Atlas-identifier of plants for children “from earth to sky” for the textbook Pleshakov’s world around us. Deciduous trees What trees grow in the forest: fir, cedar and juniper

Perhaps no country in the world is as rich in forests as Russia. Legends are made about the trees of the forest, poems and songs are dedicated to them. Forest trees and shrubs are the “lungs” of our planet; thanks to the endless expanses of forests, the air is saturated with oxygen, active absorption from the atmosphere occurs harmful impurities carbon dioxide.

Below you will find out which trees are often found in forests middle zone Russia, and you can see in the photographs what they look like.

Trees growing in the forest: pine, spruce and larch

Such names of Russian trees as pine, spruce and are familiar even to preschoolers; they are among the most common in our country.

forest tree Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) distributed in the European part of Russia, the Urals, Siberia, and other areas.

The pine reaches 20-40 meters in height. The trees have slender trunks covered with red-brown bark. The crown of young trees is cone-shaped, while that of old trees is wide and rounded.

Trees growing in the forest have a high crown, while trees growing in open areas have a low crown.

In medicine, unopened spring pine buds, pine needles, and resin are used. They contain essential oil, resins, starch, tannins, vitamins. Pine oil has antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and general stimulating properties.

Norway spruce(Picea abies Karst) distributed throughout almost the entire territory of Russia. Forest-forming species.

Spruce reaches 30-35 m, there are trees 50 m in height and up to 1 m in diameter. Spruce grows throughout its life; the maximum age of spruce is 300 years.

This is an evergreen forest conifer with a superficial root system.

Shade-tolerant, in a dense forest the crown remains in the upper part of the tree, and in trees growing in open areas, the crown starts from the ground itself.

European larch(Larix decidua) widespread in Siberia and Far East Russia.

Larch grows up to 50 m in height and up to 1 m in diameter. Lives 300-400 years.

This view forest trees has a cone-shaped crown. The root system is deep. Does not tolerate waterlogging.

The needles are annual, soft. Flattened, bright green, arranged spirally on elongated shoots, and in bunches on short shoots.

The cones are ovoid, 1.5-3.5 cm long, and ripen in autumn in the year of flowering. Mature cones open either immediately or, after overwintering, in early spring. The seeds are small, ovoid, with tightly attached wings. Fruiting begins at the age of about 15 years.

Larch wood is elastic, durable, resinous, and very resistant to rotting.

What trees grow in the forest: fir, cedar and juniper

The following photos and names of trees in Russia, not inferior in importance to pine, spruce and larch, are fir, cedar and.

Scots fir(Abies) distributed in the European part of Russia, Siberia, and the Caucasus.

The tree is 40-50 m tall, trunk diameter is about 1 m. Lives 500-700 years.

The crown is pyramidal. The bark is light gray, sometimes with a reddish tint.

The needles are flat, arranged in two rows, comb-like. The upper side is dark green, the lower side has white stripes.

Fruits in 25-30 years.

Siberian cedar(Pinus sibirica) - evergreen tree 30-44 m in height, trunk diameter about 1.5 m. Lives up to 500 years.

The crown is multi-peaked and dense.

The needles are dark green with a bluish bloom, 6-14 cm long, soft, triangular in cross-section, growing in bunches, five needles in a bunch.

Mature cones are large, elongated, ovoid, first purple and then brown, 5-8 cm wide, up to 13 cm long.

Each cone of this forest tree species contains from 30 to 150 seeds - pine “nuts”.

Common juniper (Juniperus communis) found almost throughout Russia.

Evergreen coniferous multi-stemmed tree or shrub 2-6 m in height.

The crown is multi-peaked and dense.

The needles are sharply needle-shaped, arranged in whorls of three needles, which are pressed to the shoot and stick out to the sides.

The “fruits” of juniper, cone berries, are green at first, but in the second year they turn blue-black with a bluish bloom and resinous pulp.

Cone berries are used in cooking as a seasoning and for the production of tinctures. Pine needles and cone berries are used for smoking fish and meat.

Forest trees of central Russia with photos and names: oak, birch and linden

Of course, everyone knows the names of trees in central Russia such as oak, birch and linden.

English oak (Quercus robur) reaches a height of 20-40 m. It can live up to 2000 years, but usually lives 300-400 years.

The name of such a tree in Russia as common birch (Betula pubescens), is strongly associated with our country. Birch grows throughout the European part of Russia, in Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Caucasus Mountains, is one of the symbols of the state.

Reaches 25-30 m in height and up to 80 cm in diameter. The bark of young trees is brownish-brown, and from 8-10 years it turns white. Lives up to 120 years.

The birch root system is highly developed, but penetrates shallowly into the soil.

Leaves are ovate or rhombic-ovate, 3.5-7 cm long, 2.5-5 cm wide.

The tree is monoecious, but the catkins are dioecious. Fruiting catkins are 2.5-3 cm long, on pubescent legs, seed scales are 3-5 mm wide, ciliated along the edge.

Leaves and buds are used in folk medicine.

Linden heart-shaped, or small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata) widespread in the European part of Russia, especially in the Urals.

20-38 m tall with a tent-shaped crown.

The bark is dark and furrowed on old trees.

The leaves are alternate, heart-shaped, long-petiolate, toothed, green above, bluish below.

The flowers are regular, bisexual, with a double five-parted perianth, up to 1-1.5 cm in diameter, yellowish-white, fragrant, collected in pendulous corymbose inflorescences of 3-11 pieces. It blooms from the beginning of July for 10-15 days.

The fruits of this tree of the Russian forests are spherical, pubescent, thin-walled, one- or two-seeded nuts. The fruits ripen in August - September.

Linden blossom is used as a flavoring agent in perfumery, in the production of cognacs and liqueurs, and also as a tea substitute.

Honey plant. In terms of taste and healing qualities, linden honey has long been considered the best.

What trees are found in the forest: aspen, maple, elm and beech

The following photos and names of central Russia, not inferior to the others in their importance, are aspen, maple and beech.

Common aspen, or trembling poplar (Populus tremula) widespread in areas with temperate and cold climates in Europe and Asia.

Aspen has a columnar trunk, up to 35 m in height and up to 1 m in diameter.

Lives 80-90, rarely up to 150 years.

The bark of young trees is smooth, light green or greenish-gray, and cracks and darkens with age.

The leaves are round or rhombic, 3-7 cm long, acute or obtuse at the apex, with a rounded base, crenate edges, pinnate venation.

The fruit is a very small capsule.

Bees collect pollen from aspen flowers in April, and glue from the blossoming buds, which is processed into propolis.

Aspen is credited with the ability to ward off evil spirits.

Norway maple, or sycamore maple (Acer platanoides)- deciduous tree 12-28 m high with a dense spherical crown.

The bark of young trees is smooth, gray-brown, darkens and cracks with age.

The leaves are simple, palmate, opposite, with 5-7 serrated, coarsely toothed lobes, pointed at the ends of the lobes, glabrous, up to 18 cm in length.

Elm or elm (Ulmus)- predominantly deciduous plant. The height reaches 40 m with a trunk diameter of 2 m; some species grow as shrubs. The crown ranges from broadly cylindrical with a rounded apex to compact spherical.

Life expectancy is 80-120 years, living up to 400 years.

Beech, or European beech (Fagus sylvatica)

Deciduous tree up to 30-50 m tall with a slender columnar trunk with a diameter of up to 1.5 m (centuries-old trees up to 3 m), ovoid or wide-cylindrical crown.

Lives 500 years, sometimes up to 950 years.

The leaves are elliptical, broadly pointed at the base and apex, 4-10 cm long, 2.5-7 cm wide.

In autumn the leaves are yellow, then brown, falling at the end of October.

Nuts are used for food: in their raw form they are large quantities harmful, it is better to eat them toasted.

All about forest trees: hornbeam and ash

What other trees grow in the forest in Russia? This section of the article describes hornbeam and ash.

Common or European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus)

Tree 7-12 m high, sometimes up to 25 m. Trunk up to 40 cm in diameter, ribbed. The crown is dense, cylindrical. The bark of young trees is silvery-gray, deeply cracking with age.

The leaves are oval, pointed, up to 15 cm long, 5 cm wide, dark green on top.

Made from hornbeam musical instruments, veneer, tool handles, parquet.

Poplar (Populus)

A genus of fast-growing trees of the willow family. Large trees 40-45 m high and trunk diameter up to 1 meter.

The genus contains about 90 species.

Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior)

Distributed in the European part of Russia.

The tree is 20-30 m high and has a trunk diameter of up to 1 m. The crown is highly raised, openwork.

The bark is gray. The leaves are imparipinnate, consisting of 7-15 leaflets. The leaves are lanceolate, bright green above and light green below. The flowers are small, bisexual.

Honey plant.

Types of forest trees willow and alder

Speaking about what trees are found in the forest, of course, it is worth mentioning willow and alder.

Willow(Salix) represents a tree up to 15 m high or a less tall shrub. There are about 170 species of willows.

Due to the ability to produce adventitious roots, willows can easily be propagated by cuttings.

Leaves are alternate, petiolate.

The stem is branched, the branches are thin, twig-like, flexible, brittle, with matte or shiny bark.

The flowers are dioecious, small, collected in dense inflorescences. They bloom before the leaves bloom.

The fruit is a capsule that opens with two doors.

Willow bark and the twigs of some scrub willows are used to make wickerwork.

Measured alder, or sticky alder (Alnus glutinosa)- a tree up to 35 m high, with a trunk up to 90 cm in diameter. The crown is pyramidal.

Lives up to 80-100 years.

The root system is superficial.

The leaves are opposite, simple, round, 4-9 cm long, 6-7 cm wide.

Blooms early spring, before the leaves appear. The fruit is a cone 2 cm long and 2-2.5 cm wide.

Forest shrubs: wolfberry, heather, wild rosemary and hazel

Common wolfberry, or wolf's bast(Daphne mezereum)- deciduous, low-branched, 60-120 cm high, shrub growing in the form of a small tree.

The fruits are red oval drupes with spherical shiny seeds. Fruits in late July - August.

All parts of the plant, and especially the fruits, contain poisonous juice.

Common heather (Calluna vulgaris) grows in the European part of Russia, Western and Eastern Siberia.

Evergreen, strongly branched shrub with small triangular leaves.

Honey plant. Heather honey is a good antiseptic.

Ledum (Ledum)- evergreen shrub, about ten species grow in Russia.

The leaves and branches of wild rosemary emit a sharp, intoxicating odor, causing dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes loss of consciousness.

Common hazel, or hazel(Corylus avellana)- deciduous, woody shrub, 2-7 m high. The crown is ovoid or flat-spherical. The bark of the trunks is smooth, light, brownish-gray.

The leaves are round, 6-12 cm long, 5-9 cm wide, usually narrowed to a point at the apex.

Staminate catkins up to 5 cm long; covering scales are densely pubescent, anthers are bare, with a tuft of hairs on top.

The nut is almost spherical or somewhat elongated, 1.8 cm long, 1.3-1.5 cm in diameter.

Russian open spaces are characterized by oak and beech forests. For example, oak-ash floodplain forests (Querceto roboris-Fraxinetum) are typical for the Tisa, Borzhava and Latoritsa terraces. These forests are affected by the level groundwater. But southern territories covered with oak forests with southern European species oak

In addition, oak forests are also common in higher elevations. And in several of these forest areas, ranging from tens to hundreds of hectares, hornbeam-oak forests (Carpineto-Quercetum roboris) can be recognized. Due to influence agriculture the number of oak stands has decreased significantly. An extremely strong change in the conditions of germination of most of the remaining oak forests, caused by drainage and other reclamation measures, as well as grazing, leads to their massive drying out.

A optimal conditions beech growth - altitude zone from 350 to 1450 meters above sea level. They are so clean, having a poor understory (understory), and they are called "Fagetum pauper" or "Fagetum nudum". Common species in the grass cover include Anemone nemorosa, Athyrium filixfemina and D. austriaca ferns, Oxalis acetosella and Rubus hirtus. Also characterized by high density; wood reserve - from 400 to 650 m?/ha. Along with them, there are many transitional options up to mixed forests. In the warm lower zones, due to the reduced competitiveness of beech, sessile oak acts as an admixture. (Querceto petraeae-Fagetum). Within the beech belt proper, on open limestone massifs or outcrops, depending on the proportion of fine-grained soil, linden is attracted to it.

In addition, the cooling upper zones contribute to the formation of beech stands mixed with fir and spruce. They are even richer than clean ponds. Photos reach up to 1200 m?/ha. These types of forests are also highly resistant to windbreaks and snowbreakers. For a long time, beech stands were outside the scope of economic interest. Large, interconnected tracts belonged to large landowners and were used by them only for private hunting. Only from the beginning of the 19th century did the time come for their large-scale felling, followed by reforestation with spruce.

White acacia

(Genus "Robinia")

White acacia is more often called by its real name - Robinia pseudoacacia. This tree grows 22-27 (33) meters high and up to 120 cm in diameter, lives 220-250 (350) years. The crown is openwork, spreading, rounded, short, sometimes with several separate tiers of branches. The trunk in plantations is relatively straight, highly cleared of branches, but in the wild it is strongly curved and highly branched. The bark of the trunk is grayish-brown with dark, thick, in old age with deep cracks. The leaves are alternate, compound, imparipinnate, 12-25 cm long, with 7-19 opposite elliptical leaflets. The flowers are predominantly white, fragrant, collected in multi-flowered drooping racemes 10-20 cm long. Blooms after the leaves bloom, profusely and annually (within 2 weeks). The fruit is a flat, bare, dark brown bean 5-12 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide. Seeds (5-15 pieces) ripen in August. The breed is light-loving, heat-loving and heat-resistant. And also fast growing. Acacia is a good honey plant. And thanks to its unpretentiousness to soil conditions and the ability to produce root shoots, it is highly valued in forest reclamation.

Fluffy birch

(Genus "birch")

Its second name is white. The tree is 17-22 (25) m high and 50-60 cm in diameter. Lives 100-120 years. The crown is elongated-ovate, of medium density. Thin branches of the first order extend from the trunk almost at a right angle, the shoots do not hang down. The trunk is straight, covered with white bark to the very base. Leaves are 4-6 cm long and 3-5 cm wide, ovate or oval-rhombic with a rounded base, bluntly pointed. Young leaves are fragrant. Fluffy birch is not indifferent to light, so it often grows in the 2nd tier of pine and spruce forests. Very demanding on soil moisture - does not grow on dry soils. It is extremely frost-resistant, so this birch can be seen even in the forest-tundra.

Beech

(Genus "beech")

The tree is 25-45 m high and 80-100 (160) cm in diameter. Lives 450-500 years. The trunk is straight (sometimes saber-shaped at the bottom), full of wood. In young trees the crown is narrowly conical and pointed, while in old trees it is irregular shape. Longitudinal shoots are bare, thin and yellowish-brown. The needles are 1-4 cm long and 1.5 mm wide, light green, with a sharp yellowish tip. The needles appear in March-April, turn yellow and fall off in the fall. Propagated by seeds. It bears fruit from 15-20 years and repeats every 3-5 years. A very light-loving breed. Relatively frost-resistant and winter-hardy. Wind-resistant, tolerates air pollution well, and has little demands on moisture and soil.

Black alder

(Genus "beech")

Black alder is also called sticky alder. This is a deciduous tree with a height of 25-30 (35) m and a diameter of 60-70 cm. It lives 100-150 (300) years. The crown in youth is dense, cylindrical, and later ovoid or round, of medium density. The bark on young trees is smooth, dark gray or greenish-gray, and later dark brown, with shallow cracks. The leaves are simple, alternate, obovate, obtuse or obtusely pointed. The leaves are 4-9 cm long and 3-7 cm wide. The leaves are dark green above and light green below. The fruits are placed in dark brown cones up to 2 cm long, which open at the end of winter. Blooms before the leaves bloom. This breed frost-resistant and winter-hardy. But it is demanding on soil fertility. There is a fast growing breed especially in the first 15-20 years.

Common hornbeam

(Genus "hornbeam")

The tree is 20-25 (30) m high and 60-70 cm in diameter. Lives up to 150-200 (350) years. The crown of the tree is spreading in space, up to 25 meters in diameter, but in plantings it is more compact, long and dense. The trunk is ribbed and often curved. The bark is thin, silver-gray and smooth in young trees, dark gray and fissured in old trees. The leaves are simple, alternate, oblong-oval or ovate, round at the base or slightly unequal-heart-shaped, doubly toothed at the edges, with clearly defined nerves of 910-15 pairs of veins. The leaf length is 5-15 cm, and the width is 3-5 cm. The leaves are dark green above, bare, light green below, slightly drooping along the veins. The common hornbeam blooms in April. And the seeds ripen in September. The fruit is a nut up to 9 mm long, flattened, oval, with longitudinal ribs. The breed generally has a mild oceanic climate and is relatively thermophilic. And it is demanding on soil fertility. Tolerates drought and even temporary flooding. The root system is predominantly superficial, widely spread with anchor roots, making the rock wind-resistant.