Aircraft carrier fighter - Granit missile system. Aircraft carrier fighter - Granit Missiles p 700 missile system

When creating the complex, an approach was used for the first time, the basis of which is the mutual linkage of three elements: target designation means (in the form of spacecraft), a carrier and anti-ship missiles. The created complex acquired the ability to solve the most complex tasks of naval combat using a complement of fire weapons from one carrier.

It can also be used to destroy coastal targets.

History of creation

Work on the creation of a long-range supersonic underwater-launched cruise missile in the USSR was started by decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers No. 539-186 dated July 10, 1969 at the IOM Central Design Bureau. By this time, the submarines were already armed with the P-6 supersonic cruise missile; however, launching it was possible only from the surface, which greatly increased the vulnerability of the submarine, and, taking into account the unmasking effect of a missile salvo, exposed the boat to significant risk. In addition, the P-6, designed back in the late 1950s, a decade later no longer met the requirements for speed, range and flight altitude.

The development of a new underwater launch cruise missile was initiated in parallel with the creation of the development of the P-6 - the P-500 "Basalt" cruise missile, with which they were going to re-equip existing carriers. However, the P-500 Basalt was also unsuitable for launching from under water. It was necessary to create completely new rocket. The project received the designation P-700 "Granit". Subsequently, it was decided to develop a new missile for use not only from submarines, but also from surface ships, duplicating the development of the P-500.

The flight testing phase of the rocket began in November 1975. The Granit complex passed state tests from 1979 to July 1983. By Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 686-214 of July 19, 1983, the complex was adopted for service on the following ships:

• nuclear submarines of projects 949 "Granit" and 949A "Antey";
• heavy nuclear missile cruisers of projects 1144 "Orlan" and 1144.2 "Orlan";
• heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers of Project 1143.5 “Krechet”.

There were projects and other media, which, however, were not implemented.

Design

The P-700 Granit missile has a cigar-shaped shape with an annular air intake at the front end and a folding cross-shaped tail unit. A short, highly swept wing, foldable after launch, is installed in the central part of the fuselage.

The rocket is propelled by a KR-21-300 turbojet engine located along the central axis. The rocket is launched from under water using a block of four solid fuel boosters located behind the rocket. The missile is stored in a sealed transport and launch container with folded wings and tail surfaces, the air intake is covered with a dome-shaped fairing. Before launch, the installation is filled with sea water (this procedure is also used on surface ships to avoid damage to the installation by exhaust), after which the activated accelerator pushes the rocket out of the shaft and delivers it to the surface of the water. In the air, the air intake fairing is discarded, the wings and tail are straightened, the burnt-out accelerator is discarded and the rocket continues to fly with the help of the main engine.

The missile is equipped with warheads various types. This can be either a semi-armor-piercing (high-explosive-penetrating) warhead weighing 584-750 kg, or a tactical nuclear warhead with a TNT equivalent of up to 500 kilotons. Currently, due to international agreements on the ban on sea-launched nuclear cruise missiles, all P-700s are equipped only with conventional warheads.

The missile is guided using an active radar guidance head. The on-board autonomous selective control system for anti-ship missiles is built on the basis of a three-processor on-board computer (OBC) using several information channels, which allows one to successfully understand a complex interference environment and identify true targets against the background of interference. During a group launch of missiles (salvo), the missiles, having detected the enemy with their homing heads, exchange information, identify and distribute targets by their size, relative position and other parameters. The on-board computer contains electronic data on modern classes of ships; tactical information, for example, about the type of orders of ships, which allows the missile to determine that in front of it is a convoy, aircraft carrier or landing group, and attack the main targets in its composition; data on countering enemy electronic warfare systems that can, by jamming, divert missiles from the target; tactical techniques for evading air defense fire.

To increase combat stability, the P-700 is equipped with a 3B47 “Kvarts” radio jamming station and devices for resetting dipole reflectors and decoys.

Characteristics

Application

The missiles are launched from containerized inclined launchers SM-225 (for submarines) or SM-233 (for surface ships), located under the deck of the carrier ship at an angle of 60 degrees. Before the start, to reduce thermal loads on launcher, the container is filled with sea water.

Since the long-range flight time of a missile is significant, and the target can go beyond the detection radius of the missile seeker, the complex needs precise target designation carried out aviation complex“Success” from Tu-95 RC aircraft or Ka-25 Ts helicopters, or the MCRC “Legend” space reconnaissance and target designation complex. The missile can also be used to destroy ground targets.

Project evaluation

The experience of the Navy's combat and operational training shows that the large mass and high speed of the complex's missiles make it difficult for them to be hit by enemy anti-aircraft missiles.

The missile has never been used in combat conditions; opinions about its actual effectiveness vary.

Carriers

Developers

• The parent organization is NPO Mashinostroyenia. Chief designer -

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I decided to consider an issue that has long been widely discussed on the Internet: the confrontation between Soviet anti-ship missiles and American naval air defense systems. They are usually compared using the example of the P-700 "Granit" and the AEGIS system. Unfortunately, discussions of this kind are usually held on forums, have the nature of a debate, and isolating the information itself is a clear problem.

Therefore, I decided to conduct an analytical review (within the framework of the information available, of course) and make a compilation of conclusions:

The means of attack, in this case, is the P-700 "Granit". The missile is truly impressive - it is almost the crowning achievement of the development of the Soviet line of heavy supersonic ship-based anti-ship missiles. Its length is 10 meters, wingspan is 2.6 meters, i.e. The dimensions of the rocket are close to that of light aircraft.

The maximum speed of the rocket is almost 2.5 Mach (about 763 meters per second) when flying at high altitude. Over water, the rocket's speed is approximately 1.5 Mach (about 458 meters per second). Let's remember these numbers, they matter.

The defense is based on the AEGIS system: a combat information system that coordinates the actions of AN/SPY-1 general detection radars, AN/SPG-62 target designation radars, and SM-2 missile defense systems.

AEGIS defense on the outer border

This part examines counteraction to flying Granites by AEGIS at long range. To be even more precise - at the distance at which "Granit" is kept on the high-altitude section of the trajectory.

Attention, this is important! Although in all sources the range of action of "Granit" is simply indicated as 550 km, this is the maximum radius according to combined trajectories. Those. along a trajectory in which the rocket flies high above the water most of the way - where there is less air resistance and fuel costs for the flight are significantly reduced - and then, when approaching the target, dives down and covers the rest of the distance at a low altitude.

A: The flight altitude of the P-700 "Granit" in the high-altitude section of the trajectory is about 14,000 meters. A number of sources indicate even more, but they are doubtful. The later "Onyx", in any case, climbs to a height of about 14,000 meters in the high-altitude section of the trajectory, so I think that by taking 14,000 meters we will not be mistaken.

Taking into account the altitude of the AN/SPY-1 radar above sea level at 20 meters, and the rocket’s flight altitude at 14,000 km, we get a distance to the radio horizon of about 438 km. The detection radius of the AN/SPY-1 radar (tabular) is approximately 360 km. Those. you can be sure that AEGIS will be able to monitor approaching Granites from a distance of more than 250 km.

P.S. It should be taken into account that, other things being equal, most likely a missile salvo will be detected by an AWACS aircraft at a greater distance. Those. the figure of 250 km is not the detection radius, but the tracking radius, the distance from which AEGIS itself monitors approaching anti-ship missiles.

B: Now we know that the missile will be tracked by the AEGIS system somewhere at a distance of 200-250 km. Let's move on.

The radar of the Granit missile has a target detection radius the size of a cruiser of about 70 km per normal conditions. Considering that the cruiser does not at all want to be discovered and is actively using electronic warfare, let’s take the actual capture radius to be 55 km.

At this distance - 55-70 km - the Granit missile will capture the ship and make a “dive” from a height of 14,000 meters to low altitudes to get closer to the target. Those. we get that 200-55=145 km. This is the interval during which a Granit flying at high altitude will be confidently accompanied by the cruiser's radar. And, accordingly, it can be attacked by missile defense systems controlled by AEGIS.

This finest hour for carriers SM-2ER "Standard" (ER - extendent range, large radius) The range of these missiles is about 150-180 km. Consequently, missile attacks on flying anti-ship missiles can begin from the moment the missiles enter a 150-kilometer radius.

How long will Granit remain under fire from the cruiser's missile defense system? The distance is 150-55=105 km, the speed of "Granit" is 0.763 km/s, i.e. the missile will remain under fire for about 125 seconds. A little over 2 minutes.

During this time, a ship equipped with the AEGIS system will be able to fire from 50 missile shots (for 2 double-boom Mk-26 launchers with a reload cycle of 10 seconds, which were installed on the first 4 Ticonderoga-class cruisers) to 65 missile shots (for Mk-41 with a firing cycle of 1 missile per 2 seconds, found on the late Ticonderogas and Arleigh Berks). Although the ships carry limited quantity AN/SPG-62 radars used for target designation - this is not a limiting parameter in this case, because the design of the “Standard” fully allows it to “wait” for a turn, flying on inertial guidance to the target area.

What is the probability of one Granit being shot down by one Standard? The 62-kilogram fragmentation-fragmentation SM-2ER has sufficient power to destroy or severely damage the Granit (which at this stage of the flight is tantamount to being shot down - a heavily damaged missile will not reach the target). Therefore, the only problem is getting there.

How to estimate the probability of being hit by a missile? From the experience of Vietnam, we know that the probability of hitting a fighter under conditions of active use of electronic warfare equipment by one missile was about 20%. But the SM-2ER is still somewhat smarter than the radio command air defense systems used in Vietnam, and the electronic warfare capabilities of an unmanned missile are much weaker. For simplicity, let’s take a probability of 40% as the probability of one P-700 being shot down by one “Standard”

Taking this figure, we get that about 15-22 missiles can be shot down at the outer line. Already some result.

AEGIS defense on the internal frontier

At a distance of 55 km, the P-500 missile will make a sharp dive down and exit the vulnerable mode. It will go beyond the radio horizon and out of the visibility radius of AEGIS radars. Moving at an altitude of about 20 meters, it flies to the target in low-altitude mode, at a speed of about 1.5 Mach.

How soon will the P-700 reappear over the AEGIS radio horizon? This distance is approximately 30 km. At a speed of 1.5 Mach or 458 meters per second, the P-700 will fly this distance in 65 seconds, i.e. about a minute.

At this distance, the missile will be fired by salvoes of SM-2MR (MR - medium radius). Since in this case the missile is NOT VISIBLE until it leaves the radio horizon, AEGIS cannot open fire in advance by launching inertial-guided missiles in its direction and “meet” the approaching P-700 at the maximum radius of the missile defense system.

Assuming that the system is completely ready to fire, we get that AEGIS will open fire at the same moment when it notices the P-700 emerging from behind the radio horizon. Considering that the SM-2MR has a speed of about 3.5 Mach (about 1000 m/s), the first salvo of missiles will meet the enemy somewhere in the 20th second of the P-700 flight from the radio horizon, and then the anti-ship missiles will be continuously fired upon for 25 seconds (until they get within 5 km, within a radius beyond the reach of the SM-2MR)

How many salvos will AEGIS have time to fire? Ships with Mk-26 installations will have time to fire two full salvos (i.e., launch 8 anti-ship missiles), ships with Mk-41 will have time to launch 12 anti-ship missiles.

Of course, the probability of a hit will be much lower - against a low-flying target - and, according to calculations, will be somewhere around 25%.

Thus, we get that about 2-3 P-700 anti-ship missiles can be shot down in a low-altitude area.

Defense close

Defense options in this phase are limited. For ships with the Mk-26 at this stage, the only adequate means of self-defense is the universal 127 mm autocannon (2 on the Ticonderoga). The probability of a missile being shot down is estimated to be approximately 0.8 per autocannon. Ships with the Mk-41 can add RIM-7VL "Sea Sparrow" short-range missiles to their autocannons. CIWS "Vulcan" should be considered generally of little use in this case.

Although formally these air defense systems have a radius of up to 25 km, they were not previously capable of firing special meaning, because this would only take away guidance channels from the more effective SM-2MR. At point blank range, however, they are much more effective. Considering that the number of targetable "Sea Sparrows", just like the SM-2MR, is limited by guidance channels - i.e. 4 - in the remaining time, the cruiser manages to fire about 8 missiles. The probability of a hit should be considered similar - 0.25.

Thus, using autocannons and missiles, the Ticonderoga class can stop up to 4 P-700 class missiles on the internal line.

Electronic warfare equipment:

It is difficult to assess the effectiveness of electronic warfare systems. Typically, Ticonderoga class ships are equipped with electronic warfare systems AN/SLQ-32 integrated with jamming systems Mark 36 SRBOC. The effectiveness of the system is difficult to assess. But in general, we can assume that against an anti-ship missile like the P-700, the probability of a missile successfully evading a false target will be no more than 50%.

CONCLUSION:

The capabilities of the AEGIS system to counter the P-700 Granit anti-ship missiles are quite high. On 3 lines of defense, the cruiser can effectively repel an attack of 19-25 missiles. Availability effective means Electronic warfare allows you to sharply increase this parameter, since there is a high probability of the missile being diverted by interference.

Overall, the theoretical calculationconfirms the Soviet conclusion that the effectiveness of shipborne air defense AUG has increased significantly with the advent of AEGIS. A full broadside salvo of a Project 949A submarine (24 P-700 missiles) DOES NOT GUARANTEE a breakthrough of the AUG’s air defense even at the level of having only one Ticonderoga in it and the absence of successful interceptions of anti-ship missiles by patrolling fighters.

IOM began developing the Granit long-range anti-ship missile.
Back in the mid-60s, during the development of the Amethyst and Malachite complexes, general designer V.N. Chelomey came to the conclusion about the need and opportunity to make new step on the path to universalizing launch conditions for long-range missiles. He made a proposal to develop a new complex with cruise missiles capable of launching from under water, and in range and flight speed not inferior to the Basalt complex. It was intended to equip both submarines (Project 949 Granit) and surface ships with this complex. The new complex was named “Granite”. In the process of creating the Granit complex, for the first time, all the main subcontractors of the extensive cooperation worked out many (up to one or two dozen) variants of design solutions for a cruise missile, on-board control system, and for a submarine. These options were then assessed for combat effectiveness, cost and development time, feasibility, and based on the analysis, requirements for the cruise missile and other elements of the weapon system were formulated.
Since the creation of the first anti-ship missiles capable of hitting surface ships at very long ranges, the question of providing anti-ship missiles with target designation data has arisen. On a global scale, this problem could only be solved with the help of spacecraft.
The theoretical foundations for constructing such a space system, the parameters of their orbits, and the relative positions of the satellites in orbits were developed directly with the participation of Academician M.V. Keldysh. The system created at TsKBM consisted of several radar and electronic reconnaissance satellites, from which data on detected targets could be directly transmitted to the missile carrier or to ground stations.
The Granit complex had a number of qualitatively new properties. The first rocket was created long range shooting with an autonomous control system. The on-board control system was built on the basis of a powerful three-processor computer using several information channels, which made it possible to successfully understand a complex jamming environment and identify true targets against the background of any interference. The creation of this system was carried out by a team of scientists and designers from the Granit Central Research Institute under the leadership of its general director, Hero of Socialist Labor, Lenin Prize laureate V.V. Pavlov.
The rocket embodied the rich experience of NGOs in creating electronic systems artificial intelligence, allowing you to act against a single ship on the principle of “one missile - one ship” or “in a flock” against an order of ships. The missiles themselves will distribute and classify targets according to importance, choose attack tactics and plan for its implementation. To eliminate errors when choosing a maneuver and hitting a specific target, the on-board computer of the anti-ship missile system contains electronic data on modern classes of ships. In addition, the vehicle also contains purely tactical information, for example, about the type of orders of ships, which allows the missile to determine who is in front of it - a convoy, an aircraft carrier or a landing group, and to attack the main targets in its composition.
Also in the on-board computer there is data on countering enemy electronic warfare systems that can divert missiles from the target by jamming, and tactical techniques for evading air defense fire. As the designers say, after the launch of the missile, they themselves decide which of them will attack which target and what maneuvers need to be carried out for this in accordance with the mathematical algorithms embedded in the behavior program. The missile also has means to counter anti-missile missiles attacking it. By destroying main goal in a ship group, the remaining missiles attack other ships of the order, eliminating the possibility of two missiles hitting the same target.
In 1966-1967 In OKB-670 M.M. Bondaryuk, a design of the 4D-04 engine of the original design for the Granit missile launcher, designed for speed M=4, was being prepared. Subsequently, the serial sustainer turbojet engine KR-93 at M=2.2 was chosen for this missile. The rocket has a turbojet engine and a ring solid fuel accelerator in the tail section, which begins operation under water. For the first time, a complex problem was solved engineering problem starting the engine for a very long time short time when a rocket emerges from under water.
The ability to maneuver missiles made it possible to implement a rational battle formation in a salvo with the most effective trajectory shape. This ensured the successful overcoming of fire opposition from a strong naval group.
It should be said that in none of the previous cruise missiles created at NPOM were so many new complex tasks concentrated and successfully implemented as in the Granit missile. The complex design of the rocket required a large amount of ground testing in hydraulic pools, wind tunnels, thermal strength stands, etc.
After carrying out the full scope of ground testing on the cruise missile and its main elements (control systems, main engine, etc.), flight design tests began in November 1975. The complex was submitted for state testing in 1979. Tests were carried out on coastal stands and lead ships: the submarine and the cruiser Kirov. The tests were successfully completed in August 1983, and by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of March 12, 1983, the Granit complex was adopted by the Navy.
The missiles of the new third-generation universal missile system "Granit" had both underwater and surface launch, a firing range of 550 km, a conventional or nuclear warhead, several flexible adaptive trajectories (depending on the operational and tactical situation in the sea and airspace of the operation area) , the flight speed is 2.5 times the speed of sound. The TNT equivalent of the warhead of each missile is 618 kg, the range of damaging factors- 1200 meters.
The complex provided salvo firing of all ammunition with a rational spatial arrangement of missiles and a noise-protected autonomous selective control system. When creating “Granite”, an approach was used for the first time, the basis of which is the mutual linkage of elements complex system(target designation means - carrier - anti-ship missiles). As a result, the created complex for the first time acquired the ability to solve any naval combat task using firepower from a single carrier. According to the experience of combat and operational training of the Navy, it is almost impossible to shoot down such a missile. Even if you hit Granit with an anti-missile missile, the missile, due to its enormous mass and speed, can save initial speed flight and, as a result, reach the goal.
The Granit missile system is armed with 12 Project 949A nuclear-powered submarine cruisers of the Antey type, with 24 anti-ship missiles each, with a submerged speed of more than 30 knots. Four heavy nuclear-powered missile cruisers of Project 1144 (Peter the Great type) each carry 20 missiles in individual SM-233 under-deck launchers. The launchers are located obliquely - at an angle of 47º. Before launching missiles, containers are filled with water. In addition, these missiles are equipped with the TAVKR "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov" (project 1143.5) - 12 anti-ship missiles.
Each submarine costs 10 times less than the US Navy's Nimitz-class aircraft carrier. There are now virtually no other forces in the Russian Armed Forces capable of actually countering the aircraft carrier threat. Taking into account the ongoing modernization of the carriers themselves, the missile system and the Granit anti-ship missile system, the created group is capable of operating effectively until 2020. Naturally, at the same time it is necessary to develop and maintain combat-ready systems for combat command and control, reconnaissance and target designation. In addition to the fight against AUG combat units groups are capable of operating not only against formations of ships of all classes during armed conflicts of any intensity, but also effectively hitting targets on the enemy’s coast with missiles with conventional warheads. If necessary, ships with the Granit complex can serve as a reserve for solving the tasks of the Naval Strategic Nuclear Forces.
The first photographs of the secret missile appeared only in 2001 after the tragic death of the K-141 Kursk submarine on August 12, 2000. After the submarine was raised, 23 anti-ship missiles that were on board the nuclear submarine during the last voyage are unloaded for further disposal.