjectives, it is genderless and universal for all genders, so there is only one.

How are personal pronouns of the third person declined by case?
You can notice an interesting pattern. In indirect cases, third person pronouns have adjective endings -his(cf.: blue). However, the pronoun she form of genitive and accusative case her is an exception. Adjectives in these cases will have endings - to her (blue) And - yuyu(blue).

Declension of pronouns without prepositions

Nominative (who, what?) - He, she, it, they.
Genitive (who? what?) - his, her, his, theirs.
Dative (to whom? what?) - him, her, him, them.
Accusative (who? What?) - his, her, his, theirs.
Creative (by whom? With what?) - to them, to her, to them, by them.
Prepositional (about whom? About what?) - about him, about her, about him, about them.

Why was there no excuse in the latter case? As is known from school course, the prepositional case is so called precisely because it is impossible to use nouns and pronouns without prepositions.

Prepositions

Let's look at how third person pronouns are inflected with prepositions.
In the nominative case, prepositions are not used.
To prepositions genitive case include: Without, at, with, from, to, from, about, near, near, for ( him, her, them)

In this case, the pronoun answers a larger range of questions. To questions of the genitive case " whom?», « what?" prepositions are added: "B without whom? - without him. Of what? - out of him" In all oblique cases, a question with a spatial meaning appears: “Where? Where? From where?”

Prepositions of the dative case - to and on ( him, her, him) Questions "Where? Where?" - To her!
Prepositions of the accusative case - on, for, under, in, in, through, about ( him, her, them) Questions also "Where? Where?"
Prepositions of the instrumental case - above, for, under, before, with, with, between ( him, her, them)
Prepositions of the prepositional case - in, about, about, on, at ( him, her, them). They answer the question "About whom? About what? Where?"

Mysterious letter n

You can notice that when using all these prepositions, n- is added at the beginning of the pronouns: with him, by her, for him, between them. The exception is derivative prepositions: thanks to, according to, in spite of, towards. For example, towards him.

Where did it come from? mysterious letter n? Several centuries ago, the prepositions in, to and with had a different form - вън, кън, сн. They consisted of 3 sounds. The letter Ъ - er sounded like a muffled vowel. It turns out that pronouns with prepositions were written like this: in him, in her. Prepositions became simpler over time, but the consonant n took root in the language and began to be perceived as part of the pronouns themselves. Therefore, the use of this letter has spread to other prepositions to which it did not initially apply.

A little more history

You can notice another strange feature. The nominative case form of the pronouns does not seem to correspond in any way to the indirect ones. This is no coincidence. Indeed, once upon a time there existed in the language such demonstrative pronouns: for the masculine gender - and, for the feminine - I, for the neuter - e. It was their forms that were the usual “his, him, her”... But these short pronouns were easily confused with the conjunction and, as well as the pronoun I.

There were other demonstrative pronouns: the familiar ones he, she, it. However, they were inclined differently:
Nominative - He.
Genitive - thereof.
Dative - onomu.
Creative - him.
Prepositional - about it.

The third person plural pronoun also existed - these or they.
For convenience, the nominative case of the first pronouns (i, i, e) was replaced nominative case second. But indirect forms remain. Indirect cases from the pronoun “he” have also not disappeared. They were used in the language and some of them are still alive. They are archaic or ironic in nature: in time, in the absence of it.

Third person possessive pronouns

First person possessive pronouns are my, our. Second - yours, yours. Third - his her And their. Why is there one less of them? Where did the neuter pronoun go? The fact is that it coincides with the masculine pronoun - his.
But third-person possessive pronouns are not inflected by case. All of them correspond to the genitive or accusative case forms of personal pronouns: his, her, his, theirs. They do not change in sentences ( her hat - her hat) in contrast to the same first and second person pronouns: ( my hat is my hat, your hat is your hat).

Errors when using personal pronouns

One of the possible mistakes is omitting the letter -n after prepositions. “Trees grew near him,” “he came to visit her”- sounds illiterate.

Using pronouns as placeholders can create ambiguities. Therefore, you cannot use a pronoun if there is no word to replace in the previous sentence. This situation is especially insidious if the sentence contains another word of the same number or gender. This can even create a comic effect.

Lensky went to the duel in trousers. They separated and a shot rang out.

Here, although one of the participants in the duel is named, the word is present in the plural. Therefore, “they” turns out to be related to the word “knickers”. Here's how to be careful with third-person pronouns! Examples reach the point of absurdity:

Gerasim was very devoted to the lady and drowned her himself.

The situation is similar, only the pronoun “her” and a noun similar in form ended up in the same sentence. The word “dog” or the name “Mumu” ​​got lost somewhere in the previous sentences, and “lady” found itself dangerously close to the pronoun.
If a sentence contains several nouns of the same gender or number, then in the next sentence or second part complex sentence It is also incorrect to use substitute pronouns.

A parcel arrived in the mail from the USA. Soon she closed for lunch break(Mail or parcel?)

IN colloquial speech pronouns are used much more often and it is permissible to use them even in the absence of substitute words. The fact is that in life the situation itself often suggests what we're talking about, and the speaker can be helped by facial expressions and intonation. But in written speech or oral presentation, such mistakes must be avoided.

Errors when using possessive pronouns

Since third-person possessive pronouns coincide with the genitive and accusative case forms of personal pronouns, it is erroneous to form them on the model of other possessive pronouns and add the suffix -н and the ending -й/й, which are characteristic of adjectives. Everyone knows that the non-existent word “ikhniy” in a person’s speech characterizes his culture and literacy not with the best side. A talented writer can also capitalize on mistakes in speech. To reproduce the vernacular writing style of a peasant boy, A.P. Chekhov, among other words, also uses an erroneous form of the pronoun: “... And she took a herring and started poking me in the mug with her muzzle" But still, writers are masters of words because they are well aware of the norms of the language and precisely because of this they can play with deviations from these norms.

conclusions

Thus, third person pronouns are, although short, very important words and in speech it is almost impossible to do without them. Therefore, it is important to know well the rules of their declension and use and to use these words correctly.

• Write down the sentences you made. Determine the person of each pronoun. Is it possible to assume that the verb also has a person form? Explain your answer.
• Determine the person of the verb in each sentence based on the person form of the pronoun.
• Determine the tense and number of verbs. Why have the endings of verbs changed? Highlight the endings.

Note! Verbs present And future tense, like personal pronouns, have the form faces. The verb of each person has its own personal ending. When a verb changes by person, its personal ending.

You(2nd sheet, unit) draw [eat] (2nd sheet, unit).

We(1st letter, plural) I draw [1st letter, plural].

She(3rd sheet, singular part) draws (3rd sheet, singular part).

Changing verbs by person and number in the form of present and future tense (conjugation)

164. Read the table “Changing verbs by persons and numbers in the form of the present and future tense.”

• Read the questions answered by verbs in the present and future tenses of each person and number. Name the verbs in this person and number, clearly pronouncing their personal endings.
• Which part of the word changes when the verb changes in persons and numbers?

165. Discuss: which of these verbs does not change in persons and numbers (does not conjugate)? Explain your answer.

I’ll give, I’ll read, I’ll tell, I’ll make friends, I’ll build.

166. Write down the personal endings of the verbs of each person and number (see table).

1st sheet, unit ch. -u, -yu
2nd sheet, unit. h...
3rd l., units. h...

1st letter, plural h...
2nd l., pl. h...
3rd letter, pl. h...

167. Conjugate in writing the verb I am silent in the present tense and the verb I'll go in the future tense. Highlight the personal endings of the verbs.

• Check the table to see if you have correctly written the endings of the verbs in the 2nd person singular.

168. Read it.

They will write, we are working, he sees, repeat, I will advise, you look, it will melt, we will create, you will build, you get up, I value, they talk.

• Match each verb with the question it answers.

• Write down each question and next to it the verb that answers that question.
• In parentheses, indicate the tense, person, and number of the verb. Highlight personal endings.

Sample. (What am I doing?) expensive [y] (present, vr., 1st p., singular).

169. Read it.

1. The seeders went out into the fields, and the earth would be filled with grains. (V. Nesterenko) 2. Without kind words, without kind words, without a gentle word - they do not treat the patient. (Yu. Moritz) 3. We will clean the yard.4 We will sweep up2 the autumn litter. (V. Stepanov) 4. Somewhere in space a blue meteorite is flying. (R. Seph) 5. You go out onto the porch. In the dark blue sky, stars twinkle here and there. (I. Turgenev) 6. I’m waiting for the snow to melt. (M. Chekhov)

• What do the words mean? seeder, meteorite? Read the meanings of these words in explanatory dictionary textbook.
• Write down the verbs in the present and future tenses, determine their tense, person and number. Highlight the personal endings of the verbs.

Sample. Will [et] (bud. tense, 3rd sheet, unit).

Page for the curious

Can I say “win”?

In Russian, some verbs do not have the 1st person singular form of the present and future tense. These are verbs win, convince, dare, fawn, vacuum, shout, rustle etc. Descriptive expressions or verbs with similar meaning will help you express the speaker’s action:

(I) will be able to win, I will win.
I want (I think) to convince, I convince.
I will vacuum, clean with a vacuum cleaner.

170. Read it.

If you look at the pelican, what a wonderful bird it is. The head is small, but the beak is huge, and there is also a bag of skin hanging under it. A whole duck can easily fit in such a bag.

Pelicans feed on fish. And they catch it in a whole flock. They line up on the water in a semicircle and swim to the shore. They swim, flapping their wings, and lowering their heads into the water. They are the ones chasing the fish in front of them. They will drive you to a shallow place, and then the fishing will begin.

(G. Skrebitsky, V. Chaplina)

• Determine the topic of the text, come up with a title for it.
• Which part of the text can be called description and which part can be called narration? Explain your answer.
• Write down the descriptive part of the text. Indicate the person and number above the verbs of the present and future tense, highlight the endings of these verbs.

To determine the person, you need to understand who or what the action in the sentence refers to. Action may include:
- to the speaker himself (this is the first person);
- to the one to whom he addresses (second person);
- or to an outside person/object (third party).

Each person has a singular and a plural form.

First person

The first person singular form shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself (that is, the subject of speech): I’m going, . This form corresponds to the pronoun “I”.

The first person plural form indicates that the action is performed by several persons, including the speaker: we go, we talk, we are interested. Accordingly, the first person plural pronoun is “we”.

Second person

The second person form expresses an action relating to the interlocutor (singular) or a group of persons, including the interlocutor (plural). The second person pronouns will be “you” and “you”. For example: (you) say, are interested; (you) walk, talk, are interested.

Third party

The third person form indicates that the action refers to an extraneous person or thing not participating in speech - in the singular, and to a group of persons or objects - in the plural. The corresponding pronouns are: “he”, “she”, “it” - singular, “they” is plural. For example: (he/she/it) walks, talks, is interested; (they) walk, talk, and are interested.

It should also be remembered that not all verbs have a person.

The category of person is possessed by: verbs of the indicative mood in the present and future tense (smile - smile - - smile - - smile, smile - smile - smile - smile - smile - smile - smile) and forms of the imperative mood (here the face is not defined in all cases).

The following persons do not have the category:
- verbs of the indicative mood in the past tense (the forms are the same: I walked = you walked = he walked, we walked = you walked = they walked);
- verbs of the conditional (subjunctive) mood (would like, would go);
- infinitive verbs ( initial form verb ending in -т/-ть: walk, sing, draw);
- impersonal verbs (it’s getting dark, I want, there’s enough, etc.);
- participles and gerunds (who came, rejoicing). According to some systems of grammar, these parts of speech are classified as verbs, according to others - not. In any case, these parts of speech do not have the category of person.