The main results of World War 2. The World History

1) Victory anti-Hitler coalition.

2) Creation of the UN.

4) The USSR and the USA become superpowers.

5) Reducing the role of Great Britain and France in global politics.

6) The world splits into two camps, the Cold War begins.

The Second World War had a huge impact on the destinies of mankind.

61 states (80% of the world's population) participated in it. Military operations took place on the territory of 40 states. IN armed forces 110 million people were mobilized. Total human losses reached 50 - 55 million people,

Of these, 27 million people were killed on the fronts. Military expenses and military losses amounted to 4 trillion dollars. Material costs reached 60-70% of the national income of the warring states. The industry of the USSR, USA, Great Britain and Germany alone produced 652.7 thousand aircraft (combat and transport), 286.7 thousand tanks, self-propelled guns and armored vehicles, over 1 million artillery pieces, over 4.8 million machine guns (without Germany) , 53 million rifles, carbines and machine guns and a huge amount of other weapons and equipment. The war was accompanied by colossal destruction, the destruction of tens of thousands of cities and villages, and innumerable disasters for tens of millions of people.

During the war, the forces of imperialist reaction failed to achieve their main goal - to destroy Soviet Union, suppress the communist and labor movements throughout the world. In this war, which marked a further deepening of the general crisis of capitalism, fascism, the striking force of international imperialism, was completely defeated. The war irrefutably proved the irresistible power of socialism and the Soviet Union - the world's first socialist state. The words of V.I. were confirmed. Lenin: “They will never defeat the people in whom the workers and peasants for the most part recognized, felt and saw that they are defending their own, Soviet power - the power of the working people, that they are defending the cause, the victory of which will provide them and their children with the opportunity to enjoy all the benefits of culture , all the creatures of human labor."

The victory won by the anti-Hitler coalition with the decisive participation of the Soviet Union contributed to revolutionary changes in many countries and regions of the world. There has been a radical change in the balance of power between imperialism and socialism in favor of the latter. The outcome of the World War facilitated and accelerated in a number of countries the victory of the people's democratic and socialist revolutions. The countries of Europe, numbering more than 100 million people, have taken the path of socialism. The capitalist system was undermined in Germany itself: after the war, the GDR was formed - the first socialist state on German soil. The Asian states, numbering about 1 billion people, fell away from the capitalist system. Later, Cuba was the first in America to follow the path of socialism. Socialism has become a world system - a decisive factor in the development of mankind.

The war influenced the development of the national liberation movement of peoples, which led to the collapse of the colonial system of imperialism. As a result of a new upsurge in the liberation struggle of peoples, which began after the World War II, almost 97% of the population (data for 1971) living by the end of the World War II was freed from colonial oppression. in the colonies. The peoples of developing countries launched a struggle against neocolonialism and for progressive development.

In capitalist countries, the process of revolutionizing the masses has accelerated, and the influence of communist and workers' parties has increased; The world communist and workers' movement has risen to a new, higher level.

The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the victory over Nazi Germany. On the Soviet-German front, the main military forces of the fascist coalition were destroyed - a total of 607 divisions. Anglo-American troops defeated and captured 176 divisions. The German armed forces lost about 10 million people on the Eastern Front. (about 77% of all their losses in the war), 62 thousand aircraft (62%), about 56 thousand tanks and assault guns (about 75%), about 180 thousand guns and mortars (about 74% The Soviet-German front was the largest in length among the military fronts. The duration of combat operations on the Soviet-German front was 1418 days, on the North African front - 1068 days, on the Western European front - 338 days, on the Italian front - 663 days. Active operations on the Soviet-German front reached 93% of the total time armed struggle, while in North African - 28.8%, Western European - 86.7%, Italian - 74.2%.

From 62 to 70% of active divisions fascist Germany and its allies (from 190 to 270 divisions) were on the Soviet-German front, while the Anglo-American troops in North Africa in 1941-43 were opposed by 9 to 20 divisions, in Italy in 1943-45 - from 7 to 26 divisions , in Western Europe after the opening of the second front - from 56 to 75 divisions. In the Far East, where the main forces of the Japanese Navy and Air Force acted against the allied armed forces, the bulk ground forces was focused on the borders of the USSR, China, Korea and the Japanese Islands. Having defeated the selective Kwantung Army in Manchuria, the Soviet Union made a major contribution to the victorious conclusion of the war with Japan.

V.m.v. demonstrated the decisive advantage of the socialist economy over the capitalist one. The socialist state was able to deeply and comprehensively restructure the economy in accordance with the demands of the war, to ensure fast growth military production, the widespread use of material, financial, and labor resources for the needs of the war, the restoration of the national economy in areas subject to occupation, and the creation of conditions for the post-war development of the country. The Soviet Union successfully solved the most difficult problem of rearmament and logistical support of the armed forces, relying only on its own economic resources. Having surpassed fascist Germany in all indicators of weapons production during the war, the Soviet Union won an economic victory, which predetermined the military victory over fascism throughout the entire World War.

V.m.v. was carried out by huge masses of ground forces, numerous and powerful sea and air fleets, equipped with a variety of military equipment, which embodied the highest achievements of military-technical thought of the 40s. In long and intense battles of colossal groupings of the armed forces of the two coalitions, methods of armed struggle were developed and new forms were developed. V.m.v. - the largest stage in the development of military art, construction and organization of the armed forces.

The Soviet Armed Forces acquired the greatest and most comprehensive experience, military art which were of an advanced nature (for details, see the article The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-45). Waging a tense struggle with a strong enemy, the personnel of the Soviet Armed Forces showed high military skill and mass heroism. During the war, a galaxy of outstanding Soviet military leaders emerged, including Marshals of the Soviet Union A. M. Vasilevsky, L. A. Govorov, G. K. Zhukov, I. S. Konev; R. Ya. Malinovsky, K. K. Rokossovsky, F. I. Tolbukhin and many others.

The armed forces of the USA, Great Britain, and Japan carried out major operations in which various types of armed forces participated. Considerable experience was gained in planning and managing such operations. The landing in Normandy was the largest landing operation of the military forces, in which all types of armed forces participated. In the land theaters, the Allied military art was characterized by the desire to create absolute superiority in technology, mainly in aviation, and go on the offensive only after completely suppressing the enemy’s defenses. Considerable experience was gained in operating in special conditions (in deserts, mountains, jungles), as well as experience in strategic offensive operations of the Air Force against the economic and political centers of Germany and Japan. In general, bourgeois military art received significant development, but it was to a certain extent one-sided in nature, since the main forces of Nazi Germany were on the Soviet-German front and the armed forces of the United States and Great Britain fought mainly against a weakened enemy.

Bibliography:

(ed.: based on the “Chronicle of Humanity.” M., 1994; book “The Second World War. Discussions. Main Trends. Translated from German. M., 1997, textbook 1989 and course of lectures by E.F. Yazkov)

The Second World War had a decisive impact on the history of all the great powers that participated in it, on their further rise or their fall. The system of states itself has undergone significant changes. It concentrated around a few superpowers and a number of “middle” states, but continued to exist, and, moreover, it strengthened under the sign of the formation of ideological and state-political “blocs”.

1. Basics - victory over fascism. Fascist. parties are banned, leaders are put on trial (Nuremberg trials), the ideology of fascism has discredited itself.

2. Countries and peoples that were threatened by the loss of independence and fascisation, retained their statehood, defended democratic freedoms.

3. Grew up international authority of the USSR. Stalin's cunning determination ultimately ensured the Soviet Union greatest successes among all the victorious powers, although its territory suffered incomparably more from the war. 26 million dead (USA - 259 thousand, UK - 386 thousand), devastated areas in the west - extraordinary. high price per turn, to international recognition. In the future, the possibility of recreating anti-Soviet combinations in Eastern, Central and South-Eastern Europe in the style of the 20s and 30s was excluded.

4. Before the war, there was 1 state, built by socialism, after it (it doesn’t matter: on “Soviet bayonets” or independently) it began to form world system of socialism. Later, in the late 50s, this allowed Soviet ideologists to say that “the victory of socialism is complete and final, since the restoration of capitalism is impossible.” In the 30s the victory of socialism was spoken of only “in the main.” After World War II, 11 states (1945-1949) took the path indicated by the USSR, forming a kind of belt between the USSR and Europe.

5. Surrender of the Axis countries ( Germany, Italy, Japan) completely changed the situation in the world, since they temporarily dropped out of the category of “great powers”. Italy got out of the situation worst of all over time, a little faster - Germany (split into 2 states!), and Japan - excellent - “economical. miracle" of the 60s.

6. All Old Europe increasingly at a faster pace began to lose its leading role in world politics. Especially “got it” France: in 1940, she capitulated to Germany and dropped out of the ranks of the “great powers”; her position was much worse than that of her rival England. France was recognized as a victorious country, but economically it was not one. This determined the duality of its position for many years: France itself was still aware of its greatness, but on a global scale it was no longer perceived as a “power”. But also England lagged behind the USA. For her, the very decision to enter the war in 1939 predetermined the further weakening of her position as a world power, which had been shaken during the First World War

7. The power political vacuum was filled after the war by the victorious powers - USSR and USA. Exactly these 2 powers(although their losses were human and material, and their contribution to the victory was unequal) began to determine the nature of political decisions on a global scale. Having acquired nuclear weapons - the USA in 1945, the USSR in 1949 - they received powerful leverage on world politics. The transformation of the USSR and the USA into “superpowers” ​​is associated with the creation of the hydrogen bomb (1952 - USA, 1953 - USSR) In connection with the role of the USSR and the USA, world politics has transformed from multipolar to bipolar(“two blocs”, the policy of confrontation in the form of the “Cold War” since 1946, two ideological systems, the bearers of which believed their life values ​​and attitudes were the only true ones). At the same time, the USA (+An) initially insisted on the idea of ​​a “literal one world“[against the policy of violence, for the right of nations to self-determination, international disarmament, free trade, cooperation in all areas] - developed in 1941 within the framework of the “Atlantic Charter” (Roosevelt-Churchill signed). But Stalin believed that “whoever occupies a certain theory will give it a corresponding social system,” and therefore insisted - i.e. was going to strengthen the influence of socialism in Europe and create a state system with a pro-Soviet orientation, which has been consistently implemented since 1943. The first step in this direction was the non-recognition of Polish emigre rights by the USSR and the creation of a pro-Soviet state in Poland. Next is the consistent desire for the division of Germany. All this pushed Churchill to speak in March 1946 and declare the Cold War. The Cold War, as a result of World War II, had its advantage (from the point of view of modern German IS): instead of the “either-or” principle, it forced the world to gradually recognize the principle of “both-and...”

8. In a number of countries (primarily England), the center of attention was displaced by internal problems. [The outcome of the British elections in July 1945 - the resignation of Churchill (despite his triumph in the war) and the coming to power of Labor, who insisted on social reforms, showed that the majority of the British had come to terms with the retreat into the second tier of powers and wanted to have different priorities] [The example of Japan: it was among the vanquished, but by concentrating on solving internal economic problems it made the famous leap = Japanese miracle = and became one of the powers that play an important role in the modern world economy. And this despite the fact that it developed independently, remained faithful to tradition, incl. monarchical, imperial]

9. The need for the United States and England to use the potential of the “Commonwealth of Nations and Colonies” for the purpose of waging war (so that the colonies do not go over to the side of the enemy; in 1942, England promised the independence of India so that it would not go over to the side of the Pact of 3 Powers or the “Axis” ) had the consequence that after the war, all nationalities revived. movement. France might have acquired greater political importance in Europe if it had recognized the freedom and independence of its colonies, as de Gaulle had proclaimed - albeit hesitantly - as his program during the war. But at the moment of victory in France in 1945, the forces defending the colonial status of France gained the upper hand. After the war, however, a number of colonial countries declared themselves independent- Syria, Lebanon, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, etc. The beginning of the collapse of the colonial system continued in the 60-70s.

“Since all the young states of Asia and Africa were blinded by their national sovereignty, decolonization, one of the most important results of the Second World War, paradoxically strengthened the general tendency to return to the outdated principle of sovereignty in all, even the smallest states" (opinion of the German historian Hilgruber from the book "World War II")

10. Growth of the labor and communist movement In all countries. In some countries, communists began to be part of the government and other executive bodies (Italy, France, Belgium, Finland). In others, the communists won the right to legal activity (countries of Asia and Latin America). The strength of the trade union movement has grown.

History tests (9th grade). 1. Match the events and dates: A) the beginning of the Second World War; a) May 9, 1945, B) the beginning of the Great Patriotic War; b) 7

December 1941, B) entry into the Second World War by the United States; c) September 2, 1945, D) Battle of Stalingrad; d) June 22, 1941, E) opening of the second front in Normandy; e) September 1, 1939, E) the end of the Great Patriotic War; f) June 17, 1942 - February 2, 1943, g) the end of the Second World War. g) June 6, 1944

2. Blitzkrieg is: A) a system of measures used to isolate the territory of a state; B) the theory of a fleeting war with victory achieved in the shortest possible time; C) tactics and strategy of modern war; D) a system of measures carried out in the occupied territory.

3. Japanese cities that were victims of the atomic bombing of US aircraft: A) Tokyo and Osaka; B) Sapporo and Nagoya; B) Hiroshima and Nagasaki; D) Kyoto and Kawasaki.

4. The purpose of the atomic bombing of Japanese cities by the United States: A) to end the Second World War; B) reconsider the eastern borders of Poland; C) change the terms of the Portsmouth Peace; D) put pressure on the USSR in matters of post-war structure

5. An occupation regime is: A) a regime of terror and violence established on foreign territory; B) declaration of a state of emergency; C) the introduction of troops into a particular territory in Peaceful time to maintain order; D) the policy of physical violence.

6. The Second World War began with the German attack on ………………

7. The following are not among the leaders of the Resistance movement during World War II: a) S. De Gaulle, b) J. Broz Tito, c) G. Husak, d) A.F. Petain.

8. The second period of World War II is characterized by: A) a turning point in the course of military operations; B) the crisis of the ruling regimes of the aggressor states; C) the transfer of initiative to the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition; D) superiority of the aggressors' forces.

9. The trial of the main war criminals of Nazi Germany went down in history under the name _______________________ ________________.

10. The Curzon line is ………………………………………

11. On September 22, 1940, Germany, Italy and Japan signed ________________ ______ - in fact, a treaty on the division of the world.

12. Name the three main states of the anti-Hitler coalition. History tests (9th grade).

1. Match historical event with a time period? A) restoration of the state border of the USSR; a) 1945, B) Berlin operation; b) 1941, C) Tehran Conference; c) 1944, D) Japanese attack on the American base at Pearl Harbor. d) 1943.

2. The meeting of the leaders of the USSR, USA and Great Britain, at which the decision was made to create the UN, took place: A) in Tehran, B) in Yalta, C) in Potsdam

3. Which of the following battles occurred earlier than the others: A) Battle of Stalingrad; B) the battle of Moscow; B) Battle of Kursk; D) the battle for Berlin.

4. The anti-Hitler coalition finally took shape by: A) autumn 1941, B) winter 1941, C) spring 1942, D) autumn 1943.

5. Name the leaders of the so-called “Big Three”:

6. During World War II, the USSR fought with: A) Italy, B) England, C) Japan, D) USA.

7. The third period of World War II is characterized by: A) the achievement of superiority of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition; B) the defeat of the aggressor forces; C) expanding the scale of military operations; D) superiority of the aggressors' forces.

8. France capitulated to Germany in ………….

9. The Soviet government considered the second front as: A) military actions of the allies on the western front; B) Allied military operations in areas strategically important for Germany; C) military actions of the allies in the Far East; D) military actions of the allies in colonial countries. 10. The Tripartite Pact was signed by Germany with the following countries: A) Italy; B) Belgium; B) Japan; D) Denmark.

11. The second front during the war was opened: A) in the Balkans, B) in Normandy, C) in Africa, D) in Italy.

12. The second front was opened: A) in Italy in 1943; B) in the Balkans in 1944; B) in Normandy in 1944; D) in Norway in 1943.

Great Patriotic War 1941 – 1945 A 1. Which of the indicated events of the Great Patriotic War and World War II?

happened earlier than others

breaking the siege of Leningrad

Yalta Conference of Leaders of the USSR, Great Britain, USA

abandonment of Sevastopol by Soviet troops

Battle of Kursk

A 2. Indicate the battle that took place in 1941.

defense of Odessa

battle for the Caucasus

lifting the blockade of Leningrad

defense of Novorossiysk

A 3. Rapid adjustment Soviet economy on a military scale in 1941-42. was due

partial denationalization of the economy

using the labor of prisoners of war

administrative-command nature of the economy

slow advance of German troops

A 4. Read an excerpt from the work of a modern historian and determine which city’s defense is described in this passage:

“From that moment on, German artillery could shell the Northern Bay and the delivery of reinforcements and ammunition became impossible. However, the inner ring of defense was still preserved and the frontal assault did not bode well for the Germans. Manstein decided to attack the inner ring not head-on, but on the flank from the north. On June 30, 1942, Malakhov Kurgan fell. By this time, the city’s defenders began to run out of ammunition, and the commander of the defense, Vice Admiral Oktyabrsky, received permission from the Supreme Command Headquarters to evacuate.”

defense of Leningrad

defense of Novorossiysk

defense of Sevastopol

defense of Tallinn

A 5. The largest offensive The Second World War, during which the territory of Belarus and Lithuania was liberated, was carried out:

In February - April 1944

In May–June 1944

In June - August 1944

In September - November 1944

Operation to liberate Crimea

Vistula–Oder offensive operation

Introduction

1. Main stages of the Second World War

1.1. Background and beginning of the Second World War

2. Results and results of the Second World War

2.2. Post-war settlement in the Far East

Conclusion

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

The Second World War was the largest, bloodiest and most destructive in world history. It lasted six years, was conducted on the territory of three continents and in the waters of four oceans, and 62 states participated in it. The number of opposing countries varied throughout the war. Some of them were actively involved in military operations, others helped their allies with food supplies, and many participated in the war only nominally.

The war on the part of the states of the fascist bloc (Germany, Italy, Japan) was unjust and aggressive throughout its entire length. The nature of the war on the part of the capitalist states fighting against the fascist aggressors gradually changed, acquiring the features of a just war.

The peoples of Albania, Czechoslovakia, Poland, then Norway, Holland, Denmark, Belgium, France, Yugoslavia and Greece rose up in the liberation struggle.

The entry of the USSR into the Second World War and the creation of the anti-Hitler coalition finally completed the process of transforming the war into a just, liberating, anti-fascist one.

The Second World War was the most difficult of all wars experienced by mankind. In terms of the scale of combat operations, the participation of the masses of people, the use of a huge amount of equipment, tension and fierceness, they surpassed all wars of the past.

MAIN STAGES OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR

Background and beginning of the Second World War

The Second World War was generated by a whole complex various reasons. One of them is territorial disputes that arose after the First World War, and sometimes much earlier. The redistribution of the world in favor of the victorious countries in the war of 1914-1918, primarily England and France, the loss of a significant part of their former territories by Germany and its allies, the collapse of the two largest European multinational empires: the Austro-Hungarian and Russian, on the ruins of which nine new independent states (Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the Serbo-Croatian-Slovenian Kingdom (since 1929 - Yugoslavia, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland), with new, often disputed borders, became a source of constant international tension and military conflicts .

Constant disagreements arose over colonial possessions. As a result of the First World War, another multinational empire, the Ottoman (Turkish), collapsed. The victors took their colonies from Germany and the former Ottoman Empire.

A very important reason for the Second World War was the rivalry of the great powers with each other, their desire for expansion, for European and world hegemony.

The beginning of the Second World War was preceded by the coming to power of the Nazis in Germany (1933), the signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and Japan (1936), the emergence of hotbeds of the world war both in Europe (the seizure of Czechoslovakia by Germany in March 1939), and in the east (beginning of the Sino-Japanese War in July 1937).

The Second World War began on September 1, 1939 with a German attack on Poland, after which Great Britain and France entered the war against Germany. In April-June 1940, Nazi troops occupied Denmark and Norway, and on May 10 invaded Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. On June 22, 1940, France capitulated. On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany attacked the USSR (the Great Patriotic War began). On December 7, 1941, Japan launched a war against the United States with an attack on the American naval base Pearl Harbor. On December 11, 1941, Germany and Italy joined Japan's war against the United States.

The first major defeat of the fascist German troops in the Second World War was their defeat near Moscow in 1941-1942, as a result of which the fascist blitzkrieg was thwarted and the myth of the invincibility of the German army - the Wehrmacht - was dispelled. The counteroffensive of Soviet troops near Stalingrad in 1942-1943, which ended with the encirclement and capture of a 330,000-strong group of Nazi troops, was the beginning of a radical turning point in the Second World War. The Soviet army seized the strategic initiative from the enemy and began expelling him from the territory of the USSR.

American forces defeated the Japanese fleet in naval battles in the Coral Sea and Midway Island in 1942. In February 1943, the Allies captured the island of Guadalcanal, landed on New Guinea, ousted the Japanese from the Aleutian Islands, and began developing an operation to advance to the territory of Japan proper along the islands of the Kuril chain.

On June 6, 1944, in Europe, with the Normandy landing operation, the Allies opened a second front.

In the spring of 1945, the Allies carried out the Ruhr operation in Europe, crossed the Rhine and captured Italy. In April-May 1945, the Soviet armed forces defeated the last groupings of Nazi troops in the Berlin and Prague operations and met with the Allied forces. The war in Europe is over. May 9, 1945 became Victory Day over Nazi Germany.

1.2. End of World War II

The elimination of the hotbed of aggression in Europe determined the outcome of the Second World War, but Japan still remained a dangerous adversary. She expected to wage a protracted war. Japan had over 7 million people, 10 aircraft and about 500 ships at its disposal.

When planning military operations in the Far East, the Allied command proceeded from the fact that the final phase of the war against Japan would be carried out in strategic cooperation with the armed forces of the Soviet Union.

By August 1945, the Philippines, eastern Burma and the island of Okinawa were captured. Allied forces reached the closest approaches to Japan; in November 1945, a landing was planned on the island of Kyushu, and in March 1946 on Honshu.

On Potsdam Conference From July 17 to August 2, 1945, the USSR confirmed its consent to enter the war with Japan.

On July 26, 1945, the governments of the United States, England and China sent an ultimatum to Japan, which was rejected.

August 6, 1945 Americans detonated the first atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. 70 thousand civilians burned alive. On August 9, the Americans struck a new criminal blow - the seaside city of Nagasaki (20 thousand died). The explosions of atomic bombs, according to the American government, were supposed to raise the authority as the only owner of a new powerful weapon. However, the explosion did not have the expected impact even on the ruling circles of Japan. They were more concerned about the Soviet Union's position towards Japan. And it was not in vain that on August 8, 1945, the USSR, fulfilling its allied obligations, announced its entry into war with Japan.

During the 24-day military campaign (August 9 – September 2), the Kwantung Army (General O. Yamada) of the enemy in Manchuria was defeated, Korea, South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands were liberated.

Seeing the disaster of the Kwantung Army on August 14, the Japanese government decided to capitulate; it was unable to fight.

On September 2, 1945, in Tokyo Bay on the American battleship Missouri, Japan signed an act of complete and unconditional surrender. This act ended the Second World War of the anti-Hitler coalition with the countries of the fascist bloc.

The defeat of the fascist-militarist bloc was the natural result of a long and bloody war, in which the fate of world civilization and the question of the existence of hundreds of millions of people were decided. In terms of its results, impact on the lives of peoples and their self-awareness, and influence on international processes, the victory over fascism became an event of the greatest historical significance. The countries participating in the Second World War went through a difficult path in their state development. The main lesson they learned from the post-war reality was to prevent the unleashing of new aggression on the part of any state.

Victory in World War II is the common merit and joint capital of all states and peoples who fought against the forces of war and obscurantism.

RESULTS AND RESULTS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR

The Second World War was the largest military conflict in human history. More than 60 states with a population of 1.7 billion people took part in it; military operations took place on the territory of 40 of them. The total number of fighting armies was 110 million people, military expenditures were 1384 billion dollars. The scale of human loss and destruction was unprecedented. More than 46 million people died in the war, including 12 million in death camps: the USSR lost more than 26 million, Germany - about 6 million, Poland - 5.8 million, Japan - about 2 million, Yugoslavia - about 1.6 million , Hungary – 600 thousand, France – 570 thousand, Romania – about 460 thousand, Italy – about 450 thousand, Hungary – about 430 thousand, USA, UK and Greece – 400 thousand each, Belgium – 88 thousand, Canada – 40 thousand. Material damage is estimated at $2,600 billion.

The terrible consequences of the war strengthened the global tendency to unite in order to prevent new military conflicts, the need to create a more effective system of collective security than the League of Nations. Its expression was the establishment of the United Nations in April 1945.

2.1. Post-war settlement in Europe

The main problems of the post-war settlement in Europe were resolved at the Yalta (February 4–11, 1945) and Potsdam (July 17–August 2, 1945) conferences of the leaders of the USSR, USA and Great Britain, and meetings of the foreign ministers of the four victorious powers in London (September 11–2 October 1945), in Moscow (December 16–26, 1945), in Paris (April 25–May 16 and June 15–July 12, 1946), in New York (November 4–December 12, 1946) and at the Paris Peace Conference (29 July – October 16, 1946). The issue of the eastern borders of Czechoslovakia and Poland was resolved by Soviet-Czechoslovak (June 29, 1945) and Soviet-Polish (August 16, 1945) agreements. Peace treaties with Germany's allies Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania and Finland were signed in Paris on February 10, 1947 (came into force on September 15, 1947).

The borders in Western Europe remained virtually the same. The political map of other European regions has undergone a number of significant changes. The borders of the USSR moved west: the Petsamo (Pechenga) region was transferred from Finland, the northern part of East Prussia with Königsberg (Kaliningrad region) from Germany, Transcarpathian Ukraine from Czechoslovakia; Finland leased the territory of Porkkala-Udd to the USSR for 50 years to create a naval base (in September 1955, Moscow abandoned it ahead of schedule). Poland recognized the inclusion of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus into the USSR; for its part, the USSR returned the Bialystok voivodeship and a small area in the upper reaches of the San River to Poland. From Germany to Poland went Eastern Pomerania, Neumark, Silesia and the southern part of East Prussia, as well as the former Free City of Danzig; its western border was the line Swinemünde (Swinoujscie) - Oder - Neisse. Bulgaria retained Southern Dobruja, which was transferred to it by Romania under the treaty of December 7, 1940. Italy ceded the Istrian Peninsula and part of the Julian Region to Yugoslavia, and to Greece the Dodecanese Islands; it lost all its colonies in Africa (Libya, Somalia and Eritrea). Trieste and its district received the status of a Free Territory under UN administration (in 1954 it was divided between Italy and Yugoslavia). It was assumed that the independent Austrian state would be restored on the basis of denazification and democratization; The occupation of Austria by the Allies continued for another 10 years - only by agreement on May 15, 1955 did it regain political sovereignty.

Germany and its allies were entrusted with significant reparations in favor of the countries affected by their aggression. The total amount of German reparations was $20 billion; half of them were intended for the USSR. Italy pledged to pay Yugoslavia $125 million, Greece $105 million, USSR $100 million, Ethiopia $25 million, Albania $5 million; Romania - USSR 300 million dollars; Bulgaria – Greece 45 million dollars, Yugoslavia 25 million dollars; Hungary - USSR 200 million dollars, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia 100 million dollars each; Finland - USSR 300 million dollars.

The Allies proclaimed demilitarization, denazification and democratization as the main principles of internal reconstruction of Germany. German statehood was restored in 1949. However, under the conditions of the Cold War, Germany found itself divided into two parts: in September 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany arose on the basis of the American, British and French zones of occupation; in October 1949, the Soviet zone was transformed into the German Democratic Republic.

Post-war settlement in the Far East

The main provisions of the post-war settlement in the Far East were determined by the Cairo Declaration of the USA, Great Britain and China of December 1, 1943 and the decision of the Yalta Conference. Japan lost all of its overseas possessions. Southern Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands and Port Arthur (on lease) were transferred to the USSR, the island of Taiwan and the Penghuledao Islands were transferred to China; On April 2, 1947, the UN transferred the Caroline, Mariana and Marshall Islands to the custody of the United States. The port of Dairen (Dalniy) was internationalized. Korea gained independence. Japan had to pay 1,030 billion yen in reparations. Its internal reconstruction was carried out on the principles of demilitarization and democratization.

CONCLUSION

One of the main results of the war was a new geopolitical situation. As a result, the international importance of European countries fell sharply, and the USSR and the USA became the leading world powers. This new situation was characterized by a growing confrontation between the leading powers of the capitalist world (among which the United States established primacy) and the Soviet Union, which extended its influence to a number of countries in Europe and Asia. The war, in which the most modern types of weapons were used, including atomic weapons, caused a rise in pacifist sentiments and the struggle for peace. Victory in the war thwarted the danger of the spread of fascism, but caused a new confrontation between recent allies, which soon put the world on the brink new war, now nuclear. The main lesson of World War II was not learned by the heads of the world's leading powers.

The Second World War left its mark on the entire history of not only Russia, but also the world. As a result, fascism was defeated, the fascist aggressors capitulated, fascist parties were banned, and fascist ideology was condemned.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST

1. Wikipedia is the free encyclopedia. - Access mode:

2. World War II on the Russian Internet. - Access mode:

3. Semennikova, L.I. Domestic history: lecture notes / L.I. Semennikova, N.L. Golovkina, T.V. Sdobnina. - M.: Iris-Press, 2004.-320 p.

Fortunatov, V.V. Domestic history: textbook / V.V. Fortunatov.- St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008.-352 p.

Results of World War II

Parameter name	Meaning
Article topic:	Results of World War II
Rubric (thematic category)	Story

Results of the operation

• The defeat of the largest group of German troops, the capture of the capital of Germany, the destruction or capture of the highest military and political leadership of Germany.
• The fall of Berlin and the incapacity of the top Nazi leadership led to the almost complete cessation of organized resistance on the part of the German armed forces.
• Hundreds of thousands of people were released from German captivity, including at least 200 thousand citizens of foreign countries. In the zone of the 2nd Belorussian Front alone, in the period from April 5 to May 8, 197,523 people were released from captivity, of which 68,467 were citizens of the allied states
• USSR losses: from April 16 to May 8, Soviet troops lost 352,475 people, of which 78,291 were irretrievable; Germany's losses were about 400 thousand killed, about 380 thousand captured. Part of the German troops was pushed back to the Elbe and capitulated to the Allied forces.

After the end of the war in Europe, Japan remained the last enemy of the countries of the anti-fascist coalition. By that time, about 60 countries had declared war on Japan. At the same time, despite the current situation, the Japanese were not going to capitulate and declared the war to be fought to a victorious end. In June 1945, the Japanese lost Indonesia and were forced to leave Indochina. On July 26, 1945, the United States, Great Britain and China presented an ultimatum to the Japanese, but it was rejected. On August 6, atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima, and three days later on Nagasaki, and as a result, the two cities were almost wiped off the face of the earth. The Soviet Union declared war on Japan and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Japanese Kwantung Army in Manchuria. On September 2, the act of unconditional surrender Japan. The largest war in human history has ended.

Europe was divided into two camps: Western (capitalist) and Eastern (socialist). In Greece, the conflict between communists and the pre-war government escalated into civil war. Relations between the two blocs deteriorated sharply just a couple of years after the end of the war. The Cold War has begun.

The Second World War had a huge impact on the destinies of mankind. 62 states (80% of the world's population) participated in it. Military operations took place on the territory of 40 states. 110 million people were mobilized into the armed forces. The total human losses reached 50-55 million people, of which 27 million people were killed at the fronts. Military spending and military losses totaled $4 trillion. Material costs reached 60-70% of the national income of the warring states. The industry of the USSR, USA, Great Britain and Germany alone produced 652.7 thousand aircraft (combat and transport), 286.7 thousand tanks, self-propelled guns and armored vehicles, over 1 million artillery pieces, over 4.8 million machine guns (without Germany) , 53 million rifles, carbines and machine guns and a huge amount of other weapons and equipment. The war was accompanied by colossal destruction, the destruction of tens of thousands of cities and villages, and innumerable disasters for tens of millions of people.

As a result of the war, the role of Western Europe in global politics weakened. The USSR and the USA became the main powers in the world. Great Britain and France, despite the victory, were weakened. The war showed the inability of them, and other Western European countries, to maintain huge colonial empires. In Africa and Asia it has increased liberation movement against colonial oppression. As a result of the war, some countries were able to achieve independence: Ethiopia, Iceland, Syria, Lebanon. In Eastern Europe, occupied by Soviet troops, pro-Soviet regimes were established.

1. Participation of the USSR in the defeat of militaristic Japan, 1945 ᴦ.

Soviet-Japanese War 1945, part of World War II and the Pacific War. Also known as battle for manchuria or Manchurian operation, and in the West - as Operation August Storm.

In February 1945, at the Yalta Conference, Stalin promised the allies to declare war on Japan 2-3 months after the end of hostilities in Europe. At the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, the Allies issued a joint declaration demanding the unconditional surrender of Japan. That same summer, Japan tried to conduct separate peace negotiations with the USSR, but to no avail.

War, as promised to the allies, was declared exactly 3 months after the victory in Europe, on August 8, 1945, two days after the first use of nuclear weapons by the United States against Japan (Hiroshima) and on the eve of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki.

On August 14, the Japanese command made a proposal to conclude a truce. But virtually military operations on the Japanese side did not stop. Only three days later the Kwantung Army received an order from its command to surrender, which began on August 20. But it did not immediately reach everyone, and in some places the Japanese acted contrary to orders.

On August 18, a landing was launched on the northernmost of the Kuril Islands - although according to the joint decisions of the allies, the Kuril Islands, South Sakhalin and Port Arthur clearly passed to the USSR. On this same day, August 18, the commander-in-chief of Soviet troops in the Far East, Marshal Vasilevsky, gave the order for the occupation of the Japanese island of Hokkaido by forces of two rifle divisions. This landing was not carried out due to the delay in the advance of Soviet troops in South Sakhalin, and was then postponed until the instructions of Headquarters.

Soviet troops occupied southern part Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, Manchuria and part of Korea, liberating Seoul. The main hostilities on the continent lasted 12 days, until August 20. At the same time, individual clashes continued until September 10, which became the day the complete surrender and capture of the Kwantung Army ended. The fighting on the islands completely ended on September 1.

The Japanese surrender was signed on September 2, 1945, aboard the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay.

As a result, the million-strong Kwantung Army was completely destroyed. Its losses in killed amounted to 84 thousand people, about 600 thousand were captured. The irretrievable losses of the Red Army amounted to 12 thousand people.

The significance, political and military results of the Manchurian operation are enormous. The Soviet Army defeated the strong Kwantung Army of Japan. The Soviet Union, having entered the war with militaristic Japan and making a significant contribution to its defeat, accelerated the end of the Second World War. American leaders and historians have repeatedly stated that without the USSR entering the war, it would have continued for at least another year and would have cost several additional millions human lives. For the American command in the Pacific, Japan's decision to surrender was unexpected.

As a result of the war, the USSR actually returned to its composition the territories lost Russian Empire in 1905, following the results of the Portsmouth Peace (southern Sakhalin and, temporarily, Kwantung with Port Arthur and Dalniy), as well as the main group of the Kuril Islands previously ceded to Japan in 1875 and the southern part of the Kuril Islands assigned to Japan by the Shimoda Treaty of 1855.

Japan's latest territorial loss has not yet been recognized.
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According to the San Francisco Peace Treaty, Japan renounced any claims to Sakhalin (Karafuto) and the Kuril Islands (Chishima Retto). But the agreement did not determine the ownership of the islands and the USSR did not sign it.

Thus, Japan confirmed the jurisdiction of the USSR over all the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. However, immediately after the signing, Japan began to demand return the entire Southern group of Kuril Islands, as a precondition for negotiations on the Peace Treaty. This position of the Japanese government has been preserved to this day and is preventing the conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Japan and Russia, as the successor of the USSR.

1. Foreign policy USSR after the end of World War II, 1945-1953. The formation of a “bipolar world” and the beginning Cold War.

After the victory in the war, on the basis of agreements reached by the participants in the anti-Hitler coalition, the country’s territory was expanded by annexing Southern Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, the regions of Petsamo (Pechenga), Klaipeda, Königsberg (Kaliningrad), and Transcarpathian Ukraine.

As a result of the war, communist regimes were established in the countries of Eastern Europe (Hungary, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany), and the countries of Western Europe became dependent on the United States and partly on England. The Warsaw Pact organization and the NATO military bloc emerged. Relations between the USSR and the West sharply worsened (the USA and England started the Cold War against the USSR).

The beginning of the Cold War is formally considered to be March 5, 1946, when Winston Churchill delivered his famous speech in Fulton (USA). In fact, the aggravation of relations between the allies began earlier, but by March 1946. it intensified due to the USSR’s refusal to withdraw occupation troops from Iran.

Korean War(1950-1953) - a conflict between North Korea and South Korea that lasted from June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953 (although no official end to the war was declared). This Cold War conflict is often perceived as a proxy war between the United States and its allies and the forces of China and the USSR. The northern coalition included: North Korea and its armed forces; Chinese army(since it was officially believed that the PRC did not participate in the conflict, regular Chinese troops were formally considered formations of the so-called “Chinese People’s Volunteers”, Chinese: 中国人民志愿军); The USSR, which also did not officially participate in the war, but largely took over its financing, and also sent air force units and numerous military advisers and specialists to the Korean Peninsula. From the South, the following countries took part in the war: South Korea, the USA, Great Britain and the Philippines. Many other countries also took part in the war. peacekeeping forces UN.

In December 1945, the USA and the USSR signed an agreement on the temporary administration of the country. Governments were formed in both parts, northern and southern. In the south of the peninsula, the United States, with the support of the UN, conducted fictitious [ source?] elections, replacing the leftist provisional government convened in June 1945 after the war with an anti-communist one led by Syngman Rhee. Left parties boycotted these elections. In the north, power was transferred by Soviet troops to the communist government led by Kim Il Sung. The countries of the anti-Hitler coalition assumed that after some time Korea should reunite, but in the context of the beginning of the Cold War, the USSR and the USA could not agree on the details of this reunification, and therefore in 1947 the United Nations, at the instigation of US President Truman, did not rely on to any referendums or plebescites, took responsibility for the future of Korea.

Both South Korean President Syngman Rhee and North Korean Workers' Party General Secretary Kim Il Sung made no secret of their intentions: both regimes sought to unite the peninsula under their leadership. The Constitutions of both Korean states, adopted in 1948, clearly stated that the goal of each of the two governments was to extend its power throughout the country. It is significant that in accordance with the North Korean Constitution of 1948, Seoul was considered the capital of the country, while Pyongyang was, formally, only the temporary capital of the country, in which the highest authorities of the DPRK were located only until the “liberation” of Seoul. Moreover, by 1949, both Soviet and American troops were withdrawn from Korean territory.

Stalin, however, citing the insufficient degree of readiness of the North Korean army and the possibility of US troops interfering in the conflict and unleashing a full-scale war using atomic weapons, chose not to satisfy these requests of Kim Il Sung. Most likely, Stalin believed that the situation in Korea could lead to a new world war. Despite this, the USSR continued to provide North Korea with large amounts of military assistance. North Korea, in response to South Korea's armament, also continued to increase its military power, organizing its army along the Soviet model and under the leadership of Soviet military advisers. A major role was also played by ethnic Koreans from China, veterans of the Chinese Red Army, who, with the consent of Beijing, were transferred to serve in the North Korean armed forces. However, by the beginning of 1950, the North Korean armed forces were superior to the South Korean ones in all key components. Finally, in January 1950, after considerable hesitation and succumbing to the persistent assurances of Kim Il Sung, Stalin agreed to carry out a military operation. Details were agreed upon during Kim Il Sung's visit to Moscow in March-April 1950, and the final offensive plan was prepared by Soviet advisers by the end of May.

The Korean War was the first armed conflict during the Cold War, and was the prototype of many subsequent conflicts. She created a model of local war, when two superpowers fight in a limited area without the use of nuclear weapons. The Korean War added fuel to the fire of the Cold War, which at that time was more associated with confrontation between the USSR and some European countries.

According to American estimates, about 600 thousand Korean soldiers died in the war. About a million people died on the South Korean side, 85% of whom were civilians. Soviet sources say 11.1% of the North Korean population died, which is about 1.1 million people. In total, including Southern and North Korea, about 2.5 million people died. More than 80% of the industrial and transport infrastructure of both states, three quarters of government institutions, and about half of the total housing stock were destroyed.

At the end of the war, the peninsula remained divided into zones of influence of the USSR and the USA. American troops remained in South Korea as a peacekeeping contingent, and the Demilitarized Zone is still littered with mines and weapons caches.

After the war, Soviet-Chinese relations seriously deteriorated. Although China's decision to enter the war was largely dictated by its own strategic considerations (primarily the desire to maintain a buffer zone on the Korean Peninsula), many in the Chinese leadership suspected that the USSR was deliberately using the Chinese as “cannon fodder” to achieve its own geopolitical goals. Dissatisfaction was also caused by the fact that military assistance, contrary to China's expectations, was not provided free of charge. A paradoxical situation arose: China had to use loans from the USSR, originally received for economic development, in order to pay for supplies Soviet weapons. The Korean War made a significant contribution to the growth of anti-Soviet sentiments in the leadership of the PRC, and became one of the prerequisites for the Soviet-Chinese conflict. At the same time, the fact that China, relying solely on its own forces, essentially entered into a war with the United States and inflicted serious defeats on American troops, spoke of the growing power of the state and was a harbinger of what would soon political sense China will have to be taken into account.

For the USSR, the war was politically unsuccessful. the main objective- the unification of the Korean Peninsula under the regime of Kim Il Sung - was not achieved. The borders of both parts of Korea remained virtually unchanged. Further, relations with communist China seriously deteriorated, and the countries of the capitalist bloc, on the contrary, became even more united: the Korean War accelerated the conclusion of the US peace treaty with Japan, the warming of Germany’s relations with other Western countries, the creation of the military-political blocs ANZUS (1951) and SEATO (1954). At the same time, the war also had its advantages: the authority of the Soviet state, which showed its readiness to come to the aid of a developing state, seriously increased in third world countries, many of which after Korean War embarked on the socialist path of development and chose the Soviet Union as their patron. The conflict also demonstrated to the whole world high quality Soviet military equipment.

Economically, the war became a heavy burden for the national economy of the USSR, which had not yet recovered from the Second World War. Military spending has increased sharply. At the same time, with all these costs, about 30 thousand Soviet military personnel who participated in the conflict in one way or another gained invaluable experience in waging local wars; several new types of weapons were tested, in particular the MiG-15 combat aircraft. At the same time, many samples of American military equipment were captured, which allowed Soviet engineers and scientists to apply American experience in the development of new types of weapons.

For additional information, see ticket No. 39.

1. Domestic policy USSR 1945-1953. Resolution on the magazines “Znamya” and “Leningrad”, campaign against “cosmopolitans”, “Leningrad affair”.

After the war and famine of 1946, in 1947. the rationing system was abolished, although many goods remained in short supply, particularly in 1947. there was hunger again. At the same time, on the eve of the abolition of cards, prices for ration goods were raised. This allowed in 1948-1953. repeatedly and demonstratively reduce prices. Price reductions somewhat improved the standard of living of Soviet people. In 1952, the cost of bread was 39% of the price at the end of 1947, milk - 72%, meat - 42%, sugar - 49%, butter- 37%. As noted at the 19th Congress of the CPSU, at the same time the price of bread increased by 28% in the USA, by 90% in England, and more than doubled in France; the cost of meat in the USA increased by 26%, in England - by 35%, in France - by 88%. In case in 1948 ᴦ. real wages were on average 20% lower than the pre-war level, then in 1952 ᴦ. they already exceeded the pre-war level by 25% and almost reached the level of 1928 ᴦ. At the same time, real incomes among the peasantry even in 1952. remained 40% below the level of 1928 ᴦ.

At the end of the war, the country had to endure a long period of restoration and recovery of the destroyed economy. This was accompanied by extremely tough measures to restore and strengthen Soviet power in the territories that became part of the USSR in 1939-1940, repressions against representatives of the national bourgeoisie, intelligentsia, and former state power, armed suppression of resistance in Western Ukraine, Western Belarus, and the Baltic states.

In the post-war period, repressions continued in the country (the fight against cosmopolitanism, the “Leningrad affair”, etc.), which stopped only with the death of Stalin.

Resolutions on the magazines “Znamya” and “Leningrad”

The war era was characterized by relative openness and benevolence towards the West, and not only towards Western culture, but also towards the Western socio-political system (democracy) - all this was perceived as the culture and way of life of the “allies”. At the same time, the war raised widespread hopes for liberalization in the political and cultural sphere; millions of Soviet people, having visited Europe and looked at European life with their own eyes, became less susceptible to propaganda cliches about the “horrors of capitalism”. At the same time, with the end of the World War and the beginning of the Cold War, the ideological “tightening of the screws” began in the USSR. In 1946-1948, party resolutions were adopted, which meant a sharp tightening of policy in the field of ideology and culture. The first of them was the resolution “On the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad” (August 14, 1946). It denounced the ʼʼ published in magazines works that cultivate unusual to the Soviet people spirit of sycophancy before the modern bourgeois culture of the Westʼʼ, ʼʼ in relation to everything foreignʼʼ. The decree “On the repertoire of drama theaters and measures to improve it” (August 26, 1946) demanded that theaters prohibit the production of plays by bourgeois authors who openly preach bourgeois ideology and morality, and “focus attention on the creation of a modern Soviet repertoire.” The resolutions “On the film “Big Life”” (September 4, 1946), “On the opera “Great Friendship”” (February 10, 1948) gave derogatory assessments of the work of a number of directors, who were accused of lack of ideas in creativity, distortion of Soviet reality, and ingratiation with West, lack of patriotism.

ʼʼThe fight against cosmopolitanismʼʼ in the narrow sense - a campaign carried out in the USSR in 1949 and which had an openly anti-Semitic character, although it was not entirely reduced to anti-Semitism. The campaign was accompanied by accusations of Jews of “rootless cosmopolitanism” and hostility to Russian and Soviet patriotism and their mass dismissals from any noticeable posts and positions and arrests. In many respects, it was a continuation and integral part the campaign “to combat sycophancy towards the West,” which began in 1947 and continued until Stalin’s death, which is also often called the “campaign to combat cosmopolitanism.” The goal of the latter was “the education of Soviet patriotism,” which was understood as emphasizing the exclusivity of national roots and the denial of everything foreign. The campaign was directed against the intelligentsia, which was seen as the bearer of skeptical and pro-Western tendencies. It was accompanied by a struggle for domestic priorities in the field of science and inventions, criticism of a number of scientific directions, administrative measures against persons suspected of cosmopolitanism and sycophancy.

Organizationally, the campaign to instill “Soviet patriotism” was directed by “Agitprop” (the Directorate, from July 1948, the Department of Propaganda and Agitation of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks) under the general leadership of the Secretaries of the Central Committee A. A. Zhdanov and (after his death in 1948) M. A. Suslova. At the same time, according to a number of researchers, in post-war era ideology is increasingly colored “in the colors of Russian nationalism and great power.”

In the course of the “fight against sycophancy to the West,” a campaign began to search for “Russian priorities” in all areas of science and technology. So, for example, the fantastic climber Kryakutny, who allegedly built a hot air balloon back in 1731, was declared the pioneers of aeronautics, instead of Montgolfier and the Wright brothers (with references to the manuscript of the famous 19th century forger Sulukadzev, who was modestly certified as an amateur and collector of antiquities) and A.F. Mozhaisky, about whose steam aircraft, fundamentally incapable of flight, it was claimed that he allegedly “took off into the air.” Another well-known example of a falsified “priority”, propagandized in this era, was the alleged invention of the bicycle around 1800 by the mythical Ural peasant Artamonov (the legend of Artamonov arose in late XIX centuries, but fighters for “priority”, instead scientific research question, picked up and inflated the legend, without stopping to invent new “facts” of Artamonov’s biography) (for details, see Priority of Russian inventors).

The desire to declare literally everything a Russian invention, “from the bicycle to the airplane,” quickly became fodder for jokes about “Russia, the homeland of elephants.” According to Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.P. Kozlov, “inflated national priorities” became at the turn of the 40s - 50s “one of the pillars of the politics and ideology of Stalinism”. In this atmosphere, even such crude and obvious forgeries as Sulukadzev’s “report about Kryakutny” or “Walking to Grumant” (a document allegedly proving the discovery of Spitsbergen by the ancient Novgorodians and falsified by the marine painter writer Konstantin Badigin) began to be immediately cited in the scientific literature.

This approach also affected current scientific work. References to the works of contemporary foreign authors were regarded as an unacceptable manifestation of “kowtowing”; In this regard, a joke arose among physicists who recommended calling Einstein “Odnokamushkin” (tracing copy of his surname) when making references. The desire to publish in foreign magazines was also charged as a crime. In July 1947 ᴦ. publications of the Academy of Sciences were banned foreign languages, and the sale of books in foreign languages ​​in second-hand bookstores is prohibited. Almost half of the world's leading scientific journals, including such as Science and Nature, were withdrawn from free access and sent to special storage facilities. As Ya.L. Rappoport pointed out, this situation turned out to be in favor of the most mediocre and unprincipled scientists, for whom “massive separation from foreign literature made it easier to use it for hidden plagiarism and pass it off as original research”

In 1947, a widespread, massive campaign was launched against “sycophancy,” the reason for which was the case of corresponding member of the Academy of Medical Sciences N. G. Klyueva and Professor G. I. Roskin. Klyueva and Roskin created effective drug for cancer - ʼʼKRʼʼ (crucin). The Americans became interested in the discovery, wishing to publish their book and proposing a program of joint research (which, given the “shameful poverty” of Soviet funding, was received by scientists with delight). A corresponding agreement (with the permission of the authorities, of course) was reached in November 1946. Academician-Secretary of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences V.V. Parin, sent to the USA, on the instructions of the Deputy Minister of Health, handed over to American scientists the manuscript of their book and ampoules with the drug. This, however, caused Stalin to be sharply displeased. Upon his return, Parin was arrested and sentenced to 25 years for “treason against the Motherland,” and Stalin personally began organizing the campaign. On his instructions, Zhdanov drew up a closed letter to the Central Committee (June 17), dedicated to the case of the Kyrgyz Republic as a manifestation of the intelligentsia’s “adulation and servility” to the “bourgeois culture of the West” and the importance of “educating the Soviet intelligentsia in the spirit of Soviet patriotism, devotion to the interests of the Soviet state.” Party organizations were called upon to tirelessly explain the instructions of Comrade Stalin that even “the last Soviet citizen, free from the chains of capital, stands head and shoulders above any foreign high-ranking bureaucrat dragging the yoke of capitalist slavery on his shoulders.”

Course towards cultural isolation

In May 1947 ᴦ. poet Nikolai Tikhonov criticized the book published back in 1941. Isaac Nusinov’s book “Pushkin and World Literature”, accusing the author of the fact that Pushkin “looks like just an appendage of Western literature”, of admiration for the West, of forgetting that only our literature “has the right to teach others a new universal morality”, calling the author “the most unpatched tramp in humanity” (an expression that has become popular). Soon, Alexander Fadeev criticized the “very harmful” book at the plenum of the Union of Writers of the USSR, after which it began to develop into a campaign to expose sycophancy identified with cosmopolitanism. As was clear from the orientation articles of the head of agitprop, Dmitry Shepilov, the Soviet leadership suspected of “anti-patriotism” anyone who was not confident in the unconditional superiority of the USSR over the West in all respects.

Under these conditions, statements about the dangers of “cosmopolitanism” began to be made. This was first stated in Otto Kuusinenen’s article “On Patriotism” immediately after Stalin’s toast (the article was published under the pseudonym N. Baltiysky in No. 1 of the magazine “New Time”, July 1945). According to Kuusinen, cosmopolitanism, unlike patriotism, is organically contraindicated for workers and the communist movement. It is characteristic of representatives of international banking houses and international cartels, the largest stock exchange speculators - everyone who operates according to the Latin proverb “ubi bene, ibi patria” (where there is good, there is the fatherland).

In January 1948 ᴦ. the later famous expression “rootless cosmopolitan” was used for the first time. It appeared in A. A. Zhdanovna’s speech at a meeting of Soviet music figures at the CPSU Central Committee.

The campaign affected not only living but also dead writers, whose works were condemned as cosmopolitan and/or denigrating. Thus, “Duma about Opanas” by E. G. Bagritsky was declared a “Zionist work” and “slander against the Ukrainian people”; the works of Ilf and Petrov were banned from publication, as were the works of Alexander Green), also ranked among the “preachers of cosmopolitanism”). The German Jew L. Feuchtwanger, who until then had been widely published as a “progressive writer” and a friend of the USSR, and now declared a “hardened nationalist and cosmopolitan” and a “literary huckster”, also suffered in absentia from the campaign. In most cases, the charge of cosmopolitanism was accompanied by deprivation of work and a “court of honor”, ​​less often arrest . According to I. G. Ehrenburg, until 1953 ᴦ. 431 Jewish representatives of literature and art were arrested: 217 writers, 108 actors, 87 artists, 19 musicians.

ʼʼLeningrad affairʼʼ- a series of trials in the late 40s and early 50s against party and Soviet leaders in the USSR.

During these trials, the defendants were accused of treason against the Motherland, the intention to turn the Leningrad party organization into a support for the fight against the Central Committee and to tear off the Leningrad region from the USSR. In the first of these processes, the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR N.A. Voznesensky, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR M.I. Rodionov, the first secretary of the Leningrad City Committee and the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) A.A. Kuznetsov, the second secretary of the Leningrad City Committee P.S. Popkov, Ya. F. Kapustin, P. G. Lazutin. All accused were sentenced to death on September 30, 1949. The sentences were carried out on the same day.

In total, about 2,000 people were repressed in similar processes, 200 of them were also shot. A number of responsible employees were demoted and sent to lower-level work, in particular A. N. Kosygin was sent to work in Kazakhstan.

"The Doctors' Case"- a criminal case against a group of high-ranking Soviet doctors accused of conspiracy and murder of a number of Soviet leaders. The origins of the campaign date back to 1948, when doctor Lydia Timashuk drew the attention of the competent authorities to the oddities in Zhdanov’s treatment, which led to the patient’s death. The campaign ended simultaneously with Stalin's death from a stroke in 1953, after which the charges against the accused were dropped and they themselves were freed from persecution.

The hero who exposed killers in white coats(a popular propaganda stamp of this campaign), the propaganda introduced Lydia Timashuk, a doctor who contacted the Central Committee with complaints about the improper treatment of Zhdanov back in 1948. She was awarded the Order of Lenin.

Beginning in 1952, the “Doctors' Case” was developed by the MGB under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel M.D. Ryumin, who in 1951 wrote a denunciation to Stalin about a “Zionist conspiracy” in the state security agencies.

Stalin read the interrogation reports every day. He demanded from the MGB the maximum development of the version about the Zionist nature of the conspiracy and the connections of the conspirators with British and American intelligence through the “Joint” (Zionist charitable organization).

The “Doctors' Case” caused persecution of relatives and colleagues of those arrested, as well as a wave of anti-Semitic sentiment throughout the country. Unlike the previous campaign against “cosmopolitans,” in which Jews were usually implied rather than named, now the propaganda directly targeted Jews. On February 8, Pravda published an introductory feuilleton entitled “Simps and Rogues,” where Jews were portrayed as swindlers. Following him, the Soviet press was overwhelmed by a wave of feuilletons dedicated to exposing the true or imaginary dark deeds of persons with Jewish names, patronymics and surnames.

After a bomb exploded at the Soviet embassy in Israel, the USSR broke off diplomatic relations with Israel on February 11. Regional cases similar to the Moscow “doctors’ case” were being prepared (in particular, in Ukraine and Latvia).

There is a version according to which the high-profile trial of doctors was supposed to be a signal for massive anti-Semitic campaigns and the deportation of all Jews to Siberia and the Far East. According to some, undocumented data, a letter was prepared, which was to be signed by prominent figures Soviet culture, the essence of which boiled down to the following: “We, prominent cultural figures, call on the Soviet leadership to protect traitors and rootless cosmopolitans of Jewish origin from just popular anger and settle them in Siberia.” It was assumed that the Soviet leadership should respond favorably to this request.

ʼʼJewish Anti-Fascist Committeeʼʼ(EAK) - public organization in the USSR, formed by the NKVD at the beginning of 1942 under the Sovinformburo from representatives of the Soviet Jewish intelligentsia for propaganda purposes abroad. It took the place of the international Jewish Anti-Hitler Committee originally planned by H. Ehrlich and W. Alter.

Towards the end of the war, and also after it, the JAC was involved in documenting the events of the Holocaust. This went against the official Soviet policy of presenting the Holocaust as an atrocity against ordinary Soviet citizens and not recognizing the genocide of the Jews. Some of the committee members were supporters of the State of Israel, created in 1948, which Stalin supported for a very short time. International contacts, especially with the United States at the start of the Cold War, ultimately left committee members vulnerable to accusations.

Contacts with American Jewish organizations led to the publication of the Black Book, documenting the Holocaust in the occupied Soviet Union and Jewish participation in the resistance movement. The Black Book was published in New York in 1946, but a Russian edition did not appear. The fonts were broken up in 1948, when the political situation for Soviet Jews worsened.

In January 1948, Mikhoels was killed at the dacha of the head of the Ministry of State Security of Belarus Tsanava near Minsk with a staged post-murder car accident. In November 1948, Soviet authorities began a campaign to eliminate what remained of Jewish culture. On November 20, 1948, the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee was formally dissolved by decision of the Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and closed “as a center of anti-Soviet propaganda.” In December 1948, the chairman of the JAC, Itzik Fefer, and the director of the Jewish Theater in Moscow, Veniamin Zuskin, were arrested. At the beginning of 1949, several dozen members of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee were arrested. They were accused of disloyalty, bourgeois nationalism, cosmopolitanism, and planning to create a Jewish republic in Crimea to serve American interests. On August 12, 1952, thirteen defendants, among whom were several prominent Jewish poets (L. Kvitko, P. Markish, D. Bergelson, D. Gofshtein), were executed, and this execution is also known as the “Night of the Executed Poets.” One of the accused did not live to see the trial and died in the hospital.

On March 1, 1953, Stalin suffered a stroke, which left him incapacitated. On March 2, the anti-Semitic campaign in the press was curtailed. On March 5, Stalin died.
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All those arrested in the “doctors’ case” were released (April 3) and reinstated at work. It was officially announced (April 4) that the confessions of the accused were obtained using “inadmissible investigative methods.” Lieutenant Colonel Ryumin, who was developing the doctors’ case (by that time already dismissed from the state security agencies), was immediately arrested by order of Beria; Subsequently, during the Khrushchev trials of the perpetrators of repression, he was shot (July 7, 1954).

1. N.S. Khrushchev. An attempt at reform and de-Stalinization of society in the 1950-1960s. XX-th Congress of the CPSU and its consequences.

Born in 1894 - died in 1971. He debunked the personality cult of Stalin, carried out a number of democratic reforms and mass rehabilitation of political prisoners. Improved the USSR's relations with capitalist countries and Yugoslavia. His policy of de-Stalinization led to a break with the regime of Mao Zedong in China, despite active assistance to the PRC from the USSR. Under Khrushchev, China received significant assistance in developing its own nuclear weapons

Results of the Second World War - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Results of the Second World War" 2017, 2018.