10 compound words and their decoding. Compound words: decoding meanings and examples

There are a lot of words in the Russian language. Formed by the fusion of two or more bases. Especially, the Soviet period of our history was rich in such new formations. As a result, the modern Russian language uses a huge variety of abbreviations and compound words, the spelling of which can sometimes cause difficulties.

However, in fact, there are rules governing the writing of such units, and they are not difficult to remember.

1. All compound words (having two or more stems) are written together. At the same time, each part included in their composition is written as it would be written if it were an independent word. For example:

Komsomol, Gazprom, wall newspaper, Mosodezhda.

Since the spelling of all the stems that form a compound word is based on independent words similar to them, therefore:

a.) on the border of the stems the letters b and b are not written, for example: tsekhyacheka. However, b can be written if it indicates the softness of the preceding consonant in the position before the vowels A, O, U, E. This rule is easy to explain: the listed vowels indicate the hardness of the consonant preceding them, therefore, if you do not write b, then the consonant will read solidly. For example:

costutil (without b it will be read as “costutil”);

b). At the beginning of the stems of a compound abbreviated word, Y is never written, even if the consonant sound is pronounced firmly. This is due to the fact that in the Russian language there are no words starting with Y. For example:

Pedagogical Institute, Gospolitizdat;

V). After consonants, E is written if a word begins with it, the stem of which was included in a compound word, for example:

NEP, HPP, Mosenergo.

2. The following groups of compound words and abbreviations are written in lowercase letters only:

A). All compound words:

cultural enlightenment, vostroktransenergo, special work, propaganda, etc.;

b). Abbreviations that are read by sounds, and not by the names of the letters included in their composition:

university, rono, bunker.

3. Compound abbreviated words that name institutions and organizations are written with a capital letter:

Mosgorgaz, Gosplan, Mosduma, etc.

4. The following groups of abbreviations are written in capital letters only:

A). Which are read by the names of the letters they contain:

USSR, GES, CPSU, Cheka, FBI, etc.;

b). Which are read by the sounds of the words they contain, but only if the first word in their complete transcript is written with a capital letter. Usually these are the names of government agencies and organizations of various kinds. For example:

MFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), State Traffic Safety Inspectorate (State Inspectorate for Road Safety), NSU (Novosibirsk State University), UN (United Nations), etc.;

If these abbreviations are inflected, then the case ending is written in capital letters, continuous with the entire word:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, TASS, etc.

V). Which are read in one part by the names of the letters, and in the other by the sounds:

CSKA (pronounced "tseeska")

5. In complex abbreviated proper names, composed by truncation of the stem of one word and the letter abbreviation of all other words, the first letter is written in capital. This rule applies mainly to the names of countries and states. For example:

AzSSR Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic)

6. There are also graphic abbreviations. They differ from abbreviations, first of all, in that, although they are abbreviated in writing, they are pronounced out loud in full. As a rule, they are written with a lowercase letter and are limited by a period. However, traditional abbreviations of metric names and names of measures are not limited to a dot (kg, m, km, s). For example:

north-west (northwestern), w. etc. (railroad), etc.

7. Common abbreviations that do not require special explanation and are permitted for use in any publication include the following:

etc., etc., etc. etc., pp., cf., see, c. (cc.), g. (gg.), t. (vol.), n. Art., Art. Art. (new style, old style), AD, city (city), region, r. (river), lake, o. (island), gr., associate professor (Assistant Professor), Academician (academician), prof. (professor), im. etc.

However, if the word being abbreviated contains the letter b, then this letter cannot be abbreviated:

Uralsk (Ural)

When two identical consonants collide (for example, in the word “grammatical”), the abbreviation should be after the first consonant (“grammatical”). When two different consonants (“folk”) or several consonants at once (“Russian”) collide, the word should be abbreviated after all the consonants (“narodn.,” “russk.”)

What do the underlined words mean? What parts are they formed from? Why do these words have to be “deciphered”?

Why are the compound words underlined in the table called compound abbreviations?

A compound word with abbreviated stems is called compound abbreviated.

1. The artist showed in humorous drawings how one well-known compound word was formed. Tell us about his education based on the pictures. How was the neologism “univers” formed?

2. What types of correspondents are there? To answer this question, form words according to the model.

Children's correspondent - children's correspondent; junior correspondent, special correspondent, own correspondent, slave correspondent, rural correspondent.

Make up a sentence with homogeneous members with any of the resulting words.

When forming a compound word, the following is taken: 1) a part consisting of several sounds: collective farm (yastvo) - collective farm; 2) the initial letter, for example: Ts (central) K (committee) - TsK, pronounced [tseka], 3) the initial sound, for example: s (constructive) m (montage) u (government) - SMU, pronounced (smu).

3. Distribute compound abbreviated words into three groups according to the method of abbreviation of the words from which they are derived. To avoid mistakes, pay attention to the pronunciation (for some words it is indicated in square brackets). What does each compound word mean?

State Farm, RTS, Regional Committee, VDNKh, Moscow Art Theater [MKhAT], Youth Theater, USSR, special correspondent, GTO, TASS [tas], CPSU, Komsomol, Komsomol, RSFSR, Oblono, Vocational School, State Traffic Inspectorate, HPP.

What abbreviated word means the same as Komsomol? Decipher it.

What compound word did you write down twice? Why?

4. Determine the gender of verbs with missing endings. Write by inserting the missing letters.

Sample reasoning: RTS has prepared... all the equipment for sowing. Let's decipher the word RTS: repair and technical station. Station is the main word in the phrase; it is feminine, so the verb in the past tense must be feminine: RTS prepared.

1. The Central Committee made... an important decision on compulsory secondary education (committee). 2. The CPSU raised high... the banner of the struggle for peace (party). 3. The USSR won.. the love of the working people of the whole world (union). 4. The RSFSR expanded..(s, sya) for thousands of kilometers from north to south, from east to west (republic). 5. The Komsomol called.. young people to study and work in the Leninist way (union). 6. VDNKh aroused... enormous interest (exhibition). 7. The Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR prepared... new textbooks (academy).

5. Write it down. Name difficult words. Underline compound words. What do they mean?

What other difficult words do you know related to the Soviet Army?

1. The division commander, immediately after being discharged, categorically ordered himself to be carried not to the first aid station, but here, to the command post. 2. The general’s adjutant appeared on the path that went around the ruins. He came from m..numbermen. “Where is the division commander? Left?" - he asked as he walked. 3. The door swung open, and the battalion commander, senior lieutenant Ryabchenko, entered the basement. (K. Simonov.)

Write down how the highlighted word is formed.

Construct a sentence diagram with direct speech.

6. Using the diagram, tell us about the formation of words by addition. Use not only the examples given, but also your own.

Make up a sentence with the compound word astronaut; Underline the main members in it.

7. Dictation. Indicate the case of nouns that are dependent words in these phrases. Emphasize the alternating vowels in the roots of words.

Pick up speed, accelerate in the east, land with a parachute, grow closer to the Earth, touch the Earth, cover a long distance , t..temperature outside the plane, to..encourage a comrade, to..have a great seat..to jump..out of the cockpit, to..to ascend the international...cord, to..greet the e.c. .page, story (test pilot).

Compound words are a type of abbreviation that is formed by the initial elements of each name. Simply put, if in the phrase “local committee” you add the first few letters of each word, you get “mestkom”. This is one of the ways to shorten long names, which was widely used in the USSR and remains popular to this day.

What are complex abbreviated samizdat, cultural education, Ministry of Defense, Gosstandartmetrology, social security, collective farm, educational program.

There are several rules that determine how certain compound words are written and used.

Spelling

All compound words are written together. Examples: local newspaper, wall newspaper, Mosodezhda.
Each part of the resulting word is written the same way it would be written in the original word. Thus, the letters “ъ” and “ь” cannot appear between these parts. On the other hand, a soft sign is written at the end of a part if it is followed by the letter “a”, “o”, “u”, “e” (for example, costutil).
At the beginning of the second part there is no “y” written: Gospolitizdat, pedagogical institute.
“E” after consonants is written only if the original word begins with it: Mosenergo, NEP.

Lowercase and uppercase letters

Complex abbreviated words are always written in small letters, unless the first abbreviated word is a proper noun: rabkor, kultrabota, special clothing.
Abbreviations that are read not by the names of the letters, but by their sounds, are written in small letters: rono, university, bunker.
If compound words mean a name, then they are written with a capital letter: Mossovet, Oblgaz.

Writing abbreviations

An abbreviation is similar to compound words, but, unlike them, it is formed only by the first letters of each component element. For example, the Ministry of Internal Affairs - MIA.

If the entire abbreviation is read by the names of the letters, then it is written in capitals: USSR, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Central Committee, MTS, CPSU.
The entire abbreviation is written in capital letters if it denotes the name of the organization. For example: EEC society), MFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), UN (United Nations).
If an abbreviation can be inflected, then its ending is written in small letters: MFA, TASS.
If one part of the abbreviation is read by sounds, and the other by letters, then the entire word is written in capitals: CDSA (read “tse-de-sa”).
If a proper name is abbreviated, and one of the words is truncated to several letters, and the rest to one, then only the first letter is written in capital: AzSSR.

Use in literature

Almost all compound words are intended for use in oral speech, and not in literature. But there are several that can be used in all literature, except that which is intended for beginning readers:

etc. - the like
etc. - others
others - others
see - look
i.e. - that is
etc. - so on
Wed - compare
year - year
gg. - years
eg - For example
V. - century
Art. Art. - old style
t. - volume
centuries - centuries
vol. - volumes
region - region
n. e. - AD
lake - lake
city - city
r. - river
and. d. - railway
n. Art. - new style
Assoc. - Associate Professor
acad. - academician
prof. - professor
page - page
them. - name
gr. - citizen

Other words are abbreviated according to several rules:

You can’t shorten it with a vowel and with “b”: Karelian - “k.”, “kar.”, but not “ka.”, “kare.”, “Karel.”.
When abbreviating, you need to do it after the first of them: wall - “sten.”, grammatical - “gram.”. If several different consonants coincide, the opposite rule applies: the reduction is made to the last consonant. For example, folk - “folk”, Russian - “russk”, artificial - “art”.

Excellent command of the native language presupposes that a person understands grammatical phenomena and applies them correct and in place. That is, he knows how to add and shorten both the stems of words and entire phrases, and adequately uses complex abbreviated words and abbreviations in his speech.

Basic Concepts

Even in ancient times, one or another “most illustrious man” correctly expressed his ideas on papyrus or parchment, and was very economical in using valuable material for writing. So people quickly learned to write concisely and accurately.

And to this day at the everyday level almost any a thought or emotion can be easily expressed by arbitrary signs and symbols.

But in a formal setting, or if it is necessary to show respect for the interlocutor, the existing language norms should still be used.

Compound words help to significantly save time when writing text.

At the stage when the carrier is already familiar with the term abbreviation and knows perfectly well that the word brevis means “short” in Latin, it’s time to learn what compound abbreviations are and how the abbreviation is written.

Important! You need to remember and correctly apply the rules of compounding words and writing abbreviations.

Basic abbreviations in SI

For example, all units recorded in the International System of Units, or, in the SI system, must written in abbreviated form.

Table 1. Basic SI units

Table 2. Some derived SI units

Table 3. Some units not included in SI

Conditional abbreviations and their interpretation, data on the first pages of dictionaries and any other specialized literature such as:

Amer. - Americanism;
arch. – architecture;
biol. – ;
British – commonly used in Great Britain;
military - military affairs;
vulg. – vulgar;
rude - a rude word;
others – other, others;
slang – jargon;
irl. - commonly used in Ireland;
iron. – ironically;
book - book word;
lat. - Latin language;
mat. – mathematics;
music - music;
eg - For example
unofficial – unofficially;
ordinary - usually;
island - island;
simple – ;
conventional – conditionally;
legal - legal term.

As you can see, there are abbreviations for both nouns and other parts of speech. Let's look at how to abbreviate words correctly below.

What are the abbreviations and their interpretation?

Let's look at what abbreviations are and how they are written. Exact examples of the formation of basic word forms will be given.

Initial abbreviation

Letter abbreviation:

Ministry of Emergency Situations (em-che-es) – Ministry of Emergency Situations;
OGPU (o-ge-pe-u) - United State Political Administration;
Moscow Art Theater (um-he-a-te) - Moscow Art Academic Theater.

Some letters in Russian abbreviations are pronounced differently. The letter F can sound “ef” and “fe”:

FMS (ef-me-es) or (fe-me-es) - Federal Migration Service;
Germany (ef-er-ge) or (fe-er-ge) – Federal Republic of Germany.

The letter C gives the sounds (es) and (se):

USSR (es-es-es-er) or (se-se-se-er) - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Sound abbreviation

This is a letter combination that read as a separate full word:

TSUM – Central Department Store;
ZhEK – housing and maintenance office;
MUR - Moscow Criminal Investigation Department;
CHOP is a private security company.

Letter-sound abbreviation

Is a combination from the names of initial letters and initial sounds:

District Department of Internal Affairs (r-u-ve-de) - District Department of Internal Affairs;
MPEI (m-e-i) – Moscow Energy University;
Federal Migration Service (u-fe-me-es) - Department of the Federal Migration Service.

It is necessary to remember how this or that abbreviation is written.

Syllabic abbreviation (complex abbreviated words)

Complex of initial parts two or more words (addition of abbreviated stems):

trade representative - sales representative;
department store - department store;
head teacher - head of the educational department;
chief accountant - chief accountant.

Composition of two words(the beginning of one word and the whole of another word):

kindergarten - kindergarten;
seafood – seafood products;
abstract - author's;
medical unit - medical sanitary unit.

A form formed from the first pieces of the first word and the second word in any case except the nominative: regiment commander - regiment commander.

There are exceptions to this rule, in which the capital letter is written in the middle of the word. These include the word GuLAG.

Addition of the initial letters of the first word with the beginning or final part of the second, or only with the final letters of the second: bionics - biology + electronics.

Graphic reductions

etc. - and so on;
so-called - so-called;
That. - Thus.

Mixed abbreviations

Characterized by the fact that they contain the initial part of the word is connected to the abbreviation:

RosNOU - Russian New University;
KamAZ – Kama Automobile Plant.

Tautologies or, combinations from a foreign abbreviation and a keyword with translation:

PR management;
PET testing;
NBA Association;
DVD disc.

Abbreviated forms that have acquired the meaning of individual words: homeless person - a person without a fixed place of residence.

How to incline

Important! You need to know how abbreviations are declined.

How they bow this kind of word form:

If initial abbreviations ending in a vowel, such as MFO, GOU, as well as borrowings ending in a hard consonant, for example, SCHAFT or MAN, do not change by case.
Abbreviated words also have this feature, where their defining part is feminine or neuter. For example, such units, the Ministry of Emergency Situations or State District Power Plants, will look absolutely the same, regardless of what place they occupy in the proposal.
Declension of masculine letter abbreviations in oral speech is possible, but in official business documentation it is completely undesirable.

Rules for writing abbreviations

There are certain rules for writing abbreviations:

Firstly, together, since they can represent an indivisible structure of two words: battalion commander, social security trade union committee, lockout, financial inspector, outsorting.
Secondly, in lowercase letters, if this is not a name or a proper name: university - higher educational institution, wall newspaper - wall newspaper, chop - private security company, samizdat - independent publishing house.
Thirdly, with a capital letter, when the first part of a given word form is a proper name or reality, one of a kind: Mosgaz, Gosplan, Ministry of Trade, Lenizdat.
Fourthly, only in capital letters, in case it is a complex name of an organization or an entire state: CPSU - Communist Party of the Soviet Union, FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation, GKChP - State Committee for Emergency Regulations, DPRK - Democratic People's Republic of Korea, UAE United Arab Emirates.

Examples of compound words in Russian

Learn complex and abbreviated words in Russian

Conclusion

In conclusion, it should be noted that, although the volume of new words, including complex abbreviations, is growing exponentially, and the temptation to use the greatest number of them in speech is almost impossible to resist, everyone can and should use Russian language dictionaries in order to remain a literate and educated person .