Change by case of numeral name. Collective numbers

Russian language course in school curriculum involves the study of all auxiliary and significant parts of speech. To study each of them there is its own section of the language, which is given a certain amount of time. One of the extensive topics is “Numerals”. It contains many sections. This is also the structure of this part of speech, in which there are quantitative, ordinal, integer, fractional and collective numerals. As well as ways of using words denoting numbers in a sentence, their change by gender and declension by case.

Definition

The study of the section on begins in third grade and continues throughout school course. In a Russian language textbook, the definition sounds something like this: it is independent part speech, which is formed by a non-replenishable group of words indicating the quantity and number of objects, as well as their serial number when counting and answering questions Which? and how much? Initial form the name of the numeral is the nominative case.

Morphological features of the numeral

Like other nouns, a numeral has variable and constant characteristics. The first includes gender, number and case form, and the others include belonging to the category and type in the system of numerals. It is these morphological features that are the basis for recognizing this part of speech as independent.

Number places

According to their meaning, all numerals are divided into two categories:

Quantitative. As a rule, words belonging to this category denote the quantity and number of objects. Among cardinal numbers there are three types: integers ( five, eight, twenty), fractional ( one fifth, three fourths) and collective ( two, both, five). It should be noted that some types of cardinal numbers can be used simultaneously, forming mixed numbers. For example: two whole and three quarters, one whole and one second. Collective and fractional numbers cannot be used together.
Ordinal. Words that belong to this category indicate the serial number of an object or person when counting. For example: fifth, seventh, thirty-third, one hundred and fifty-eighth. As can be seen from the example, such numerals can consist of one word or several.

Structure of numerals by composition

Depending on how many words the numeral name consists of, it can be simple ( one, forty), complex ( sixty, seventy) and composite ( twenty five, two thirds). It should be noted that complex numeral names are those that are built on the basis of simple ones, for example, five and ten - fifty.

Collective numbers and their signs

Collective numbers are special group words that indicate a collection of objects or persons. Quite often, schoolchildren confuse simple numbers with collective numbers. To prevent this from happening, you need to learn to distinguish between them. For example: two fishermen- simple numeral; two fishermen- collective numeral. This type is formed on the basis of a cardinal number by adding a suffix -o- or -er- and endings -e or -o. For example: two - two, three - three, four - four, five - five, six - six, seven - seven, eight - eight, nine - nine, ten - ten.

Declension of numerals

As already mentioned, one of the inconsistent features of this part of speech is the change in cases. This topic is quite difficult to master, and many people make mistakes when declension of numerals by case, even as adults. And the reason for this is the special forms of declension of some words. Each type of numeral is declined according to certain rules:

Declension of collective numerals is done in the same way as in the case of plural adjectives.
When changing the case form of a fractional number, the first part is declined as a simple integer, and the second as an ordinal, in the plural.
Cardinal numerals have their own characteristics during declension: the number “one” is declined according to the type of the pronoun “this”, and the remaining numbers should be considered with an example. It is also worth noting that when declining, all parts of the number are declined.

Examples of declension of numerals

Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative	Instrumental	Prepositional
Who? What?	whom? what?	to whom? what?	whom? What?	by whom? how?	about whom? about what?
two	two	two	two, two	two	about two
one	one	alone	one, one	one	about one thing
five hundred twenty	five hundred twenty	five hundred twenty	five hundred twenty	five hundred twenty	about five hundred twenty
fourty	magpie	magpie	fourty	magpie	about forty
thousand four	thousand four	one thousand four	thousand four	thousand four	about one thousand four
three hundred three	three hundred three	three hundred three	three hundred three	three hundred three	about three hundred three
four	four	four	four, four	four	about four

It is also worth noting that cardinal numbers such as little, a lot, can only be used in the nominative and But the words a little, a lot, several And How many when used in, they acquire endings similar to plural adjectives.

Syntactic compatibility of numerals

Another ode important topic in the section on the numeral name is the use of this part of speech. Quite often in everyday life deal with collective numerals, and therefore you should know how to pronounce and write them correctly. And in order to avoid mistakes, you should study not only the declension of numerals by case, but also a topic that reveals what the collective numeral can be combined with. A noun is the main syntactic compatibility partner of a numeral. And there are a lot of features that every educated person should know.

Use of cardinal integers and ordinal numbers

If a numeral in a sentence is used in the nominative and accusative cases, then the noun must have the form genitive case. For example: d nine notebooks, twenty roses, five people.

It should also be noted that numerals such as one and a half, four, three And two, are combined only with nouns in singular, and all the rest are in the plural. For example: two notebooks, three roses, four people.

The examples discussed above show syntactic compatibility, which is called control, since the case of the noun depends on the numeral.

Another type of compatibility is agreement, when both one and the other parts of speech are used in the same case. The only exception in this case is the word one, which agrees with the noun in all cases.

When agreeing ordinal numbers with a noun, they behave in the same way as adjectives. For example: eighth week, tenth day, fourth day. When declining such a numeral by case, it should be taken into account that only the ending of the last word changes. For example: one hundred fifty-fifth paragraph.

Use of collective numerals

Collective numbers are combined with nouns only in the genitive case. The exception is the word both, in which the companion should only have For example: seven kittens And both are friends.

Declension of cardinal numbers

Examples of cardinal numbers: two, eighteen, one hundred forty-one.

The declension of the numeral one depends on the number and gender.

Case	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine	All kinds
AND.	one	one	one	alone
R.	one		one	alone
D.	alone		one	one
IN.	one, one	one	one	alone, alone
T.	one		one(s)	alone
P.	(about) one		(about) one	(about) alone

The numeral two is masculine and neuter, the numeral two is feminine. The numerals two, two, three, four when applied to inanimate objects in the accusative case have the form of the nominative case, when applied to animate objects - the form of the genitive case. Examples: I see three horses, I see three chairs, I see two cats, I see two telephones, I see two cars. The numeral four has the letter ь in the instrumental case - four b me. Let's summarize the rules in a table.

Case	2	3	4
AND.	two, two	three	four
R.	two	three	four
D.	two	three	four
IN.	two, two	three, three	four, four
T.	two	three	four
P.	about two	about three	about four

Cardinal numbers from five to twenty and thirty are declined as nouns of the 3rd declension: in the genitive, dative, prepositional cases the ending is -i, in the instrumental case the ending is -yu.

Cases	5-20	30
I., V.	five	thirty
R., D., P.	five	thirty
T.	five	thirty

It should be remembered that the cardinal numbers forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half hundred have only two forms.

Cases	40	90	100
I., V.	fourty	ninety	one hundred	one and a half hundred
R., D., T., P.	magpie	ninety	hundred	half toast

The numerals from fifty to eighty, from five hundred to nine hundred, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred have both parts declined. We list them in the table below.

Case	50-80	200-400	500-900
AND.	fifty	two hundred	five hundred
R.	five ten	two hundred	five hundred
D.	five ten	two hundred	five hundred
IN.	fifty	two hundred	five hundred
T.	five ten	two hundred	five hundred
P.	about five ten	about two hundred	about five hundred

In compound cardinal numbers, each word is declined according to case.

Example: 2,537
I.p. two thousand five hundred thirty seven
R.p. two thousand five hundred thirty seven
D.p. two thousand five hundred thirty seven
V.p. two thousand five hundred thirty seven
etc. two thousand five hundred thirty seven
P.p. about two thousand five hundred thirty-seven

Declension of ordinal numbers

Examples of ordinal numbers: second, eighteenth, one hundred and forty-first.

Ordinal numbers vary by number and gender. This should be taken into account when declension by case. For compound ordinal numbers, only the inflection is last word. The ending is formed according to the same principle as that of relative adjectives.

Case	1						...	10			...
Case	avg.		male		female		...	avg.	male	female	...
AND.	first	1st	first	1st	first	1st	...	tenth	tenth	tenth	...
R.	first	1st	first	1st	first	1st		tenth	tenth	tenth
D.	first	1st	first	1st	first	1st		tenth	tenth	tenth
IN.	first	1st	first	1st	first	1st		tenth	tenth	tenth
T.	first	1st	first	1st	first	1st		tenth	tenth	tenth
P.	about the first	about 1st	about the first	about 1st	about the first	o 1st		about the tenth	about the tenth	about tenth

Example: 2 325th
I.p. two thousand three hundred twenty-five
R.p. two thousand three hundred twenty-fifth
...
P.p. about two thousand three hundred twenty-five

For compound ordinal numbers, only the last word is declined:

Nominative
Genitive	one thousand nine hundred eighty six Wow
Dative	one thousand nine hundred eighty six wow
Accusative case	one thousand nine hundred eighty six Wow(animate) one thousand nine hundred eighty six Ouch(inanimate)
Instrumental case	one thousand nine hundred eighty six th
Prepositional	o one thousand nine hundred eighty six ohm

If we write the date with one thousand in words, then we do not write the word one:

A.S. Pushkin was born in one thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine.

Declension of collective numerals

Example of collective numerals: both, both, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, how many.

Collective numbers are declined according to the same principle as adjectives. plural.

Examples:
I.p. four, how many
...
etc. four, how many
P.p. about four, about how many

The collective numerals “both” and “both” are declined differently.

Case	Male and neuter	Feminine
AND.	both	both
R.	both	both
D.	both	both
IN.	both, both	both, both
T.	both	both
P.	about both	about both

Declension of fractional numbers

Examples of fractional numbers: one second, seven hundredths, one and a half.

A fractional number has two parts: the numerator of the fraction (the cardinal number that represents a whole number) and the denominator of the fraction (the ordinal number). Both parts change in cases in accordance with the declension of cardinal and ordinal numbers. The second part is declined as an ordinal number in the plural: to three-fifths (d.p.), with two-fifths (tv.p.). When denoting quantity, the noun with a fractional numeral is used in the genitive case: from one-seventh of the area, to two-sevenths of the area of the rectangle.

It should be remembered that the numeral one and a half is declined according to a special rule.

Case	Masculine	Feminine
I., V.	one and a half	one and a half
R., D., T., P.	one and a half	one and a half

Name: Declension of numerals.

Numeral- an independent part of speech denoting the number, quantity and order of objects. Answers the questions: How much? Which? Which?

Numerals are divided into three lexico-grammatical categories:
1. Collective (both, two, five)
2. Quantitative (two, five, twenty, fifty, two hundred, three hundred fifty-one)
3. Ordinal (first, second, hundredth).

At the same time, cardinal numerals include definite-quantitative and indefinite-quantitative numerals. The first ones denote a certain number of units (two, four, fifteen, one and a half hundred, two hundred), the second ones - an indefinite number of units; These include the words little, no little, many, little, as well as the pronominal numerals several, how many, how many, some, so many.

Cardinal numbers denote the actual quantity, and collective- quantity as a set: there are four boys in the room, three have dark hair.

Declension of numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine occurs on the model of third declension nouns (night, shadow)

But: instrumental case: eight and eight.

-twenty, such as eleven, twelve, thirty and others are declined as follows:

Numerals ending in -ten, such as fifty, sixty, etc., are declined as follows:

But: instrumental case - eighty And eighty

In complex numerals from fifty to eighty and from two hundred to nine hundred, both parts of the word are declined.

Declension of numerals 40, 90, 100.

Declension of collective numerals both, both

Declension of cardinal numbers

In compound cardinal numerals, all words forming them are declined, and nouns denoting countable objects in all cases, except the nominative and accusative, agree with the numeral in the case.
For example: a series of manuals with three hundred and sixty-seven drawings.
But: there are three hundred and sixty-seven drawings in the manual (sixty-three drawings).

The word thousand is declined as a feminine noun in -a; the words million and billion are declined like masculine nouns with a consonant as the stem.

Memo:

The numerals forty, ninety and one hundred have only two forms: forty, ninety, hundred (i.p., v.p.) and forty, ninety, hundred (in all other cases). Therefore, it is correct: with ninety rubles, about forty students, with a hundred problems, and NOT *with ninety rubles, about forty students, with a hundred problems.

The numeral one and a half has two forms of the nominative case - one and a half (m.r. and s.r.) and one and a half (f.r.): one and a half liters, one and a half logs, one and a half lives. The form of all indirect cases (except the accusative) is one and a half. That's right: about one and a half days, and NOT *about one and a half days, *one and a half days.

CORRECT: Until what time is the library open? She works until so-and-so, NOT *until what, until so-and-so.

CORRECT: one thousand employees, one million employees, three thousand employees (etc.), one thousand employees, one million employees, three thousand employees, one thousand employees and one thousand employees (etc.).
CORRECT: address twenty-five thousand students, but address twenty-five thousand one hundred students.

Difficulties in the formation of numeral forms and their use in speech are mainly associated with their change in cases and combination with nouns.

1. The norm of the literary language is the declension of each word and each part in compound and complex cardinal numerals. In oral speech, there is a regular loss of declension in all parts except the last.

Wed: the norm is the form: with five hundred sixty three rubles, in oral speech typically - with five hundred and sixty-three rubles.

Please note that the loss of declension of each part, except the last, is not allowed by literary norm!

In addition, it should be remembered that the majority of numerals are declined according to the third declension.

The numeral thousand changes like a noun of the first declension (in common parlance its illegal declension of the third type is often found: with a thousand instead of normative with a thousand).

The numerals forty and one hundred have only one form in oblique cases - forty, one hundred, but as part of complex numerals one hundred Declined according to the archaic declension: about three hundred, with three hundred.

2. When declension compound ordinal numbers only their last part changes. It is this part that has the form of an ordinal number, coinciding with the form full adjectives. The remaining parts have the form of cardinal numbers, but do not change!

Wed: one thousand nine hundred and forty-one - in one thousand nine hundred and forty-five; two thousand and three - until two thousand and three.

3. Collective numbers ( two, three etc.) can only be used with masculine nouns, nouns denoting young animals or having only a plural form:

two men, two guys, two kittens, two scissors.

In other cases, the use of collective numerals in literary language is unacceptable.

In addition, remember that collective numbers only express numbers from two to ten! Therefore, when indicating a number of more than ten males or young animals, quantitative numerals should be used:

twelve friends, forty-five cubs.

Particular attention should be paid to indicate a quantity of more than ten for those nouns that do not have a singular form.

Combinations of compound numerals ending in two, three, four, with nouns that do not have a singular form ( 22 days - twenty two days), are unacceptable in literary speech. Only combinations of the type twenty-one days, twenty-five days. If it is necessary to indicate the corresponding number, a noun that does not have a singular form must be replaced with a synonymous one that has both number forms ( twenty two days). With nouns scissors, forceps etc. you can use words like thing etc. ( twenty three pieces of scissors).

4. The numeral pronoun both has two gender forms: both(Not wallpaper!) - masculine and neuter, both- feminine: in both states, in both countries. The same applies to the numeral one and a half ( one and a half rubles, one and a half thousand). In addition, in indirect cases this numeral has the form one and a half(about one and a half thousand rubles). The numeral one and a half hundred has a similar form in indirect cases ( about one and a half hundred rubles).

5. Collocations "numeral plus noun" behave differently in the nominative and oblique cases.

IN nominative case the numeral controls the genitive case of the noun (to give fifty-five rubles).

In indirect cases, the main word becomes the noun, and the numeral agrees with it ( about fifty-five rubles). In common parlance, a common mistake is when in indirect cases the noun is placed in the genitive case ( about fifty-five rubles). Such control is unacceptable in a literary language!

Numerals thousand, million, billion in all cases they retain control of the dependent noun in the genitive case: a million rubles, about a million rubles.

6. The use of singular or plural forms of a noun depends on the following conditions.

With numerals one, two, three, four the singular form is used ( two days, four apples), with numerals from five onwards, the noun is put in the plural form ( five days).

The numeral one and a half in the nominative and accusative cases governs the singular noun, and in the remaining cases the noun is in the plural form ( an hour and a half - about an hour and a half). The same applies to the numeral one and a half hundred.

For schoolchildren it happens in the sixth grade. This part of speech is necessary in order to literal expression report the number or order of items when counting.

To determine the case y, ask a question about it. You probably know that there are six cases in the language. They are determined using auxiliary questions: - nominative case - who? What?
- genitive case - whom? what?
- - to whom? what?
- accusative case - whom? What?
- - by whom? how?
- prepositional case - about whom? about what?

Depending on the case, they change their shape. For example, the numerals “two”, “three”, “four” are modified as adjectives. For example, in the genitive case there will be “two”, and in the instrumental case - “two”, in the prepositional case - “about two”.

Try to decline the numeral “fifty” and you will see that in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases it will end in “and”.

Know that in compound cardinal numbers all words change form, but in ordinal numbers only the last word changes form. Moreover, it changes like an adjective.

You must remember that in the numerals from two hundred to four hundred, denoting round hundreds, the same endings will be observed in different cases as in nouns belonging to the first declension. This can be seen by using the numeral " " in different cases: - nominative case - four hundred;
- genitive case - four hundred;
- dative case - four hundred;
- accusative case - four hundred;
- instrumental case - four hundred;
- prepositional case - about four hundred.

If you decline the numerals "forty", "ninety" and "one hundred", you will see that they will either have the ending "o" in the nominative and accusative cases, or the ending "a" in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases.

The masculine numerals "both" and the feminine "both" are inflected in the same way as adjectives. So in the genitive, accusative and prepositional cases there will be “both”, in the dative - “both”, and in the instrumental - “both”.

Learn to determine the case of numerals. This will allow you to avoid mistakes in writing.

Sources:

how to change numerals by case

Unlike the Finnish and Hungarian languages, in which there are one and a half to two dozen cases, in Russian grammar there are only six of them. The endings of words in different cases may be the same, so to determine the case, you need to ask the correct question about the word being checked.

Instructions

To determine the case of a noun, carefully read the phrase in which it appears. Find the word that the noun you are checking refers to - that’s why words you will ask a question. For example, you are given the phrase “I love dogs,” and you need to determine the case of the noun “dogs.” The word “dogs” in this sentence is subordinate to the word “love”. Therefore, you will ask a case question as follows: “I love whom?”

Each of the six cases has its own special question. So, in the nominative case they answer the question “who?” or “what?” The auxiliary word “is” can be substituted for this case. For example, there is (who?). The question of the genitive case is “who?” or “what?” The auxiliary word “no” can be substituted for the noun in this case. Dative to the question “to whom?/what?” and is combined with the auxiliary word “give”. Question accusative case- "whom?" or “what?”, and its auxiliary word is “blame.” Nouns in the instrumental case answer the question “by whom?/what?” and are combined with the words “created” and “pleased.” Finally,