“The post-war structure of the world. Beginning of the Cold War

During the Second World War, most countries of Western and Eastern Europe were destroyed. After the end of the global conflict, economic devastation, hunger and poverty reigned throughout the world. In addition to economic recovery, the main post-war problems included: the eradication of Nazism, the restoration of interstate trade and economic relations, the organization international cooperation, division of spheres of influence in Europe.

Post-war world order

To decide on further policy towards defeated Germany and its allies, the final destruction of the remnants of Nazism and fascism, and the determination of the post-war world order, the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference was convened, which lasted from July 17 to August 2, 1945.

The meeting was attended by representatives of the three most influential powers of the post-war era: the Soviet Union, Great Britain and the United States of America. As a result of the Potsdam Conference, the following decisions were made regarding Germany:

In addition, the Soviet Union confirmed its commitments given at the Yalta Conference - to start a war with Japan no less than 90 days after the defeat of Germany. On August 9, 1945, he fulfilled his obligations. On the same day, the United States of America dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki nuclear bomb. On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered. But all the main decisions about the post-war world order had already been made at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, which took place even before the end of World War II.

Causes and beginning of the Cold War

With the end of World War II, the strongest aggressive powers lost their influence in the international arena: Germany, Italy, Japan. Among the victorious states that were part of the Anti-Hitler Coalition, two new global leaders stood out - the USSR and the USA. The emergence of a bipolar world, a world dominated by two powerful superpowers, contributed to the aggravation of contradictions between them and the beginning of the Cold War.

If during the Second World War the USSR and the USA forgot about many differences in order to carry out coordinated military actions, then after its end the rivalry between the powers intensified. The United States has been committed to carrying out democratic reforms around the world. The Americans defended capitalist values: protection of private property, freedom of enterprise, and the predominance of commodity-money relations. The USSR adhered to the course of building socialism throughout the world, which included: the introduction of collective property, restrictions or a complete ban on entrepreneurship, equal distribution of income for all categories of the population.

Acute contradictions between the Soviet Union and the United States regarding the post-war world order laid the foundation for the beginning cold war:

Thus, soon after the end of hostilities, the Cold War began between the USSR and the USA in 1946.

Let's memorize new words!

Cold War is a hostile policy of two opposing powers (political alliances), which is limited to political, ideological and economic confrontation without direct military action against each other.

The Cold War officially began on March 5, 1946, with Churchill's Fulton speech. He stated that the United States is the most powerful world power, which, in collaboration with England and Canada, must resist the spread of socialism throughout the world. Churchill noted that most of the countries of Eastern Europe came under the control of the Soviet government, in which the communists gained absolute power and created real police states there. The essence of Churchill's speech at Fulton was a complete severance of relations with the Soviet Union, which, in response to such an official statement, took a similar position.

Formation of the socialist bloc

In the post-war years European countries were forced to make a choice regarding their future state development. They had two options: adopt the American model of a democratic state, or follow the Soviet model and create a socialist society.

In 1946-1948. The struggle for the establishment of a democratic and communist regime in Europe began. Most countries in Eastern Europe chose the Soviet Union. In Hungary, Albania, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Yugoslavia, Romania and Bulgaria by 1947-1950. The communist regime was established. In October 1049, with the victory of the revolution, China was added to the world socialist camp.

Transformations were carried out in these states, following the example of the USSR:

• Industrialization is a process of accelerated industrial development. In some countries, the industrial sector had to be created almost from scratch, as it was completely destroyed during the war years. In other states, industrial reconstruction was required, which required no less material and human resources.
• Nationalization - transfer of transport, banks, large industrial enterprises into state ownership.
• Agricultural cooperation - the destruction of private landownership, the transfer of land to state, collective peasant ownership.

The influence of the USSR on Eastern Europe was also evident in the field of culture. In the states of the socialist bloc, reforms were carried out to introduce universal free primary education, many universities were opened, scientific centers. Much attention was given to communist ideology, which penetrated into the spheres of art, education, and sports.

When communist regimes were established in Eastern European countries, part of the population supported the ongoing transformations, but there were also groups that resisted the innovations. So in 1948-1949. Yugoslavia broke off relations with the Soviet Union and chose its own path of political and economic development.

Capitalist bloc of states

While Eastern Europe followed the example of the Soviet Union, most states in Western Europe chose the path of democratization following the example of the United States. It was not by chance that they took the US side; this was largely due to the economic Marshall Plan developed by the United States of America.

Let's memorize new words!

Marshall Plan is an American political-economic program designed to help post-war Europe. The organization of economic assistance to Western European countries became a tool for expelling communists from governments. 17 European countries accepted economic assistance from the United States, for the provision of which they completely removed the communists from power and chose the democratic path of state development.

The main funds under the Marshall Plan were sent to Great Britain, France, Holland, West Germany, and Italy. These countries have chosen the capitalist path of development, in which there is both private and state ownership, and the state regulates free market relations.

After rebuilding their economies with the help of the Marshall Plan, the capitalist countries of Western Europe followed the path of economic integration. More than 20 states have reduced customs duties for each other and entered into a number of agreements on economic and industrial cooperation.

NATO and ATS

The rivalry between the USSR and the USA manifested itself not only in the confrontation of ideologies and socio-political systems. In anticipation of a possible military conflict, the powers formed military-political blocs and built up all kinds of weapons.

In 1949, on the initiative of the United States of America, a military-political bloc was formed - NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). Initially, it included 10 Western European countries, the USA and Canada. This union provided for a system of measures for collective defense against possible military aggression and set itself the goal of protecting Europe from Soviet influence.

To counterbalance NATO, the creation of the OVD (Organization Warsaw Pact) under the leadership of the Soviet Union. The ATS included Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania and other states of South-Eastern Europe.

Thus, the confrontation between the two superpowers finally led to the split of Europe and the whole world.

Dictionary

1. Spheres of influence are territories a certain state or even a whole group of states under the economic and political influence of another country.

2. Annexation is the forcible annexation of one state or part of its territories to another.

3. Occupation is the forcible occupation of foreign territories.

4. A cartel is a form of business association in which each company included in the cartel does not lose its financial and production independence.

5. Socialism is a socio-economic system in which the state establishes complete control over the economy, the means of production and the distribution of resources. Collective forms of ownership predominate in society, and entrepreneurial activity is limited or completely prohibited.

6. Ideology is a system of ideas, views, interests that a social group adheres to.

7. Democratic values ​​- ideas of freedom, equality, justice, private property, personal integrity of citizens.

8. A police state is symbol a state system in which the government strictly controls social, political and economic life.

9. Integration is the process of uniting disparate parts into a single whole, uniting states, community groups, people.

10. Customs duty is a monetary fee collected for the transportation of goods across state borders.

1939 – 1935 relations between the leading powers are influenced by two factors.

The basis of the first trend was the awareness by the world community of the need for interaction between states to ensure peace and security, cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian nature.

The second trend was the dominance of two superpowers: the USSR and the USA.

The share of the United States in world industrial production by the end of the war was 60%. The USA after WW2 concentrated in its hands

After 1945, the Cold War began - a global military-political confrontation between the USSR and the USA.

Former British Prime Minister Churchill in March 1946, speaking in the city of Culton, called for the unification of all democratic peoples to defend their freedom.

In March 1947, US President Truman, in a message to Congress, identified the containment of the USSR and its allied political forces as a vital interest in ensuring US security.

The main directions of the Cold War were:

1. Arms race
2. Development and deployment of new types of weapons of mass destruction, increasing their number
3. Confrontation between military-political blocs
4. Direct military confrontation in local wars
5. Psychological warfare, that is, subversive propaganda and support for the opposition
6. Fierce confrontation between intelligence and special services
7. The struggle for influence in third world countries

Major milestones of the Cold War:

Marshall's plan. In 1947, US Secretary of State George Marshall presented a plan to help European countries.

Germany was divided into 4 occupation zones between the USA, USSR, England and France. In January 1948, England, France and the USA united their zones into Trizonia. In April 1948, the USSR introduced a control regime on highways and railways. In June 1948, the Soviet military administration banned the import of banknotes and cargo from Trizonia into Berlin. During May-October 1949, the division of Germany into a liberal democratic state took shape western type– The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic are a state with a socialist orientation. Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Germany were established only in 1955. East Berlin was proclaimed the capital of the GDR. As a result, in 1961, East German authorities, through the mediation of the Soviet Union, erected a wall that divided the city into two parts.

On April 4, 1949, in Brussels, representatives of 12 countries (USA, Canada, UK, France, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland and Portugal) signed the North Atlantic Pact, creating NATO. In 1952, Greece and Türkiye joined the alliance, and in 1955, Germany.

In 1949, CMEA—the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance—was created.

The culmination of the Cold War was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. On January 1, 1959, a revolution took place in Cuba directed against the dictatorial regime of the American protege Bastista. The leader of the Cuban revolution, Castro, declared the socialist nature of the revolution, his Marxist-Leninist views and orientation towards the USSR.

The first crisis - in the conditions of 1 mv

Second - 2mv

Third - Cuban Revolution

The USSR secretly decided to deploy 42 nuclear missiles with a medium range of 2000 km on Liberty Island. There were 40,000 Soviet soldiers and officers in Cuba. The American leadership announced an economic blockade of Cuba. In October 1962, the United States prepared to launch a powerful attack on Cuba. Over the territory of Cuba on the night of October 27-28, an American reconnaissance aircraft was shot down by a Soviet missile. The pilot died. As a result of the negotiations that began, the Soviet Union removed all nuclear missiles from Cuban territory, and the United States abandoned plans for armed aggression against Cuba and the deployment of its own atomic missiles on the territory of Turkey.

After the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1963, a treaty was signed banning the testing of atomic weapons in three areas: on land, under water and in space. This treaty was signed by the USA, USSR and England.

Following the USA in 1945, the USSR in 1949 – nuclear weapons. Great Britain tested for the first time nuclear weapons– 1952, France – 1960, China – 1964, India – 1974, Pakistan – 1998. North Korea – 2006. Israel does not comment on the presence of nuclear weapons.

1968 The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons was signed.

The post-war peace did not become more durable. For short time relations between the USSR and its allies anti-Hitler coalition have deteriorated significantly. To characterize them, the metaphor began to be increasingly used "cold war", which first appeared on the pages of the English Tribune magazine in the fall of 1945 in an international commentary famous writer J. Orwell. This term was later used in the spring of 1946 by the prominent American banker and politician B. Baruch in one of his public speeches. At the end of 1946, the influential American publicist W. Lippman published a book whose title was these two words.

However, the “declaration”, or proclamation, of the “Cold War” is traditionally considered to be two historical fact: W. Churchill’s speech (March 1946) in Fulton (Missouri) in the presence of US President G. Truman about the “Iron Curtain” and the Soviet threat, as well as the promulgation of the “Truman Doctrine” (March 1947) of the American foreign policy concept, proclaiming the main task facing the United States is to counteract communism and “contain” it. The post-war world split into two antagonistic blocs, and the Cold War entered its active phase in the summer of 1947, ultimately leading to the formation of military-political blocs opposing each other.

Each side made its own specific contribution to the post-war confrontation. The West was frightened by the increased military power of the Soviet Union, the unpredictability of Stalin's actions and the increasingly persistent advance of communist influence in the countries of Eastern Europe and Asia. During 1945-1948. a number of Eastern European countries were drawn into the orbit of Soviet influence (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, the eastern part of the dismembered Germany), in which, under pressure from the USSR, first coalitions were formed, with the determining influence of communist parties, and then purely communist in composition of the government.

At the end of September 1947, under pressure from the Stalinist leadership, the Information Bureau of Communist and Workers' Parties (Cominformburo) was created with headquarters in Belgrade from representatives of six communist parties in Eastern Europe and the two largest Western European communist parties (France and Italy). This body contributed to the increased pressure of the USSR on the countries of the so-called “people's democracy”, along with the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of some of these countries and the treaties of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance concluded with them. Created in 1949, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) with headquarters in Moscow further tied the countries of “people's democracy” economically to the USSR, since the latter were forced, according to the Soviet scenario, to carry out all the necessary cultural transformations, agriculture and industry, relying exclusively on the Soviet, not entirely positive experience.

In Asia, North Vietnam, North Korea and China were drawn into the USSR's orbit of influence during the period under review, after the peoples of these countries were able to win victories in communist-led wars of national liberation.

The influence of the USSR on the domestic and foreign policies of Eastern European countries, despite all the efforts made by Stalin, was not unconditional. Not all communist party leaders here have become obedient puppets. The independence and certain ambition of the leader of the Yugoslav communists I. Tito, his desire to create a Balkan federation with the leading role of Yugoslavia aroused discontent and suspicion of I.V. Stalin. In 1948, the Soviet-Yugoslav crisis arose and soon sharply worsened, leading to the condemnation of the actions of the Yugoslav leaders by the Cominform Bureau. Despite this, the Yugoslav communists maintained the unity of their ranks and followed I. Tito. Economic relations with the USSR and Eastern European countries were severed. Yugoslavia found itself under an economic blockade and was forced to turn to capitalist countries for help. The pinnacle of the Soviet-Yugoslav confrontation was the rupture of diplomatic relations between the two countries on October 25, 1949. The consequence of this rupture and the desire to achieve unity in the communist movement were two waves of purges of communists accused of “Titoism” that took place in the countries of “people’s democracy” under the control and with the active participation of the Soviet intelligence services " During the period 1948-1949. were repressed in Poland by V. Gomulka, M. Spychalski, Z. Klishko; in Hungary L. Rajk and J. Kadar (the first was executed, the second sentenced to life imprisonment), in Bulgaria T. Kostov was executed, in Albania K. Dzodze and many others. In 1950-1951 in almost all Eastern European countries took place trials against "Yugoslav spies". One of the most recent was the trial in Prague in November 1952 against Secretary General Communist Party of Czechoslovakia R. Slansky and thirteen prominent Czechoslovak communists, the vast majority of whom were executed after the end of the trial. Demonstrative political trials, like similar “events” that took place in the late 1930s. in the USSR, were supposed to frighten everyone dissatisfied with the policy pursued by the Soviet Union towards the countries of “people's democracy” and consolidate the only path already paved by the USSR to so-called “socialism”.

Despite the fairly serious influence of communists in a number of Western European countries (in the first post-war years, their representatives were part of the governments of France, Italy, etc.), the authority of Western European communist parties decreased in Europe after the adoption of the Marshall Plan, named after the US Secretary of State J. Marshall one of the “fathers” of the idea of ​​American economic assistance to the post-war reconstruction of Europe. The Soviet government not only itself refused to participate in this plan, but also influenced the corresponding decisions of Eastern European countries, including Czechoslovakia and Poland, which initially managed to express their readiness to participate in it.

After this, 16 Western European countries became participants in the Marshall Plan. The division of Europe into two hostile camps completed the creation in April 1949 of the North Atlantic Pact (NATO), which by 1953 united 14 European states under the auspices of the United States. The creation of this military-political bloc was largely facilitated by the events associated with the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in the summer of 1948. OPTA were forced to organize an “air bridge” that supplied the city for about a year. Only in May 1949 was the Soviet blockade lifted. However, the actions of the West and the intransigence of the USSR ultimately led to the creation in 1949 of two countries on German soil: on May 23, the Federal Republic of Germany and on October 7, the German Democratic Republic. Late 1940 early 1950s became the culmination of the Cold War. In September 1949, the USSR tested the first Soviet atomic bomb, the creation of which is associated with the name of the outstanding Soviet scientist I.V. Kurchatova. The most serious international problem For the USSR, the war of North Korea against the pro-American regime of South Korea (1950-1953) was unleashed with the direct consent of Stalin. It cost the lives of several million Koreans, Chinese and representatives of other nations who took part in this largest conflict since World War II. The question of the integration of Germany into the Western political system and its cooperation with NATO was of great difficulty.

Death of I.V. Stalin, which happened at the height of the Cold War, helped reduce tensions in international relations, although it did not remove the question of the further continuation of the struggle between the United States and its allies, on the one hand, and the USSR, the vanguard of the community of the so-called “socialist” states of Europe and Asia , on the other hand, for world domination.

External and domestic politics USSR.

The end of the Second World War gave rise to a new situation on the planet. Issues of peaceful settlement have come to the forefront in the foreign policy of European countries, starting with defining borders and establishing relationships and ending with solving internal social and economic problems.

The main issue of the post-war settlement was the creation of international organizations.

In April 1945, a conference on the security of nations in the postwar period opened in San Francisco. Delegations from 50 countries led by foreign ministers took part in the conference. It was characteristic that among the conference participants there were representatives of Ukraine and Belarus, on which the issue was resolved at the Crimean meeting of the heads of state of the USSR, USA and Great Britain. Since in Poland the government was created during the fight against Nazi Germany, and in London there was another, emigrant government, on the initiative of England and the United States, a decision was made regarding Poland that after the issue of the Polish government of this country was resolved, it would be given a place in the UN.

At the conference, the United Nations was created and, after heated discussions, the Charter was adopted, which was signed in a solemn ceremony on June 26, 1945 and came into force on October 24, 1945. This day is considered the birthday of the UN. The Charter for the first time enshrines the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples as the basis of international relations. The Charter obliged UN members to take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace and suppress acts of aggression, and to resolve international disputes “by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law.”

The main political body of the UN is the Security Council, consisting of permanent members. The USSR received a seat as a permanent member of the UN Security Council, along with the USA, England, France and China.

The main deliberative body of the UN is the General Assembly, in which representatives of all member countries of the organization participate. General Assembly Non-permanent members of the UN are elected for two-year terms.

Unlike the United States, which significantly strengthened its position, European countries from the winning camp emerged from the war with weakened economies. Things were even more complicated in the USSR. On the one hand, the international authority of the Soviet Union increased unprecedentedly, and without its participation not a single major problem of international relations could now be solved. At the same time, the economic position of the USSR was greatly undermined. In September 1945, the amount of direct losses caused by the war was estimated at 679 billion rubles, which was 5.5 times the national income of the USSR in 1940.

The USSR became a recognized great power in the international arena: the number of countries that established diplomatic relations with it increased from 26 in the pre-war period to 52.

Foreign policy. The warming of international relations that emerged after the war turned out to be short-lived. In the first months after the defeat of Germany and the surrender of Japan, the Soviet government tried in every possible way to create an image of the USSR as a peace-loving state, ready to find compromises in solving complex world problems. It emphasized the need to provide favorable international conditions for peaceful socialist construction in the USSR, the development of the world revolutionary process, and the preservation of peace on Earth.

But this did not last long. Internal processes, as well as fundamental changes in the international situation, led to the tightening by the Soviet leadership of political and doctrinal guidelines that determined the specific goals and actions of domestic diplomacy and the direction of ideological work with the population.

After the end of the war, people's democratic states were formed in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia. 11 states have taken the path of building socialism. The world system of socialism united 13 states and covered 15% of the territory and about 35% of the world's population (before the war - 17% and 9%, respectively).

Thus, in the struggle for influence in the world former allies during the war with Germany they were divided into two opposing camps. An arms race and political confrontation, called the Cold War, began between the USSR and the USA, East and West.

In April 1945, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered the preparation of a plan for war against the USSR. Churchill presented his conclusions in his memoirs: since the USSR has become a mortal threat to America and Europe, it is necessary to immediately create a front going as far as possible to the East, against its rapid advance. The main and true goal of the Anglo-American armies is Berlin with the liberation of Czechoslovakia and the entry into Prague. Vienna and all of Austria must be ruled by the Western powers. Relations with the USSR should be built on military superiority.

Cold War - global geopolitical, economic and ideological confrontation between the Soviet Union and its allies, on the one hand, and the United States and its allies, on the other, lasting from the mid-1940s to the early 1990s. The confrontation was not a war in the literal sense - one of the main components was ideology. The deep contradiction between the capitalist and socialist models is the main cause of the Cold War. The two victorious superpowers in World War II tried to rebuild the world according to their ideological principles.

The formal beginning of the Cold War is often considered to be W. Churchill's speech in Fulton (USA, Missouri), in which he put forward the idea of ​​​​creating a military alliance of Anglo-Saxon countries with the aim of fighting world communism. W. Churchill’s speech outlined a new reality, which the retired English leader, after assurances of deep respect and admiration for “the valiant Russian people and my wartime comrade Marshal Stalin,” defined as the “Iron Curtain.”

A week later, J.V. Stalin, in an interview with Pravda, put Churchill on a par with Hitler and stated that in his speech he called on the West for war with the USSR.

The Stalinist leadership sought to create an anti-American bloc in Europe and, if possible, in the world; in addition, the countries of Eastern Europe were perceived as a “cordon sanitaire” against American influence. In these interests, the Soviet government fully supports the communist regimes in Eastern Europe, where by 1949 “socialist revolutions” took place, the communist movement in Greece (an attempt to organize a communist coup here failed in 1947), and secretly gets involved in the Korean War (1951-1954 gg.) on the side of pro-communist North Korea.

In 1945, the USSR presented territorial claims to Turkey and demanded a change in the status of the Black Sea straits, including recognition of the USSR's right to create a naval base in the Dardanelles. In 1946, at the London meeting of foreign ministers, the USSR demanded the right to a protectorate over Tripolitania (Libya) in order to ensure its presence in the Mediterranean.

On March 12, 1947, US President Harry Truman announced his intention to provide military and economic assistance in the amount of 400 million to Greece and Turkey. dollars. At the same time, he defined the content of the rivalry between the USA and the USSR as a conflict between democracy and totalitarianism.

In 1947, at the insistence of the USSR, the socialist countries refused to participate in the Marshall Plan, which provided for the provision of economic assistance in exchange for the exclusion of communists from the government.

After the war, the USSR provided significant economic assistance to all countries of the socialist camp. So, in 1945, Romania received 300 tons of grain as a loan, Czechoslovakia - 600 thousand tons of zarn, Hungary - three loans, etc. By 1952, such assistance was already estimated at over $3 billion.

The Control Council, created after the war by decision of the Potsdam Conference to govern Germany as a “single economic whole,” turned out to be ineffective. In response to the US decision to carry out separate monetary reform in the western zones of occupation and West Berlin in 1948 in order to give the German economy hard currency, the USSR established a blockade of Berlin (until May 1949). In 1949, the conflict between the USA and the USSR led to the split of Germany into the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR, where the problem of West Berlin remained unresolved.

The Soviet Union deployed large-scale assistance to people's democracies, creating for this purpose special organization- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (1949).

1949-50 became the apogee of the Cold War - a military-political bloc of Western countries was created - NATO, as well as other blocs with the participation of the United States: ANZUS, SEATO, etc.

A few years later, the USSR united part of the people's democracies into a military-political union - the Warsaw Pact Organization: (1955-1990 - Albania /until 1968/, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, USSR, Czechoslovakia). The USSR actively promoted communist parties and movements in Western countries, the growth of the liberation movement in the “Third World” and the creation of countries with a “socialist orientation”.

For its part, the US leadership sought to pursue policies from a “position of strength,” trying to use all its economic, military-political power to put pressure on the USSR. In 1946, US President Harry Truman proclaimed the doctrine of “limiting communist expansion,” supported in 1947 by the doctrine of economic assistance “to free peoples.”

The United States provided large-scale economic assistance to Western countries (“Marshall Plan”), created a military-political alliance of these states led by the United States (NATO, 1949), placed a network of American military bases near the borders of the USSR (Greece, Turkey), supported anti-socialist forces within the Soviet bloc countries.

In 1950-1953 During the Korean War, there was a direct clash between the USSR and the USA.

Thus, the formation of the camp of socialism, which in economic, political and culturally became increasingly isolated from capitalist countries, and the harsh political course of the West led to a split of the world into two camps - socialist and capitalist.

COMMITTEE OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF KURSK REGION

regional budget-funded professional educational institution

"Kursk State Polytechnic College"

(OBPOU "KGPK")

Methodicallesson development

« Beginning of the Cold War»

Subject "History"

mid-level specialist training program

by specialty02/08/01

Construction and operation of buildings and structures

OBPOU "KGPK"

Kursk

2016.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Methodological developmentlessonhistory« Post-war structure peace.Beginning of the Cold War» by specialty08.02.01 Construction and operation of buildings and structures (basic training)assumes continued work on buildinga learning model that is distinguished by a combination of pedagogical management with student initiative and activity. This model provides everything necessary conditions for further social adaptation of students, plays an important role in the formation of general and personal competencies of specialists and meets the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Secondary Professional Education.

Students gain skills in participating in discussions, dialogue communication with others, which leads to mutual understanding, interaction, and joint solution of common but significant tasks for each participant . Joint activities contribute to the development of critical thinking, the ability to speak out, defend one’s opinion, solve complex problems based on analysis of circumstances and relevant information, weigh alternative opinions, and make thoughtful decisions. Interactive technology contributes not only to improving the quality of knowledge, but also to increasing efficiency; the student feels his success, his intellectual independence, which makes the learning process itself productive.

Methodological goal:implementation interactive technologies as a way intellectual development personality and the formation of critical thinking.

Type of lesson:learning new material.

Type of lesson:lesson-dialogue .

Training technologies:interactive technologies, business game.

Form of organization of educational activities: work in small groups, collective discussion, independent work.

Teaching methods and techniques:

- working with historical sources;

- conversation with elements of discussion.

Objectives of the lesson.

Educational:

students’ understanding of the essence of the “Cold War” concept,the causes of the Cold War, its impact on international relations and

consequences for the development of world politics;

Developmental:

Development of students' thinking skills;

Development of skills to work with historical sources;

Developing the ability to formulate and argue your point of view;

Educational:

fostering rejection of intolerance, hostility, mistrust, ideological confrontation, and aggressiveness.

Formed competencies and value orientations

OK 3. Make decisions in standard and non-standard situations and take responsibility for them

OK 4. Search and use information necessary for the effective performance of professional tasks, professional and personal development

OK 6.Work collaboratively and in a team, communicate effectively with colleagues, management, and consumers

OK 7. Take responsibility for the work of team members (subordinates) and for the results of completing tasks

1. Personally significant and communicative:

- positive attitude, orientation towards success;

- the ability to take responsibility for the decision made.

2. Educational and cognitive competencies:

- skills and abilities to solve situational problems;

- skills to highlight key points, express reasoned judgments and conclusions;

- ability to analyze the results obtained; formulate conclusions.

3. Communicative and speech competencies:

- cooking skills and abilities oral messages based on studied sources of information;

- skills of monologue and dialogue speech;

- skills and abilities to use historical terms in speech.

Providing classes:

Wall map "States of the World",

Multimedia projector; PC,

Multimedia presentation« Post-war world structure.Beginning of the Cold War»;

Handout material.

Basic literature:

Artemov V. V., Lubchenkov Yu. N . History for professions and specialties of technical, natural science, socio-economic profiles: 2 hours: textbook for students. institutions prof. education. - M., 2015.

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON.

1. Temporal setting. Goal setting. (5 min.)

Creating motivation: students use materials from periodicals (newspapers “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, “Arguments and Facts”, “Kurskaya Pravda”) to present modern international relations and ask questions: Why are there so many issues today on which Russia and the United States cannot come to a consensus ? Who is to blame for the confrontation between the great powers? Where and what will the confrontation between Russia and the United States lead to?

Teacher:

Thank you, sit down. Indeed, the current international situation makes us think about what is happening, why relations between states are developing this way, and what will happen next. The study of this topic is especially relevant. Today we will also talk about international relations, about the relations between the two powers. We need to start from the beginning, so let's go back to the mid-40s of the 20th century. The topic of our lesson: “The post-war structure of the world. The beginning of the Cold War. Open your notebooks and write down the topic of the lesson.

How many questions have been asked now, and we will try to find answers to these questions in class. Determine the goals of our lesson.

Suggested answers:

Objectives of our lesson:

Consider the post-war structure of the world; find out what the Cold War is, what its causes are, who is to blame for starting the Cold War and what its consequences are.

Teacher:

I want to remind you of the ancient wisdom: Find the beginning of everything, and you will understand a lot, so we will definitely talk about the lessons of the Cold War.

Pay attention to the list of statements by famous people of the world (Appendix No. 1). I suggest you read them carefully and choose an epigraph for our lesson in accordance with the purpose, justifying your choice.

Students offer options for the epigraph, justifying their choice. Words are chosen as an epigraph E. Yevtushenko “Our honeymoon with the allies quickly ended. The war united us, but the victory separated us,” because they characterize post-war condition peace.

2. Learning new material (30 min.)

Teacher:

So, we have chosen an epigraph, determined the goals of our lesson and begin to work according to the following plan

1. “Cold War”: concept, causes, signs.

2. "Bipolar World".

3. Consequences of the Cold War. Local conflicts.

Look at the photo (Appendix No. 2). Who is pictured here?

Suggested answers:

Heads of government of the USSR, USA and Great Britain - I. Stalin, G. Truman, W. Churchill.

What lesson did humanity learn from World War II?

Suggested answers:

The main lesson that was learned as a result of the war is that any war requires the mobilization of human and material resources and brings suffering to people. Therefore, we must by all means refrain from solving problems through military force.

Teacher:

On September 2, 1945, the Second World War, the most difficult and bloody one, ended. After it, the very thought of a new war seemed blasphemous. Much has been done as never before to prevent it from happening again: states that took the path of gross violation of international law and outright aggression were defeated. This meant the defeat of the policy of brute force, attempts to build a “new order” on the principles of militant nationalism and racism.

The main lesson that humanity has learned - to preserve peace - is reflected in the creation of the UN, an international organization to maintain peace and security on the planet.
The objective development of the situation led to the Cold War.

"Cold War" is not just a term, not just a metaphor, it is an entire era in the life of humanity, filled with facts, events, faces. I propose today to find out how the image of this era was created, to complement its portrait with those touches without which it would not be expressive enough. To do this, you will need to study historical sources.

Today we have representatives of the USA, the USSR and outside observers who will have to find out what the Cold War is, what its causes are, who is to blame for starting the Cold War and what its consequences are.

Everyone has a task on their desk that you will work on in a microgroup. Operating time - 5 min.

The teacher asks the representatives of the USA and the USSR to stand, asks them questions about the documents, and the students answer the questions.

Document "From speeches of W. Churchill on March 5, 1946 in the city of Fulton (USA)"(Appendix 3)

Why is Churchill's speech considered by historians to be a harbinger of the Cold War?

Suggested answers:

W. Churchill accused the USSR of expansion, of creating an “iron curtain” that separated the West from the countries of Soviet influence. W. Churchill spoke about the need to create a “ring of power” around countries under the control of the USSR in order to force it to abandon the construction of socialism and the spread of socialist ideas.

- Document " Reaction of the USSR leadershipto Churchill's speech" (Appendix 4, on 2 sheets)

What was the reaction of the Soviet leadership to W. Churchill’s speech? Determine J.V. Stalin’s attitude to W. Churchill’s speech.

Suggested answers:

J.V. Stalin stated that « Mr. Churchill now stands in the position of a warmonger,” put him on a par with Hitler and assessed the speech as a call from the West for war with the USSR.

Historical facts (Appendix5)

What goals did the USSR pursue in the international arena after the end of World War II? Give examples that prove the strengthening of the USSR's position in the post-war world.

Suggested answers:

J.V. Stalin sought to strengthen the influence of the USSR in all regions of the world. In 1946-1948. in the states of Eastern Europe and Asia liberated Soviet army or with her participation, communist governments came to power and set a course for building socialism along the Soviet model. A number of socialist countries allied with the USSR emerged.

Documents (Appendix 6, on 2 sheets)

Suggested answers:

The United States did not want to put up with the changes that had taken place in the international arena. Therefore, they began to pursue a power policy towards the USSR. One of the means of containing the USSR was considered atomic weapons, the possession of which was enjoyed by the United States. The goals of the US plans towards the USSR were aggressive in nature.

Document " Truman Doctrine. Marshall Plan"(Appendix 7)

What was the main idea of ​​Truman's speech? What role did it play in the development of the Cold War? What is the essence of the Marshall Plan?

Suggested answers:

In doctrine Truman talked about “containing” the USSR, exerting continuous pressure on it, and the possibility of US intervention in the internal affairs of other countries. The doctrine marked the beginning of the creation of a network of US military bases on foreign territories. At the same time, American Secretary of State Marshall put forward a program of economic assistance to post-war Europe. In fact, it became a continuation of the Truman Doctrine.

- Marshall Plan document.(Appendix 8, on 2 sheets)

How did the Soviet leadership react to the Marshall Plan? Why? Try to explain why I.V. Stalin did not accept the proposal of US Secretary of State D. Marshall? Why did Stalin demand that the countries of Eastern Europe refuse to participate in the American project?

Suggested answers:

I.V. Stalin and his entourage perceived« Marshall Plan" as an attempt to bring the economic and political life countries that received it. Fearing undermining the influence of the USSR in the states of Eastern Europe, the leadership of the Soviet Union demanded that they refuse to participate in the American project.

Teacher:

I want to ask the representatives of the USSR and the USA, standing opposite each other, what were your feelings? What did you experience? How do outside observers assess what happened?

Suggested answers:

A feeling of struggle, confrontation, conflict, on the other hand - a desire to get closer, to meet each other halfway.

Teacher:

Now let's draw conclusions on the issues discussed.

What is the Cold War? What were the causes of the Cold War? Who do you think was the culprit? Could it have been avoided?"Cold War"?

Suggested answers:

"Cold War"- the state of military-political confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States, as well as between their allies after World War II.

Causes of the Cold War: with the advent of nuclear weapons in the United States, military power began to play an increasing role in international relations. Politicians in both the Soviet Union and the United States were interested in creating the image of an enemy. In conditions when the fate of the countries liberated from fascism remained uncertain, between The USSR and the USA began a confrontation for the right to determine the paths of their further development.

The main reason for the Cold War was the global, geopolitical, irreconcilable contradictions between the world's socio-political systems - capitalism and socialism, burdened by the ideology and subjective qualities of the leaders of the great powers.

The leaders of both the Soviet Union and the United States showed unconstructiveness and unwillingness to compromise and take into account each other's interests.

Teacher:

Not only superpowers were involved in the Cold War; a bipolar world was being formed. Your microgroups needed to determine the consequences"Cold War". (Appendix 9, on 3 sheets)

What is a “bipolar world”? How did it develop? What are the results of the emergence of two military bloc systems? Using the map, reveal the meaning of the change in the geopolitical situation in Europe by the end of 1949. What were the causes and consequences of the Berlin Crisis?

Suggested answers:

A bipolar world is a world divided into two opposing parts: East and West. RivalryThe USSR and the USA led to an arms race, a struggle for control over key areas of the world, an increase in the number of local conflicts and the creation of a system of military alliances.

To regulate economic relations in Eastern Europe in January 1949. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was created (work with the map). CMEA became the first international organization of socialist countries. For their part, Western countries April 4, 1949 formed the military-political organization of the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) (working with the map). A response to Germany's entry into NATO in 1955. was the creation of the Warsaw Pact Organization, a military-political alliance of the USSR with its friendly countries of Eastern Europe (working with the map). The formation of a system of alliances in Europe was accelerated by the conflict between the USSR and the USA, which brought these countries to the brink of a military clash. The conflict was related to the unresolved German issue (working with the map).

The Western powers did not want to put up with Soviet influence established in eastern Germany. The Berlin crisis made the division of Germany inevitable.

The creation of two military bloc systems led to a significant aggravation of the international situation and affected the political development of many countries.

Teacher:

Asian countries were also involved in the confrontation.

Document “Korean War” (Appendix 10, on 3 sheets)

Suggested answers:

The Korean Civil War turned international. Soviet and American pilots had to fight each other. The military clash in Korea between two military bloc systems brought the countries to the brink of war.

Teacher:

Let's summarize our dialogue. (5 min.)

Let's turn to the questions formulated at the beginning of the lesson. Have we received answers to them?

What lessons can be learned from the military confrontation between the USSR and the West in 1945 - 1953? G.

Which of these lessons are relevant in today's world?

Why is the Cold War dangerous?

Suggested answers:

Both countries claimed a leading role in the world. They used such means as economic blockade, political propaganda, arms race, to weaken each other. local conflicts. Local conflicts became a constant feature of the post-war years. In many regions of the world, the Cold War served as a detonator for bloody “hot conflicts.”

Teacher:

Imagine that you are present at a meeting of state leaders, what words, wishes, questions would you address to the leaders of Russia and the United States.

Students express their wishes.

Suggested answers:

Give up confrontation.

Give up sanctions.

Take care of the world.

Let us shake hands and direct our efforts towards using the atom for peaceful purposes.

Teacher:

Yes, indeed, only cooperation, interaction, and the desire to compromise will bring states closer together and help solve existing problems. Everyone must unite to prevent the cold war from escalating into a hot war.

The future is a consequence of the past and present, but the present is the current moment, the only time in which something can be done that will add something to any past that will bring into being the desired future. If we do nothing in the present, then we risk finding ourselves in the future that approaches “by itself” - automatically or in fulfillment of someone else’s will that is alien to us.

3. Conclusion (5 min.)

Teacher:

Our lesson is coming to an end, I suggest you continue the phrase: “After our lesson, I can .....”

Suggested answers:

Conduct a search necessary information in historical sources;

Formulate concepts, highlight essential features;

Analyze historical events;

Express judgments about the cause-and-effect relationships of historical facts;

Determine your attitude and explain your assessment of the most significant personalities and events in history;

- explain the meaning and significance of the historical events and phenomena being studied;

Work in a group;

Treat your opponent with respect.

Homework: Write an essay, the topic of which will be T. Carlyle’s statement “Any war is a misunderstanding.”

Giving and commenting on ratings.

Thank you, lesson is over en

Appendix No. 1.

nOur honeymoon with the allies quickly ended. The war united us, but the victory separated us.

E. Yevtushenko.

nThe results of our labor do not leave humanity

no choice but to create a united world, a world based on the rule of law and humanity.

R. Oppenheimer

nWhat type of weapon will be used? IIIworld war? I don't know, but the only weapon IVthere will be a stone axe.

A. Einstein

nThe past must be known not because it passed, but because, when it left, it did not know how to “remove its consequences.”
IN. Klyuchevsky

nWe move into the future, looking back at the past.

P. Valeria

Appendix No. 3

Question for the document: Why is Churchill's speech, according to historians, considered a harbinger of the Cold War?

From the speech of W. Churchill on March 5, 1946 in Fulton (USA)
From Stettin on the Baltic to Trieste on the Adriatic, the “iron curtain” descended on the continent. Behind this line are stored all the treasures of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, Sofia - all these famous cities and the populations in their areas are in the Soviet sphere and all are subject in one form or another not only to Soviet influence, but also to a large extent to the increasing control of Moscow... Only Athens, with its immortal glory, is free to decide its future in elections under the supervision of the British , Americans and French. The Polish government, under Russian control, was encouraged to make enormous and unjust encroachments on Germany...

The Communist parties, which were very insignificant in all the eastern states of Europe, have achieved exceptional power, far exceeding their numbers, and are seeking to establish totalitarian control everywhere. Police governments prevail almost everywhere, and to this day... no real democracy exists in them.

Türkiye and Persia are deeply alarmed and concerned about the demands that the Moscow government is making on them. The Russians made an attempt in Berlin to create a communist party in their zone of occupation of Germany (...) If the Soviet government now tries to separately create a pro-communist Germany in its zone, it will cause new serious difficulties in the British and American zones and divide the defeated Germans between the Soviets and the Western democracies.

With the exception of the British Commonwealth of Nations and the USA, where communism is in its infancy, the Communist Parties, or fifth columns, represent a growing threat and danger to Christian civilization... The Russians admire power above all else, and there is nothing to which they would have less respect than military weakness. For this reason our old doctrine of the balance of power is untenable. We cannot afford to rely on a slight superiority in strength, thereby creating a temptation to test our strength...
If the population of the English-speaking Commonwealth of Nations were added to the United States, and what such co-operation at sea, in the air, in science and industry would mean, no precarious and dangerous balance of power would exist. I drive away the thought that new war inevitable or, moreover, that a new war is looming... I do not believe that Soviet Russia wants war. She wants the fruits of war and the unlimited spread of her power and her doctrines. But what we must consider here today is a system for preventing the threat of war, providing conditions for the development of freedom and democracy as quickly as possible in all countries...”

Appendix No. 4.

Questions for the document: What was the reaction of the Soviet leadership to W. Churchill’s speech? Determine the attitude of I.V. Stalin to the speech of W. Churchill?

Reaction of the USSR leadership to Churchill's speech:

“Yesterday in America, Comrade Churchill made a provocative speech. You will read about it in more detail in Pravda. This gentleman calls on the imperialist brothers not to stand on ceremony with us. Comrade Churchill is annoyed by the victory of communist ideology in the countries of Eastern Europe. He would like to return the pre-war peace. Let us thank Comrade Churchill, a longtime warmonger. It is reported that the leaders of the United States and England, Truman and Attlee, disowned Churchill’s calls. It’s too late, gentlemen. We could also pretend that nothing happened, but this is not in our interests. interpret Comrade Churchill’s speech as a direct call for war with the USSR and the camp of socialism. A very good and timely speech for us... Between you and me, after the war, some members of the intelligentsia began to openly admire the Western way of life. criminally forgetting that there is a class struggle in the world. Thank you, Comrade Churchill, for bringing us back to reality and reminding us of our main task. Now about our lag that this bastard mentioned... It's not true, and it is true! We all remember how Churchill and the imperialists did not open a second front for a long time, wanting to bleed us as much as possible. But the opposite happened. Bleeding, losing hundreds of thousands in battles, we created the most powerful army in the world... The imperialist gentlemen now have only one advantage left - the atomic bomb. This is a very serious advantage. Our task is to eliminate it as soon as possible - this time. And two: from today we resume our struggle. We must stop the mood of complacency and ideological weakness."

I.V. Stalin, in an interview with a correspondent of the Pravda newspaper, commented on W. Churchill’s Fulton speech:

“...In fact, Mr. Churchill now stands in the position of a warmonger. And Mr. Churchill is not alone here - he has friends not only in England, but also in the United States of America... Hitler began the business of starting a war by proclaiming a racial theory, declaring that only people who speak German, represent a full-fledged nation. Mr. Churchill begins the matter of unleashing war also with racial theory, arguing that only nations speaking English, are full-fledged nations called upon to decide the destinies of the whole world... In fact, Mr. Churchill and his friends in England and the USA are presenting to the nations that do not speak English something like an ultimatum: recognize our dominance voluntarily, and then everything will be fine order - otherwise war is inevitable... There is no doubt that Mr. Churchill’s attitude is an attitude towards war, a call for war with the USSR. I don’t know whether Mr. Churchill and his friends will be able to organize a new campaign against “Eastern Europe” after the Second World War. But if they succeed - which is unlikely, for millions of “ordinary people” are guarding the cause of peace - then we can say with confidence that they will be beaten.”

Appendix No. 5.

Questions for the document: What goals did the USSR pursue in the international arena after the end of World War II? Give examples that prove the strengthening of the USSR's position in the post-war world.

Facts.

An acute conflict arose over the timing of the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Northern Iran, where they entered back in 1941. by agreement with England. In December 1945 local authorities were formed in Iranian Azerbaijan and Kurdistan (Northern Iran). They declared autonomy. Western countries considered this a violation of the commitments made by the allies in Tehran in 1943. about respect territorial integrity countries demanded that the USSR immediately withdraw troops from Iranian territory. The United States issued the first threat in the history of Soviet-American relations to use nuclear weapons in the event of a military solution to the conflict. Such a painful reaction was explained by fears that the USSR would put Iran’s oil wealth under control. After the withdrawal of Soviet troops, the Iranian government, on the advice of the British, not only liquidated the autonomies, but also terminated the lease agreement with the Soviet Union on a number of oil fields for a period of 50 years.

In 1945-1946. In most Eastern European countries, coalition governments were in power. Along with the communists, other political forces were represented in them.

In 1945, communist rule was established in Yugoslavia and North Vietnam.

In 1946 - in Albania, Bulgaria.

1947 - the communists won the elections in Poland and Hungary.

December 1947 - Romanian King Mihai, under pressure from the Soviet military command, abdicated the throne and transferred power to the communists.

1948 - a communist regime was established in Czechoslovakia, a pro-Soviet regime was established in North Korea.

1949 - The communists came to power in China.

There was a complete subordination of the leaders of communist regimes to Stalin.

Appendix No. 6.

Questions for documents: Briefly formulate the main goal of the United States in relation to the USSR after the Second World War? Is it possible to regard the US struggle against the hated, unjust Soviet regime as fair actions reflecting the interests of the world community? What are the nature of the goals of the US plans towards the USSR? Does the US carry out similar actions towards other states at the present time?

Excerpts from the Council Directive national security USA: 20/1 of 08/18/1948 “Our goals in relation to Russia” and NSC-68 of 09/30/1950

“Our main goals in relation to Russia, in essence, come down to just two:

a) Reduce the power and influence of Moscow to the extent that it will not pose a threat to the peace and stability of international relations;

b) Carry out fundamental changes in the theory and practice of foreign policy, which are adhered to by the government in power in Russia.

...The point is, first of all, to make and keep the Soviet Union weak politically, militarily and psychological relations compared to external forces beyond his control.

...In other words, we must create automatic guarantees to ensure that even a non-communist and nominally friendly regime:

a) did not have great military power;

b) economically highly dependent on the outside world;

c) did not have serious power over the main national minorities;

d) did not install anything similar to the Iron Curtain.

In the event that such a regime should express hostility towards the Communists and friendship towards us, we must take care that these conditions are not imposed in an offensive or humiliating manner. But we are obliged to impose them by force or by force to protect our interests.”

From Directive NSB-68 of September 30, 1950

"...to sow the seeds of destruction within Soviet system in order to force the Kremlin to at least change its policy... But without superior available and easily mobilized military power, the policy of “containment”, which is essentially a policy of calculated and gradual coercion, is nothing more than a bluff.

...We need to wage open psychological warfare in order to cause mass betrayal against the Soviets and destroy other plans of the Kremlin...

...In addition to affirming our values, our policies and actions must be such as to bring about fundamental changes in the character of the Soviet system; thwarting the Kremlin's plans is the first and important step towards these changes.”

On September 4, 1945, a document was drawn up in the United States (Memorandum of the Joint Intelligence Committee No. 329), which stated: “Select approximately 20 of the most important targets suitable for strategic atomic bombing in the USSR and in the territory controlled by it.”

“The Russians,” US President Henry Truman wrote to Secretary of State John Byrnes on January 5, 1946, need to show an iron fist and speak in a strong language. I think we should not make any compromises with them now.”

Chairman of the Senate Atomic Energy Commission McMahon openly stated: “War with the Russians is inevitable. We must wipe them off the face of the earth and quickly.”

"Evaluation of Plans for Strategic Air Offensive against the USSR Prepared by the Chief of the American Air Force and Submitted to the Joint Chiefs of Staff," December 21, 1948.

“The war will begin before April 1, 1949. Atomic bombs will be applied on such a scale as is possible and desirable... it is very important to outline the areas where the most significant Soviet industrial centers are located... Maps with designated targets and flight routes for operations affecting the first 70 cities will be ready by February 1, 1949 ."

From an article by West German historian B. Greiner
There was a group in Washington that was completely indifferent to what the USSR or Stalin thought and did. These are the developers of military plans. Since the summer of 1945 at the latest, they firmly knew their enemy and mass-produced military plans. In 1948-1949, for example, it was considered possible to put an end to the Soviet Union by destroying its 70 cities and industrial centers with atomic bombs. All the details were spelled out with maniacal precision: 1,947 targets would be attacked, 2.7 million people were planned to be killed and 4 million injured within 30 days. In March 1954, the Strategic Air Forces command saw itself at the peak of its power. If necessary, it undertook to drop 750 bombs on the USSR from all directions of the world and within two (!) hours turn it into “smoking radioactive ruins.” Note that in this scenario the United States would not be harmed in any way.

Appendix No. 7.

Document Questions: What was the main idea of ​​Truman's speech? What role did it play in the development of the Cold War? What is the essence of the Marshall Plan?

Truman Doctrine.

Western leaders feared that the USSR would continue toexpand your “sphere of interests”, including more and more new onescountries where the position of communists will strengthen. INMarch1947The US Congress, at the request of G. Truman, approved the allocationmoney from Greece and Turkey and sending military personnel there forprotectionthese countries from “communist aggression”. The US President's message to Congress was calledTruman Doctrine.The task was set to “contain” the USSR and its allies from “seizing” new territories.Subsequently, the doctrine of discarding was proclaimed, i.e. liberation from the influence of the USSR of countries that came under its control.This policy was associated withensuring the security and vital interests of the United States itself.

Marshall Plan.

An integral part of the new US foreign policy was a program for the economic revival of war-torn Europe. It was developed by the new US Secretary of State Marshall. The plan named after him was approved at an international conference in Paris (12.7-22.9.1947). The USSR did not participate in the conference, as it regarded this plan as aimed at the economic enslavement of Europe by America and put pressure on Eastern European countries so that they would refuse to participate in the implementation of the Marshall Plan. In total, 16 people signed the Marshall Plan. Western countries.

Marshall, in a speech at Harvard University, stated: "Our policy is not directed against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, misery, despair and chaos." He said that European states that want to use his plan must themselves take the initiative and work out the details of this plan, calculating the necessary funds, provide data on the state of their economy, needs, and plans for using incoming funds.

The Marshall Plan began to be implemented in April 1948, when the US Congress passed the "Act economic cooperation", which provided for a 4-year program of economic assistance to Europe. The total amount of appropriations under the Marshall Plan (from April 1948 to December 1951) amounted to about 12.4 billion dollars, with the bulk of it coming from England (2.8 billion) , France (2.5 billion), Spain (1.3 billion), West Germany (1.3 billion), Holland (1 billion), while the Americans, as a precondition for providing assistance, demanded the withdrawal of the communists. Of the governments of the countries that signed the treaty, by 1948 there were no communists in any government in Western Europe.

Appendix No. 8.

Questions for the document: How did the Soviet leadership react to the Marshall Plan? Why? Try to explain why I.V. Stalin did not accept the proposal of US Secretary of State D. Marshall? Why did Stalin demand that the countries of Eastern Europe refuse to participate in the American project?

Marshall Plan.

The Marshall Plan in Moscow was initially met with interest. Hopes for American loans to restore the country have not yet disappeared. Therefore, the Soviet leadership hesitated. According to the recollections of one of the leaders of the MGB, P. Sudoplatov, initially the Soviet leadership seriously considered the USSR’s participation in the Marshall Plan. V. Molotov’s assistant Vetrov told P. Sudoplatov before leaving for Paris to participate in negotiations on the future of Europe that “our policy is based on cooperation with Western allies in the implementation of the Marshall Plan,” meaning primarily the revival of war-damaged industry in Ukraine, in Belarus and Leningrad."

The Soviet Union was invited to a meeting of Foreign Ministers in Paris on the problems of American assistance, to which the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks gave a positive response on June 21, 1947. This is how Foreign Minister V. M. Molotov recalls this time: “At first I agreed, by the way, I made a proposal to the Central Committee: we must participate. And then he came to his senses and sent a second note on the same day: let’s refuse. ...But there (in Paris) such a gang gathered that one could not count on a conscientious attitude... There was a lot of confusion. But if they think that it was our mistake to abandon the Marshall Plan, then we did the right thing... And at first we at the Foreign Ministry wanted to invite all socialist countries to participate, but we quickly realized that this was wrong. They pulled us into their company, but a subordinate company. We would depend on them, but nothing would really work out, but we would definitely depend on them.”

Even more negative assessment sounds in the memorandum of academician E. Varga, written on the instructions of V. Molotov. The academician believed that the Marshall Plan was based on economic interests US leadership: “The economic situation of the United States was decisive for the advancement of the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan was, first of all, supposed to be a weapon to mitigate the next economic crisis, the approach of which no one in the United States denies. The American financial oligarchy and American politics are looking for means to mitigate the upcoming economic crisis. Such a means is the sale of surplus (under capitalist conditions) goods abroad.” Based on an assessment of the economic situation in the United States, E. Varga concludes: “The meaning of the Marshall Plan against this background is as follows. If in the interests of the United States itself it is necessary to give many billions of dollars worth of American goods abroad on credit to unreliable debtors, then we must try to extract maximum political benefits from this.” Such benefits, according to academician E. Varga, are “a demonstration of the superiority of the United States”, “the role of the saviors of “all of Europe”.

JV Stalin and his entourage perceived the Marshall Plan as an attempt to bring the economic and political life of the countries that adopted it under US control. JV Stalin ordered the countries of “people's democracy” of Eastern Europe to abandon the “Marshall Plan”. V. M. Molotov announced that US assistance “will inevitably lead to interference of some states in the affairs of others”, “splitting Europe into two groups of countries.”I. V. Stalin prohibited countries of “international democracy” from joining the International Monetary Fund.

In 1947, the communists of Eastern European countries, at the direction of the Information Bureau of the Communist Parties, sharply condemned the Marshall Plan and put forward the idea of ​​​​accelerated development of their countries relying on their own forces with the support of the USSR.

Appendix No. 9.

Questions for documents: What is a “bipolar world”? How did it develop? What are the results of the emergence of two military bloc systems? Using the map, reveal the meaning of the change in the geopolitical situation in Europe by the end of 1949. What were the causes and consequences of the Berlin Crisis?

On the creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

In January of this year, an economic meeting of representatives of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR, Czechoslovakia was held in Moscow...

To implement broader economic cooperation between the people's democracies and the USSR, the meeting recognized the need to create a Council for Mutual Economic Assistance from representatives of the countries participating in the meeting on the basis of equal representation with the task of exchanging economic experience, providing each other with technical assistance, providing mutual assistance with raw materials, food, machinery, equipment etc.

The meeting recognized that the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance is an open organization that can be joined by other European countries that share the principles of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and wish to participate in broad economic cooperation with the above countries.<...>

Appendix No. 10.

Questions for documents:What are local conflicts? Why were they dangerous to international security? Why did the Korean War start? What were the results of the Korean War? What conclusions should the parties to the conflict draw from the results of the Korean War?

Korean War

Local conflicts are military clashes in a limited area with direct or indirect participation of the Soviet Union and the United States. During the Cold War they became the main threat to international security.

The largest conflict on the Asian continent took placewent to Korea. AfterThe war between the USSR and the USA divided the Japanese colony of Korea.In the southern part of this countryof this country occupied during the war With Japan by US troops, elections were held in May 1948 ment. The establishment of the Republic of Korea was proclaimed with its capital in Seoul.

In the northern part of Korea, liberated by Soviet troops, arose in August 1948Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)with its capital in Pyongyang. Both the North Korean government and the South Korean government believed that they were the only legitimate representative of all Korean people.

North Korea received significant assistance from the USSR and China for strengthening its defense capabilities. In particular, in Northern More than 4 thousand foreign military specialists worked in Korea. Leader of the DPRKKim Il Sung (1912-1994)was confident that the government of the South, with the help of the United States, was preparing to seize all Korea.

N.S. Khrushchev recalled:"Kim Il Sung, having a conversationwithStalin,putquestion what you wantedwouldprobeSouthernKorea with a bayonet,Andsaid that there at the firstaftershock from North Korea there will be an internal explosionpeople's power will be established, the same as in the NorthernKorea. Stalin did not oppose this. After all, thisimponisupported Stalin's point of view, his convictions,thoseMoreover, an internal Korean question was raised here:NorthernKorea wants to extend a friendly hand to itsbrotherswho are under the thumb of South KoreaLeeSonMana...Stalin expressed some doubtshe's worriedwondering whether the US will get involved orthey will let you pass byears?Bothinclined to believe that if everything is donefast,AKim Il Sung was confident that everything would happen quickly and US intervention would be ruled out.Stalin after alldecided to askMore Mao Zedong's opinion on Kim's proposal IR S ena....Mao responded with approval. I must clearly state that this promotion was not offeredStalin, A Kim Il Sung. That one wasthe initiator, but Stalin did not restrain him. Yes, I believe that no communist has becomewould like himkeep in such a rush of liberation of the SouthKorea fromLee Seungman andAmericanreactions. This was contradictorywouldcommunist worldview. I'm hereI don't judgeStalin. On the contrary, I am completely on his side. Iand myselfwould,I probably made the same decision too,if only I had to decide.”

June 25, 1950 KoreanThe People's Army (KPA) launched an offensive in the south of the country.

Clashes on the border, initiated both by the North,and the South, have happened before. However, large-scalewar,AlthoughThis for a long time denied by Soviet historical science, it was North Korea that started it. The United States took advantage of the fact that the representative of the USSR temporarily did not participate in the work of the UN Security Council and achieved the adoption of a resolution declaring North Korea an aggressor.

The Korean Civil War turned international. G. Truman stated4 October1952 G.: “We fight in Korea so that we don’t have to fightin Wichita, in Chicago, in New Orleans or in the bay San Francisco." Events in Korea became for the West confirmation of the existence of the “communist threat.”
In September 1950 G. armed forces of the United States and allied countries underflag of the UN troops landed in the rear of North Korean troops and occupied almost the entire territory of Korea, advanced to the Chinese border. On October 25, 1950, the government of the People's Republic of China made a decision send volunteers to Korea. In November, the Soviet Unionrethrew an air corps (26 thousand) into the territory of China and North Korea. people, 321 aircraft) to cover the Allied troops from the air. For the first time in air battles A test of strength of Soviet and American aviation took place. On the US side, up to 2,400 aircraft took part in the fighting. The US command was considering the use of nuclear weapons. At a press conference on November 30, 1950. The American president called for worldwide mobilization against communism.

By February 1951, the front line cut through Korean territory along the 38th parallel. Fighting before the truce in 1953, they acquired a positional character.

Overall, North Korea lost 2.5 million people during the war.China - about 1 million people, South Korea- 1.5 million people, USA - 140 thousand (34 thousand killed and 103 thousand wounded). The USSR lost 335 aircraft in air battles, the PRC - about600 aircraft, USA - 1182 aircraft.

Korean Warrevealed the clear superiority of the new Soviet MIG-17 jet aircraft over the American ones.INThatsame timeforDuring the war, the United States re-equipped its aircraft fleet, after which the ratio of their and Soviet losses changed approximatelyWith8:1 to 2:1.

The military clash in Korea between two military bloc systems brought the countries to the brink of war. The deployment of troops began in Chukotka, which in the event of hostilities between the USSR and the USA were to land in Alaska. The Soviet Union adopted a program for the construction of a powerful submarine fleet, designed to deprive the United States of supremacy in the seas.

As can be seen frompublished in recent years documents, the Soviet leadership sought to limit the scope of the USSR's involvement in the conflict in Korea and prevent it from escalating into a war between the two alliance systems. Similar sentiments existed in the United States, where the ruling circles were widely convinced that the war in Korea was taking place “in the wrong place and at the wrong time” so that it could spark a global clash between two blocs.

From the memoirs of pilot B. S. Abakumov, a participant in the Korean War:

At one of the airfields near Moscow, after the November air parade over Red Square, by order of the government in 1950, a group of fighter pilots was selected to assist the Democratic People's Republic of Korea during the Korean War. The group was led by three times Hero of the Soviet Union I. N. Kozhedub. The pilots were tasked with covering the skies of North Korea from American air raids and thereby protecting the borders of the Soviet Union at the distant approaches... The theory of jet fighter attacks has been nurtured by our theorists for a long time. Now it allegedly found confirmation precisely on the Korean front, when the Americans did not have to fight massive battles for air superiority... Not only captured English and Australian pilots, but also the American press and the US high command spoke about the skill of our pilots...