Doubled consonants and complex cases. Double consonants: rules, examples

Words with double consonants are radically subordinate simple rules Russian language, which is studied in high school. For correct spelling, You should learn in advance to parse the word components: roots, suffixes.

Double letters at the junction between the root prefix

1. If prefix and root start with the same letter, then double consonants are written. Having parsed words into morphemes, it is easy to understand how these words are written. The rule applies to words such as: threshold, appeal, lawless, introduce, support, restore, anger, provoke, unscrupulous.
2. Words with prefixes that end in –s and the same root word “quarrel” also written with double consonants.

Examples: quarrel, quarrel.

Pay attention! Despite the fact that in the cognate word “quarrel”, together with the prefix, three letters C are formed, only two are written. There cannot be a triple in Russian. The same rule with the absence of a triple consonant also applies to other words.

Compound nouns with a double consonant

Nouns with a double consonant may be complex, consist of two semantic roots or bases. A double consonant is written if there is no connecting vowel between the roots, but they begin with the same letter.

An example of such words: Mossovet (Moscow Council), chief physician ( chief physician), Communist Party (Communist Party)

Spelling of double consonants in foreign words

Borrowed nouns, which are written with double letters are the most common type of words.

It is impossible to check them, you can only memorize them, or use a spelling dictionary.

Here are a few of these words: ballast, hippopotamus, massage therapist, millimeter, occupier, ottoman, offshore, palazzo, passenger, pessimism, pizza, pleated, potpourri, programmer, professor.

Words with double RR are one of the most extensive groups of words. Examples: terrace, platform, terrorism, arrosion, corrector, hemorrhoids, cirrhosis, terracotta, barricade. These words are related to Latin and Greek words and represent medical or professional terms.

It is difficult to determine the basis of a word in words such as highway, attraction, collection. The root in the word alley is also written with two -LL-. All these words are foreign language by origin, their derivatives also have two identical letters at the base.

Important! Derivations from words with a pair of double consonants in the root are usually also written with two consonants.

• Highway - highway.
• Collection – collectible.
• Compromise is a compromise.

An exception to this rule are formations that have become Russified over time. Usually double -НН- turns into single if the suffix -К- is used after it.

• Column - column.
• Manna - semolina.
• Crystal - crystal.

To check these words, it is better to use a dictionary.

Moreover, in some cases, even in the absence of the suffix -K-, derivatives from foreign words with a double letter in the root form shapes with one letter. Examples of these exceptions:

Operetta - operetta, operetta.

Column – columnar, columnar, columnar, columnar. Other derivatives are written with two –H-. For comparison: colonnade, columned.

Crystal - crystal, little crystal. This rule applies only in cases where the combination -L- occurs in words. For comparison: crystalline, crystalline.

Double consonant in words with Russian origin

Spelling words with traditional Russian roots determined historically. There are rules that will help you check words with a double consonant.

Doubled –LJ-:

• In words formed from “burn.” Examples: burning, burned, burns.
• In native Russian words, doubled consonants are found in words such as: reins, juniper, buzz.

Advice! Combinations of letters zzh-zg-zd can be perceived as double consonants in native Russian words.

Examples of such words: grumble (grumble), squeal (squeal), rattle (rattling).

Exceptions to the rule are also the words ground beetle and bryzhi. Their writing is connected with historical development.

Double consonants are in the root of the word Russia and its derivatives. The spelling of these words is not checked by the rule, remember them. Some of these words: Russia, Russian, Great Russian. But when the root changes to Russian, one consonant remains in the root: rusist, Russify.

This rule is used unless the second -C- appears in the suffix.

Examples of such exceptions: Belarus, Russian.

Double consonant in proper names

Names with double consonant often found, so you need to remember to write them.

Female names: Alla, Anna, Rimma.

§ 58. Double consonants are written when a prefix and a root are combined, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: po dderzhat', predvere', vvest', o tret', piss, vozstanovit, be zz akonny, counter pp evolution.

§ 59. Double consonants are written when combined components compound words, if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: Mo ss council, head vv rach.

§ 60. Double n and double s are written when combining a root and a suffix, if the root ends and the suffix begins with a consonant n or s:

with the suffix -n-, for example: long (length), ancient (antique), stone (stone), domain (domain), legal (law), temporary (basis of tenses-);

with the suffix -sk-, for example: Kotlas (Kotlas), Arzamas (Arzamas), Russian (Rus), but: Tartu (Tartu), Hankou (Hankow);

with the suffix -stv-: art (cf. skillful).

Double s is also written in past tense verbs when combining stems -s with the reflexive particle -sya, for example: saved, rushed.

Note. Double n is written in the numeral eleven.

§ 61. Double n is written in the suffixes -enn-, -onn- of adjectives formed from nouns, for example: straw, painful, cranberry, artificial, internal, bucket, peculiar, dining, revolutionary, positional.

Note. In the word windy and in its derivatives one n is written, but in prefix formations it is written -nn- (windless, leeward).

Adjectives with the suffix -yan- (-an-), formed from nouns, are written with one n, for example: hair, wood, clay, leather. The adjectives wooden, tin, glass are written with double n.

With one n the suffix -in- is written in adjectives, for example: nightingale, chicken, living room, as well as in the noun hotel.

§ 62. Double n is written in passive past participles, for example: reports read at a ceremonial meeting; a soldier wounded by an enemy bullet; collective farm, organized in 1930; a detachment reinforced by two companies; deputies elected to the Supreme Council.

§ 63. Double n is written in all adjectives formed from passive participles past tense (or according to their type), if these adjectives have prefixes or end in -ovanny, -evanny (except chewed and forged), for example: the patient was prescribed enhanced nutrition, a volume of selected works by Pushkin was published, sublime style, inscribed triangle, aged wine , trusted person, temperate climate, refined manners, abstract question, absent-minded student, worn dress, used books, tear-stained face, rusty key, risky step, spoiled child, uprooted area.

But with one n you should write adjectives formed from passive participles of the past tense (including complex ones, see § 80, paragraph 2), if these adjectives do not have a prefix and are not formed from verbs in -ovat, -evat, for example : scientific works, wounded border guards, torn clothes, smoked sausage, boiled milk, dried fish, slaked lime, pickles, soaked apples, boiled potatoes, plain-dyed fabric.

The words desired, sacred, unexpected, unprecedented, unheard, unexpected and some others, defined in dictionary order, are written with two n.

§ 64. Double n is written in adverbs ending in -o and in nouns with suffixes ending in -ik, -its, -ost, formed from adjectives if the latter are written with two n, for example: accidentally, unheard of, excitedly, excitement (excited); confidently, confidence (confident); education, pupil, pupil (educated); protégé (installed); captive (captive); birthday boy (birthday); sennik (hay); korennik (indigenous); in-law (inherent).

If the adjective has one n, then the adverbs and nouns formed from it are written with one n, for example: confused, confused, confused (confused); learned, learned (scientist); hemp (hemp); silversmith (silversmith). Also with one n are written the words silver (in the meaning of a coin) and bessrebrenik (unselfish person).

§ 65. Double n is written as plural. h. and in feminine and neuter gender units. including short adjectives formed from passive past participles, the full form of which is double n, for example: the groups are disciplined and organized, the girl is well-mannered and smart; they are very absent-minded.

Short passive participles are written with one n, for example: broken, broken, broken, broken, the young man was raised as a Komsomol member; the girl is pampered by her upbringing; we are limited by time; The students are organized into a group.

§ 66. The double w is written in the words reins, yeast, juniper, zhuzhzhat and in derivatives from them, as well as in some formations from the verb to burn, for example: zhzhёsh, zhzhet, zhzhenny, zhzheny, zhzhenka.

If there is an alternation zg - zzh, zd - zzh, you should write not double zh, but zzh, for example: grumble (grump), cerebellum (brain), arrive (arrival), later (old, late, lie, late), clutter up (clutter up ), as well as to squeal (cf. old squeal - “dawn”).

§ 67. No more than two identical consonants are written in a row, even if this is required by the composition of the word, for example: quarreling (ra s + quarreling), ode sskiy (ode ss + s kiy), prussian (pruss + s cue), five-note nn-y (five-note nn + n-y).

§ 68. The spelling of double consonants in foreign words is determined in dictionary order, for example: irrigation, corrosion, cassation, excess, essence, but: poster, letter, official, etching, report.

§ 69. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, group; program - program, software; kilowatt – kilowatt; Calcutta - Calcutta; class - cool; Hun – Hunnic; point (unit of measure, evaluation) – five-point, Gall – Gallic; libretto - librettist.

But it is written: crystal (although kristall), finka, Finnish (although Finn), column (although column), five-tone nka (although tonna), operetta (although opera tt a).

Note. In the first part of compound words, which is a stem ending with a double consonant, only one consonant is written, for example: gram record, group com.

Rule doubled consonant in the root

§ 93. Double consonants are written at the junction of a prefix and a root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant letter, for example: lawless, heartless, introduce, restore, freeze, wear out, wipe off (but cf. wipe off where the prefix is o-), support, threshold, pre-diploma, pour out, scatter, ring out, intersedelnik, counter-revolution, post-totalitarian.

Note. They differ in spelling, on the one hand, words with the root -chet - (calculation, calculated, prudent; calculate, pay off), and on the other hand, words with the root -chit - (calculate - count).

§ 94. Double consonants are written at the junction of the constituent parts of complex abbreviated words, if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: chief physician, state property, Mossovet, pommastera.

§ 95. Double n and double s are written at the junction of a generating stem and a suffix, if the stem ends and the suffix begins with the same consonant n or s:

in words with suffixes -n(y, oh), for example: long (from length), ancient (old), stone (stone), pocket (pocket), domain (domain), legal (law), gostiny (from n. . living room: living room conversations, living room regular), minted (mint), temporary and temporary (time, time), wall (wall); -n(s): autumn (autumn), side (side), early (early); -nick: price tag (price); -nits(a): belfry (ringing); -nicha(t): to monkey (monkey);

in words with suffixes -sk(ii), for example: sailor (from sailor), Russian (Rus), Arzamas (Arzamas), Circassian (Circassian); -stv(o): art (skillful).

Double n is also written in the numeral eleven (from one); double s - in male forms. of the past tense of verbs when combining the root na with with the final part (postfix) -sya, for example: rushed, saved.

Double l is written in the word gullivy (from walk, suffix -liv-).

Note 1. In adjectives with the suffix -sk-, formed from indeclinable geographical names with a vowel, while preserving this vowel, one s is written, for example: Tartu - Tartu, Bordeaux - Bordeaux, Chardzhou - Chardzhou.

Note 2. In words such as young, pig, one and is written, since they do not contain a suffix

§ 96. In words written together, no more than two identical consonants are written in a row, even if this is required by the composition of the word, for example: quarrel (quarrel+quarrel), columnar (from column: column+ny), bathroom (from bath: bath+ naya), five-ton (from ton: five+ton+ny), Odessa (from Odessa: Odessa+sky), Prussian (from Prussia: Prussian+sky), Donbass (from Donbass: Donbass+sky). But cf. saving three
identical consonants in hyphenated words: press secretary, press service, mass start, gram-molecule, kilogram-meter.

Double n and single n in suffixes of adjectives and nouns

§ 97. The suffixes -enn(y), -stven-n(y), -enn(y) and -onn(y) of adjectives formed from nouns are written with double n, for example: straw (from straw), lunch (dinner), vital (life), characteristic (property), cranberry (cranberry), smallpox (smallpox), bucket (bucket); mental (mind), gift (gift); morning (morning); positional (position), emigration (emigration), excursion (excursion); the same in the word internal (from the adverb: inside, inside).

Note. In the words windy and tundra (from wind, tundra), as an exception, one n is written in the suffix. However, the prefix adjectives windless, windward, leeward are written with double n.

Adjectives with the suffix -yan(y), -an(y) should be distinguished from adjectives with the suffix -enn(y); they are written with one n, for example: clay, silver, linen, leather (see § 45).

Three adjectives - wooden, tin and glass - have the suffix -yann-, which is written with a double n.

The suffix of adjectives -in (y) is written with one n, for example: nightingale, chicken, mouse, gostiny (gostiny dvor); the same in the nouns living room, hotel (but compare the adjective living room, see § 95).

Note. The spelling of the following adjectives is determined in dictionary order: with one n they write smart, sophisticated; with two n - exhausted, exhausted, pompous, slow, desperate.

In nouns with the suffix -ennik a double n is written, for example: traveler (from travel), predecessor
(precede), relative (property), compatriot (fatherland), like-minded person (thought, think), attacker, accomplice (intention), drowned (drown), protege (put), number (number), noodle maker (noodles).

However, one n is written in the words student (to teach), toiler (to work), martyr, unmercenary, silver (name of the coin), dumpling.

Note. For double consonants in borrowed (foreign language) suffixes of nouns, see § 108.

Double n and single n in suffixes of passive past participles and correlative adjectives

Full forms

§ 98. The suffixes of full forms of passive past participles are written with nn: -nn- and -yonn- (-enn-). Adjectives correlative to them in form are written in some cases also with nn in the suffix, in others - with one n.

1. Participles and adjectives in -ovanny, -evanny, -evanny (formed from verbs in -ova, -evat) are written with nn, for example: pampered, uprooted, lined, painted, organized; uprooted, spoiled, painted on, lined, reorganized. Wed: a child spoiled by everyone and a spoiled child; recently uprooted stumps and uprooted area.

For writing the same forms from the verbs chew, peck, forge, see below, paragraph 3.

2. Also written with nn are the participles not on -ovanny (-evanny, -evanny) of perfective verbs and their correlative adjectives; the vast majority of such verbs contain a prefix.

a) Examples of forms formed from prefixed verbs: bleached, washed, knitted, fried, written on, dyed, peeled, scolded, dyed, counted, unraveled, made. Compare: a resolution read at a meeting and a book read; a group strengthened by new members and increased attention.

b) A list of forms of native verbs without prefixes, as well as some verbs in which the prefix can only be distinguished etymologically: abandoned, given, finished, bought, deprived, captured, forgiven, released, decided, captured, revealed; met, started, offended, acquired, obliged, visited, supplied. Compare: a stone thrown by a boy and abandoned children; goods purchased on credit and journalists purchased.

According to this rule, the forms of two-type (meaning both perfect and imperfect) verbs are written: crown, bequeath, promise, execute, give birth: married, bequeathed, promised, executed, born. For writing forms of the two-type verbs shell-shock, baptize and wound, see paragraph 3.

Exceptions. Adjectives that are correlative with participial forms are written in the following stable combinations: finished man, named brother, named sister, imprisoned father, imprisoned mother, Forgiveness Sunday.

3. Participles not on -ovannyy (-ёannyy, -evannyy) of imperfective verbs (they are formed only from unprefixed verbs) and correlative adjectives with them are written differently: participles with nn, adjectives with one n, for example: loaded with firewood carts, fish fried in oil, an oil painting, hair cut by a barber and short-cropped hair, benches painted green, a floor that has not been swept for a long time, walls that have not yet been whitewashed, money that has been counted more than once, an offer made many times; but: a loaded barge, fried fish, written beauty, cut hair, painted benches, swept floor, whitewashed walls, a matter of minutes, feigned indifference; likewise knitted and knitted, ironed and ironed, braided and braided, brushed and brushed; they are also written: chewed and chewed, pecked and pecked, forged and forged.

According to this rule, the forms of the two-type verbs shell, baptize and wound are written. Compare: a shell-shocked soldier, a seriously wounded soldier, a soldier wounded in the leg, a newly baptized baby, but: a shell-shocked commander, a wounded soldier, a baptized child.

Note. As can be seen from the examples, the participle is recognized by the presence of dependent words. There are, however, rare cases when the dependent word is not a sign of the participle. For example, you should write: his mustache is clearly dyed (cf. obviously artificial, where the word is clearly used with an adjective); the walls, formerly whitewashed, are now covered with green paint (cf. walls, formerly white).

§ 99. In words with the prefix non-, in difficult words ah and in some repetition combinations, the forms of participles and adjectives are written in the same way as in separate (without a prefix and not as part of a compound word or repetition combination) use, i.e. according to the rules of § 98. Examples:

1. Words with the prefix not-:

written with nn: uneducated, unlined, untested, unfinished, unbought, unforgiven’,

written with n: unbleached, unironed, uninvited, unforged, unfed, unpainted, unmeasured, unpaved, unplowed, uninvited, uncounted.

2. Difficult words:

written with NN: highly qualified, fully stamped, acquired, freshly painted, purposeful, born blind, insane’,

written with n: plain-dyed, homespun, finely crushed, impostor, seriously wounded, whole-cut.

3. Repeat combinations with the prefix re- in the second part, which have an intensifying meaning. In them, the second part is written in the same way as the first (with nn or n), for example:

written with nn: mortgaged-remortgaged, resolved-resolved;

written with n: patched-re-patched, washed-re-washed, repaired-re-fixed, read-re-read, darned-re-darned.

Exceptions (to § 98 - 99). Written with nn instead of n:

a) adjectives desired, expected and (as part of stable combinations) has it been seen?; Is it unheard of? They are formed from imperfective verbs to wish, to wait and to see, to hear.

Special cases: adjectives put on and (as part of sustainable combination) flooded sea; they are formed from imperfect prefixed verbs to put on, pour out, i.e. from verbs with the suffix -va-, which naturally do not form passive past participles;

b) adjectives with the prefix un-: unknown, unseen, unforeseen, unwanted, unexpected, undressed, unexpected, unheard, unintentional and (as part of a stable combination) an unsleeping eye;

c) complex adjectives long-awaited, home-grown and (as part of a proper name) Andrei Pervozvanny.

The second parts of these prefixes and compound adjectives also correlate with imperfective verbs.

Short forms

§ 100. Short forms of passive past participles are written with one n, for example: chitan, chitana, chitano, chitany; read, read, read, read; tagged, tagged, tagged, tagged; marked, marked, marked, marked. Neuter forms are also written in impersonal use, for example: smoky, dirty, ezzheno, khozheno, ezzheno-moved, khozheno-crossed.

§ 101. Short forms (except for the masculine form) of adjectives with a qualitative meaning, coinciding in form with the passive participles of the past tense of perfect verbs, are written with nn, for example: brought up, brought up, brought up (from the adjective brought up 'discovering the results of good upbringing' ); spoiled, spoiled, spoiled (from the adjective spoiled ‘accustomed to fulfilling one’s whims’); sublime, sublime, sublime (from the adjective sublime ‘full of high content’). Such adjectives have the forms comparative degree: more educated, more spoiled, more elevated.

Wed. the following examples in pairs with short forms of participles and adjectives: She was raised by a distant relative. - She has good manners, she is well-mannered. She's spoiled good conditions. - She is capricious and spoiled.

§ 102. Short forms of adjectives in -nny are written with one n, if these adjectives require dependent words and do not have a comparative form. Examples: attached to someone ‘feeling attached’ - She is very attached to him; filled with something ‘full, imbued’ - The soul is filled with sadness; heard about something ‘well informed’ - We have heard a lot about his tricks. (See the dependent words in the examples given: to him, sadness, about his tricks.)

Note. Some adjectives have different meanings short forms spelled differently. Wed. different spellings of short forms of the word devoted: She is kind and devoted and She is dedicated. In the first example, devoted is the same adjective as well-mannered, spoiled, exalted (see § 101), it has a comparative degree of more devoted; in the second - the same as attached, fulfilled, heard (requires dependent words: to someone, to something).

Short forms of adjectives expressing various emotional states, can be written with n or with nn depending on the conveyed shades of meaning. Eg: She is excited (she experiences excitement) - Her speech is excited (her speech reveals, expresses excitement). In the first case, it is possible to write excited (which would emphasize that her appearance expresses excitement), but in the second case, writing excited is impossible (since speech cannot ‘experience excitement’).

In difficult cases of distinguishing such short forms, one should refer to the academic “Russian Spelling Dictionary”.

§ 103. Short forms of complex adjectives, the second parts of which coincide with participles in -nny, are written with n or nn depending on the meaning. Adjectives expressing characteristics
which can manifest themselves to a greater or lesser extent, i.e. formative forms of the comparative degree, have short forms (except for the masculine form) with NN; adjectives that do not allow comparative forms in meaning have short forms with one n, for example:

well-mannered, -no, -nny; landscaped, -no, -nny; self-confident, -no, -nny; purposeful, -no, -nny; purposeful, -no, -nny (there are forms of the comparative degree who are more well-mannered, more comfortable, more self-confident, more purposeful, more purposeful);

interconnected, -but, -us; interdependent, -but, -us; generally recognized, -but, -us; contraindicated, -but, -ny (no forms of comparative degree).

§ 104. Short forms of adjectives with qualitative meaning, full forms which are transmitted in writing with one n, are written in the same way as full ones. Examples: delana, done, done (from done ‘unnatural, forced’); confused, confused, confused (from confused ‘illogical, confusing’); learned, learned, learned (from learned ‘knowing something thoroughly’). Forms of the comparative degree (more elaborate, more confused, more learned) and adverbs ending in -o (more done, more confused, more learned; see § 105) are also written.

Note. Such adjectives are few in number; the overwhelming majority of adjectives correlative with participles in -н have no qualitative meaning; these are boiled, boiled, soaked, dried, chiseled, etc.

Double n and single n in words formed from adjectives and participles

§ 105. Adverbs ending in -o, nouns with the suffixes -ost, -ik, -its (a), formed from adjectives and passive participles, are written with double n or single n - depending on how the corresponding adjective or participle is written. Examples:

written with nn: accidentally, unheard of (from inadvertent, unheard), excitedly, excitement (excited), confidently, confidence
(confident), good manners, pupil, pupil (educated), direction (directed), captive (captive), koronnik (indigenous), matinee (morning);

written with n: confused (confusedly argues), confused, confused (from confused), learned (expressed very learnedly), learnedness (from scientist), delano (delano grinned), delanost (from done), konoplyanik (hemp), moss ( mossy), silversmith (silversmith), anemone, anemone, frivolity, windy (it’s windy outside today).

However, before the suffixes -ets, -k(a), -stv(o), -ist(y), -e(t), -i(t), double n is not written, but one n is written, for example: adherent ( cf. committed), divorced and divorced (divorced), ragamuffin and ragamuffin (tattered), messenger (sent), decoy ( semolina), condensed milk (condensed milk), constancy (constant), perfection (perfect), woody (wooden), glassy (glassy), become pregnant (pregnant), render (official), modernize (modern), settle down (sedate).

Double consonants in Russian roots

§ 106. Double consonants are written in the roots of Russian (not borrowed) words in following cases.

The double is written in the words reins, yeast, buzz, juniper and in derivatives from them, for example: yeast, buzz, juniper, as well as in some forms of the verb to burn and words derived from it, for example: zhzhesh, burns, burnt, scorched , kindled, burning, burning (the second appears here as a result of the alternation of g - g: cf. burn - burn).

However, in words where there is an alternation zg - zzh, zd - zzh, instead of a long consonant w, it is written not double zh, but zzh, for example: splashes (cf. splashes), grumble (grumble), squeal (squeal), rattle ( to pieces), clutter up (clutter up), cerebellum, smash (brain), later (late), arrive (arrival); the same in breezit (from obsolete brezg ‘dawn’).

The double s is written in the word quarrel and its derivatives: quarrel, quarrel, etc., as well as in words with the root ross-, for example: Russia, Russians, Russian, Great Russian, Little Russian.

Note. Words with the root Rus- are written with one s, for example: russist, russification, russified, russophile, russophobe, russet, belarusian; but in the presence of the suffix –sk - double s: Russian, Russian-speaking, Russian-speaking, Belarusian, Great Russian; The word Belarus is also spelled with double s.

Double consonants in borrowed (foreign) roots and suffixes

§ 107. The spelling of double consonants in the roots of borrowed (foreign) words is determined in dictionary order, for example: abbreviation, acclimatization, accompaniment, accreditation, neat, alley, antenna, appeal, apparatus, association, attraction, bacillus, gross, Buddhism, bath , watt, gram, grammar, flu, group, illusion, illustration, immigration, irrigation, cash register, cassette, killer, class, collection, column, comment, commune, compromise, correspondent, bullfight, corrosion, corruption, mass, metal, mission , novella, opposition, pizza, press, press, program, professor, rabbi, spinning, rack, Saturday, terrace, terror, ton, thriller, troupe, chlorophyll, hockey, excess, essence.

Wed. foreign words with single consonants: aluminum, gallery, dessert, dealer, amateur, impresario, corridor, office, official, offshore, report, race, soffit, bullfighter, sidewalk, plug, emigration and many others.

Double consonants are also written in some proper names, eg: Haggai, Apollo, Vissarion, Gennady, Hippolytus, Cyril, Philip, Alla, Anna, Apollinaria, Bella, Henrietta, Inna, Rimma; Akkerman, Bessarabia, Bonn, Holland, Essentuki, Odessa.

Note. In the variants diamond - brilliant and derivative words (brilliant - brilliant, brilliantik - brilliant, brilliantine - brilliant), the second members of these pairs are written with one letter l before ь. The same applies to variants such as million - million, million - million, billion - billion (the second members of such pairs, limited in use, are found more often in poetry).

§ 108. Double s is written in the borrowed suffix -ess (a), for example: poetess (from poet), patroness, baroness, viscountess, princess, stewardess, clown, critic. Double t is written in the borrowed suffix -ett(a), -etto (in musical terms): symphonietta (from symphony), operetta, arietta, canzonetta, allegretto, larghetto, gruppetto; but in the words cigarette, floppy disk - one thing.

§ 109. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, group, group; program - program, software, program; point - five-point, Gauls - Gallic, metal - metallic, metallurgist; class - class, cool, classmate; compromise - compromise, kilowatt - kilowatt, libretto - librettist, Normans - Norman, antenna - antenna man, bath - bathtub, Dardanelles - Dar Danelles, Calcutta - Calcutta, Cannes (and Cannes) - Cannes, Ravenna - Equals.

However, instead of a double consonant, one consonant is written in the following cases: 1) in diminutive and familiar forms of personal names with the suffix -k(a), for example: Alla - Alka, Stella - Stelka, Emma - Emka, Zhanna - Zhanka, Inna - Inka, Rimma - Rimka, Vassa - Vaska, Mirra - Mirka, Marietta - Marietka, Savva - Savka, Kirill - Kirilka, Philip - Filipka (also: Filipok, b. Filipka and Filipchik); 2) a single letter n - in any words with the suffix -k(a), for example: finka (cf. Finn), five-tonka, three-tonka (ton), kolonka (column), antenna (antenna); 3) in the following words: crystal (crystal), Finnish (Finn), operetta (operetta).

Note. In the endearing forms of names starting with -ochka, -ushka (Zhannochka, Allochka, Filippushka, Kirillushka, etc.), double consonants are preserved.

§ 110. When abbreviating words containing a double consonant, only one consonant is retained in compound abbreviated words, for example: gramophone recording (gramophone recording), korpunkt (correspondent point), terrorist act (terrorist act), grupkom, gruporg, special correspondent.

Note 1. In the first part of complex words written with a hyphen, double consonants are preserved, for example: mass indicator, mass culture, press mold, press center, express analysis, watt-second; the same in the word wattmeter.

Note 2. At the end of the words Donbass, Kuzbass (-bass from pool) a double s is written.

Note 3. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of complex abbreviated words and graphic abbreviations: the latter retain double consonants at the end before the period, for example: spetskor, sobkor, but: spets. corr., personal corr. (see § 209).

A hyphen (also called a dash) is a non-literal spelling sign that is used in various functions. It is used in the rules of merged, hyphenated and separate writing(see § 117 - 156), as a sign of transfer (see § 211 - 219). Other uses of the hyphen are discussed below in § 111 - 113.

Double consonants at the root of a word

1. Double and written in the roots of the words reins, yeast, burning, buzzing, juniper and cognates with them. Wed: kindle (cart + burn) - you will kindle (cart + burn), also kindled.

Note 1. In the presence of sound alternation zg–zzh, H&H not written double and, A zzh, for example: squeal (squeal), arrive (arrival). Compare: to squeal, to grumble, to rattle, cerebellum, etc.

Note 2. In the words mesentery, mesentery, only one thing is written and.

2. Double With at the root it is written in the words quarrel, loan and those of the same root.

3. Double consonants are written in compound words if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: chief physician, public sector, council, maternity hospital.

Note. In the first part of compound words, which is a stem that ends with a double consonant, only one consonant is written, for example: gramophone record, grouporg, cavalryman.

4. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before the suffix are preserved, for example: score - five-point, Gaul - Gallic, Hun - Hunnic, compromise - compromise, group - group, diagram - diagram, program - program , telegram - telegram. The same - in proper names, for example: University of Canberra, Cannes Film Festival, Lausanne Conference, Bonn government, Tallinn ancient monuments, etc.

Exceptions. In some words, in the case under consideration, one consonant is written, for example: crystal - crystal, Finn - Finnish, column - column, ton - five-ton, Finn - Finn (usually double n is contracted into one n before the suffix -k-a), operetta – operetta; in names of persons with a suffix -To, for example: Alla - Alka, Anna - Anka, Kirill - Kirilka, Rimma - Rimka, Savva - Savka, Philip - Filipka, Emma - Emka.

5. Double consonants are written at the junction of a prefix and a root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: selfless - heartlessness, appeal - rebellion, fake, provoke - story, seditious; the same applies to prefixes of foreign origin, for example: dissimilation, counter-revolutionary, trans-Siberian.

Note. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of words like submit (prefix By-) and give in (prefix under-). Wed: The door gave way under the blows (no longer remained in its original position). – The door succumbed to the blows of the crowbar (could not hold back the pressure).

6. The spelling of double consonants in words of foreign language origin is determined by a spelling dictionary, for example: abbreviation, abscissa, acclimatization, accommodation, letter of credit, accessory, allergy, alliteration, ammonia, ammonite, appeal, appendicitis, applique, appreture, approximation, assessor, assembler, atoll, attentate, attic, attraction, babbitt, ballast, balloon, run, barrel, fiction, bisector, boss, buffon, vendetta, gibbon, hippopotamus, gum arabic, gutta percha, depressant, jobber, dilemma, distill, differential, idyll, illumination, indifferent, irrational, irrigation, calligraphy, cassation, terminal, collegiate, colossus, coral, corrosion, corruption, coefficient, crystal, mantissa, monsoon, opposition, parallelepiped, parallelogram, trade wind, apron, pessimism, spring, summit, setter, settlement, syllabic, symmetry, spaghetti, rack, streptococcus, tennis, terrace, waste heap, territory, trolleybus, hippie, chlorophyll, hobby, cellulose, cirrhosis, cheddar, chassis, chinchilla, kurtosis, ellipse, essence.

Note 1. The following words are written with one consonant: unit, aluminum, attribute, bachelor, balustrade, barcarolle, broker, vernissage, volleyball, gallery, landing, dessert, decibel, dealer, amateur, impresario, caricature, Qatar, corridor, midget, level, office, pilgrim, polites, privilege, producer, pudding, resource, wolverine, Russianism, sidewalk, unison, etc.

Note 2. In suffix -ess-a spelled two With(poetess, flight attendant, clown), in the suffix -is-a one thing is written With(abbess, actress, headmistress).

In suffix -etta spelled two T, for example: arietta, operetta, symphonietta.

The word generalissimo contains two With.

“The double consonant is at the root of the word.” 3rd grade

Presentation for the lesson

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Objective of the lesson: developing the ability to denote long consonant sounds in writing with letters, and to transfer words with double consonants.

Tasks:

• Educational:
  • familiarize students with the pronunciation and spelling of the most frequently used words with double letters; introduce the origins of words;
  • promote the development of phonemic awareness (the ability to identify words with double consonants at the root in the text), enrichment vocabulary children with words with double consonants, teach the exact use of words depending on their lexical meaning;
• Developmental:
  • develop memory, attention, thinking, observation, ability to draw conclusions and generalize;
  • develop communication skills through work in pairs and groups, assessment and self-assessment of activities;
• Educational:
  • cultivate interest in the Russian language, the need to take advantage of linguistic wealth;
  • improve the ability to listen and hear, working in groups, foster mutual understanding and mutual assistance.

Principles:

• visibility;
• educational training;
• activity (game moment);
• taking into account age characteristics.

Methods:

• Organization and self-organization of educational and cognitive activities:
  • visual;
  • verbal (story, conversation);
  • practical (exercises);
  • problem;
  • research;
  • information and communication.
• Stimulation and motivation (game moment, getting “5” when completing tasks).
• Control and self-control:
  • oral and written;
  • frontal and group;
  • current.
• Student independence:
  • under the guidance of a teacher;
  • independent learning activities.

Teaching methods: observation of linguistic phenomena (comparison, identification).

Equipment: interactive whiteboard, computer, presentation, cards for independent work, worksheets with tasks in groups, etymological dictionary, dictionary foreign words.
For students - cards " Research group No. 1", No. 2, No. 3; No. 4; 2 squares - yellow and green (to evaluate your work in class).

Lesson type educational purpose: a lesson in discovering new knowledge.

Lesson type: lesson-research (problematic-dialogical).

Form of work: collective, in pairs, in groups.

Lesson plan:

1. Organizational moment. Motivation.
2. Calligraphy. Creating a situation leading to the formulation of a learning task.
3. Introduction to the game plot
4. Work on the topic of the lesson
5. Physical education minute
6. Group work
7. Lesson summary. Reflection.
8. Homework

Questions and tasks: during the lesson.

(SLIDE 2)

I. Organizational moment. Emotional mood for the lesson

- Good afternoon!
- Children, are you warm? (Yes!)
– Is it light in the classroom? (Yes!)
– Has the bell already rung? (Yes!)
– Is the lesson over already? (No!)
-Has class just started? (Yes!)
– Do you want to study? (Yes!)
- So everyone can sit down!

– Let’s start the Russian language lesson.

Tell the secrets of the word (SLIDE 3)
I am always ready for you.
But be ready in class
Reveal the secrets of words yourself.

– Guys, are you ready to make new discoveries? Then let's get to work.

Recording the date of the lesson in your notebooks.

- Open your notebooks, step back from homework two lines, write down the number on the third. Today is the fourteenth of February. Cool job.

II. Calligraphy. Updating knowledge

(A minute of penmanship becomes a “bridge” to the topic.)

mm pp ll rr (ss bb dd lj) (SLIDE 4)

– Can we say that these are syllables? (No, they consist of two consonants, and the syllable must have a vowel)
– Which letter could be extra? (P – denotes a voiceless consonant)
– Write down these connections in your notebook in alphabetical order, while observing the height of the letters and the slope.
Examination.
- In what order did you write the letters? (l, m, p, r)
– What do the letter combinations I suggested have in common? (Consonants, doubled).

– Let’s play the game “Say the Word” (SLIDE)

1) Where there is a board and desks,
So that all the children can sit down at once?
We have this at school
This is our spacious… (Class)

2) I caught a cold yesterday
Headache in the morning
I coughed and became hoarse
I probably have... (flu)

3) Along the road on the sides
Linden trees and maples here and there.
It's more fun for everyone to go here
This path is called... (alley)

– Look, what’s interesting about these words, what’s unusual about them?
– Write these words in your notebook on the next line, separated by commas.
– Underline the letters that are repeated in these words.

III. Setting a learning task

– Today we will go to a city called (SLIDE 5) DOUBLE CONSONANTS. Today you will not just be travelers, but explorers.
– What do you think could be the object of research in this city? (The object of our research will be words with double consonants at the root)
– What spellings of the root do we know? (Unstressed vowel, paired consonant, unpronounceable consonant)
– Is there a rule for spelling an unstressed vowel at the root of a word? (You can change the word so that it is stressed). For example, …
– About the spelling of paired consonants? (Change the word so that there is a vowel sound after it). For example, …
– About an unpronounceable consonant? (Change the word so that the unpronounceable consonant is heard clearly). For example, …

Problematic question: How to double check the spelling of words nn oh consonant? (SLIDE 14)

– How do we determine whether a word is a resident of the city of Double Consonants? (Children's guesses)
– Is there a general rule about writing double consonants at the root of a word?
– For your research to be successful, what do you need to be like? (Active, attentive, help each other)
– What goals should we set for ourselves? (Learn to write words with double consonants at the root of the word, learn to see them in the text).

IV. Exercise for the eyes (SLIDE)

V. Work on the topic of the lesson

1. Exercise in writing words with double consonants

Each group receives a sheet with suggestions: Auditory dictation. "Listen and tell me." (The goal is to observe words that sound similar and explain their spelling). Determining the lexical meaning of words.

– Determine by ear which words that sound similar should have double consonants and which should not?

1) If there are a lot of (s, ss)ora in the house,
A (s, ss) ora might break out in the house.

– What are the similarities and differences between the words litter and quarrel? Give a synonym for the word rubbish.
– Explain their meaning (trash - garbage, quarrel - discord, disagreement)

2) Ask without raising the (n, nn)a:
What is greater, a centner or that (n, nn)a?

3) Who will receive the low ba (l, ll),
Will not come to school ba (l, ll).

4) It’s more pleasant to find gris under the tree (b, bb),
How to get a sore throat or a sore throat (p, pp)

Test yourself (SLIDE 9).

– Name words that sound similar.

– What is their difference? (Spelling, lexical meaning)

– Underline only those letters that need to be inserted into words. (SLIDE 14)

2. Problematic question: How do we determine by ear the spelling of double consonants? (Children name words - rhymes, draw conclusions, we pronounce double consonants for a long time)

– Are double consonants always pronounced long? (No, that’s why it’s not always possible to determine by hearing which consonant should be written)

How then can we find a way out of the situation? (Children's guesses) Conclusion.

3. Classification of words

– Distribute the words into groups (SLIDE 17)

Saturday, Inna, alley, platform, Anna, collection, buzzing, Alla, column, trolleybus, bath, ton, territory.

Test yourself (SLIDE)

– What groups can we classify words with double consonants into? (SLIDE)

Working from the textbook (Spelled pp, ll, nn, mm.)

– How else can you classify? Say the words Column And tennis. What did you notice? (In one case, the sound [n] lasts a long time, and in the second we pronounce it quickly.)

Column tennis
Passenger class
Telegram kilogram

Draw a conclusion. (TO first group can be attributed to words in which a long consonant sound is pronounced, and to second- words in which a long consonant sound is not pronounced, i.e. it is pronounced quickly and without difficulty,

Please note: In words gallery , young , length no double consonant!

4. Origin of words (SLIDE)

– Did you know that almost all words with double consonants are FOREIGNERS? In their homeland, they were written with double consonants, which is probably why they were left with double consonants, as a connection with their homeland. As a result of communication between the peoples of the world, people share not only the achievements of science and culture, but also borrow words. ALLEY borrowed in the 18th century from Polish language, where ALLEYA is from the French ALLE, which means passage, road. (Read from the dictionary).

Spelling consonants is one of the key topics school curriculum. Children begin to master it from the first grade and continue to study it until the end of their schooling. Teachers do not consider the spelling “double consonants” to be difficult, but difficulties in writing still occur, both among junior schoolchildren and high school students.

What is a double consonant, its place in a word

By observing pronunciation and writing, students notice that there is a group of words that have a long consonant sound, and in writing it is indicated by identical letters next to each other. Since there are usually two such letters, this combination of consonants began to be called doubled.

The next task is to develop the ability to determine the place of a doubled consonant in a word. Later, children learn that it can be located not only in the root, but also in other parts of it.

In words group, chord, alley, burns, ton There is a spelling "double consonants at the root of the word." Examples of such words can be continued. It is worth noting that the doubled -zhzh- is found in the roots of words of Russian origin - yeast, reins, juniper, zhuzhzhat - and all forms derived from them.

Consonant at the border between prefix and root

For example, in words lawlessness, consider, get angry, fake, story, introduction The double consonant is written at the border of the prefix and the root. Having analyzed them by composition, the student will easily notice this feature.

To avoid mistakes in writing words of a similar structure, the child must be very good at parsing by composition and correctly identifying the prefix and root. In addition, it is necessary to remember the peculiarities of writing prefixes ending in a consonant in the case when the root also begins with it.

and their writing

Root words are written when they are part of a compound. They lack a connecting vowel, for example, head physician. The first part of it ends with a consonant, and the second begins with the same letter. Let's say words like maternity hospital, Mosselmash have a similar way of education.
Their correct writing again depends on the student’s ability to see the roots and understand their lexical meaning.

at the junction of root and suffix

Double consonants -nn- And -ss- most often occur in cases where the first letter when parsing a word by composition belongs to the root, and the second to the suffix. This is usually observed where there are suffixes -stv-, -n-, -sk-, For example: lemon, lunar, cast iron, Russian.

Double consonants in the root of a word at the junction of a root and a suffix are written in past tense verbs with a reflexive particle -xia-, For example: grazed, rushed.

Double consonants in a suffix

Errors in the spelling of doubled consonants in a suffix can be caused by the fact that there are many variants of their spelling, e.g. -enn-, -en-, -ann-, -an- and so on. The child needs not only to memorize the rule that regulates the process of competent writing, but also to clearly understand all the actions that he needs to perform.
Adjectives formed from nouns are written with double -nn- ( cranberry, lunchtime, sickly, windless but windy). Tin, wood, glass- these are exception words, and they are also written with a double consonant.

General rules

Double consonants in the root of a word, prefix and suffix are subject to general rules their writing. For example, three or more identical letters are never written side by side, although the generally accepted rule requires this. We are talking about words like quarrel, three-ton, Odessa and others.

Words containing double consonants retain them during the process of word formation. For example: group - group - group, class - cool. But there is an exception to the rule: Anka, column, condensed milk.

Double consonants in the primary school curriculum

After the children become familiar with the topic “Double consonants at the root of a word” (examples of them are given below), students primary classes It is necessary to teach how to use a spelling dictionary. The directory is a sample correct spelling words with different spellings, including those with double consonants.

Schoolchildren can be offered exercises where it is necessary for given words, for example, such as quarrel, platform, gram, select related ones from the dictionary, writing them into one group.

In Russian -ss-, -dd-, -ll-, -rr-, -zh-, -pp-, -mm-, -bb- are used most often as double consonants at the root of a word. Grade 3 is studying a list of words for memorization, where all the listed letters are presented as double ones. There are more than a dozen such examples on the list.

A large number of words with double consonants appeared in the Russian language due to the process of borrowing. Sometimes it is useful to compare what their style looks like in Russian and foreign versions. But this method must be treated very carefully, since foreign words, once in the Russian language, may undergo certain changes. For example, classe - "class", profession - "profession", But adresse - "address". This technique only in some cases helps to better remember how double consonants are written at the root of a word.

The transfer rule has its own characteristics, and it is also included in the program material primary school on studying the rules of the Russian language. The result of working on the entire topic is the development of the following skills in younger schoolchildren:

• choose the correct spelling;
• transfer words with letters of double consonants;
• justify your choice using the learned rules and spelling dictionary.

To check the level of skill development, tasks are offered where you need to insert missing letters into words. The selection of material is such that not in all cases it is necessary to write a double consonant. Children must notice this and complete the task correctly.

When testing the ability to transfer words with a double consonant, it is necessary to offer different structures in terms of the presence of parts and the number of syllables. These could be words like burns, cash register, alley, I'll tell you and others.

Expanding the topic of spelling double consonants

As the child progresses in mastering the laws of Russian spelling, the number of orthograms that use double consonants at the root of a word increases. also becomes diversified. Moreover, it becomes more difficult lexical material, using the example of which double consonants at the root of a word are studied. The 5th grade of the school curriculum can serve as proof of this.

In addition to adjectives, nouns, and verbs, students are offered adverbs, participles, and gerunds to observe the spelling of double consonants. The material for analyzing the spelling of words are excerpts from classical literature, oral folk art. Children become familiar with these works in class.

In addition, schoolchildren must freely determine the place of a doubled consonant in a word. To develop this skill, they are regularly asked to perform exercises where they need to divide words into groups depending on the location of the doubled consonant.

Children must be able to justify their choice, which is helped by the students’ oral responses by formulating rules and giving their own examples.

The roots of Russian words use only double consonants ss And LJ . There are few such words.

Letters ss written in a word argument and related words derived from it, for example: By ss yell at ss yell; and also in words Ro ss and I(from obsolete Ross), ro ss Iisky, Belor ss and I(But Rus', Belarusian).

Letters LJ are written in words in LJ and, dro LJ and, zhu LJ ah, mo LJ evelnik and related words formed from them, for example: zhu LJ aniye, mo LJ evel. Letters LJ are also written in words and forms derived from the verb burn (tourniquet), For example: LJ meaning, connection LJ tion, LJ eat, LJ yes, with LJ no.

Double consonants at the junction of prefix and root

Double consonants in Russian words are written at the junction of a prefix and a root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: be ss porno, in ss tanning, in zz thinking, according to dd hold on, oh tt imagine.

Notes:

1. With letters ss words formed from the root are written -counts- using the attachment races -, For example: ra ss read, ra ss read. Words with the same prefix and root -even- are written with one With , For example: calculation, prudent(But countless, from no account).

2. Double consonants can occur in suffixes and at the junction of a root and a suffix, for example: traditional nn oh, unity nn oh, sailor ss cue. We will consider these cases later.

Double consonants in foreign words

Most double consonants are found in foreign words, for example: appeal, intellectual, occupant. These words, like words with unverifiable spellings, need to be memorized. Below is a list of the most common words with double consonants.

Words with double consonants

• aggressor
• apparatus
• association
• allegory
• appetite
• attache
• annotation
• artillery
• certificate
• cancel
• assistant
• attraction
• appeal

• ballad
• barricade
• fiction
• vote
• pool
• newsletter

• group

• discussion
• thesis
• differentiation

• illusion
• illuminations
• illustration

• classic
• comment
• concession
• team
• communism
• correspondent
• colloquium
• communique
• crystal
• column, colonnade
• compromise
• crystalline, but crystalline
• colossus
• congress
• cross
• commission

• weight
• metal
• mission

• occupation
• opposition
• opponent

• parallel
• pessimism
• progress
• passive
• press
• profession
• platform
• program

• director
• spring
• repression

• symmetry
• surrogate

• telegram
• territory
• track
• tennis
• terror
• troupe
• terrace
• a ton, but five ton
• tunnel and tunnel

• hockey

• celluloid
• cellulose

• chassis
• highway

• expression
• effect

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Double consonants at the root or after a prefix are a simple topic. But some words include in spoken speech ringing sound, displaying not one, but two letters on a letter. Examples in which doubled consonants occur are presented in the article.

To justify those who do not have one hundred percent literacy (and they are the majority), it is worth saying that the speech that Pushkin used is one of the most difficult in the world. Therefore, spelling rules need to be repeated from time to time. Let's look at the most common spelling mistakes

Double "w"

There are many words in the Russian language whose spelling does not correspond to any rule. So, double “w” is written in the following words:

• burning;
• yeast;
• rein;
• buzz;
• juniper.

But in the case of alternating sounds “zh” and “z” it is written differently. For example, the verb "squeal" comes from the noun "squeal." Therefore, despite the fact that double consonants are heard in oral speech, it is still written “zzh”.

Difficult words

Units of language called compound abbreviations often give rise to doubts when written. If the first part of a word ends with the letter with which the second begins, double consonants occur.

• maternity hospital;
• head physician

These cases should not be confused with words formed from two parts, one of which includes double consonants:

• gramophone record (gramophone record);
• konarmiya (cavalry army).

But if the adjective is formed from a stem in which there are doubled consonants, the above rule is observed. It must be followed when writing other parts of speech. The main condition is that the double consonant precedes the suffix. Below are examples of sentences that contain words with double consonants.

1. Gauls- these are tribes that existed in the so-called Gallic period.
2. His work was rated five points By five-point system.
3. Hunnic bow is a weapon created by nomads who are known in history as Huns.
4. After nine participants left the project, it was no longer group, but small group.
5. The postman used to use diminutive forms in his speech: letter, telegram, parcel.

Exceptions

But there are lexical units formed from words with double consonants, but which do not fall under the rules given above. These exceptions need to be remembered.

• crystal, but crystalline;
• Finnish, but Finnish;
• column, but column;
• a ton, but five ton.

Exceptions include derivatives from proper names.

• In those distant times, she was not yet Alloy Petrovna is a formidable and powerful woman, but stupid and naive Alcoy.
• One of the characters in Furmanov's work was a girl named Anna, better known as " Anka-machine gunner.”
• His name was Philip. And of all the works of classical literature, he most disliked Tolstoy’s story “ Filipok».

At the junction of prefix and root

In such cases, words with double consonants are written. But this rule also has exceptions. In words such as appeal or fake, the prefix ends with the letter with which the root begins.

You should not confuse the spelling of the verbs “give in” and “give in.” In the first case we're talking about about an action that can be expressed as follows: “to be influenced, to agree”, in the second - “to go”.

Words of foreign origin

The spelling of borrowings must be checked using a spelling dictionary. Or study foreign languages. After all, words such as abbreviation, accommodation and application are of Latin origin. No need to study. Derivatives of many Latin words found in modern English, German and French.

For those who do not want to spend time on grammar and phonetics foreign language, you need to remember the spelling of foreign words. Below are sentences that contain borrowings with double consonants.

1. Aggression often becomes a consequence of alcohol poisoning.
2. Symptoms acclimatization manifest themselves differently in each person.
3. In this store you can buy not only clothes, but also various accessories.
4. Ammonia has high level toxicity.
5. Finishing is a complex and time-consuming process.
6. A method that involves replacing some objects with others is called approximation.
7. Collegiateassessor, who lived next door, was a mysterious, secretive person.
8. The witch brewed fragrant potions and prepared strange essences.
9. There were many in the city waste heaps, to which visitors often mistook for real mountains.
10. Representatives of the Russian intelligentsia in search of salvation they were forced to leave their homes.

Borrowings with one consonant

There are also a number of words of foreign origin that do not have double consonants, but for some reason it is in their spelling that mistakes are often made:

• attribute;
• balustrade;
• dealer;
• amateur;
• impresario;
• wolverine.

And finally, a well-known word that contains double consonants in the root: quarrel. Of course, in the verb derived from it there is no need to write three letters “s” (to quarrel). Words formed according to this scheme can contain only two consonants.

Russian language is a basic subject at school. But over the years, the skills acquired in childhood and adolescence are lost. In writing texts, seemingly educated people often make serious mistakes. Not everyone can answer the question of in what cases it is necessary to write double consonants. And only a select few are gifted with the so-called innate sense of language. Therefore, the rules of the Russian language must be repeated throughout your life.