Undivided people. Nogais through the eyes of the West: “A people who do not know the law and give superiority to the strong

IN lately the Nogais are remembered mainly in connection with the land issue in Dagestan. What kind of people are they and what is happening to the ethnic group now, the deputy director of the Astrakhan branch of RANEPA, Ph.D., told National Accent. Eldar Idrisov.

Origin of the Nogais

The formation of the Nogais as an ethnic group took place in the space of the Eurasian steppes from the Irtysh to the Danube. Among their ancestors are medieval nomadic Turkic and Mongol-speaking tribes who came during the period of Batu's invasion.

Researchers have different opinions about the original place of residence. Some consider the “homeland” of the Nogais to be the Temnik ulus of Nogai in the area of the Dnieper and Dniester rivers at the end of the 13th century. Others are the Embo-Ural interfluve, in which in 1391 Beklyaribek Edige (beklyaribek is an administrative position in the Golden Horde, similar in functionality to the modern prime minister - editor's note) founded the Mangyt yurt. The epic "Edige" is dedicated to the deeds of Beklyaribek - the founder of the dynasty of rulers of the Nogai Horde.

History of the Nogais

Stories about the origin of an ethnos are often superimposed on non-scientific ideas and folk mythology, which often interpret past events from a position favorable to a particular period of time. It is customary to emphasize the antiquity of the people and argue about their past unshakable power. The history of the Nogais in this regard is rich in speculation. It so happened that after the collapse of the Nogai Horde, nomadic groups became part of the Kazakhs, Middle Volga Tatars, Bashkirs, Turkmen and Karakalpaks. Thus, the cultural heritage of the medieval Nogais was “scattered” among all these peoples. It is not surprising that now each of them strives to give history their own interpretation, including it in their ethnopolitical construction.

This is how the concept of a “divided people” of Nogais and Kazakhs, and the view of scientists from Tatarstan on the Nogais as part of the Tatar nation, appeared. To this we must add modern division into ethno-territorial groups of Nogais: representatives of the people live in several historical and cultural zones in the North Caucasus and the Lower Volga region.

The Nogai Horde, which finally emerged as an independent nomadic state at the beginning of the 15th century, became the last large independent association of nomads on the territory of Russia and existed until the beginning of the 17th century. The development of the state was determined by the laws of self-organization of large nomadic associations: a wing management structure was formed, the past Golden Horde heritage in the form of “Yasa” and the norms of the Islamic religion were used.

In 1489, diplomatic relations were established with the Principality of Moscow, and broad dynastic and socio-economic ties developed with the Turkic states of the Black Sea region, the Volga region and Central Asia.

In the middle of the 16th century, an internal cataclysm occurred in the Nogai Horde, which coincided with the widespread advance of the Moscow state in the territory North Caucasus and Volga-Ural region. In the conditions of civil strife, in connection with the murder of Biy Yusuf, the system of traditional nomadism collapsed, and plague spread in the steppe. The primary collapse of the Nogai Horde began, which continued until the beginning of the 17th century. The scattered uluses, which had departed from the power of the supreme bey, were no longer able to resist the movement of Kalmyks from Northern China in the direction of the Lower Volga region.

The process of the Nogai nomadic groups joining the Russian Empire was not simple. Finding themselves at the intersection of the geopolitical interests of Russia and Turkey, the Nogais fell under not only political, but also military influence from both sides. And in 1783, in the battle of Kermenchuk, troops under the command of Alexander Suvorov dealt a significant blow to the Black Sea Nogais.

IN Soviet era, during the period of the “indigenization” policy, the Nogais were unable to form an ethno-territorial entity.

In 1957, by decree of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the territory of their traditional residence in the North Caucasus was divided between three entities: Stavropol Territory, Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

In the early 1990s, the Nogai social movement Birlik tried to challenge this decision, but to no avail.

Attempt at consolidation

In Russia, Nogais, in addition to their main place of residence - Dagestan - live in the Stavropol Territory, Karachay-Cherkessia, and Chechnya. Since the 1990s. a fairly significant number of representatives of the people migrate to the north, to the cities of the Ural Federal District.

The first attempts to create a common Nogai ethnocultural movement were made in pre-revolutionary times. IN late XIX century, a whole galaxy of figures of Nogai culture appeared in Astrakhan. One of the most notable was a student of the Tatar scientist Shagabutdin Mardzhani, a collector of Nogai folklore and a prominent religious figure Abdrakhman Umerov. Umerov adopted and adapted his teacher’s ideas on nation-building for the Nogai ethnic group. Main work Abzhrakhman Umerov - “The History of the Astrakhan Nogais”, the scientist devoted almost his entire life to writing it. Alas, the manuscript was lost during Soviet times.

Followers and associates of Umerov are Abdul-Khamid Dzhanibekov, Basyr Abdullin, Bulat Saliev, Nadzhip Gasri (Mavlemberdiev) and others. Some of them continued their activities in the North Caucasus after the revolution. Thus, Abdul-Khamid Dzhanibekov became one of the developers of the norms of the modern literary Nogai language, participated in the translation of the alphabet from Arabic to Latin and from Latin to Cyrillic.

Perestroika and the self-awareness of the people

During the period of perestroika, there was a surge in Nogai self-awareness in the territory Astrakhan region. Historically, several groups of Nogais formed here - Yurtites, Karagash, Kundrovtsy And utara. In Soviet times, they were all classified as... Tatars, and in general the idea of including the Astrakhan Nogais into the Tatar ethnic group prevailed. However, Leonid Arslanov, Victor Victorin and other scientists conducted linguistic and ethnographic studies in the 1970s, which proved the preservation of the Nogai features of language and culture among the above groups.

The democratization of society and a joint attempt to solve environmental problems that arose in connection with the work of the Astrakhan Gazprom divisions near the villages of the Nogai-Karagashis gave rise to an independent ethnocultural movement of the Astrakhan Nogais. The Karagash and Kundrovtsy, who preserved the Nogai identity to the greatest extent, were especially actively involved in this process.

As a result, from the All-Union Census of 1989 to the last All-Russian Census of 2010, the number of Nogais in the Astrakhan region doubled - to 8 thousand people.

Number of Nogais

In total, according to official data from the 2010 census, 106,000 Nogais live in Russia. Groups of Nogais live in Romania, where they ended up as a result of a large migration at the end of the 15th century, the formation of the Belogorod Horde and subsequent migration. Another large group lives in Turkey. Its formation took place during the period of “Muhajirism” - resettlement during the Caucasian War.

In Kazakhstan, in the border areas with Russia, in the Atyrau and Ural regions, as well as in the Saratov and Volgograd regions Russia, there lives a large group of "Nugai-Cossacks", formed during the period of Nogai migration in the late 18th - early 19th centuries. Now they are considered a separate clan within the Kazakhs, but they remember their Nogai roots.

An integral part Crimean Tatars is a sub-ethnic branch of the “Nogai”, which was formed from people from the Nogai Horde. In the process of ethnocultural development, as well as as a result of deportation in the mid-20th century, internal integration processes intensified, as a result of which the Nogais, along with the Tatas and Yaylybolins, practically merged with the local Turks as part of the “Krymly” community.

Today, approximately 300,000 people in the world are carriers of the Nogai ethnic identity.

New time

Since the late 1980s, Russia has developed the practice of holding interregional events. The central general Nogai event was the celebration in 1990 of the 600th anniversary of the epic Edige in the regional center of the Nogai region of the Republic of Dagestan. Terekli-Mekteb. The first large scientific conference “Historical and geographical aspects of the development of the Nogai Horde” was also held there.

Since 1991, Dzhanibekov readings have been held in the Astrakhan region, dedicated to the activities of the Nogai educator, ethnographer and folklorist Abdul-Hamid Sharshenbievich Dzhanibekov. And in 2018, a monument to him will be unveiled in Astrakhan near the house where he was born.

In 2004, the First International Festival "Nogai El" was held in Makhachkala, bringing together Nogais from all over the world. In 2006, the International Conference “Current situation and prospects for the development of the Nogai people in the 21st century” took place in St. Petersburg. Every two years since 2014, the International Scientific and Practical Conference "Nogais: 21st century. From origins to the future. History. Culture. Language" began to be held.

In 2013, the Federal National-Cultural Autonomy of the Nogais of the Russian Federation “Nogai El” (“Nogai People”) was registered. Its founders were regional branches Dagestan, Stavropol Territory and Karachay-Cherkessia. On the one hand, the form of national-cultural autonomy is well suited for coordinating the all-Nogai ethnocultural movement, on the other hand, the leadership of Nogai El has not yet formed a development program that would take into account the ethnic and cultural interests of all territorial groups of Nogais.

Word to the youth

Several independent Nogai ethnocultural organizations operate in the regions. Youth organizations stand apart: student associations - the "Union of Nogai Youth" in Moscow and Urengoy, and in Astrakhan - the Youth Center of Nogai Culture "Edige".

An interesting interregional youth project was the freestyle wrestling competition “Steppe Bogatyrs”. The location of the tournament changes every year. Having started in Dagestan, since 2007 it has been held in all subjects of the North Caucasian Federal District and Southern Federal District where the Nogais live. In 2018, the competition will be held for the second time in the Chechen Republic.

The problem of preserving their native language is relevant for the Nogais. It is especially acute in Dagestan. The Nogai intelligentsia sees prospects in new methods and technologies, and the development of a system of additional education. The “online” language learning school “Ethnoschool” has proven itself well.

Territorial features

Today, each of the regions where the Nogais live has its own “specialization.” In Dagestan, in the Nogai region, there are the Nogai State Folklore and Ethnographic Ensemble “Ailanai”, the Nogai State Orchestra of Folk Instruments and the Nogai State Drama Theater.

In the Karachay-Cherkess Republic in 2007, municipality"Nogai district". But in general, Karachay-Cherkessia is the center of Nogai research activities. This is where the Nogai branch of the Institute for Humanitarian Research of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic operates .

The Astrakhan region is a recognized center of education and successful youth projects.

Due to regional socio-political processes, Nogai ethnicity is often politicized, and from time to time there is even talk of territorial autonomy.

In Russia and in the world

Nogais actively contact each other not only within Russia, but also with foreign diasporas. In addition to Turkey and Romania, representatives of this people today live very compactly in Germany, the Netherlands and Norway. People are increasingly gravitating towards the Nogais ethnic groups, which developed on a Kipchak basis in Hungary.

Arslanbek Sultanbekov, a musician from Karachay-Cherkessia, made a great contribution to the consolidation of Nogais around the world. His composition “Dombra” gained international popularity, and the song “Nogai El” became the unofficial anthem of the Nogai people.

Stavropol region: 22 006 (2010)

Neftekumsky district: 12,267 (trans. 2002)
Mineralovodsky district 2,929 (per. 2002)
Stepnovsky district 1,567 (trans. 2002)
Neftekumsk: 648 (trans. 2002)

Karachay-Cherkessia: 15 654 (2010)

Astrakhan region: 7 589 (2010)

Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug: 5 323 (2010)

Chechnya: 3,444 (2010)

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: 3 479 (2010)

Ukraine: 385 (2001 census)

Language Religion Racial type Included in Related peoples Origin

Nogais(self-name - kick, plural - nogaylar listen)) are a Turkic-speaking people in the North Caucasus and the Volga region. They speak Nogai, which belongs to the Kipchak group (Kypchak-Nogai subgroup) of Turkic languages. The literary language was created on the basis of the Karanogai dialect and the Nogai dialect. The writing is related to the ancient Turkic, Uighur-Naiman scripts; from the 18th century Until 1928, the Nogai alphabet was based on Arabic script, from 1928-1938. - in Latin script. Since 1938, the Cyrillic alphabet has been used.

The number in the Russian Federation is 103.7 thousand people. ().

Political history

In the middle of the 16th century, Gazi (son of Urak, great-grandson of Musa) took part of the Nogais who wandered in the Volga region to the North Caucasus, where there were traditional old nomadic Mangyts, founding Small Nogai.

The Nogai Horde between the Volga and Emba fell into decline as a result of the expansion of the Moscow state in the Volga region and wars with neighbors, of which the most destructive was the war with the Kalmyks. The descendants of the Nogais who did not move to Malye Nogai disappeared among the Bashkirs, Kazakhs and Tatars.

Anthropology

Anthropologically, the Nogais belong to the South Siberian small race, transitional between the large Mongoloid and Caucasian races

Settlement

Currently, the Nogais live mainly in the North Caucasus and Southern Russia- in Dagestan (Nogaisky, Tarumovsky, Kizlyarsky and Babayurtsky districts), in the Stavropol Territory (Neftekumsky district), Karachay-Cherkessia (Nogaisky district), Chechnya (north of the Shelkovsky district) and the Astrakhan region. From the name of the people comes the name Nogai Steppe - an area of compact settlement of Nogais on the territory of Dagestan, the Stavropol Territory and the Chechen Republic.

Over the past decades, large Nogai diasporas have formed in other regions of Russia - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.

Language

IN cultural heritage Nogaev, the main place is occupied by musical and poetic art. There is a rich heroic epic (including the poem “Edige”)

Religion

Nogai girls in national costumes. Beginning of the 20th century.

Cloth

Housing

Story

Nogai are one of the few peoples modern Russia, which has centuries-old traditions of statehood in the past. Tribes from state associations of the Great Steppe of the 7th century took part in the long process of Nogai ethnogenesis. BC e. - XIII century n. e. (Sakas, Sarmatians, Huns, Usuns, Kanglys, Keneges, Ases, Kipchaks, Uighurs, Argyns, Kytai, Naimans, Kereits, Kungrats, Mangyts, etc.).

The final formation of the Nogai community with the supra-tribal name Nogai (Nogaily) occurred in the 14th century as part of the Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde). In the subsequent period, the Nogais ended up in different states formed after the collapse of the Golden Horde - Astrakhan, Kazan, Kazakh, Crimean, Siberian Khanates and the Nogai Horde.

Nogai ambassadors first arrived in Moscow in 1489. For the Nogai embassy, the Nogai courtyard was allocated beyond the Moscow River not far from the Kremlin in a meadow opposite the Simonov Monastery. A place was also allocated in Kazan for the Nogai embassy, called the “Mangyt place”. The Nogai Horde received tribute from the Kazan Tatars, Bashkirs, and some Siberian tribes, and played a political and trade-intermediary role in the affairs of neighboring states. In the 1st half of the 16th century. The Nogai Horde could field more than 300 thousand warriors. The military organization allowed the Nogai Horde to successfully defend its borders, help the warriors and neighboring khanates, and the Russian state. In turn, the Nogai Horde received military and economic assistance from Moscow. In 1549, an embassy from the Turkish Sultan Suleiman arrived in the Nogai Horde. The main caravan road connecting Eastern Europe with Central Asia passed through its capital, the city of Saraichik. In the first half of the 16th century. Moscow moved towards further rapprochement with the Nogai Horde. Trade exchange has increased. The Nogais supplied horses, sheep, livestock products, and in return received cloth, ready-made clothing, fabrics, iron, lead, copper, tin, walrus ivory, and writing paper. The Nogais, fulfilling the agreement, carried out cordon service in the south of Russia. In the Livonian War, the Nogai cavalry regiments under the command of the Murzas - Takhtar, Temir, Bukhat, Bebezyak, Urazly and others acted on the side of the Russian troops. Looking ahead, we recall that in Patriotic War In 1812, in the army of General Platov there was a Nogai cavalry regiment that reached Paris, as A. Pavlov wrote about.

Crimean period XVII-XVIII centuries.

As part of Russia since the 18th century.

The Nogais scattered in scattered groups throughout the Trans-Kuban region near Anapa and throughout the Northern Caucasus up to the Caspian steppes and the lower reaches of the Volga. About 700 thousand Nogais went to the Ottoman Empire.

By 1812, the entire Northern Black Sea region finally became part of Russia. The remnants of the Nogai hordes were settled in the north of the Tauride province (modern Kherson region) and in the Kuban, and were forcibly transferred to sedentary image life.

Nogaevists

Notes

Official website of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census
All-Russian Population Census 2010. National composition of the population of the Russian Federation 2010
All-Russian population census 2010. National composition of Russian regions
Ethnic composition of the population of Dagestan. 2002
Ethnic composition of the population of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. 2002
Ethnic composition of the population of Chechnya. 2002
All-Ukrainian Population Census 2001. Russian version. Results. Nationality and native language.
Minahan James One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. - Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. - P. 493–494. - ISBN 978-0313309847
Peoples of the world. Historical and ethnographic reference book. Ch. ed. Yu.V. Bromley. Moscow "Soviet Encyclopedia" 1988. Article "Nogais", author N.G. Volkova, p. 335.
KavkazWeb: 94% of respondents are in favor of creating the Nogai district in Karachay-Cherkessia - referendum results
Nogai district was officially created in Karachay-Cherkessia
Nogai district was created in Karachay-Cherkessia
Nogai district was created in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic
Esperanto news: Conference on the future of the Nogai people
Traditional clothing and uniform of Terek, Kuban Cossacks
Nogais
Nogais
Russian military and diplomats on the status of Crimea during the reign of Shagin-Girey
Vadim GEGEL. Exploring the Wild West in Ukrainian
V. B. Vinogradov. Middle Kuban. Countrymen and neighbors. NOGAI
Vladimir Gutakov. Russian path to the south (myths and reality). Part two

Links

IslamNGY - Blog of the group "Nogais in Islam". Islamic analysis of the history of the Nogais, the call of Nogai preachers, articles, poems, books, videos and audios about Islam and the Nogais.
Nogaitsy.ru - Information site dedicated to the Nogais. History, Information, Forum, Chat, Video, Music, Radio, E-books, Poems, and much more concerning the Nogais.

Currently, about 103 thousand representatives of the Nogai nationality live in Russia. This is an offshoot of the Turkic people, who historically lived in the Lower Volga region, the North Caucasus, Crimea, and the Northern Black Sea region. In total, according to rough estimates, there are about 110 thousand representatives of this people left in the world. In addition to Russia, diasporas have settled in Romania, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Turkey.

Nogai State

Original public education Representatives of the Nogai nationality were the Nogai Horde. This is the last of the nomadic powers formed as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde. It is believed that she had a significant influence on all modern Turkic peoples.

This state was actually formed in the 40s of the 15th century in the area between the Urals and Volga. At the beginning of the 17th century it collapsed under external pressure and due to internecine wars.

Founder of the people

Historians associate the appearance of the Nogai people with the Golden Horde temnik Nogai. This was the ruler of the westernmost ulus, who, since the 1270s, actually refused to obey the khans of Sarai. As a result, Serbia and the Second, as well as part of the northeastern and all southern Russian principalities, fell under it. It is from his name that the Nogai people take their name. They consider the Golden Horde beklarbek their founder.

The administrative center of the Nogai Horde became the city of Saraichik on the Ural River. Now this place is a historical monument, and nearby is a village of the same name in the Atyrau region of Kazakhstan.

Crimean period

Under the influence of the Kalmyks, who moved from the east, in the 17th century the Nogais migrated to the border Crimean Khanate. In 1728, they settled in the northern Black Sea region, recognizing the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire over themselves.

They also had a great influence on the events taking place in our country at that time. Domestic military officers and historians learned the name of the Nogais in 1783, when they launched a major uprising in the Kuban. This was a response to the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire and the forced resettlement of the Nogais to the Urals by decision of the tsarist authorities.

The Nogais tried to take Yeysk, but Russian guns turned out to be a serious obstacle for them. On October 1, the combined units of the Kuban Corps under the command of Suvorov crossed the Kuban River, attacking the rebel camp. In the decisive battle, the Russian army won a convincing victory. According to estimates from domestic archival sources, from 5 to 10 thousand Nogai warriors died as a result. Modern Nogai public organizations claim tens of thousands of dead, among whom were many women and children. Some of them claim that it was an act of genocide.

As a result of this uprising, it suffered significant losses. This affected the entire ethnic group, and after that their political independence was completely lost.

According to modern researchers, until the middle of the 19th century, about 700 thousand Nogais crossed into the territory of the Ottoman Empire.

As part of Russia

After a crushing defeat, representatives of the Nogai nationality found themselves part of the Russian Empire. At the same time, they were forced to leave their lands, as they were considered a politically unreliable contingent. As a result, they dispersed to Transkuban, throughout the North Caucasus, right down to the lower reaches of the Volga and the Caspian steppes. This was the territory of the Nogais at that time.

Since 1793, the Nogais who settled in the North Caucasus became part of the bailiffs, small administrative-territorial units created to govern the Muslim peoples of the Caucasus. In reality, they existed only formally, since real supervision over them was carried out by the military department.

In 1805, a special provision for the management of the Nogais appeared, which was developed by the Committee of Ministers of the Russian Empire. Since the 1820s, most of the Nogai hordes became part of the Stavropol province. Shortly before this, the entire Black Sea region became part of Russia. The remnants of the Nogai hordes switched to a sedentary lifestyle, settling in the Kuban and in the north of the Tauride province.

It is noteworthy that the Nogais took part in the Patriotic War of 1812 as part of the Cossack cavalry. They reached Paris.

Crimean War

During Crimean War 1853-1856 The Nogais who lived in the Melitopol district helped the Russian troops. After the defeat of Russia, representatives of this people were again accused of sympathy for Turkey. Their campaign to evict Russia has resumed. Some joined the Crimean Tatars, the bulk assimilated with the Turkish population. By 1862, almost all Nogais living in the Melitopol district emigrated to Turkey.

The Nogais from Kuban followed the same route after the Caucasian War.

Social stratification

Until 1917, the main occupation of the Nogais remained nomadic cattle breeding. They raised sheep, horses, cattle, and camels.

The Nogai steppe remained the main area of their nomadism. This is a plain in the eastern part of the North Caucasus between the Kuma and Terek rivers. This region is located in the territories of modern Dagestan, Stavropol Territory and Chechnya.

From the 18th century, the Kuban Nogais began to lead the way and took up farming. By the second half of the 19th century, the cultivation of agricultural crops was mainly carried out by the Nogais of the Achikulak police station.

It is worth noting that the majority of agriculture was of an applied nature, mainly engaged in cattle breeding. Moreover, almost all the livestock belonged to the sultans and murzas. Making up only 4 percent of the total Nogai population, they owned 99% of camels, 70% of horses, and almost half of the cattle. As a result, many poor people were forced to go to work in nearby villages to harvest bread and grapes.

Nogais were not called up for military service; in return, they were subject to a special tax. Over time, they began to move away more and more from their traditional breeding of camels and sheep, switching to farming and fishing.

Modern settlement

Today, Nogais predominantly live on the territory of seven constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Most of them are in Dagestan - about forty and a half thousand. More than 22 thousand live in the Stavropol Territory, another fifteen and a half thousand in the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria.

More than a thousand Nogais in Russia were also counted in Chechnya, the Astrakhan region, the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug.

In recent decades, fairly large communities have formed in Moscow and St. Petersburg, numbering up to several hundred people.

There have been many migrations in the history of the Nogais. Traditionally, many representatives of this people live today in Turkey and Romania. They mostly ended up there in the 18th and 19th centuries. Many of them at that time adopted the ethnic identity of the Turkic population that surrounded them there. But at the same time, the majority retained the memory of their Nogai origin. At the same time, it is not possible to establish the exact number of Nogais living in Turkey today. Population censuses that have been conducted since 1970 have ceased to collect information on the nationality of citizens.

In 2005, a decision was made to create a national Nogai region on the territory of Karachay-Cherkessia. By that time, a similar education already existed in Dagestan.

Language

The Nogai language belongs to the Turkic group of the Altai family. Due to their wide geographical distribution, four dialects were distinguished in it. In Chechnya and Dagestan they speak the Karanogai dialect, in the Stavropol Territory - in Kum or directly Nogai, in the Astrakhan region - in Karagash, in Karachay-Cherkessia - in Kuban or Aknogai.

According to classification and origin, Nogai is a steppe dialect, which belongs to the dialect of the Crimean Tatar language. Some experts also classify the dialects of the Alabugat and Yurt Tatars as Nogai dialects, although not everyone shares this opinion.

This people also has a Nogai language, created on the basis of the Karanogai dialect.

From the beginning of the 18th century until 1928, writing was based on Arabic script. Then for ten years it was based on the Latin alphabet. Since 1938, the Cyrillic alphabet has been officially used.

Culture

When talking about the traditional culture and traditions of the Nogais, everyone immediately remembers transhumance and nomadic livestock farming. It is noteworthy that, in addition to camels and horses, historically the Nogais were also involved in breeding geese. From them they received not only meat, but also feathers and down, which were extremely highly valued in the production of blankets, pillows, and feather beds.

The indigenous representatives of this people hunted mainly using birds of prey (falcons, golden eagles, hawks) and dogs (hounds).

Plant growing, fishing and beekeeping developed as auxiliary industries.

Religion

The traditional religion of the Nogais is Islam. They belong to one of the right-wing schools in Sunni Islam, the founder of which is considered to be the 8th century theologian Abu Hanifa and his disciples.

This branch of Islam is distinguished by a clear hierarchy when rendering verdicts. If there is a need to choose from several existing regulations, priority is given to the majority opinion or the most convincing argument.

Most modern Muslims are followers of this right wing. The Hanafi madhhab had the status of an official religion in the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire.

Costume

From the photo of the Nogais you can get an idea of their national costume. It is based on elements of clothing of ancient nomads. Its features evolved from the 7th century BC to the times of the Huns and Kipchaks.

Nogai ornamental art is well known. Classical patterns - the “tree of life”, They go back to the patterns first discovered in the mounds of the Sarmatian, Saka, and Golden Horde periods.

For most of their history, the Nogais remained steppe warriors, so they rarely dismounted. Their characteristics are reflected in their clothing. These were boots with high tops, wide-cut trousers in which it was comfortable to ride, and hats necessarily took into account the peculiarities of the season.

The traditional clothing of the Nogais also includes the bashlyk and beshmet (caftan with a stand-up collar), as well as sheepskin sheepskin coats and trousers.

The cut of a women's suit is similar to that of a man's suit. It is based on a shirt dress, hats made of fabric or fur, fur coats, scarves, scarves, woolen shoes, various types jewelry and belts.

Housing

It was the custom of the Nogais to live in yurts. Their adobe houses, as a rule, consisted of several rooms located in a row.

In particular, such dwellings became widespread among their neighbors in the regions of the North Caucasus. Research has confirmed that the Nogais independently created this type of housing.

Kitchen

The Nogai food system is built on a balance of meat and dairy products. They were used in different forms processing, cooking methods. It was supplemented by products of hunting, agriculture, gathering and fishing.

The national character of dishes originated in the depths of various empires of Eurasia, and is determined by the historically established cultural and economic structure, traditions, and way of life.

Boiled meat is common in their diet; talkan porridge was often prepared from fried millet, ground into flour. It was consumed in food along with milk. Soup was made from ground corn and wheat, and porridge was prepared from corn flour.

A significant place in the diet was occupied by all kinds of soups with different dressings - noodles, rice. Khinkali was considered the Nogai's favorite dish. It was prepared from unleavened dough, cut into small squares and diamonds, which were boiled in meat broth. When preparing this dish, preference was given to lamb.

For drinks, they had five types of tea; kumys was traditionally prepared from mares’ milk, which was famous for its healing properties. Vodka was prepared from mare's milk, another alcoholic drink there was buza, which was cooked from millet flour.

A part of the population of the North Caucasus, Dagestan and Astrakhan region, speaking one of the Turkic languages, is known under the ethnic name “Nogai”. The Nogai language belongs to the Kipchak group of Turkic languages, forming, together with the Kazakh and Karakalpak languages, the Kipchak-Nogai subgroup.

The Nogai people, long before the emergence of the ethnonym “Nogai,” historically consisted of various tribes and peoples. According to the research of T.A. Trofimova, “the population of the steppe zone before the invasion of the Tatars consisted of various Turkic tribes - Oguz, Pecheneg and Polovtsian, known from eastern sources as Kipchaks, and from Western sources - Cumans.” According to A.I. Sikaliev, the Nogais included representatives of the Ugric and Pecheneg tribes, as well as the Khazars, Bulgars, and Kipchaks. At the same time, the process of formation of the Nogais, like many other peoples, took place through migration, settlement, and also the conquest of some ethnic groups by others.

Judging by the ethnonyms, the ethnic basis of the people was made up of ancient Turkic tribes that lived in the vast expanses of the Irtysh region, Northwestern Mongolia, Dasht-i-Kipchak, Central Asia, and the North Caucasus. This is confirmed by the generic and tribal names used by the Nogais to this day. Among the many clans and tribes around which others consolidated, the most common were the Uyghurs, Uysuns, Naimans, Kereyts, Kipchaks, Durmens, Katagans, Kungurats, Mangyts, Keneges, Kanglys, Ases, Bulgars and others, whose history goes back to ancient times.

One of the most ancient are the Uysuns, dating back to the ancient Caucasoid Usuns, who in the V-IV centuries BC were part of a confederation of proto-Hunnic tribes. As a separate clan with its own sign - tamga, they were preserved among the Nogais and many Nogais bear the surname Usunov.

The component that took part in the ethnogenesis of the Nogais is the ancient Kangli tribe, identified with the Kanguy tribe. The Kanglys spoke a Turkic language. Their possessions covered a vast territory in Central Asia, centered on the lower and middle Syr Darya or Khorezm. Subsequently, the Kangles, like the Usuns, were conquered by the Huns and together with them reached the eastern borders of Europe, and then took part in the formation various peoples, including the Nogais, among whom they are still known as “Kangly”.

The Kipchaks played a particularly important role in ethnogenesis. All the other tribes that were part of the Nogais consolidated around them. There is reason to believe that the Kipchaks were “the organizing political basis of the new community,” in this case the Nogais, who have the surname Kupchakov. In the 8th – 9th centuries, the Kipchaks moved from the Irtysh to the west and occupied a vast territory, which became known as Desht-i-Kipchak.

The Mongol invasion influenced the settlement of the Kipchaks in the southern Russian steppes and the North Caucasus. Many tribes migrated from previously occupied territories, and “the steppes from the Urals to the Danube served for the migrations of the remnants of the Cumans and the Turkic tribes that preceded them, uniting with part of the Kipchaks under common name Nogaev. The Naimans occupied a prominent place among the Nogais. According to Rashid ad Din, they had their own state in the upper reaches of the Irtysh next to the Kereyts and Kyrgyz. From the 6th to the 11th centuries, the Naimans, together with the Uyghurs, formed the state of the Toguz-Oguz. The strengthening of the Mongols and their attacks on neighboring states did not escape the Naimans. As a result of many years of wars, their state weakened, and in 1218 it was finally defeated by the united forces of the Mongols. After this, the Naiman ethnic groups, involved in the orbit of the Mongol conquests, settled in different areas of the vast territory of the Golden Horde and took part in the formation of many nations.

Already in the pre-Mongol era, the Kereits numbered many tribes and created their own state, which also occupied part of modern Mongolia. At the time of his rise, Genghis Khan found an ally in the person of Kereit Vanhan. But subsequently he attacked the Kereit state and subjugated it to himself. The formation and collapse of the Golden Horde contributed to the migration of the Kereits, who became part of the Nogais.

A significant role in the ethnogenesis of the Nogais was played by the ancient Kongirats, who split into several clans. They lived in the area of modern Ulaanbaatar, became part of the Golden Horde, during its collapse they participated in the formation of the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Karakalpaks, Nogais, and left behind many place names

The Nogais included representatives of the population of the ancient Bulgar state - the Ases and Bulgars. The descendants of the Ases are divided into “shimmishli - as”, “dort - ullu - as”, “kara - as”, “akb - as”, “kult - as”, have ancestral tamgas and, unlike many exogamous surnames, are endogamous.

As we see, a variety of tribes took part in the formation of the Nogais. Some of them are known before our era, many had states. At different times they were part of the Hunnic League, Turkic Khaganates, and Bulgar-Khazar associations.

Large migrations of various tribes caused political events associated with the formation and collapse of the Golden Horde. On the ruins of the Golden Horde, along with the Uzbek, Astrakhan, Kazan, Siberian, and Crimean khanates, the Nogai Horde arose, which included various tribes and clans that became its basis. Among these groups, in terms of numbers and influence, the Kipchaks probably occupied first place.

The Kipchaks, as part of the Turkic-speaking tribes, came under the rule of the Golden Horde khans already in the 13th century, as G.A. writes. Fedorov-Tarasov: “The process of mixing the nomads of Desht-i-Kipchak and the formation of new nomadic formations, which began in the 13th century, was completed in the 15th century. And, indeed, in the 15th century there are no Polovtsians - Kipchaks in the old sense. “Tatars” roam in the large horde, in the Astrakhan steppes the population is also called “Tatars”, in the eastern part of the Golden Horde there are Kazakhs, Uzbeks and Mangyts - Nogais.”

In the VIII – IX centuries. Between the Volga and Yaik lived the Pechenegs. In the 9th century. Torques began to crowd them. At the end of the 9th century, the Khazar Khaganate collapsed under the blows of the Pecheneg tribal union. However, the Pechenegs did not hold out for long in the steppe regions of southern Russia. Under the pressure of the Slavs, Torci and Polovtsians, the Pechenegs migrated to the lower reaches of the Danube. In the 12th – 13th centuries, the remnants of the Pechenegs merged with the Cumans, and then with the Mongol-Tatars.

The first detailed information about the Polovtsians - Kipchaks of the North Caucasus was reported by Z.V. Anchabadze, having studied the Georgian chronicles of that time. As a result of analyzing these chronicles, he came to the conclusion that in the second half of the 11th century, the Kipchaks already lived in the North Caucasus, and this changed its previous ethnic map. “Central Ciscaucasia,” notes Z.V. Anchabadze, was not the only place of settlement of the Kipchaks in the North Caucasus in the 11th – 12th centuries. A certain part of them also lived in Primorsky Dagestan. The author of the Georgian anonymous history of the 12th century, who described in detail the reign of his contemporary David the Builder (1089 - 1125), calls this part of the Kipchaks “Derbent Kipchaks”. Subsequently, through the Daryal Passage, part of the Polovtsians from the Central Ciscaucasia moved to Georgia. At the end of the first quarter of the 12th century. on military service The Georgian king had 40 thousand Kipchak warriors, and 5 thousand selected soldiers made up the personal guard of David the Builder. The resettlement of Kipchaks to Georgia continued in the 13th century.

The sources allow us to get some idea of the socio-economic structure of the Kipchaks of the southern Russian steppes and the North Caucasus at that time. Society was clearly divided into rich and poor. According to S.A. Pletneva, “the tribal system was dying out, in its depths, covered by ancient customs, feudalism was born.”

The first to unite the Kipchak lands into one state was Khan Konchak. However, already under Yuri Konchakovich, this state again returned to an amorphous state, which facilitated its conquest by the Tatar-Mongols.

About the external appearance of the Kipchaks, Z.V. Anchabadze writes: “There are no direct indications on this matter in the Georgian chronicles, but some indirect data allow us to assume that the Kipchaks (or a certain part of them) were distinguished by Caucasian rather than Mongoloid features. The fact is that not a single Georgian author, including the historian David the Builder, who describes the Kipchaks in detail based on personal acquaintance with them, says anything about their Mongolism.”

As mentioned above, under Konchak’s son Yuri, the Polovtsian state collapsed. Scattered ephemeral nomadic alliances of the Polovtsians could not resist the Tatar-Mongol invasion in the 13th century. “The Mongols,” writes researcher G.A. Fedorov-Davydov, “turned out to be stronger than the Polovtsians with their discipline, unity of power, and the absence of discord among the nomadic aristocracy at the time of the conquest.”

The Tatar-Mongol invasion of the Caucasus and Rus' redrawn the previous ethnic map. In 1220–1223, the army of Jebey and Subedei invaded Georgia and then ended up in the North Caucasus and Dagestan. The Russian chronicle reports: “And we have heard that many lands of captivity, jases, obezes, kasogs and godless Polovtsians, are a multitude of destruction, and others have been driven away and thus killed by the wrath of God and His most pure mother.” The first Mongol invasion of the North Caucasus ended with the defeat of the Alans and Cumans, but the Mongols did not assert their dominance over the region. The further conquest of the North Caucasus occurred simultaneously with the conquest of the southern Russian lands.

The Mongol invasion of the North Caucasus led to the complete conquest of the Polovtsian lands. Only a small part of the Polovtsy with Khan Kotyan managed to escape to Hungary. The Hungarian Kipchaks disappeared without a trace in the country only during the time of Turkish rule (1541 - 1699).

During the period of Mongol rule in the steppes, large associations of Polovtsy disappeared. Starting from the second half of the 13th century, the Russian chronicle does not mention a single name of the Polovtsian khan. At the very beginning of the struggle of the Polovtsians against the Mongols in Desht-i-Kipchak, a mixing of tribal associations began. The winners went so far as to begin calling the Polovtsians “Tatars.” By this name, the Mongols meant not only the Kipchak-Polovtsians, but also the Bulgars, Madjars, Burtases and other large ethnic divisions who spoke Turkic languages.

The Caucasian Cumans acted as a link between the population of the Golden Horde and the North Caucasus. This connection did not stop even after the collapse of the Golden Horde. The Polovtsian traditions were later continued by the Nogais, who began to form as an independent people already in the depths of the Mongolian state during the period of Nogai’s activity. Under him, his ulus lands included the fertile regions of the Black Sea region and the Cis-Caucasian steppes. In all likelihood, from that time on, the ethnonym “Nogai” began to spread among the Polovtsians who roamed the North Caucasus.

The Nogai Horde was formed, as we have already noted, on the ruins of the Golden Horde simultaneously with the Tatar khanates - Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimean and Siberian. The center of the Horde became the city of Saraichik (Saraijuk), located in the lower reaches of the Yaik River.

Until the 14th century, the term “Nogai” was unknown. The term “Nogai” and “Nogai Horde” as collective name For the entire Turkic-Mongolian population of the Mangyt yurt, it appears that the yurt arose only in the 20s of the 14th century. In Western European literature, this term appeared in 1517 in the “Treatise on Two Sarmatias” by Matvey Mekhovsky, and in Eastern literature - in the Turkish historian Janiabi (died in 1590), who called Edigei “the head of the generation of Nogais.” The Nogais themselves in their charters usually called themselves Mangits, and their state “Mangit Yurt”. The name “Nogai” was obviously given to them by other peoples, or perhaps by those close to Khan Tokhtamysh, who gave this nickname to Edigei himself. Later, the name “Nogai” was assigned to its ulus people.

The “Mangyt yurt” of Edigei, which separated from the Golden Horde in 1391, was already one of the significant patriarchal-feudal associations. Edigei's successor (died in 1420) in the Mangit yurt was his son Gaziy, who was declared biy according to his father's will. At the beginning of the 15th century, the Mangit ulus was located between the Emba and Yaik rivers, and then under Nuraddin (1426 - 1440s) its possessions expanded significantly due to the territory adjacent to the Volga.

The Nogai horde finally took shape as an independent state in the 40s of the 16th century. At this time she occupied relatively large territory from the Volga to the Irtysh and from the shores of the Caspian and Aral seas to the forest zone in the north. The Horde was divided into a number of uluses, headed by the Murzas, often only nominally subordinate to the prince.

In the 16th century, the Nogai Horde bordered in the northwest with the Kazan Khanate along the Samara, Kenili and Kenilchik rivers. Sometimes the borders of her possessions reached the city of Kazan. In the Kazan Khanate there were “Mangit places”, from which the Nogai feudal lords received “Mangit income”. Prince Ismail reported in 1556 that they “got from Kazan an annual one hundred batman honey and nine fur coats,” that he “had a hundred rubles of money from Kazan residents.” The Nogai's possessions also reached the Kama. The Bashkirs and Ostyaks who lived near the Ufa River also paid tribute to the Nogai feudal lords.

In the northeast, the Nogai Horde bordered on the Siberian Khanate, wandering “near Tyumen, against Ivak.”

In the second half of the 16th century, the Nogais roamed the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, off the coast Aral Sea, near Karakum, Barsunkum and the northeastern shores of the Caspian Sea. “The power of the Nogai rulers extended to some Turkhmen uluses.” Prince Tin-Akhmet wrote to Ivan IV in 1564 that “the Turkmen speak the ulus, and they are my people.” Later he reported: “The Turkmen ulus is from my father and from my great-grandfather, my ulus.”

The western border of the Nogai Horde until its collapse remained on the Volga from the mouth of the Samara River to Astrakhan. The Nogai Horde differed from other Tatar khanates not so much in the size of its territory as in the number of ulus people: 300–350 thousand people and could field about 200 thousand military people.

In the 30s of the 17th century, Kalmyks appeared in the Volga region, who had previously roamed Siberia on Tobol and Ishim. The appearance of the Kalmyks in the midst of the Polish-Swedish intervention, the powerlessness of the Nogai ruler to resist the Kalmyks forced the Greater Nogais to migrate to the other side of the Volga in 1606, where they fell under the influence of the Crimean Khan and from a “friend” of the Moscow state turned into its “enemy”, which was the beginning of that great tragedy, the last act of which was the loss of the Nogais’ right to further existence as a state.

Already in 1608, a new direction of the Kalmyk offensive was outlined - to the southwest into the areas of the Nogai nomads. Having initially limited themselves to the Emba River basin, in 1613 the Kalmyks crossed the Yaik River for the first time and headed to the Volga. The need to advance in the direction of Emba - Yaik - Volga was dictated for the Kalmyks by the fact that by that time they had been greatly displaced by the Mongol khan Altan Khan. He forced the Kalmyks to pay heavy tribute not only to themselves, but also to their ally, the Chinese emperor. In 1630, Urlyuk-taisha fought with the Nogais and Russian archers “subject to the sovereign” two days’ journey from Astrakhan. In 1633, the son of Urlyuk Daichin, Taisha, came with a large army to Astrakhan and fought with the Russian troops.

The Kalmyks were attracted by free wanderings beyond the Volga, moreover, they no longer found enough military booty on the left bank they had devastated, for many Nogai tribes, fleeing the Kalmyk raids, went to the right bank. The Kalmyk taishi behaved extremely aggressively towards the Nogais. Sources indicate that the Kalmyk taishas extended their dominance to all “uluses of the Great Horde that they encountered along this path, namely, the generation ... China, Kipchak” Mangit, Yedisan. Then the independence of the Nogai Horde “disappeared and the existence of the supreme princes ceased to exist, and the aimaks were left under the control of their murzas. Of the Nogai aimaks, some remained for some time under the rule of the Kalmyk rulers, others found refuge in Dagestan with the Kumyk (rulers); others found refuge in Kabarda; fourth - Budzhak, otherwise called Belgorod and Akkerman, subjected themselves to the domination of the Crimean khans and wandered in Bessarabia; others constituted the Bujak and Yedisan hordes controlled by one of the Girey sultans.” But when the Kalmyks began to “extend their nomads from the right bank of the Volga to the Kuban,” the Nogais’ stay in this country became impossible and they “sought refuge in the mountainous places on the left side of the Kuban.”

Under pressure from the Kalmyk feudal lords in the winter of 1671, 15,000 Dzhetysan tents, led by their Murzas, left for Astrakhan. However, already on April 12 of the same year, Yamgurchey “with the mountain Chechens and Crimeans came near Astrakhan and attacked those Dzhetysan Tatars,” and then “they took them and took them with them to the mountains and under Crimean authorities to Kuban (transferred), and captured several Astrakhan Yurt Tatars.”

The Kalmyks did not leave the Nogais alone, who roamed “near Kabarda near the Terek River.” In 1672, having gathered a large Kalmyk army, Ayuk Khan attacked the Small Nagais and forced them to return to Russian citizenship and imposed a tribute of “kumach from each family per year.” At the end of the 17th century, many Nogai tribes of the Great Horde, not wanting to obey the Kalmyk taisha, left the Volga for the Kuban. In 1696, “Big Nogai, under the leadership of the main Murzas, Dzhakshat Murza and Agash Murza, left the Volga for the Kuban, taking with them some of the Dzhetysans and Dzhemoiluks...”.

The political events of the 17th century led to the fact that a significant part of the Nogais were forced to leave the ancestral territory of their nomads - the steppes of the Volga region and Ciscaucasia - and move to the mountains.

Constantly under the threat of the Crimean Khans on the one hand, and the onslaught of the Kalmyk feudal lords, on the other, the Nogais constantly wandered from the Volga to the Kuban, from the Kuban to the Dnieper and Bessarabia and back. It's hard to follow all these movements. In the first half of the 18th century, the Jetysans and Dzhemboylukovites migrated from the Volga to the Kuban and back several times. In 1715, the Kuban Bakta Girey Sultan with his army came to the Volga near Astrakhan and “took all the Dzhetysans and Dzhemboyluks to his place in Kuban.” Literally two years later, in 1717, the Dzhetysan and Dzhemboylukovo Nogais were again brought to the Volga.

In 1723, during civil strife among the Kalmyks, the Nogais left the Volga and moved to the Kuban, from where in 1728 the Dzhetysan Nogais were transferred “through the Crimea to Perekop, so that the Kalmyks would not take them in or they would not go to them.”

In 1738, another 700 Nogai tents left Kalmyk tutelage for Kuban, but they were forced to return to their original places. As a result of all the migrations, the North Caucasian Nogais at the end of the 18th century were divided into three large groups: Caspian people (the so-called Karanogays), who roamed mainly in the Kizlyar steppes, Beshtaugors, who, according to S. Bronevsky, “partly wander, partly live in houses near the Beshtov mountains along the rivers Tansyk, Dzhegata, Barsukly, along the Small and Bolshoi Yankulakg, Kalauza and Karamyk" and the Kuban people, who wandered from Kabarda to the Kerch Strait.

In addition, about 2,000 Nogai tents lived on the Kumyk plane, who were “subject to the Aksayev princes,” and at least 5,000 tents were “living among the Circassians.” If we include the Nogais wandering in Molochny Vody and Bessarabia, then the total number of Nogais will be more than 30,000 tents.

For a long time, the Crimean khans sought to expand their possessions in the direction of the North Caucasus. They managed to subjugate the Nogais, who wandered between Sea of Azov and Kuban.

A special position in the Crimean Khanate was occupied by the Nogais, who roamed north of Perekop over a vast territory from the Danube to the Kuban. Being nomadic pastoralists and inhabiting border areas, the Nogais changed their citizenship many times until they finally became part of the Crimean Khanate.

As already noted, at the beginning of the 18th century such political entities like the Yedisan Horde, the Budzhak Horde, the Dzhemboylukov Horde and the Kuban Horde, which were under the rule of the Crimean Khan. Each of these hordes retained independent governance and, in turn, was divided into small aul communities.

The territory of the Nogai hordes can be determined purely tentatively by the relative length of time that the bulk of the population subject to one or another seraskir or murza lived there, based on the direction and place of nomadism by season. In the middle of the 18th century, the Nogais occupied the following territory: the Budzhak Nogais were located in the “Budzhak steppe” between the Danube and Dniester rivers, the Black Sea and Moldova; Yedisan Nogais - from the Dniester River to the Dnieper, along the Bug and the borders of Poland; Dzhemboylukovtsy - on the flat part of the land between the Dnieper and Don rivers and the borders of Russia to Azov; Kuban Nogais - between the Sea of Azov and the rivers Kuban, Eyu and the Bosporus Strait.

After the conquest of Crimea by Russia and the settlement of the Cossacks along the Don and Black Sea coast Small Nogai were forced to migrate west from the Don and occupy the Cis-Caucasian steppes.

Thus, as a result of the mixing of different tribes and peoples and migrations, two groups of Nogais are formed: the Karanogais, living today in the territory of Dagestan and Chechnya, and the Aknogais (Kuban Nogais), settled in the territory of Karachay-Cherkessia and the Stavropol Territory.

1. Anchabadze Z.V. Kipchaks of the North Caucasus according to the Georgian Chronicle. XI – XIV centuries // About the origin of the Balkars and Karachais. - Nalchik, 1960.

2. Kereytov R.Kh. Nogais. Features of ethnic history and everyday culture. – Stavropol, 2009.

3. Kochekaev B. Social, economic and political development of Nogai society. – Alma-Ata, 1973.

4. Pletneva S.A. Polovtsian land. - M., 1975.

5. Sikaliev A.I-M. Ancient Turkic written monuments and Nogais. - SE. – 1970.- No. 4.

6. Trofimova T.A. Ethnogenesis of the Volga Tatars in the light of anthropological data. – M. – L., 1949.

7. Fedorov-Davydov G.A. Nomads of Eastern Europe under the rule of the Golden Horde khans. M., 1966.

The program “Peoples of Russia” is the only information and musical program in Russia dedicated to the life, history, music and traditions of large and small peoples living in the multinational Russian state. It was broadcast for the first time in January 2001 and since then, judging by the number of letters, it has been enjoyed by Radio Russia listeners. great success. Published every second and fourth Sunday of the month at 19.10 (Moscow time).

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A story about the Nogais - this very large people who, basically, live far beyond the borders of their homeland. According to some estimates, there are up to 4.5 million Nogais in the world, while only about 90 thousand people live in Russia.

Guest of the program - Viktor Mikhailovich Victorin, Candidate of Historical Sciences of Astrakhan University state university, Department of Oriental Languages, Associate Professor, Head of the Research Center for Ethnopolitics and prev. Scientific Council of Local Lore (Astrakhan region)

Reference:
The Nogais were formed on the basis of a mixture of Polovtsians, Mongols-Mangyts and Guzes in the Eurasian steppes of the 15th century between the Volga, Emba and Irtysh rivers. The ethnonym was taken on behalf of Nogai (XIII century) - one of the first Golden Horde rebels, in order to indicate his fundamental disloyalty to Genghisids.

According to another version, Mongol khans The rebels were nicknamed dogs (Mongolian nokhoi). Edigei became the founder of the Nogai state.
Mongoloid features sharply distinguish the Nogais from their environment.

Previously, the Nogais lived in the steppes from the Black to the Aral Seas. Nowadays they live mainly in the North Caucasus (Nogai steppe) in Dagestan (in the Nogai, Tarumovsky, Kizlyar and Babayurt regions, as well as in the village of Sulak in the city of Makhachkala), Stavropol Territory, Astrakhan Region and Karachay-Cherkessia.
Nogais also live in Turkey and Romania. There are Nogai diasporas in large cities of Russia - in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

In Dagestan, the Nogais have their own national district (see Nogai district of Dagestan); the decision to create a similar district in Karachay-Cherkessia was made in the summer of 2005 and confirmed in a referendum on October 8, 2006. The Nogai region of Karachay-Cherkessia, whose borders are yet to be determined, will have, it is believed, more high status, because the Nogai people are one of the five constituent peoples in this republic.
The believers are Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi persuasion.

Traditional milk drinks for Nogais are ayran and kumiss. Food was prepared in camp cauldrons.

Yurt with mats. The hearth was located in the center. The collection of yurts formed an aul. The yurt was prefabricated and could be transported on a two-wheeled cart.

The Nogais are the descendants of the Polovtsian population of the Golden Horde, who rebelled against the power of the Mongol khans.

After the fall of the Golden Horde, the Nogais wandered in the lower Volga region, but the movement of Kalmyks from the east in the 17th century led to the migration of the Nogais to the North Caucasian borders of the Crimean Khanate). Other Nogais migrated to the southern shore of the Aral Sea and laid the foundation for the Karakalpaks. Those who chose to stay on the lands of their ancestors became part of the Younger Zhuz and were assimilated by the Kazakhs.

In the 1728th century, some of the Nogais settled in the northern Black Sea region (Budzhak, Yedisan, Dzhambayluk and Yedishkul), where they recognized the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire, but after the arrival of the Russians they were again resettled in 1771 to the Kuban.

In 1783, Catherine II issued a manifesto abolishing the statehood of the Black Sea hordes, and they themselves were ordered to move from the Novorossiysk steppes to the Trans-Urals. Attempts at deportation caused new unrest among the Nogais, and A.V. Suvorov was sent to suppress them. The Nogais were defeated, many of them died.

By 1812, the entire Northern Black Sea region finally became part of Russia. This was followed by mass forced deportation of the population of this territory to Turkey. Sources claim that in total between 500 thousand and one million people were resettled. It is impossible to accurately estimate how many of them were Nogais, since no registration of emigrants was carried out, and all Muslims, including Crimean Tatars and Turks, were evicted. The remnants of the Nogai hordes were herded into a kind of reservation in the north of the Tauride province (modern Kherson region) and in the Kuban, and were forcibly transferred to a sedentary lifestyle.

After the Crimean War of 1853-56, the Nogais were again accused of sympathizing with Turkey, and the campaign to evict them from Russia was resumed. Tens of thousands of people were forcibly removed. The Nogais who remained with the Northern Black Sea region joined the Crimean Tatars, and the bulk of those deported were assimilated by the Turkish population of Anatolia.
The Karanogais began to wander near Kizlyar, and the Edisans and Dzhambayluks began to wander near Mozdok.

By the middle of the 20th century, the Nogais remained living only in the Nogai steppe, divided between Dagestan, Chechnya and the Stavropol Territory. (Based on materials from electronic media)