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Immediately after the onset of the new thirty-third year, in still free Germany, although not entirely prosperous after the crisis, the Reich Chancellor was replaced. People simply shrugged their shoulders and continued going about their business. The inhabitants could not even imagine that in just a couple of months their lives would change in the most dramatic way, because then the future founder of the totalitarian dictatorship of the Third Reich came to power. At that time almost no one knew who Hitler was, but soon the whole world was talking about him. Let's put aside value judgments and look at the factual material to understand how this man managed to do what he did.

Adolf Hitler: biography of a man who knew about the “incineration” in his own family

The unexpected defeat in the First World War put an end to the history of the German Empire. The Weimar Republic “in ruins” was weak and unviable: the people were in terrible poverty, and the economy was torn to shreds by the victorious states demanding payments. Total poverty and national humiliation have become fertile ground for the growth of all kinds of radical sentiments in society. It was in such a situation that one of the most condemned and hated persons in the future, Adolf Hitler, loomed on the horizon. At that time, no one even guessed that soon the “Thousand Year Reich”, which he was carefully building, would turn into almost the most terrible hell of human history.

In the early days of his chancellorship, Hitler carried out a herculean task of imposing Nazi principles and ideology on a variety of institutions. He did everything to provide his party with maximum control: over culture, education, the economy, and legislation. Trade unions were abolished, and good-natured German burghers were forced to join various organizations of a nationalist nature. By July thirty-three the deed was done - the only non-banned (allowed) party in Germany was the NSDAP.

The first enemy of humanity

The future ideologist of Nazism did not immediately become a monster who destroyed millions of innocent lives. He wrote quite well short stories, poems and short stories, and also painted good landscapes, but higher education never received it. When the First World War broke out, he signed up as a volunteer. It was in the trenches under a hail of bullets that he became acquainted with the ideas of National Socialism and was imbued with them to the depths of his soul. After taking office as Chancellor, based on the ideas of maximum authoritarianism and racial inequality, Hitler confidently abolished the main freedoms and began building a new supposedly people's state.

In theory, the idea was to unite all social strata, as well as regions, under the leadership of a single person. It is clear that this person was supposed to be Hitler - an ideal citizen, luminary and demigod, adored by everyone. In reality it turned out somewhat differently. The Third Reich quickly became a police state in which anyone could be arrested and even executed. All members of the country's government became obedient puppets of the Fuhrer, and politics revolved only around his “priceless” figure. The outcome of this view of state building was predetermined in advance, as was the fate of the first enemy of humanity.

Birth and childhood of Adolf

The popular German philologist of the first half of the twentieth century, Max Gottschald, who studied proper names, believed that the surname Hitler (Hiedler or Hittlaer) comes from German noun Waldhütler, which means "forester" or "keeper", and is identical with Hütler. The origin of the word is originally German, but it should be understood that this does not always indicate belonging to a particular nation or race.

The father of the future evil genius, Alois Hitler, was the son of an unmarried peasant woman, so at birth he received his surname from his mother - Schicklgruber. His biological father could have been Johann Georg Hiedler or his brother Nepomuk Güttler. According to another version, Adolf’s grandfather could have been the son of the banker Leopold Frankenberger, and this one was definitely a Jew. However, a German historian who closely studies this family argued that such a situation is possible, but unlikely.

Presumably the grandfather of the future German leader, Nepomuk Güttler, was also the grandfather of Clara Pölzl, married to Hitler. Alois was married three times. When his second wife ordered him to live a long time, his relative, probably his niece, the daughter of his half-sister, helped look after the household.

Permission for the marriage of Alois and Clara had to be requested from the Vatican, because local priests did not allow closely related relationships. Adolf himself later tactfully called his parents’ marriage “incest” in a “botanical” manner, so as not to use the ugly word “incest,” and also studiously avoided talking about his own origins.

On April 20, 1889, in the picturesque Austrian town of Braunau am Inn, a boy was born into the Hitler family, named beautiful name Adolf. Clara, who had lost babies before, doted on little Dolphy. However, Hitler's early years were far from joyful and cheerful. A despotic tyrant father who loved to beat up an “unreasonable” woman, and a mother who slavishly and devotedly loved him - the boy could not even think of complaining to anyone about his father’s oppression.

The youth of the future dictator

Until 1992, the Hitlers lived in Braunau, but then Alois received a new place and the family, which included two more children from Clara’s first marriage (Alois and Angela), moved to Passau. Edmun was born here (died at the dawn of the new century), who turned out to be handicapped, and the family moved again, this time to Luntz. It was here that Adolf was sent to Fischlgame school for a year. Soon the father felt bad, so he bought a large piece of land in Gafeld and moved there, taking all the members of his large family. By this time, the Hitlers also had a daughter, Paula, whom Dolphy adored all his life.

Until the spring of '98, Adolf went to a Catholic school at a monastery in the neighboring town of Lambach am Traun. The smart boy received exceptionally high grades, and his studies came easily to him. He sang with all his might in the choir and was even appointed as an assistant clergyman during the celebration of mass. Then the family moved again, and Adolf was enrolled in school in Leonding, where he stayed until the new century.

Around the same time, in view of Alois' unseemly value judgments, young Hitler was already looking at the church from a critical point of view. The public school in Linz, where he was subsequently sent, was not what he wanted. Here they demanded a lot, but did not pay attention to the students themselves.

Reversal of fate: from artist to politician

In 1903, dad died unexpectedly, and Adolf, who still loved this domestic despot, sobbed at the grave. After his death, Hitler firmly decided that the path of an official was not for him: he would become a man of art - a poet, writer or artist. Two years later, he finally entered school in Steyr, but doctors discovered that he had young man lung disease. This immediately crossed out the future in the office, which the “sick man” himself was incredibly happy about.

In December of the seventh year, Clara died of oncology, despite a complex and expensive operation performed the year before. Having received an orphan's pension, Adolf went to Vienna, where he hoped to enter the Academy fine arts. He tried twice, but never passed the competition. By that time, his internal anti-Semitism had already formed. He hid from military service precisely because he did not want to live in barracks with Jews.

Interesting

In the ninth or tenth year, Adolf made acquaintance with Reinhold Hanisch, who offered to sell a couple of his paintings. Things went well, Hitler began to actively draw, and then suddenly accused the “producer” of fraud. The future leader continued selling paintings on his own; it brought in good income, so he was able to refuse the orphan’s pension in favor of Paulina.

In August of the fourteenth, the First World War broke out, and Hitler joyfully took the documents to the chancellery - he wanted to defend his homeland. In November of the same year, he already proudly bore the rank of corporal, and in December - the Iron Cross of the second degree. Adolf received many more awards and was wounded until he caught gas during an attack near La Montaigne in October 1918. He received serious eye damage and was sent to the hospital, where he learned about the defeat and overthrow of Kaiser Ludwig III.

He spent some time after treatment in psychiatric hospital, and then served as a prisoner camp guard. Hitler later returned to the army, still undecided whether he wanted to be an artist, an architect or a politician. In June next year the leadership of the Bavarian infantry regiment sent him to special courses for agitators to conduct “educational training” with soldiers returning from the front. In September, attending a meeting of the German Workers' Party (DAP) in a beer hall, he proved himself to be such an excellent speaker that he was immediately invited to join the organization.

Hitler's rise to power

When by 1920 the NSDAP had become one of the most prominent parties in Bavaria, and the future famous Nazi Ernst Röhm became the leader of the stormtroopers (SA), Hitler became a prominent figure in the political field. They began to take him into account and listen to his opinion, but this was not enough. In November twenty-third, taking with him detachments of stormtroopers, Hitler came to the Bürgerbräukeller beer hall with a huge hall, in which a rally was being held. There he announced the overthrow of the Berlin leadership of the country. In turn, Kahr, at that time Commissioner of Bavaria, announced the dissolution of the NSDAP. The stormtroopers lined up in columns and advanced towards the Ministry of Defense. Then the police started shooting and dispersed the demonstrators.

The leaders of the uprising were convicted for inciting a rebellion. Hitler was given five years, but nine months later he was released for unknown reasons. In the 26th NSDAP formed the Hitler Youth (a children's and youth organization of the fascists), and Goebbels began to slowly conquer “red Berlin” with the help of propaganda. In thirty-two, Hitler first put forward his candidacy for the post of Reich President of the country and failed. In December of the same year, Kurt von Schleicher was appointed to the coveted position, but Adolf was no longer satisfied with this state of affairs. By the end of January thirty-three, Hitler received the place he needed - he became Reich Chancellor.

Then everything went like clockwork: a month after the above events, a fire broke out in the Reichstag. They accused the communists, captured the Dutchman Marinus van der Lubbe and hanged him. Later it turned out that the fire was specially planned by the Nazis to level trust in the communists, who had good support among the people.

In 1934, the Night of Long Knives took place, carried out by the Gestapo. They did not spare anyone: old people, children, pretty women and the same stormtroopers. More than a thousand people died “not in vain” - in the referendum on August 19, the Nazi Party received more than eighty percent of the votes. Hitler formed his own cabinet, headed by Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen.

Bloody pages of history and the Fuhrer's allies

First, unemployment was completely and irrevocably eliminated. Every German citizen was involved in some kind of business. Hitler, the beginning of whose reign was sprinkled with blood, carried out an active social policy, allocated benefits and assistance to needy Germans. Sporting events and holidays have become regular and almost mandatory. The people were gripped by a strange hysteria of admiration for the Nazis.

In 1935, the Nuremberg Regulations were adopted, depriving Roma and Jews of all rights and freedoms. Pogroms broke out constantly, and things clearly “smelled of kerosene.” The peak was the adopted “endlezung” (the law on the physical destruction of all representatives of the Jewish people).

All that remained was to begin to gradually return the lost lands. First they annexed Austria, then part of Czechoslovakia. The world community silently watched the development of events. At the beginning of 1939, Time positioned Hitler as the man of the year, and already in March the expansion continued: Lithuania was captured, and Poland was asked to open a “corridor” to Prussia. In August, a non-aggression pact was concluded with the USSR. The entry into Poland on September 1 was the beginning of the Second World War and the impetus for the Great Patriotic War. In less than a month, the Nazis dealt with the Poles and moved to Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, Holland and France.

In the spring of '41, Greece and Yugoslavia fell, and on June 22, fascist planes were already bombing Kyiv. This was the Fuhrer's fatal mistake. From the middle of forty-two, Hitler’s victorious march across Europe stalled at Stalingrad, and by the beginning of forty-fifth fighting were completely transferred to German territory. The Berlin Pact on the creation of the so-called Berlin-Rome axis (Achsenmächte), concluded back in 1940, began to crumble before our eyes. The allies - Romania, Japan, Italy, Hungary, Croatia, Slovenia, Finland - realized that there would be no longer a “Thousand Year Reich”, and began to resist.

Meticulous maintenance of a list of personal enemies

The mental state of the Fuhrer has always been of interest to historians and researchers, since sometimes, in addition to general atrocities, which in themselves are in the head normal person don’t fit, he did something “speaking”. For example, a “List of Hitler’s Personal Enemies” was compiled, as well as a “Wanted List of the USSR” (Sonderfahndungsliste UdSSR). These columns of names included people who were to be immediately exterminated as soon as they fell into the hands of the Nazis.

Levitan.
Stalin-Dzhugashvili.
Dimitrov.
Kurnikov.
Franklin Roosevelt.
Charles de Gaulle.
Winston Churchill.
Molotov and many others.

IN full lists there were almost five and a half thousand names. Among them were not only politicians and managers, but also cultural figures, actors, famous doctors, scientists, athletes, employees of special services and even ordinary people. This is already drawing on paranoid psychosis.

Dangerous hobbies in the occult

Long before the swastika became a symbol fascist Germany, it was used as a symbol of continuity of being different peoples. Among the Slavs and Hindus, it means an endless solar cycle, which cannot be interrupted. In Buddhism, the swastika symbolizes the unification of the basic elements that make up all things: water, fire, earth and air. Hitler first saw such a sign in elementary Catholic school with one of the abbots, but the idea to make it a symbol of the new state did not belong to him. In the book “My Struggle,” the Fuhrer writes that young people sent sketches, and he already compiled the final version.

As a result, the Nazi symbol became a four-pointed swastika, with the ends pointing to the right, rotated 45 degrees. A laconic black cross in a white circle on a red background had sacred meaning. It meant the irreconcilable and endless destruction of non-Aryan peoples to the point of complete extermination. In 1946 at Nuremberg trials a decision was made to ban the use of such symbols. However, in 2015, Roskomnadzor somewhat softened its position - displaying the symbol without promoting Nazism is no longer a crime.

Adolf Hitler was a fan of mysticism and various theories of the supernatural origin of certain races. Therefore, in 1935, a special pseudoscientific organization “Ahnenerbe” was even created. Its members were engaged in all sorts of occult-ideological developments, the study of history and the search for ancient artifacts considered magical. Terrible experiments were also carried out at Ahnenerbe on living people and the bodies of the dead. The organization’s militants were engaged in looting exhibitions, museums, galleries and other cultural heritage.

Women's favorite: what Hitler is famous for on the “love front”

Despite the policy of persecution of homosexuality actively pursued in Germany in those years, some historians today claim that the German leader had bisexual inclinations and even experience in same-sex relationships. The famous German researcher Lothar Machtan is confident in the Fuhrer’s homosexuality; Kevin Abrams and Scott Lively in the book “Pink Swastika” completely share his opinion. However, no evidence of this was ever found.

Hitler had his own view on marriage and relationships with women in general: he was against marriage, because it immediately made him inaccessible to others. He preferred to remain free, so that every girl in Germany and beyond could desire and dream of his “indulgence.”

Mistresses, Eva Braun and the offspring of the German leader

Hitler had some kind of semi-mystical influence on women. He, like a python, knew how to bewitch them, entangle them and make them fall in love with him to the point of unconsciousness. There are known cases of suicide of girls on this basis. He had many mistresses, but his only wife was the notorious Eva Braun.

From a relationship with Hilda Lokamp, about whom little is known, a boy was born, rumored to be Hitler's son. The fate of the woman herself and her offspring remains unclear.
Charlotte Lobjoie met Adolphe in 1916, and he even painted her portrait. She was a dark, dark-skinned Frenchwoman, a butcher's daughter, who looked like a nomadic gypsy. In the spring of the eighteenth, she gave birth to a boy, Jean-Marie Lauret-Frison, who, according to her, was the son of the Fuhrer. His son, Philip, who considers himself the Fuhrer’s grandson, is now negotiating to conduct a DNA test and prove a direct relationship.
Sigrid, daughter of Oskar von Laffert from Damaretz, born in 1916. After a fleeting connection with Hitler, she tried to hang herself from the door handle to her room.
Maria Reiter (Kubis) met Hitler in 1927 in a store where she worked as a saleswoman. That same year, she tried to take her own life because of her love for Adolf, but in the end she managed to get married twice.
Unity Valkyrie Mitford is a real hereditary aristocrat from an ancient English family, a convinced Nazi. After the declaration of war, the girl tried to shoot herself, but was unsuccessful. In 1940 she contracted meningitis and died.
Renata Müller was a famous film actress, whose appearance awed men in Germany and beyond. She dated Adolf in the thirties, then became addicted to opium and alcohol. She died from an overdose of sleeping pills. It was rumored that the Nazi authorities carefully eliminated her.

A separate role in the life of Fuhrer Hitler was played by his own niece Geli Raubal. She was a blooming, rosy-cheeked and healthy girl, almost two decades younger than Adolf himself. From the twenty-fifth until her suicide in the thirty-first, Geli lived in the apartment of the German leader. She was clearly in a privileged position: her room could not be entered, and her orders could not be disobeyed. Geli’s death was a real shock for the man; he withdrew into himself, but then found peace in his daughter’s chest opera singer Gretl Slezak and actress Leni Riefenstahl.

The daughter of a Munich teacher, Eva Braun, a natural blonde who graduated from the school of maids of honor, first saw the Fuhrer in 1929. She was only seventeen, and he was thirty years older. Adolf looked after her reverently and selflessly, took her to the theater and cinema, gave her flowers and diamonds. After Geli's death, it was Eva who became main woman in Hitler's life. At the end of April 1945, just before the surrender of Germany, when Soviet troops were already victoriously marching through Berlin, she died. Eva married her lover, turning into Madame Hitler. True, I didn’t have to stay in this role for long, just a day.

To provide the nation with reliable and loyal followers of the new generation, Project Thor was created and launched. Several dozen young purebred German women were specially selected for him, who were to give birth to the Fuhrer. In 1945, the laboratory was disbanded, and the children were distributed to surrounding peasants and artisans. Some of them or their descendants may still walk among us today.

The last years of the bloody leader: in case of collapse

Despite his organizational talent, as well as his sincere confidence in the correctness of his actions, Hitler understood that his entire harmonious plan could fail. Therefore, he built bunkers, the main one, Wolfschanze, located near the town of Rastenburg, in eastern Prussia. It contained gold, art objects and other valuables. However, most of the treasures looted by the Nazis were never found. And the building itself did not bring anything good to its creator - it was here that he committed suicide.

The first attempt was made on the life of the great leader of the German nation in 1930. This happened at the Kaiserhof Hotel, where an unknown person unsuccessfully tried to spray poison or acid on the Fuhrer's face. From the moment he took office as Chancellor in '33 until '38 (five years), a total of sixteen assassination attempts were made on Adolf Hitler's life! They all failed.

On the thirtieth of April 1945, on the second day after his marriage to Eva Braun, realizing that the entry Soviet troops to Berlin can only mean one thing, Adolf Hitler and his wife, and together with them Goebbels with his wife and six offspring, committed suicide by swallowing ampoules of cyanide. According to another version, the leader first drank poison, and then also fired a bullet into his temple for good measure. Their bodies were taken out of the bunker, laid on the grass, doused with gasoline and burned. The Fuhrer was identified by his dentures, but subsequently the results of the identification were called into question.

In the seventieth year, the territories of the “Wolf’s Lair”, which were previously under the jurisdiction of the Soviet military unit, were decided to be given to Germany. The ashes of everyone who rested in the graves were dug up, completely incinerated, crushed and thrown into the Biederitz River (according to other sources - into the Elbe). However, not everyone believed that the almighty Fuhrer died then. Popular legend has it that doubles were killed in his place. Adolf himself and his wife Eva were allegedly taken to Barcelona, from where they headed to Argentina, where they quietly lived out the rest of their days in prosperity and peace.

The most incredible facts from life

Occult researcher Dr. Greta Leiber believes that in 1932, Hitler signed a real pact with the devil, as evidenced by the document she found. Moreover, Adolf’s signature on the paper is genuine. Historians have serious doubts regarding Satan's signature.

It is believed that narcotic substances were used in the Third Reich to inspire soldiers, and also as stimulants for people of various professions. It is believed that the Fuhrer himself took oxycodone and cocaine, prescribed to him by his attending physician Theodor Gilbert Morell. This fact is confirmed by the German writer and researcher Norman Ohler.

Hitler was very fond of cartoons, especially Disney ones. He even sketched characters for fun.

Henry Ford was the only American who was mentioned by the Fuhrer in the book “My Struggle”.

In 1938, Adolf Hitler was proposed as a nominee for Nobel Prize peace. Fortunately, his subsequent steps clarified the situation, and the question of rewarding was never raised again.

After the armistice, Hitler returned to Munich and was enlisted in an army reconnaissance regiment. He was assigned to monitor political parties, and on September 12, 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party, one of the many nationalist and racist groups that mushroomed after the war in Munich. Hitler became member of this party as number 55, and later as number 7 he became a member of its executive committee. Over the next two years, Hitler changed the party's name to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP). The party preached militant racism, anti-Semitism, rejection liberal democracy, the principle of “leadership”.

In 1923, Hitler decided that he could fulfill his promise to march on Berlin and overthrow the “Jewish-Marxist traitors.” While preparing for it, he met the war hero General E. Ludendorff. On the night of November 8, 1923, in the Munich beer hall "Bürgerbräukeller" Hitler proclaimed the beginning of the "national revolution". The next day, Hitler, Ludendorff and other party leaders led a column of Nazis towards the city center. Their path was blocked by a police cordon, which opened fire on the demonstrators; Hitler managed to escape. The Beer Hall Putsch failed.
Put on trial for treason, Hitler turned the dock into a propaganda platform; he accused the President of the Republic of treason and vowed that the day would come when he would bring his accusers to justice. Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison, but was released from Landsberg prison less than a year later. In prison, he ate breakfast in bed, walked in the garden, taught prisoners, and drew cartoons for the prison newspaper. Hitler dictated the first volume of a book containing his political program, calling it Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice. Later it was published under the title My Struggle (Mein Kampf), sold millions of copies and made Hitler a rich man.

In December 1924, after being released from prison, Hitler went to Obersalzberg, a mountain range above the village of Berchtesgaden, where he lived in hotels for several years, and in 1928 rented a villa, which he later bought and named “Berghof”.
Hitler reconsidered his plans and decided to come to power through legal means. He reorganized the party and began an intensive campaign to collect votes. In his speeches, Hitler repeated the same themes: avenge the Treaty of Versailles, crush the “traitors of the Weimar Republic,” destroy Jews and communists, revive the great fatherland.

In a situation economic crisis and the political instability of 1930-1933, Hitler's promises attracted members of all social classes in Germany. He enjoyed particular success among veterans of the First World War and representatives of small businesses, since these groups were especially acutely aware of the humiliation of defeat, the threat of communism, the fear of unemployment, and felt the need for a strong leader. With the assistance of W. Funk, the former publisher of the Berliner Börsenzeitung newspaper, Hitler began meeting with major German industrialists. Higher army ranks also received assurances that the army would be given a very prominent place in his model of German imperialism. A third important source of support was the Landbund, which united landowners and fiercely opposed the Weimar government's proposal for land redistribution.

Hitler viewed the 1932 presidential election as a test of the party's strength. His rival was Field Marshal P. von Hindenburg, supported by the Social Democrats, the Catholic Center Party and trade unions. Two more parties took part in the struggle - nationalists led by army officer T. Duesterberg and communists led by E. Thälmann. Hitler waged a vigorous grassroots campaign and collected over 30% of the vote, depriving Hindenburg of the required absolute majority.

Hitler's actual "seizure of power" became possible as a result of a political conspiracy with former Chancellor F. von Papen. Meeting in secrecy on January 4, 1933, they agreed to work together in a government in which Hitler would become chancellor and von Papen's supporters would receive key ministerial posts. In addition, they agreed to remove Social Democrats, Communists and Jews from leading positions. Von Papen's support brought the Nazi Party significant financial assistance from the German business community. On January 30, 1933, the “Bavarian corporal” became chancellor, taking an oath to defend the constitution of the Weimar Republic. The following year, Hitler assumed the title of Führer (leader) and Chancellor of Germany.

Hitler sought to quickly consolidate his power and establish a “thousand-year Reich.” In the first months of his reign, all political parties except the Nazi one were banned, trade unions were dissolved, and the entire population was covered by Nazi-controlled unions, societies and groups. Hitler tried to convince the country of the danger of the “Red Terror”. On the night of February 27, 1933, the Reichstag building caught fire. The Nazis blamed the communists and took full advantage of the trumped-up charges in the elections, increasing their presence in the Reichstag.

By the summer of 1934, Hitler faced serious opposition within his party. The “old fighters” of the SA assault troops, led by E. Rehm, demanded more radical social reforms, called for a “second revolution” and insisted on the need to strengthen their role in the army. German generals spoke out against such radicalism and the SA's claims to leadership of the army. Hitler, who needed the support of the army and himself feared the uncontrollability of the stormtroopers, opposed his former comrades. Having accused Rehm of preparing to assassinate the Fuhrer, he arranged bloody massacre June 30, 1934 (“night of long knives”), during which several hundred SA leaders were killed, including Rem. Soon, army officers swore allegiance not to the constitution or the country, but to Hitler personally. Germany's Chief Justice declared that "the law and the constitution are the will of our Fuhrer."
Hitler sought not only legal, political and social dictatorship. “Our revolution,” he once emphasized, “will not be completed until we dehumanize people.” For this purpose, he established the secret police (Gestapo), created concentration camps, and the Ministry of Public Education and Propaganda. Jews, declared the worst enemies of humanity, were deprived of their rights and subjected to public humiliation.

Having received dictatorial powers from the Reichstag, Hitler began preparations for war. Violating the Treaty of Versailles, he restored universal conscription and created powerful air force. In 1936 he sent troops into the demilitarized Rhineland and refused to recognize the Locarno Treaties. Together with Mussolini, Hitler supported Franco in civil war in Spain and laid the foundations for the creation of the Rome-Berlin axis. He took aggressive diplomatic action against potential adversaries in both the west and the east, heightening international tensions. In 1938, as a result of the so-called Austria was annexed by the Anschluss to the Third Reich.

On September 29, 1938, Hitler, together with Mussolini, met in Munich with Prime Minister of England Chamberlain and Prime Minister of France Daladier; The parties agreed to the separation of the Sudetenland (with a German-speaking population) from Czechoslovakia. In mid-October, German troops occupied the area and Hitler began preparations for the next “crisis.” On March 15, 1939, German troops occupied Prague, completing the absorption of Czechoslovakia.

In August 1939, Germany and the USSR, with rare cynicism on both sides, signed a non-aggression pact, which freed Hitler’s hands in the east and gave him the opportunity to concentrate his efforts on the destruction of Europe.

On September 1, 1939, the German army invaded Poland, which marked the beginning of World War II. Hitler took command of the armed forces and imposed his own plan for waging war, despite strong resistance from the army leadership, in particular, the Chief of the General Staff of the Army, General L. Beck, who insisted that Germany did not have enough forces to defeat the Allies (England and France) who declared war on Hitler. After capturing Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium and, finally, France, Hitler - not without hesitation - decided to invade England. In October 1940 he issued a directive on the operation " Sea lion" - code name for the invasion.

Hitler's plans also included the conquest of the Soviet Union. Believing that the time had come, Hitler took steps to secure Japanese support in its conflict with the United States. He hoped that in this way he would keep America from interfering in the European conflict. Still, Hitler failed to convince the Japanese that the war with the USSR would be successful, and later he had to face the discouraging fact of the Soviet-Japanese neutrality pact.

On July 20, 1944, the last attempt to eliminate Hitler took place: a time bomb was detonated at his Wolfschanze headquarters near Rastenburg. Salvation from imminent death strengthened him in the consciousness of his chosenness, he decided that the German nation would not perish as long as he remained in Berlin. British and American troops from the west and soviet army from the east they tightened the encirclement ring around the German capital. Hitler was in an underground bunker in Berlin, refusing to leave it: he did not go either to the front or to inspect the cities of Germany destroyed by Allied aircraft. On April 15, Hitler was joined by Eva Braun, his mistress for more than 12 years. During his rise to power, this relationship was not advertised, but as the end approached, he allowed Eva Braun to appear with him in public. In the early morning of April 29, they got married.

Having dictated a political testament in which future leaders of Germany were called upon to mercilessly fight against “the poisoners of all nations - international Jewry,” Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945.
Sergey Piskunov
chrono.info

On July 1, 1751, the first volume of the world's first Encyclopedia was published. And although reference books and terminology dictionaries existed back in Ancient Egypt, it was the French “Encyclopedia, or explanatory dictionary of sciences, arts and crafts” that had the form of articles to which we are accustomed.

Until now, encyclopedias remain one of the main authorities to which both scientists and ordinary readers traditionally turn for a qualified definition, but not a single book is immune from inaccuracies. AiF.ru recalls the most famous blunders of authoritative publications.

"Grozny" Vasilievich

One of the funniest mistakes, which has already turned into a historical joke, happened to the famous encyclopedic dictionary, published in France by Larousse Publishing House. The 1903 edition published an article about Ivan IV, in which his famous nickname “Terrible” was interpreted somewhat differently. It said: “Ivan the Fourth, Tsar of All Rus', nicknamed Vasilyevich for his cruelty.”

Alternative astronomy

In 2008, the Great Astronomical Encyclopedia, published by one of the country's largest publishing houses, was at the center of a scandal. The book consisted of 25 thousand dictionary entries and serious errors were made in several of them. For example, the constellation Lynx, which on all star maps is located near north pole world, suddenly found himself in southern hemisphere, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor turned their tails towards each other, and Neptune’s satellite Triton turned out to be a constellation, which did not even prevent it from having mass.

Hitler's "real" surname

In the third edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, to the horror of many historians, an error was made in the article about Adolf Hitler. In it, the authors indicated that the “real” surname of the Fuhrer was Schicklgruber, although in fact only his father Alois bore this surname in his youth, while Adolf himself was Hitler all his life.

Strait instead of a revolutionary

A funny story happened with the fifth volume of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, which published a laudatory article about Beria. After the Minister of Internal Affairs was arrested and shot, the editors of TSB sent out a special letter to all subscribers, which recommended using scissors or a razor blade to “remove pages 21, 22, 23 and 24 from the fifth volume of TSB, as well as the portrait pasted between 22 and 23 pages." In exchange for the article about Beria, readers were sent additional pages dedicated to the expanded article “Bering Strait”.

Non-existent frog

For a similar reason, an article appeared in the same TSB publication about a “green frog” that does not exist in biological taxonomy. The thing is that on the eve of the publication of the encyclopedia in the so-called “Doctors’ Case” he was arrested Academician Vladimir Zelenin and it was decided to replace his biography with an article about an ordinary pond frog, which was called “green”.

Lost bison

In 2005, an incident occurred related to the oldest and one of the most famous universal encyclopedias in the world, the Encyclopedia Britannica (Britannica). In the latest edition, an ordinary 12-year-old British schoolboy discovered five errors at once regarding information about Belarus, Poland and Ukraine. For example, the encyclopedia claimed that bison are found only in Poland, the city of Khotyn is not located on the territory of Ukraine, but in Moldova, and the Polish part of Belovezhskaya Pushcha is located in the districts of Bialystok, Suwalki and Lomza.

Too complex hieroglyph

In 2006, a 56-year-old resident of Shanghai found even more errors in the latest edition of the most popular explanatory dictionary. Chinese language Xinhua Zidian. In the book, which is widely used both domestically and around the world, he found 4,000 typos and even went to court with a complaint against the publishers. By the way, errors are discovered from time to time in the best-selling Chinese dictionary, but more often than not, publishers manage to prove that these are not errors, but just a misunderstanding of the hieroglyphs by readers.

Historian and TV presenter Leonid Mlechin took on the challenge of solving Adolf Hitler's biggest mysteries

On the shelves of even a small bookstore there will probably be several books telling about Nazi Germany and Adolf Hitler. Another one was added to them - “The Fuhrer’s Biggest Secret,” written by the famous historian, writer and TV presenter Leonid MLECHIN. Why is interest in this historical figure (by the way, tomorrow is the birthday of Nazi boss number one) so persistent? “Isn’t everything known about Hitler yet?” - we asked the author.

There are individuals in world history whose scale of crimes are so incredible that they will always attract attention. I tried to give answers to many questions, but there are things that still cannot be fully understood. To some extent, this fascinates the researcher, although it often pushes him to a false perception of the scale of the individual.

Actually, as a person, Adolf Hitler was a complete nonentity, but the scope of his atrocities is such that they, like a powerful lens, turned his figure into a gigantic one. Under this optical effect, qualities were often attributed to Hitler that in fact he did not have.

- So, the final understanding of Hitler has not yet taken place?

All German archives relating to the 13-year period of Hitlerism were immediately opened after 1945. A huge number of books have been written, but imagine, to this day, more and more new works are being published in Germany. I just read a thick scientific work about the German economy during the Nazi era. For the first time in 60 years, it contains detailed explanations how the Third Reich, with rather meager resources, managed to create a powerful military machine and threaten almost the entire world. This is an inexhaustible topic.

- And what is “Hitler’s biggest secret”? Have you opened it?

The Fuhrer has a lot of secrets. Starting with the mystery of his origin: who his grandfather was is still completely unclear. Most likely, incest occurred in his family: his father married his own niece. All his life he strenuously hid it and was terrified that the truth would come out. Another secret is Hitler's relationships with men and women, his repressed homosexuality, fear of intimacy with the opposite sex. As a result, there was a complete breakdown with myself and resentment towards the whole world around me. It seems that the only person for whom Hitler had feelings, including sexual ones, was his own niece Geli Raubal, who committed suicide in 1931.

All these particulars would not have had much significance if they had not formed into the character, into the fate of himself and his country. But the biggest mystery is how this man was able to completely subjugate an entire state, to master the mass consciousness of the people so much that these people themselves threw themselves into the furnace.

- Until recently, we were taught history differently: historical materialism, class struggle, movement from system to system. And now, it turns out, individuals and their intimate life can radically affect world history?

Yes, I think the role of personality in history has turned out to be much more significant than we once imagined. She is simply colossal! I dare to say that if, for example, Adolf Hitler had died at the front in 17 or 18, there would be no National Socialism. There would have been far-right parties and something else, but 50 million people would have remained alive! If he had been born ten years earlier or later, everything would have turned out differently. Hitler coincided with the mood of the people at that very historical point and caught the wave.

- You portrayed young Hitler as an ordinary person, weak and complex. At what point did the metamorphosis happen and the Fuhrer appear?

A whole chain of accidents leads him to this. There is a version that the turning point was an episode on the front of the First World War, when after gas attack Hitler ended up in the hospital. The doctor who treated him for blindness discovered that the damage to his eyes was not organic, but rather neurotic. And then, with the help of hypnosis, the front-line doctor instilled in Hitler a special faith in himself.

The second moment occurred when Hitler, finding himself at a meeting of a small Bavarian party - and such rallies took place in beer halls - began to speak. Surrounded by completely insignificant outcasts, he suddenly felt the gift of a demagogue in himself. They started clapping for him, and he became filled with self-confidence.

In a word, a mass of random circumstances formed a fatal sequence. He should not have come to power. If the Weimar Republic had held out for at least an extra couple of months, the Nazi wave would have died down. But it turned out that a number of politicians who played their own games, trying to drown each other, opened the way to the top for Hitler.

- Was it really all that accidental? After all, by that time fascism was already in Italy, and similar regimes had taken over in other European countries.

But in Germany there was a special situation. After the First World War, the Germans harbored a huge grudge against the whole world. And false grievances and the search for external enemies are extremely dangerous things for any country.

- By the way, in Russia, which suffered the most in the war against fascism, skinheads are walking around today, beating people of other nationalities. Where do we get this infection from?

There is no paradox in this. It took two decades and enormous strain on society, especially on the West German intelligentsia, to heal. She wrote new textbooks and created a new spiritual climate. The country has learned its lessons. Even the current German Chancellor Merkel, who was born after the war and seemingly free from responsibility for the crimes of Hitlerism, speaks of the historical guilt of the German people. It's worth a lot.

For Russia, no matter how strange it may sound, the Great Patriotic War was not anti-fascist, it was a war for the Motherland against the occupiers. Fascism and its ideological roots were not exposed: after all, Stalin’s regime was in many ways similar to it. This is clearly seen in the example of the GDR, where, like in the USSR, these “vaccinations” were not done. It is no coincidence that the ultra-right in today's Germany almost all come from its eastern lands. I hope that solving Hitler's biggest secrets will bring us all at least one step closer to learning historical lessons.

(1889-1945) Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, Chairman (Führer) of the National Socialist Party of Germany (NSDAP) from 1921 to 1945

Adolf Schicklgruber (this is Hitler's real name) was born on April 20, 1889 in the small Austrian city of Braunau. His father, a minor customs official, died when his son was 14 years old. Adolf somehow finished school and in 1903 attempted to enter the Vienna Academy of Arts, but failed and began to earn his living by drawing advertisements and greeting cards. Having buried his mother in 1907, the young artist moved to Vienna and, after a second failure to enter the Academy, began to lead the life of a free artist.

At the same time, he developed an interest in politics and began attending various meetings of right-wing parties. Here he becomes acquainted with the then fashionable concept of pan-Germanism, which proclaimed the dominance of the German nation, and becomes its staunch supporter.

After the outbreak of World War I, Adolf Hitler receives a summons to join the Austrian army, but is declared unfit. Then he leaves for Germany and joins the army as a volunteer. At the front, he receives the rank of corporal and the Iron Cross, first class.

In 1919, Adolf Hitler was demobilized. In the autumn of 1919 he joined the NSDAP, and from that time his political career. He certainly possessed many of the qualities of an outstanding leader. Fanatically devoted to his ideas, he knew how to find contact with the audience and “ignite” them with emotional speeches.

Adolf Hitler had unique ability arouse unhealthy instincts among the masses and skillfully directed people’s discontent against those whom he considered “enemies of the German nation.” This is how he declared communists, social democrats, and even entire countries, in particular the victorious powers - England, France and Bolshevik Russia.

In June 1921, Adolf Hitler became the leader (Führer) of the NSDAP, and from that time on, a cult of the “great leader” began to be created around him. On November 8-9, 1923, Hitler and his supporters attempted a coup. It ended in failure, and Adolf Hitler ended up in prison. Although he received a sentence of five years, he spent only nine months in prison. In conclusion, he wrote the first volume of the book Mein Kampf (My Struggle).

In December 1924, Adolf Hitler was released from prison and immediately became involved in active political activities. By 1932, his party received a parliamentary majority. On January 30, 1933, German President Hindenburg appointed Hitler Reich Chancellor. After Hindenburg's death in 1934, Adolf Hitler became President, Chancellor and Supreme Commander, combining all positions. Thus began the darkest chapter in German history - the fascist dictatorship.

Adolf Hitler's program consisted of two parts - the defeat of internal enemies and the conquest of world domination. He began with the extermination of political opponents - communists, social democrats and everyone who opposed his party. All parties except the NSDAP were banned,

Adolf Hitler's first major act was the persecution of Jews. On November 9-10, 1938, a wave of Jewish pogroms swept across Germany. Following this, Jews lost all their civil rights. This is how Hitler declared the “racial cleansing” of Germany.

At the same time, preparations for war began. Adolf Hitler repeatedly stated that he wanted not just war, but the extermination of other nations, which he considered “inferior.” First, he annexed Austria and the Czech Republic to Germany, and in August 1939 he began World War II by capturing Poland. By the summer of 1940, Germany had conquered most of Western Europe.

On June 22, 1941, Germany and its allies attacked the USSR. This was Adolf Hitler's biggest miscalculation and ultimately caused the collapse of the entire Nazi state. Just four years later it collapsed under the blows of the Red Army and its allies.

Adolf Hitler preferred death to surrender: he bit through an ampoule of poison and at the same time shot himself in the temple with a pistol. His body was burned, and only from the remains it was determined that they belonged to Hitler.

In his way of thinking and the nature of his actions, he was a product of his era. Historians can explain how and why a free artist became the “leader of the nation.” But there is and cannot be an excuse for the troubles and suffering that this leader brought to humanity.