The influence of the moon on earthly processes. Interesting facts about the moon

For as long as I can remember, our grandmother had a small tear-off calendar hanging on her wall. On each piece of paper with a date it was indicated in what position the moon was - waxing or waning. So, grandma never went out into the garden or vegetable garden until she “consulted” the calendar. And she planted only after the new moon, when the moon began to grow. Now I already have my own house and plot, and it became interesting to try this method for myself. Please explain how the moon affects the earth? What is the connection between the moon and gardening?

The Moon is a satellite of our planet, which rotates around it at almost the same speed. The satellite always faces one side towards the Earth. The moon serves as a kind of protective shield that takes the blows of cosmic bodies. As a result of the mutual rotation of the planets, ebbs and flows occur on Earth. Also increases or decreases the duration daylight hours and the magnetic field changes. All this could not but affect the living organisms inhabiting the planet, including vegetation. Our ancestors long ago figured out how the moon influences the earth in terms of planting. and are still popular today. According to them, they plant and water, fertilize and harvest. What is the lunar power and how can it help summer residents?

How does the moon affect the earth and vegetation?

We will not dwell on the global influence of the satellite on the earth as a planet. It is more interesting for the average summer resident to find out what changes are taking place under the influence of the Moon in his garden. In a nutshell, fluctuations magnetic field They also cause a change in biochemical processes in plants. They also have high and low tides during the lunar month. Depending on the time of the lunar day, metabolism also changes, moving from one plant tissue to another.

A lunar month is the period during which the Moon makes one revolution around its and the Earth’s center of gravity. It is equal to 29.5 Earth days and begins with the new moon.

The influence of the Moon on the cultivation of crops is expressed by the acceleration or inhibition of their development at certain stages of the lunar month, namely:

Let's look at these phases in more detail.

What can you do on a new moon?

At the beginning of the lunar month, when a thin crescent moon is visible in the sky, it is better not to start working in the ground. Planted plants are difficult to accept, and growing ones become fragile. Their root system reacts sensitively to the slightest intervention, so even loosening the beds is not recommended.

But for weeds, this is the best time to start fighting.

What happens to the earth and plants during the waxing moon?

When the young month begins to gradually grow and round, the metabolism of plants also accelerates. They grow faster and absorb moisture and fertilizers better. The vital force from the roots is redirected to the above-ground part. During this period it is recommended:

plant and sow crops that produce crops from the above-ground parts;
transplant;
feed.

But it’s absolutely not worth pruning during the growing moon.

Full moon and work in the garden

At the time when the moon completes its growth and becomes round-sided, landing work should also be completed. Pruning and replanting are also not carried out. Plants are very sensitive to interference in their development.

But the harvest harvested on the full moon is the healthiest and tastiest.

The influence of the waning moon

The night star gradually began to “lose weight” and become thinner - which means that the vital force of plants is shifting under the soil, to the roots. At this time, planted shrubs and trees take root well. It is also recommended to plant crops that bear fruit underground (onions, potatoes). But it is better not to replant other crops. But you can prune, graft and harvest.

The Moon and Life on Earth – video

The Moon is a natural satellite of our planet and at the same time is the brightest object in the night sky. In the Solar System, the Moon is the fifth largest natural satellite of the planets. In addition, the Moon is the very first and only extraterrestrial space object visited by man today. Moon's orbital period globe is almost 28 days (27.3216 – sidereal month). Due to the fact that the Moon is not a self-luminous object in the night sky, but only reflects the light of the sun's rays, from the ground we can only see the illuminated side of the satellite.

There is practically no atmosphere on the Moon, and it is because of this that its surface, on which the sun’s rays fall, heats up to 120°C, and at night or in the shade this same hot surface rapidly cools to 160°C.

Most known fact The influence of the Moon on earthly processes is the ebb and flow of the seas. The fact is that the gravitational influence of the Moon on the Earth is more intense on the side of the Earth that is currently facing the Moon, and on the opposite side the Moon does not exert gravitational attraction. For this reason, the oceans are stretched in the direction of the Moon, which is why they arise. sea tides.

Explorations of the Moon began in ancient times. The first lunar maps appeared in 1651 thanks to Giovanni Riccioli.

By the way, it was G. Riccioli who first gave names to the largest lunar areas, calling them “seas,” a term that is still used to this day to designate places on the moon. Further, with the advent of photography, exploration of the Moon became more intensive, since photographs made it possible to study the surface of the moon in more detail, and in 1881, Jules Janssen first compiled a photographic atlas of the lunar surface.

With the beginning of the space age, knowledge about our space satellite has increased significantly. It was in the space race, which was carried out by the USSR and the USA, for primacy in space and on the Moon that we became aware of the composition of the lunar soil, since it was managed to be delivered to the ground, and not studied on a satellite. Also, thanks to these countries that fought for supremacy, a map of the far side of the Moon was compiled, the one that is not visible from Earth.

The satellite was first visited by the Luna 2 spacecraft. This event took place on September 13, 1959, and it was possible to look beyond the side of the Moon invisible from the earth only in 1959, when space station Luna 3 (USSR) flew over it and was able to photograph it.

After man first walked on the Moon and the Luna (USSR) and Apollo (USA) space programs ended, lunar exploration practically ceased. But with the beginning of this century, China announced its readiness to explore the Moon, as well as to build several inhabited lunar bases there. After this statement space organizations leading countries, and in particular the USA (NASA) and ESA (European Space Agency), have again launched their space programs.

What will come of this?

We'll see in 2020. It was this year that George Bush planned to land people on the moon. This date is ten years ahead of China, since their space program stated that the creation of habitable lunar bases and the landing of people on them will take place only in 2030.

According to adherents of the theory of evolution, the age of the Earth is 4.5 billion years. However, a mathematical estimate of the Earth's rotation speed shows that this number is much lower.

The Earth rotates around its axis every day, and the Moon slowly rotates around our planet (a full revolution in 29.5 days); lunar gravity affects the part of the Earth closest to the Moon much stronger than the part farthest away. As a result, two small bulges form in the world's oceans: one on the side of the globe closest to the Moon, and the other in the most distant part. The different lunar gravity for different parts of the planet causes two daily tides instead of one, which would be expected with equal gravity. Solar gravity produces the same effect, but much weaker. When the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon reinforce each other, we experience high spring tides, and when they are at right angles to each other (relative to the Earth), we experience decreasing tides.

The interaction of the Earth and the Moon has a number of consequences that indicate that this system could not have existed for billions of years. Let's look at three main interrelated aspects: the distance to the Moon, the equatorial bulge of the Earth and tidal braking.

Distance to the Moon

Tides, moving around the globe to the west, reach the eastern shores of the continents, stopping their movement. Tidal waves are, of course, very slow and relatively low. Those big waves, what we can see usually arise due to winds and storms in the open sea. The effect of tides on the eastern shores slows down the Earth's rotation. The slowing down of the Earth is accompanied by a transfer of energy to the Moon. Lunar gravity creates two tidal bulges. The Earth's rotation shifts the bulge closest to the Moon slightly forward, accelerating the Moon's orbital motion. The distant bulge appears behind the Moon, slowing it down; but because it is further away, it has less effect on the Moon.

Therefore, the Moon moves faster and faster, shifting to an orbit further away from the Earth. So, energy is transferred from the Earth, which is slowing down its rotation, to the Moon, which is accelerating and moving away from the Earth. The increase in distance was accurately measured using a laser beam reflected from a mirror installed on the Moon. The removal turned out to be 40 millimeters per year. If the Earth-Moon system lasts long enough, they will eventually rotate synchronously, and the length of the day will be 50 times longer than today.

The Moon is located at a distance of 382 thousand km from the Earth and is moving away by 4 centimeters per year. This value is not constant; as the Moon moves away, it decreases in proportion to the sixth power of the distance.

The gravitational attraction of the Moon and Earth creates tension in rocks both planets. If the Moon had been much closer in the past, this tension would have torn it apart. The smallest distance an object can approach another while orbiting it is called the Roche limit, and it can be calculated for any astronomical object. For the Earth-Moon system, the value of this minimum distance is 18,400 km. Pay attention to modern distance to the Moon (382 thousand km), we are convinced that the Earth-Moon system exists no more than 320 million years. Like many other things related to the age of the Earth, this problem baffles proponents of the theory of evolution, which requires much longer periods of time.

The Moon's influence on the Earth's equatorial bulge

William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) was one of the most eminent scientists of his time. He entered absolute scale temperatures and formulated the first and second laws of thermodynamics. He calculated the age of the Earth based on the speed of rotation of its axis. Let's imagine for a moment that the Earth arose 4.5 billion years ago in the form of a molten ball (this is what evolutionists believe). The Moon would have been much closer to the Earth and therefore would have produced much larger tides. This gravitational force would create a large bulge of molten rock at the equator. Then, when the planet began to cool, it would solidify. Since the existing bulge is very slight, we can conclude that things were different. Lord Kelvin showed that even if the Earth had existed a billion years ago and was still liquid, its rotation rate would have been sufficient to form a bulge at the equator that would still exist today. As rotation slowed, the oceans would move toward the poles, exposing a belt of land around the equator. As we see, this did not happen.

Slowing down of the Earth's rotation under the influence of tidal braking

This phenomenon is main problem for evolutionists. As we have already said, the tides, reaching the eastern shores of the continents, slow down the rotation of the Earth. Mathematical studies of this issue are quite complex, because the exact force of the tides, the roughness earth's surface, energy loss due to friction, etc.

But even according to rough estimates, it turns out that not so long ago - by no means 4.5 billion years ago - the Earth rotated much faster. The higher the rotation speed, the greater the tidal braking, so that the estimated past rotation speed increases very quickly. This puts another limit on the lifespan of the Earth-Moon system.

The problem, insoluble for evolutionists, is described in the work of Schlichter 1. The results of his research are shown in the graph on the left. Three different estimates of the decelerating forces are given, and even the most generous estimate gives a rapid increase in rotation rate 2.3 billion years ago. The then enormous speed of rotation of the Earth has since slowly decreased to its modern value - 1 rotation per 24 hours. The most rigorous estimate gives the number 1.4 billion years. Schlichter does not provide an explanation for these results. It only assumes that some factors unknown to us influenced the system very recently, and this led to an underestimation of the calculated value. From all this we can conclude that the slowing effect of the Moon limits the possible age of the Earth to a much shorter period than the 4.5 billion years required by evolutionists. A slight increase in the rotation rate over the past few millennia easily fits into the creation model.

The slowing of the Earth's rotation speed is confirmed by atomic clocks, according to which the day lengthens by a second every 50 thousand years. That is, ten thousand years ago the day was 1/5 of a second shorter, which is quite consistent with creation ideas. But if we trace the exponential decay of the rotation rate backwards, then billions of years ago it should have been immeasurably higher. At such a speed, neither the Earth's atmosphere, nor oceans, nor even mountains could exist.

Stabilizing influence of the Moon

If the Earth had a perfect spherical shape, its axis of rotation could not resist the tendency to shift. Even a small asteroid crashing into the Earth could change the tilt of its rotation angle, causing chaos on the planet's surface. The equatorial bulge of the Earth and the proximity of the Moon limit these fluctuations to a few degrees. 2

Satellites of other planets

Numerous natural satellites revolve around the planets. It was previously assumed that these moons were “caught” by planets, but van Flandern proved that “under ordinary conditions, the gravitational capture of one body by another is virtually impossible.” 3. Most satellites orbit planets in the same (prograde) direction in which the planets themselves rotate around the Sun.

However, some satellites rotate in the “wrong” (retrograde) direction. The reference books give the angle of inclination of the orbital plane of the satellites; for example, an angle of 175° means a retrograde rotation at an angle of 5° (= 180° - 175°) to the equatorial plane of the planet.

Here are a few more interesting facts:

JUPITER has 12 prograde and 4 retrograde moons. One of the prograde moons, Io, orbits relatively close to Jupiter. This puts limits on the lifespan of the Jupiter-Io system.

NEPTUNE has 7 prograde satellites and one retrograde one - Triton; this large moon is gradually descending towards Neptune.

URANUS has 15 moons and 10 complete rings located in the equatorial plane, but this plane is inclined almost at right angles to the ecliptic (the plane of revolution around the Sun). It is impossible to explain how such a system could arise naturally.

SATURN deserves a separate story - it’s difficult to even list everything interesting features its moons and rings. Saturn's rings are made of rocks that reflect the sun's rays. Many interesting features do not fit into the framework of the generally accepted theory. The two outer moons, Epimetheus and Janus, circle the planet in almost identical orbits. Every four years, when one moon overtakes the other, they simply exchange their orbits—the nearer moon changing at the farther speed and direction! Are moons with such critical orbits really performing their complex maneuvers over billions of years?

With increasingly powerful space probes at the disposal of astronomers, more and more questions arise about how the solar system was able to form naturally. The Earth-Moon system cannot exist for billions of years. The creation of the solar system several thousand years ago to support life on Earth is much more consistent with the results of astronomical research.

Literature:

Slichter L. Secular effects of Tidal Friction upon the Earth Rotation. Journal of Geophysical Research. 15 Jult 1963, vol.68, N 14, pp 4281-4288.
See Golovin S. global flood- myth, legend or reality? Simferopol: Crimean Society of Creation Science, 1994. pp. 50-51.
See Moon. Simferopol: Crimean Society of Creation Science, 1995.

Malcolm Bowden. The Earth, Moon and Tides.
(From his “True Science Supports the Bible”)

Creation Science Movement (UK), Pamphlet 308. Translated from English by Ian Shapiro.
KOKN. 1997.
When reprinting, a link is required

Influence of the Moon.

The moon is a night star. Circling around the Earth, changing its appearance from night to night, the Moon implicitly influences many earthly processes: the ebb and flow of the sea, the life of the plant world, and even the change in our moods. The moon has a connection with a person’s health, with his destiny, bestowing good luck in certain matters and activities. If each of us has a guardian angel, then for the Earth this role is played by its mysterious companion - the Moon.

Moon month lasts 29.5 days. This is how much time passes from one New Moon to the next. The Moon, as you know, shines with the reflected light of the Sun. At the moment of the New Moon, the Moon is not visible to an earthly observer. At this moment, the light of the Sun does not reach the side of the Moon facing the Earth at all.

New moon this is the moment of the symbolic birth of the Moon. When it is still weak, and its influence on all earthly processes is weak. But at the same time, when the Moon is “born,” it bestows energy on the plans and dreams born with it. Therefore, on the New Moon you should think about the future, about what you want to achieve in the near future.

During this period, many people feel sadness, anxiety, self-doubt, fatigue, and loss of strength. This especially applies to people sensitive to lunar rhythms. During the New Moon, you can notice how very nervous some men are. The fact is that men do not like to lose clarity of what is happening. And the newborn Moon projects some magical nebula of the future.
When the Moon appears in the sky as a thin crescent, and every day, along with the increase in the lunar month, strength increases, energy and optimism increase. There is a desire to implement your plans and change something.

IN Full moon The Moon turns out to be maximally illuminated by the Sun, and then its influence is strongest. Many people experience emotional overload and unexpected mood swings. Women who are most susceptible to the influence of the full moon are especially emotional.

On days of the full moon, gravity decreases. This is probably why in fairy tales the power of the full moon gives people the ability to fly. And most often it was women - witches - who flew, which is very symbolic.

During the Full Moon, more events happen, people don’t want to sit at home, and noisy companies appear on the streets. There are also more events and incidents happening in the world, as you can see by turning on the TV or listening to the radio.

Then the Moon begins to wane, and, little by little, day by day, the energy decreases, emotions become more stable. IN last days of the lunar month you can feel heaviness, fatigue, depression.

From New Moon to Full Moon the Moon is called Growing, because her sickle, as we can see, increases every night - grows.

And vice versa, on days Decreasing Moon (from Full Moon to New Moon) the crescent moon decreases - wanes.
The energy of the Waxing Moon gives strength to both the new sprout and a new plan, idea, business. Therefore, it is better to plant plants and start business on the Waxing Moon.

A job started during the Waning Moon is more difficult to complete. You will have to put more of your energy into it. You can compare starting a new business at the wrong time, i.e. during the Waning Moon with the process of sailing on a boat against the current. Any rower will agree that it is easier and faster to go with the flow.

First phase (quarter) The moon lasts from the New Moon until the moment when half of the waxing Moon becomes visible in the sky. During this quarter, the Moon can be compared to a small child; she took a symbolic birth at the time of the New Moon and is now gaining strength.
These days, the Moon helps the processes of learning, planning, collecting various information, mental work, and studying the world around us.

Second quarter lasts from the moment when you can see the half moon until the full moon. Here the moon is in all its glory. And if we draw a parallel with human life, these are the young, most active years. These days, the Moon is favorable to any active actions and people who do not sit still during the 2nd quarter.

Third phase lasts from the Full Moon to the moment when half of the Waning Moon is visible in the sky. This is the age of maturity. The moon has already passed its peak, and now favors those who share their knowledge and experience with others. This is a period of interaction, communication and active recreation.

Fourth phase lasts from the night when half of the waning Moon is visible until the Moon completely disappears from visibility at the New Moon. Luna has little strength anymore. Now she is like a wise person. Therefore, during this phase you need to analyze your mistakes in order to become a little wiser. It is necessary to reduce activity and reduce social hours, leaving time for solitude and reflection. You can practice relaxation and meditation to prepare for the new lunar month.

By following the lunar rhythm, we can gain strength every month and get rid of problems and poor health. This means, for example, in phase 2, do not sit still, act, play sports. And in phase 4, on the contrary, rest more and relieve tension.

Unspent energy on the Waxing Moon can cause illness on the Waning Moon. Overuse of energy on the Waning Moon will also lead you to poor health, which will appear after the New Moon.

Plants know about lunar rhythms without any prompting, but we can look into the lunar calendar.

Lunar day begins with moonrise in a given area and continues until the next sunrise. This is a Western tradition. In some eastern calendars a lunar day lasts a day (from 0 o'clock one day to 0 o'clock the next). Therefore, when you turn to their sources, you may read completely different descriptions of lunar days.

There are either 29 or 30 days in a lunar month. It all depends on whether the Moon has time to rise in a given area one more time before the New Moon.

The first lunar day begins not at sunrise, but at the moment of the New Moon. Therefore, both the first lunar day and the thirtieth can be short.

The energy of the lunar day is a kind of background. Bad events, of course, happen on the most favorable lunar days, but then everything ends well and is easily resolved. If we return to the analogy with the rower, then actions on unfavorable lunar days are like swimming in a stormy ocean. Therefore, it is better not to schedule important matters such as moving, a wedding, buying a car, real estate, or signing an important contract for these days.

Actions on favorable lunar days can be compared to swimming in calm water on a sunny, warm day. And sailing is easy and pleasant for the soul. Of course, where you swim depends only on you. But you will get help.

Days considered unfavorable for important matters changing lunar phases- the day of the New Moon, Full Moon, and the days of the beginning of the 2nd and 4th quarters (exactly half of the Moon in the sky.

Also, an unfavorable time is considered to be the period Moons without a course, or idle moon. This is the period when the Moon is preparing to change its zodiac sign and does not enter into new interactions with other planets until it changes sign.

We can say that the Moon has no support from either the Sun or the planets. Likewise, things started at this time will not have any support.

During the Moon without a course, there is a lot of confusion and confusion in business and Everyday life. What is planned is not realized, what has been done has to be redone. Many accidents happen under the idle Moon and immediately after, as a result of incorrect actions during the Moon without a course. The single Moon greatly harms its “lunar affairs”, on which it has the greatest impact. Do not do it new hairstyle, do not get married when the Moon is idling.

Special moments are eclipses Moons. Each year there are between two and four lunar eclipses. According to the astronomical classification, lunar eclipses are total, partial and penumbral. The effect of any eclipse can be compared to a kind of fog that envelops our planet.

These days, the adverse effects on health and psyche are increasing.

It becomes more difficult to figure out what is good, what is bad, what suits and does not suit us. Therefore, on the days of the eclipse, you need to pause and not take important decisions, do not start new things. The consequences of what we change in our lives during eclipses can be called fatal. During the days of an eclipse, some people feel something like a black cloud over their heads, a certain pressure. Others don't notice anything at all. A total eclipse has the greatest impact negative impact, the quotient is weaker, and the penumbral is even weaker.

The Moon is the natural and only satellite planet Earth. In our sky it is the second brightest heavenly body(the first is the Sun).

It is separated from our planet by 384 thousand kilometers (which is equal to 30 diameters of the Earth), quite close. This is also confirmed by the fact that the first automatic stations visited the Moon half a century ago. Although man has probably never set foot on the satellite of our planet.

Physical characteristics of the Moon

If you compare the Moon with the satellites of other planets, you can understand that it is quite large (the fifth largest of all). Its area is approximately 13.5 times smaller than the Earth’s, but the satellite is 81 times smaller in mass.

The satellite completes a full revolution around the Earth in 27.3 days.

The temperature on the surface is sub-zero. Moreover, it ranges from -240 °C to 117 °C. Of course, it is impossible to live in such conditions. In addition, there is practically no atmosphere on it.

Generally speaking, the surface of the satellite is a rather dull sight. It is a mixture of dust and rocky debris (from meteorite impacts on the surface). And this is combined with a black sky (due to the lack of atmosphere, eternal night reigns there).

The influence of the Moon on planet Earth

The most famous effect is ebb and flow. The Moon creates two bulges at opposite ends of the planet: one is located in a place facing the satellite, and the second is at the opposite end of the Earth. Thus, it is clear that these bulges are constantly shifting.

For land this effect is almost imperceptible, but for water it has some effect. IN open ocean it's only 30-40 centimeters - almost nothing. But when the wave approaches the shore, it rolls onto the hard bottom, due to which it greatly increases its height.
The maximum amplitude is 18 meters, observed in the Bay of Fundy.

The Moon always faces the Earth with only one side. This happens because to rotate around its axis, it needs to spend the same time as it takes to rotate in orbit around the Earth. Thus, from the surface of the planet we will not be able to see the back side of our satellite - only in photographs.

Moon gradually moving away from the Earth, approximately 4 centimeters per year.

Although the Moon illuminates the Earth at night, it is not itself a source of light. She only reflects sunlight to our planet. Well, the amount of reflected light depends on the phase of the moon (the full moon has the most light).

There are organizations that sell plots on the Moon. The owner receives a certificate of ownership, however, such certificates are not valid.

It is believed that the Moon was formed as a result of the collision of a certain cosmic body with the Earth. A piece of that object is the Moon.

What influence does the Moon have on the Earth? Hypotheses for the formation of the Moon

Under the influence of the Moon's gravity, the Earth's body experiences elastic deformation, taking the shape of a symmetrical egg, extended towards the Moon along a line connecting the centers of the Moon and the Earth. Subject to especially noticeable deformation water shell. At the point of the ocean surface closest to the moon and at the diametrically opposite point, swelling is formed water mass(tidal ledge), and on the circle located in the middle between these points, perpendicular to the Earth-Moon line, a depression of the water surface occurs.

Due to the rotation of the Earth, tidal protrusions turn into a tidal wave, which circles the globe, moving towards the rotation of the earth, i.e. from east to west. The passage of a wave crest through some place creates a tide, and the passage of a wave trough creates an ebb. During the lunar day there are two increases and two decreases in sea level. The time interval between the two highest (or lowest) level states is 12 hours 25 minutes. A tidal wave running across the World Ocean towards the rotation of the Earth slows down this rotation. Earth's day gradually becomes longer by 1 s every 40 thousand years.

The origin of the moon is the subject of a number of hypotheses:

The formation of the moon from the same gas-dust cloud occurred simultaneously with the earth

The Earth rotated very quickly and shed some of its matter

The moon was captured as a foreign body by the earth

There was a glancing impact on the ground of a cosmic body, the mass of which corresponds to the mass of Mars, and the ejection of material from the Earth’s mantle into near-Earth space followed by the formation of the moon from this substance.

8-9. How are general relativity and the expansion model of the universe related? What models support the big bang model?

L. Einstein (1878-1955), based on the theory of relativity, proposed a model of the Universe, which is a closed three-dimensional space, finite in volume and unchanging in time. In 1922, the Russian mathematician A. A. Friedman (1888-1925), based on the postulate of the homogeneity of the Universe, based on the equations of the general theory of relativity, received an interesting conclusion; curved space cannot be stationary; it must either expand or contract. This one is fundamental new result found its confirmation in 1929, after the discovery by the American astronomer E. Hubble of a red shift of spectral lines in the radiation of the galaxies around us. The red shift is explained on the basis of the Doppler effect, which states that when any source of vibration moves away from us, the frequency of vibrations perceived by us decreases and the wavelength increases.
In 1964, American astrophysicists L. Penzias and R. Wilson experimentally discovered background electromagnetic radiation (relict radiation), identical in all directions and independent of the time of day. This radiation is equivalent to blackbody radiation with a temperature of about 3 K. It is observed at wavelengths ranging from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters. The origin of the cosmic microwave background radiation is associated with the evolution of the Universe, which in the past had a very high temperature and density.

7. What are stars? What are they? Source of star energy.

What is the prospect for the evolution of the Sun?

Stars- These are gas balls that shine with their own light. Individual groups stars - constellations, were identified in ancient times. Supergiants have a mass equal to 60 solar masses. Dwarf stars significantly smaller in size than the Sun. Neutron stars or pulsars– their diameter is only 20-30 km. Based on the nature of the glow, they are distinguished: variable stars (change their brightness and emission spectrum), red giants, yellow and white dwarfs (formed as a result of the decay of red giants). “Cold” stars are red with a temperature of 3-4 thousand degrees, the sun with a temperature of 6 thousand degrees is yellowish, the hottest stars with a temperature above 12 thousand degrees are white and bluish. Protostars - have low temperature and consist of a faintly luminous gas. Protostar– the initial state in the birth of a star, formed as a result of the condensation of cosmic matter, has a low temperature and consists of a weakly luminous gas.

The source of the star's luminosity is thermonuclear reactions that convert hydrogen into helium, occurring at high temperatures.

The lifespan of the Sun is determined by the conversion of hydrogen into helium in its depths. Calculations have shown that nuclear fuel should be enough for another 5 billion years. When hydrogen reserves decrease, the helium core will contract, and the outer layers, on the contrary, will expand, and the Sun will turn first into a “red giant” and then into a “white dwarf”, following the usual path of stellar evolution.

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Related information.

website- Since time immemorial, this astronomical body has been the object of mysteries and research by ancient astrologers. Today, scientists are trying to analyze ideas that have come from the depths of centuries and give answers to many questions that remain unanswered and appear at the level of myths.

There is no consensus on this issue in the scientific world. The views of scientists were divided. Each side presents facts to prove their point of view. And despite the fact that most of the influence of the Moon has not yet been proven, certain points are still recognized by two camps of scientists, such as the ebb and flow of tides.

The moon is yours gravitational field affects the earth's biosphere and causes, in particular, changes in the earth's magnetic field. The rhythm of the Moon affects the ebb and flow of the tides, air pressure, causes changes in temperature, wind action, the earth's magnetic field, and water levels. Moreover, the tidal effect is not only on water areas, but also on the earth’s crust, however, due to the density of the latter, it will go unnoticed.

By the way, the tidal influence on the planet is exerted not only by the Moon, but also by the Sun, although the influence of the Sun is weaker due to its distance from the Earth. The height of solar tides is half that of lunar tides. Lunar-solar tides are an important phenomenon in the life of the Earth. Under their influence, the Earth gradually slows down its rotation; the length of the day increases. The earth's tidal force has an even stronger effect on the Moon: it has long slowed down its daily rotation so much that it is constantly facing us with one side. For example, 400 million years ago, a day on Earth lasted two hours less.

There is an interesting hypothesis about the stabilizing role of the satellite on Earth. So, in relation to the size of the Earth, the Moon is a fairly large satellite. Its diameter is 3474 km, while the diameter of the Earth is 12.742 km. In relation to the Earth, planetary scientists believe that it is the Moon that helps stabilize the Earth’s orbit, as well as the tilt of the rotation axis, which in turn affects the formation of the seasons.

As for the effect of the Moon on the human body, everything is much more complicated here, since a living organism is an infinitely plastic system with many psychological “complications”. For centuries, the moon seemed to man as a mysterious force that was capable of controlling many life processes. However, the opinions of scientists studying this “side” of the Moon differ. For example, midwives back in the 19th century. were convinced that the Moon influences the onset of childbirth. As Italian doctors have shown, larger number birth occurs during the full moon. There is no explanation for this phenomenon. But along with this, there is research that proves the opposite.

Indian doctors have been recording cases of heart attacks depending on the phases of the moon for two years. It turned out that the incidence of heart attacks during the new moon is 20% higher than during the full moon. Study German doctors does not confirm the current opinion about faster healing of wounds during the waning moon.

The menstrual cycle also has nothing to do with lunar calendar. American anthropologists for three years monitored the monthly cycle of women of an Indian tribe living in forests far from such civilizational factors that influence biorhythms as hormonal contraceptives and electric lighting. No connection to the Moon was found.

Also, the Moon does not affect people's behavior. Crime statistics show no connection between the phases of the moon and the frequency or severity of crimes. However, psychiatrists from Liverpool claim that the Moon affects the state of schizophrenics.

Probably every person at least once thought about the impact of the full Moon on life on Earth. Despite the fact that most aspects of its impact have not yet been proven, and in scientific circles there is no consensus on this matter, certain points are recognized by everyone without exception.

In research on the influence of the Earth's satellite on behavior, two theories stand out most, but no definitive connections have been made between the full moon and earthly life. What do such theories say and what do they rely on?

The Full Moon and Life on Earth

Each of us has heard stories like the fact that it is during the full moon that more children are born. There is also an opinion that it is during the full moon that the number of crimes committed increases. But for the most part, these are only opinions and assumptions that are not confirmed by serious statistical research.

For example, in France, between 1985 and 1990, researchers looked at more than 4.5 million babies born, and with an average of 2,106 full moon births, there was a tiny increase of 0.14 percent, which makes no difference statistically. does not play.

Similar studies were conducted in the United States, namely in North Carolina between 1997 and 2001, which gave identical results. The situation is similar with regard to other issues, since the only exceptions are those cases when the influence of the Earth’s satellite is actually real and has been explained from a scientific point of view. In this case, we can talk about tides, since sea level changes are associated with the location of the Sun and Moon in relation to our planet.

The gravitational field of the Moon and the Sun attracts huge masses of water, which causes a rise in their level, called the tide. It is worth noting that in this case the lakes are not large enough for the impact to be truly noticeable.

What else does the Moon affect?

It has already been said that the influence of the Moon on the tides is observed; moreover, the mechanism of their formation has been thoroughly studied today. It has also been recorded that the development of certain species is influenced, and, in addition, it is noted that certain animals, for example, owls, hunt more actively directly during the full moon. What can this be associated with and can this be observed in any other animal species?

The influence of the Earth's satellite depends directly on the alternation of phases, which, in turn, creates illumination at night. Naturally, it is during the full moon that such lighting is most noticeable. The Moon itself does not glow - it only reflects sunlight. Experts who study animal behavior actually report noticeable differences depending on the phases of the moon. For example, such predator birds owls, like owls, use moonlight to hunt at night. The vision of these birds is perfectly adapted to low light, which, in turn, gives them a certain advantage when attacking victims.

There is also a hypothesis that the Moon helps stabilize the Earth. So, in relation to the size of the Earth, the Moon is a fairly large satellite. The diameter of our planet’s natural satellite is 3,474 kilometers, while the diameter of the Earth itself is 12,742 kilometers. IN solar system this kind of proportion is really very rare, for example, only Pluto has a truly large satellite, which, in turn, no longer has the status of a full-fledged planet, but is a small planet. In relation to the Earth, planetary scientists believe that it is the Moon that helps stabilize the Earth's orbit, as well as the tilt of the rotation axis, which affects the formation of the seasons.

Some scientists believe that the tilt of the rotation axis would change significantly without the Moon within a couple of million years. In turn, this could lead to climate instability and make the environment less favorable for life to develop. We should not forget that the Moon also influenced the length of the day. For example, 400 million years ago, a day on Earth lasted two hours less.

Would life have arisen on Earth without the Moon?

IN this issue scientists prefer to adhere to the theory of a unique Earth, from which it follows that the planet experiences a large number of combinations of various favorable circumstances for the origin of life, namely: atmosphere, relative stability climatic conditions, a suitable distance from the star, liquid water, and so on, and it is quite unlikely that this could all happen again anywhere. Some experts also mention the stabilizing role of the Moon as additional confirmation of the hypothesis of the uniqueness of our planet. And yet, it is worth saying that there is simply no definite evidence that without the Moon life would not have arisen on Earth.

Recently, scientists discovered a planet in the habitable zone of a star, the size of which is approximately equal to the size of the Earth. The researchers named it Kepler-186f. All the tools that are currently available to scientists do not allow us to determine whether a given planet has an atmosphere. Now more and more exoplanets are being discovered that are at the required distance from the star, and, most likely, such planets are not uncommon. However, the importance of the presence of the Moon has yet to be proven.

The Moon and the Earth are so connected with each other that there is no doubt that if our planet did not have a natural satellite, the history of its development would be completely different, and life would simply not exist on it.

Let's start with the fact that the Moon, or as it is also called, Selene, has a direct influence on the earth's axis, allowing the Earth to maintain a tilt of 23 degrees, thanks to which suitable conditions for life have formed on our planet. This gives us the opportunity to see day and night for approximately the same period of time during the day (for example, the angle of inclination of Uranus is almost 98 degrees, and therefore its poles are in darkness for 42 years and the same amount of time is constantly illuminated by the sun's rays).

In addition, the Moon in the sky slows down the rotation of our planet by a tiny microsecond every day - if it did not do this, the Earth would begin to rotate so quickly that the day would soon be equal to six hours, maybe even less. This would definitely affect the development of plants and animals, and also lead to an increase in the speed of air flows, as a result of which storms, tornadoes and hurricanes would become commonplace.

One of the most famous effects of Selena on our planet is its effect on the ebb and flow of the tides: if the Earth did not have a natural satellite, the tides would be several times stronger. The depth of the world's oceans depends on the Earth's satellite: it attracts water located in the equator region, therefore the depth of the ocean in the center of the Earth is much deeper than near its poles.

The moon is natural satellite Earth, the diameter of which is almost 3.5 thousand km, and the length along the equator is about 11 thousand km (in area it is three and a half times smaller than our planet). Selena is located at a distance of 385 thousand km from the Earth, and therefore, after the Sun, it is considered the second brightest object in the sky. According to scientists, the age of the satellite is at least four billion years.

There are many versions of how exactly our planet got its satellite. One of them says that the Earth and the Moon were formed simultaneously. Another suggests that Selena was formed at a great distance from our planet, and while flying nearby, it found itself in the zone of Earth’s gravity and was unable to “escape.”

Recently, based on data obtained from analyzing samples of lunar soil, scientists have put forward a new theory, which is currently accepted as the main one. We are talking about a giant collision, when more than 4 billion years ago the protoplanet Earth (a large planetary embryo) collided with the protoplanet Theia, and the collision occurred not in the center, but tangentially.

Theia suffered more, throwing out the bulk of its constituent elements into Earth's orbit, while the Earth released only a small fraction of the Earth's mantle. Combining, these substances formed the embryo of the Moon. It is worth noting that after the collision with Theia, our planet increased its rotation speed for five hours, changing the angle of its axis.

What does the Earth's satellite consist of?

The surface of the Moon is completely covered by regolith, consisting of dust and tiny meteorite fragments, which often fall onto the surface of the Moon unprotected by the atmosphere (the thickness of such a layer can range from several centimeters to tens of kilometers). The Earth satellite itself consists of:

The crust is very heterogeneous and ranges from zero meters under the Moscow Sea (a 600 m thick layer of basalt separates it from the lunar surface) to 105 km (under the Korolev crater, located on the dark hemisphere of the Moon). Although the Korolev crater is located on the dark side of the Moon, a thicker layer is still located on the hemisphere visible to us;
Three layers of mantle;
Cores.

The invisible side of Selena

Since the period with which the satellite rotates around the Earth almost coincides with the time it rotates around its axis, only one hemisphere of the satellite can be seen from the earth’s surface, while back side The moon is almost never visible. The only exceptions are the edges located on the eastern and western dark sides of Selene. Once a month you can see the northern, and once every fifteen days - its southern edges (this makes it possible to observe almost sixty percent of the satellite from Earth).

Before the advent of spacecraft, the far side of the Moon was completely unexplored, and therefore, with the advent of appropriate technology, scientists learned a lot of new and interesting things about Selene. For example, several new geological formations were discovered on its dark side, indicating that seismic movements inside the satellite continued for at least 950 million years after, according to the version accepted at that time, the “geological death” of the Earth’s satellite occurred.

According to the data received, seismic activity on the satellite exists to this day, and ground vibrations often last about an hour. Over five years of observations, about thirty such moonquakes were recorded, lasting ten minutes and reaching 5.5 on the Richter scale (on earth, such vibrations last no more than two minutes).

It was discovered that the surface of the dark hemisphere differs from that visible from Earth - there are a huge number of craters, most of which were the result of meteorite impacts, and mountainous terrain predominates. But there are few lunar seas here - only two: the Sea of Dreams and the Sea of Moscow.

Relief of Selene

The surface of the Moon consists of mountain ranges and lunar seas - huge, round-shaped lowlands that were once flooded by lava that came to the surface, and therefore they are all covered with a thick layer of basalt (because of this, they are characterized by a darker color than other parts relief). The largest lunar sea is considered to be the Ocean of Storms, with a length of about 2 thousand km.

Despite the fact that basically all lunar seas are located on visible side Selena, it is on its reverse side that the largest impact basin is located, the “South Pole-Aitken” basin (from our planet you can only see its dark edge). Its dimensions are 2400 by 2050 km, and its depth is about 8 km, occupying almost a quarter of the satellite’s hemisphere. This basin is interesting because it is in it that the lowest point of Selene is located, and the distance from the lowest to the highest point is about 16 km.

Another interesting geological formation is a huge tunnel discovered near one of the volcanic plateaus, the Marius Hills: its diameter is 65 m and its depth is about 80 m. It is clear evidence of the volcanic activity of Selene, since it was formed due to the solidification of flows of molten rock.

What does a satellite look like from Earth?

The Earth and the Sun are constantly changing their location in relation to each other, the boundary between the illuminated and unlit parts of the lunar hemisphere is constantly shifting, so Selena changes its outline every day, forming different phases of the Moon. One thing remains unchanged: the illuminated part of the satellite always points in the direction where the Sun is located. Interestingly, the synodic month on the satellite (the time that passes between two identical phases of the Moon) is several days shorter than on Earth, is variable and lasts on average about 29.5 days.

Despite the fact that the Moon in the sky gives the impression that it is glowing itself, in reality the surface of the Moon only reflects the sun's rays, so only the area illuminated by the Sun can be seen from the Earth. It is believed that the Moon in the sky goes through certain phases, briefly characterized as “Waxing Moon” - “Full Moon” - “Waning Moon”:

New moon

During a new moon, the dark Moon is almost never visible. The only exception is a few minutes when it appears against the background of the Sun during a solar eclipse, or when two days before or after the new moon in very good weather a slightly marked grayish disk of the earth’s satellite appears in a clear sky.

During this phase of the Moon, the satellite is not visible because it is located between the Earth and the Sun almost on the same line.

If they are placed exactly on the same straight line, you can observe solar eclipse, as the Earth's satellite begins to cast its shadow, 200 km in diameter. The Moon in the sky is located as close as possible to the Sun, and the far side of the Moon is facing the surface of our planet.

New Moon

The new moon is visible in the sky for only a few minutes in the form of a narrow crescent and appears immediately after the Sun sets on the third day after the new moon. After this phase, the new Moon begins to grow rapidly and with each subsequent night everyone has the opportunity to begin to observe such a phenomenon as the growing Moon. It is interesting that in ancient times the beginning of the lunar or solar month always began from the moment when the new Moon appeared in the sky.

First quarter

On the seventh night after the new moon, the waxing Moon appears in a semicircle in the west just after the Sun goes below the horizon (usually seen in the first half of the night). The waxing Moon at this stage is located in the east and is at an angle of 90° to the Sun. Sun rays illuminate the western half of the Moon and show people who are in the Northern Hemisphere the right side of the Moon, and those in the Southern Hemisphere - the left.

At this stage of the Moon's phase, the waxing Moon is already quite bright and the light it emits is quite enough for objects on the ground to begin to cast shadows. Interestingly, when the waxing Moon is at this stage, one can observe the smallest level of rise at high tide and its smallest fall at low tide.

Full moon

On the fourteenth night, the waxing Moon reaches its peak as the Sun begins to fully illuminate it - the full moon arrives. The full moon remains in the sky all night. It appears even before the Sun has completely set, and leaves the sky after it rises.

At this phase full moon is opposite the Sun, and the Earth is located in the middle (the full Moon is always extremely bright due to the fact that the Sun shines on the visible hemisphere, and shadows on the lunar surface disappear completely). If the full Moon, Earth and Sun are on the same line, you can observe a lunar eclipse.

Last quarter

Literally a day later, the full Moon begins to thin out. Since this happens almost imperceptibly to the human eye, it appears as if the full Moon is visible in the sky for several nights. Already seven days after the full moon, the waning moon again shows earthlings its half. The waning Moon is visible only in the second half of the night.

Old Moon

Having finally shown people its half, the night luminary becomes smaller, turns into a thin sickle, and then the dark Moon disappears completely - and after a while the growing Moon appears again in the sky.

Memo to observer

So that the observer does not confuse which phases of the Moon are waxing and which are waning, it is enough to remember the basic rule: if the Earth’s satellite resembles Latin letter“D” and at the same time it is visible at the beginning of the night, there is a waxing Moon in the sky. If the sickle looks like the letter “C” and is shown before dawn, the waning Moon is before the beholder.