What does paired consonants mean? Paired voiced and voiceless consonants

Paired consonants.

Paired consonant sounds
There are such dangerous ones!
The sound is unclear...
What letter is it written?
But I put a vowel next to it -
And the consonant is harmless!

1.Know the paired consonants according to their voicedness and deafness:

B - P, V - F, G - K, D - T, G - S, F - W.

Paired deaf: P, F, K, T, S, Sh. Unpaired deaf: X, C, Ch, Shch.

Paired voiced: B, C, D, D, Z, F.

Unpaired voiced: N, M, L, R, J. (These consonants are also called sonorant)

2. Ifroot words end with one of the paired consonants - this is a “dangerous place” (spelling of paired consonants). (dreamG , mosT .)

If the root ends in another consonant, this is not a spelling! (mehl , withn .)

Spellings are checked. You need to know the rule for checking the spelling of paired consonants.

RULE:

To check a paired consonant, you need to choose a test word such thatafter a consonant stoodvowel , orsonorous (N, M, L, R, J) , orletter B.

To check, select a related word, or change the form of the word:

Dream G - dream ha , dream th Vic;

Moro h - Moro zi more, moro zn y.

A paired consonant can be at the end of a word, but not at the root -viewing AndT . The paired consonant is at the end.

We work with spellings inroot !

A paired consonant can be at the end of a word (but always at the root) - dub , or in the middle of a word (but always at the root) - takeh ka.

Hearing two voiceless consonants in a row (takezk a), you also need to check.

RESULT:

Paired consonants inroot require verification if they are in"weak position":

1) at the end of a word (chiand )

2) in the middle of the word and after a paired consonant there is a voiceless consonant (legk y).

"Strong position" consonant- when after a paired consonant there is a vowel or sonorant consonant L, M, N, R. No verification is required in this case.

Righthighlight the spelling paired consonant: highlightarc root words,emphasize paired consonant , requiring verificationone line, and intesting highlight the wordroot , double consonant emphasizeone line, Athe letter behind it - two strokes .

The Russian language is quite difficult, and everyone knows this. To be literate, you need to primary classes devote special attention spelling, because it was at this time that the basis of people’s spelling literacy was formed. The difficulty of the language is often associated with incomprehensible pronunciation, that is, a discrepancy between the pronounced sounds and letters. This is often associated with paired consonants.

Classmates

Paired consonants are letters that, according to their characteristics that characterize them, have a certain pair. One of these signs is the contrast between voiced and dull sounds.

Certain consonants may differ only in how the voice is involved in pronunciation. Other signs are the same. Others who do not have a pair in accordance with the signs: voiceless - voiced - not paired. These include: l, m, x, c, h, sch, j.

In order to be literate, you must know these letters and sounds, as well as know the rules. Examples of words with a paired letter at the root:

pillar (p) - test - pillars
frost (s) - checked with the word freeze or frosty
beard (t)ka - test - beard

Spelling words with a paired consonant at the root

When pronounced, paired sounds can replace each other. However, this does not affect the writing in any way. It follows from this that the letters in a word remain unchanged, no matter what sounds are heard in their place. Thus, the principle of uniformity of morphemes is implemented in the Russian language. This law completely subordinates the spelling of consonants that have a pair. The rule is stated in the following paragraphs:

If paired sound is at the root, it is very easy to make a mistake. To avoid making mistakes, you need to select test words according to the rule. The rule goes like this: to check a paired consonant, you need to choose a test word such that after this consonant there is a vowel or sonorant sound.

For example, "snow". The sound “k” is heard at the end. To check, we select a word such that after the consonant there is a vowel - “snow”. Now the sound “g” is heard, which means the letter “g” is written.

Thus, paired letters located in the root of a word require verification when they are in a weak position, that is:

at the end of words (for example, siskin);
when they are in the middle of a word and are followed by a paired consonant (for example, birch, easy, etc.).

Those letters that are in a strong position do not need to be checked. This usually happens when a consonant is followed by a vowel or a sonorant consonant.

Spelling in third grade

In the third grade, children actively learn to read and write and the rules of the Russian language, because this is the basis of spelling. It is simply necessary to know these rules, because due to some features of the Russian language, put correct letter it can be a little difficult. Letters that have a pair are particularly difficult for children to write. Especially when they are at the end or at the root. By the third grade, there should be much fewer errors, especially if the child has well mastered the rule discussed above.

To write correctly, you need to be able to identify the root. First select it in the first value, and then in the test value. The vowel after the test root must be emphasized with two strokes. With this analysis, it immediately becomes clear how the original version is written and why.

The teacher’s goal is to convey to his students the correct spelling and teach them to select words with the same root. When a child knows how to do this, he makes much fewer mistakes.

Examples

There are many examples in which the student can clearly see spelling. Visibility - best way remember the rule and write correctly in the future. Examples include:

Tooth - teeth (you can hear “p”, but write “b” - this becomes clear after checking).
Grass - a blade of grass or weed (at the root you can hear the sound “f”, but you need to write “v” correctly. Again, if you check and choose another word, it will no longer be possible to write it incorrectly).
Horse - horse (the sound “t” is heard, but after checking, we get correct spelling with the letter "d".
Oak - oak trees (you can hear a “p” at the end, although when checking it becomes clear that you need to write “b”.

There are many such examples, and having learned to select them, the child will write much more competently and make fewer mistakes. The main thing is to help him learn to do this.

This material will be devoted to paired consonants and in what cases which one should be used. When teaching your child the rules of the Russian language, do not forget that the easiest form of learning is a game. By playing, you can achieve quick results; it will be much easier and more interesting for your child to learn new material.

Sounds and letters

In Russian, like in any other language, there are letters and sounds. Letters are special signs that are used in language to convey sounds. Sounds are formed into words. We write and see letters, and we hear and pronounce sounds. In the future, in order to distinguish between letters and sounds, the latter (when represented graphically) will be enclosed in square brackets.

Sounds and their features

Now let's talk about sounds. The Russian language has consonants and vowels. The first of them are opposite to the second. When consonants and vowels are combined simultaneously, words are formed. The former are divided into hard and soft, voiced and voiceless. There are consonants that have a pair, and there are also those that do not have a pair. Next will be shown various examples words in which paired consonants can be found.

The demonstration of these examples will be reduced to the understanding that when they are written and pronounced there is a difference in the perception of sounds. So, to make this clear and interesting, let’s remember the sequence of letters in the Russian alphabet and arrange the first six consonant letters of the alphabet out of order in a column.

B - [B] - [P];
G - [G] - [K];
B - [V] - [F];
F - [F] - [W];
Z - [Z] - [N];
D - [D] - [T].

Next to each letter, the sound of the letter is shown in square brackets. All these consonants are voiced, and each of them has a pair. Second column in in this example- these are paired voiceless consonants. The main problem in this case is determining which letter needs to be written in a word. But the resulting pair of letters is the paired consonant sounds. It is this topic, as noted earlier, that this material will be devoted to.

Examples

Let us give examples of words with paired consonants. To make it more interesting, guess the riddles, pay attention to the clue words, so:

A girl is sitting in a dungeon, and her long green braid is on the street (the answer is carrots).
The lanky man walked and got stuck in the ground (the answer is rain).
I was born in the forest, but I live on the water (the answer is a boat).

So, we get the following words: carrots, boat, rain. What they have in common is that when pronouncing these words we hear one sound, but write a completely different letter. Similar words with paired consonants are found quite often both in our speech and when writing texts. Now we can observe the deafening of paired consonants both at the end and in the middle of a word.

Rule

In the first case, consider some words at the end with paired consonants. For example, let’s say the word “oak”, we hear the sound [p] at the end of the word. In order not to make a mistake when writing a word, you need to pronounce a test word; to do this, you need to put a vowel after the consonant (in some cases it is also possible to add a consonant) or put the word in plural: oaks. Now we clearly hear the sound [B]. Or choose a single-root word in a diminutive form.

There is another way to check spelling in this case: mentally substitute the word “no”. And so, we get the test words: flag - no flag, beak - no beak, frost - no frost. Sometimes the previously given examples are called paired consonant words.

More examples

Let's give some more examples of words. Let’s say the word “tooth”, at the end of the word we hear the sound [p]. Now let’s use the rule we know: put the word in the plural, we get the answer to our question - “teeth”, now we put a vowel after the consonant letter and get the following result: “teeth”, put the consonant - “dental”. And finally, mentally insert the word “no” - “no tooth.”

"Train" - "trains". We hear “T” - we write “D”.

“Taz” - “basins, basin.” We hear “S” - we write “Z”.

Let's give a few more examples, but in this case let's look at the words in the middle with the following letters:

“Eyes” - “eyes, peephole, eye.”

“Trail” - “path, path, little path.”

Let us give a number of words as examples based on the material covered.

Mom bought me a red skirt (the test word is skirt).
The cold was unbearable in the early morning (the test word is chill).
In winter, the guys played snowballs in the yard (test word - snowball).
A mug of milk stood on the table (test word - mug).
We visited an exhibition of exotic animals (the test word is exhibit).
I found a rusty nail in a desk drawer (test word is nails).
The garden blooms in spring (test word - gardens).
After the fight, Taras had a bruise under his eye (the test word is bruises).
We ate at a party delicious salad from cucumbers (test word - salads).
A white dove landed on my window this morning (test word: pigeons).

A final tale - to consolidate the material

To consolidate the previously presented material, let’s listen to the fairy tale “About Paired Consonants.” Once upon a time there were paired consonants in the “Primer” of one schoolboy: b - p, g - k, v - f, zh - sh, d - t, z - s. They lived well, amicably, but the character of each sound was completely different: the voiced consonants were loud and cheerful, and the deaf consonants were, on the contrary, grumpy and angry.

Voiced consonants and voiceless consonants loved to argue among themselves: which of them stands in this word. “B” and “P” were arguing which of them should stand at the end of the word “table (b) (p).” In turn, “V” and “F” also argued about who would be in the word “tra(v) (f) kA”.

Little Sturdy was walking past, heard an argument and decided to reconcile the letters with each other. And he said: “In these words you need to put a vowel at the end, or after a consonant sound, put a vowel in the middle of the word, the vowel letter will tell you which of you will stand in this word.”

The paired consonants made peace, thanked the Kid and asked him what his name was. “And my name is Little Sturdy!” - he answered. “Zh” and “Sh” were worried about which of them would be at the end of the baby’s name. And the kid says: “There are two more ways to find out which letter will appear: mentally add the word “no” - and you will get the answer. Call me affectionately - you will never go wrong!

Every first-grader knows that sound is a unit of speech that we pronounce and hear, and letters we read and write. In Russian they are divided into vowels and consonants. Of the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet, 21 are called consonants. They are divided according to their sonority and dullness, softness and hardness. They begin to study the classification of letters in 1st grade, but the student will have to use it before graduating from school. When studying phonetics, each student must learn to distinguish between voiceless sounds and voiced sounds. During writing, they are indicated by transcription - [b]. The table will help you distinguish and remember paired consonant sounds.

Paired consonants according to voiced-voicelessness

All consonants in the Russian language form pairs; a voiced consonant is opposed to a voiceless consonant. There are 12 paired letters in total, making 6 pairs:

Paired and unpaired consonants need to be known in order to be successful in spelling. Many spellings of the Russian language are based on the selection of cognate words according to this classification, for example:

soft - soft,
tooth-teeth.

The first pair contains the letter g, which is not clearly heard when pronounced and spelling it is difficult. The second words are test words when the spelling is pronounced clearly. Younger students often make mistakes in these works.

You may notice that not all letters of the alphabet form pairs. This happens because phonetics has rules that need to be remembered. They are based on the fact that sounds can only be voiced or only unvoiced. They are easy to remember because they are small in number. As a rule, by the end of 1st grade, students know them by heart. These include r, n, l, m, th - sonorous, always voiced, ts, ch, sh, x - always voiceless.

Paired consonants for softness and hardness

Consonants are usually divided into hard and soft. In phonetics, the softening process occurs in several situations:

when after a consonant there is a vowel: yu, ya, e, e, and (blizzard, buttercup);
or it's worth it soft sign(blizzard, drinking).

If after a consonant there is a vowel, except e, e, yu, ya, and, then it does not allow softening. For example, in the words peony, earth, after the consonant there is a vowel, which provokes the process of softening. In words such as lamp, water, there are no letters e, e, yu, i, and, therefore, when pronounced, all sounds are hard.

There are also letters that, when reproduced in speech, will always be soft or hard. These include: shch, h, j, c, w, g. Every student needs to know the classification of letters and sounds for successful learning.

A special table will help you remember paired voiced and voiceless voices. It's easy to navigate.

Such a table or a similar one can sometimes be found in a primary school classroom. It has been proven that younger schoolchildren have more developed visual-figurative thinking, so provide new information they need it in the form of illustrations or pictures, then it will be effective.

Every parent can create such a table on a first-grader’s desktop. Do not be afraid that this tip will lead to laziness of the student. On the contrary, if he often looks at the image, he will quickly remember everything he needs.

There are more consonant sounds in the Russian language, so remembering their classification is more difficult. If you list all the unvoiced and voiced ones, you will get the number 12. The letters ch, sh, y, shch, c, zh, r, n, l, m are not taken into account; they are classified as unpaired.

There are tips for children on how to quickly learn to recognize a voiced and a voiceless consonant when parsing a word. To do this, you need to press your palm to your throat and say clearly separate sound. Voiceless and voiced consonants will be pronounced differently and, accordingly, will be reflected differently in the palm of your hand. If there is vibration in the hand, it is voiced; if not, it is deaf. Many children use this hint when studying phonetics.

There is another exercise that helps to accurately determine which consonant is in front of the student. To do this, you need to cover your ears with your hands, but preferably there should be silence. Say the exciting letter and listen to it with your ears closed. If it is not heard, then it is a dull sound; if, on the contrary, it is clearly heard, it is a ringing sound.

If you try, today any parent can find many interesting, exciting and educational exercises and rules that will help the child easily master new knowledge. This will make the learning process more interesting and entertaining, which in turn will affect academic performance.

IN primary school the basis of human spelling literacy is formed.

Everyone knows that the difficulty of the Russian language is largely due to the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation. This is often associated with paired consonants.

What is a paired consonant?

All consonants are in one or another opposition to each other in their characteristic features. One of them is the contrast between sounds based on deafness and voicedness.

Some consonants, while all other features coincide, such as the place of formation and the method of pronunciation, differ only in the participation of the voice in the sound process. They are called pairs. The remaining consonants do not have a voiceless-voiced pair: l, m, x, ts, ch, shch, y.

Paired consonants		examples of words with paired consonants
		examples of words with paired consonants
		tables[b]s - table[p]
		draw[v]a - draw[f]
		doro[g]a - doro[k]
		boro[d]a - boro[t]ka
		bla[zh]it - bla[sh]
		frosty[z]ny - frosty[s]

Paired consonants are given here. The table also contains examples that illustrate the spelling “Verified consonants in the root of a word.”

Spelling rule for paired consonants

During pronunciation, paired sounds can be interchangeable. But this process is not reflected in writing. That is, the letters do not change, no matter what sounds we hear in their place. This is how the principle of uniformity of morphemes is implemented in the Russian language. The spelling of paired consonants is completely subject to this law.

The rule can be stated in the following paragraphs:

the root of the word is always written the same way, since semantics depends on this;
spelling needs to be checked by selecting or changing word forms;
You must select as a test one the one that has either a vowel sound or a sonorant sound after the dubious consonant (р,л,м,н,й).

This can be seen in the examples from the table: consonant spellings appear either at the end of words or before other paired sounds. In test words they are located before vowels or before phonemes that are unpaired in voicing.

Application of the rule

The spelling of paired consonants needs to be practiced. You need to start by developing the ability to see the spelling pattern being studied. This will be the end of a word or a combination of consonants, in which sounds begin to influence the sound of each other - the subsequent one changes the quality of the pronunciation of the previous one.

When we know what a paired consonant is, it is not difficult to draw a conclusion about which option to choose:

bo[p] - beans - bean;
bro [t] - broda - ford;
bro[f"] - eyebrows - eyebrow;
nail[t"] - nails - nail;
vegetable garden [t] - vegetable gardens - vegetable garden;
dro [sh] - trembling - trembling;
stripe [s]ka - stripe - stripe;
ko[z"]ba - mow - mowing;
re[z"]ba - cut - carving;
goro[d"]ba - fence - gorodba;
kro[v"] - blood - blood;
str[sh] - guard - guard.

Paired consonants. Examples of differentiating words

Deafness and voicedness are able to distinguish words by meaning. For example:

(soup) thick - (above the river) bush;
(telegraph) pole - (Alexandria) pillar;
bark (oak) - (high) mountain;
(unbearable) heat - (surface) of the ball;
(bouquet) of roses - (boy) grew up;
(new) house - (thick) volume.

In weak positions, at the end of words, for example, as in the example of “roses” and “ros”, verification is required to avoid semantic confusion. Paired consonants in Russian require careful attention.

Test on the topic studied

grass[..]ka, fish[..]ka, zu[..]ki, arbu[..], lo[..]ka, kor[..]ka, ko[..]ti.

Fabulous - fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - groove, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, jump - jumping

6. F or W?

Boots...ki, doro...ki, bum...ki, cro...ki, ro...ki, vice..ki, bara...ki, lo...ki, game...ki, cha...ki, lie down...ki.

g...ki (__________);
fl...ki (__________);
gr... (__________);
gla... (__________);
jump...ki (____________);
lo...ka (____________);
horse (______________);
zu.. (_______).

Sha(p/b)ka, provo(d/t), kru(g/k), povya(s/z)ka, myo(d/t), su(d/t), sla(d/t) cue, oshi(b/p)ka, doba(v/f)ka, uka(z/s)ka.

9. Insert letters in the text:

Swan is the king of all waterfowl. He is, like a dream..., white, graceful, he has shiny eyes, black varnishes and a long, flexible neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Correct errors:

I love reading stories.
How fragrant the strawberries are!
Carrots are sown on the beds.
A flexible birch tree flutters its petals in the wind.
The tray floated on the lake.
Berek is gradually approaching.
Storosh is not sleeping.
A mongrel rattles loudly in the yard.
Yosh rustles in the bushes.

Answers

1. What is a paired consonant? A consonant that has a pair of deafness or voicedness.

2. Complete the sentence:

To check paired consonants, you need choose a test word.

3. Highlight the words that need checking:

immer..ka, underwater... smooth, smart... horse, careful..prepare, du..ki, l o...ki, other..ny.

4. Write the sounds in square brackets:

grass[V]ka, lo[D]ka, zu[B]ki, arbu[Z], lo[D]ka, koro[B]ka, ko[G]ti.

5. Underline the test word:

Fabulous - fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - ditch, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, bounce- jumping

6. F or W?

Boots, paths, pieces of paper, crumbs, horns, powders, lambs, spoons, toys, cups, frogs.

7. Write down the test words and insert letters instead of dots:

beeps(beep);
checkboxes(checkbox);
griB (mushrooms);
glaZ (eyes);
jumping (jump);
boat (boat);
horse(horses);
Teeth (teeth).

8. Choose the correct option:

Hat, wire, circle, bandage, honey, court, sweet, mistake, additive, pointer.

9. Insert letters in the text:

The swan is the king of all waterfowl. He is like snow, white, graceful, he has sparkling eyes, black paws and a long flexible neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Correct errors: