The UN was created in 1945. Creation of the UN
And the diplomatic education “European Concert”. However, the Second War required the emergence of a more significant and serious structure. And in early 1945, the world's major powers, such as the Soviet Union, the United States, China, Great Britain and France, signed the treaty establishing the United Nations at a conference in San Francisco. Within six months, 45 more states joined the UN, and Poland later joined them.
Today the United Nations has about two hundred members, including: exotic countries like the Solomon Islands, Micronesia, Guinea-Bissau, Antigua and Barbados. A state can become a new member of the UN only if it is ready to establish diplomatic relations and promote peace. Also, the Council members must vote for the candidate, with a result of at least nine positive votes out of fifteen. The final word belongs to the USA, Russia, China, France and Great Britain, the founding countries of the UN.
The United Nations consists of six structural divisions. This is the UN General Assembly, which discusses issues related to maintaining common world and security, at annual meetings in the presence of representatives of 193 participating countries. The UN also includes the Security Council, the Economic Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat. Of all the departments, only the Security Council has the right to make specific decisions regarding maintaining peace, including calling on participating countries to take collective peacekeeping measures. of all other UN units are advisory in nature.
On the territory Soviet Union The first agency belonging to the UN department began operating three years after the creation of the United Nations. In 1948, the Information Center opened in Moscow, and later fourteen more structures joined it. Today, UN agencies in Russia determine the strategic development of government programs aimed at maintaining economic development, the health of the country's population, as well as control over the demographic situation and the environment.
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The UN or United Nations is a world organization created after World War II to maintain security in the world. And to this day, all UN divisions are working to make our world more diplomatic, democratic and protect countries from the repetition of global military actions. The UN has a branched structure, each division of which makes its own decisions for different areas human activity.
Instructions
The UN is global non-profit organization However, it is neither an international government nor a law-making system. Rather, the UN can be compared to an international forum, which currently includes 193 countries. At this point, countries discuss and make decisions on the most serious issues of concern world community. The UN has tools that can help resolve conflicts between countries, develop national security issues, and eliminate poverty or violations of human rights. All countries that are members of the UN can express their opinions on various issues and seek help.
The UN includes more than 30 organizations and departments that regulate various issues: the security system, peacekeeping and environment, protection of human rights, fight against poverty, disease, hunger. The UN develops standards and rules that help make it safe, for example, it deploys campaigns against drug trafficking and terrorism, advocates for improving air travel between countries, refugees and people left homeless, transfers to victims of military conflicts, and fights AIDS.
The UN has several main branches that are responsible for global issues in the world. The first person of the UN is Secretary General. This is an elected position, the Secretary General is elected for a period of 5 years. He is the leader and face of the UN and has the right to make statements on behalf of the entire United Nations.
The UN Secretariat carries out the work together with the Secretary General. He deals with a variety of issues: peacekeeping policy, human rights, mediates in disputes between countries, identifies problematic social and economic trends, and compiles reports on ongoing operations.
The UN General Assembly is the organization that is responsible for discussion and decision-making among all member countries of the UN. Conducts sessions from September to December, which examine the main issues of international security and problems of the world's population. The Assembly elects the head of the UN, non-permanent members of the Security Council, and representatives of other UN departments. Each UN member has one vote.
The Security Council is the main UN body responsible for maintaining peace and security on the planet. It is the Security Council that can impose sanctions on various countries if they violate the UN conventions and constitution. The Security Council has the right to send peacekeeping troops into zones of conflict and armed action, as well as conduct military operations. The Security Council consists of 5 permanent and 10 temporary members, who constantly change and are elected for only 2 years. The permanent members of the UN Security Council are the USA, France, Russia, Great Britain and China. Each member of the Security Council has one vote when making decisions, but only permanent members have the right to “veto”, that is, to cancel decisions made.
The International Court of Justice deals with issues of territorial disputes between countries, for example, the legality of the expansion of states, illegal violations of borders, etc. The Court may also advise other UN organizations on these issues. The UN includes the Social and Economic Council, the Trusteeship Council, and specialized organizations such as UNESCO, WHO, IAEA and WTO.
History of the UN in facts and legends
“We, the peoples of the United Nations, are determined to save future generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold grief to humanity.”
With these words begins the Charter of the United Nations - a structure whose creation is called one of the main results of the Second World War.
Initially, the prevention of global international conflicts is the main task of the UN. Its headquarters has more than once become the scene of the most fierce verbal battles and scandalous actions in order to preserve peace and save human lives.
The history of the UN in facts and legends told by diplomats - in a TASS special project.
TEN FACTS ABOUT THE UN
Born of War
The idea of creating the UN arose at the very beginning of World War II. August 14, 1941 on board a warship in Atlantic Ocean near o. Newfoundland (Canada) US President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter - a document declaring the goals of the two countries in the war against Nazi Germany and its allies, as well as their vision post-war structure peace. On September 24, 1941, the USSR joined this declaration.
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On January 1, 1942, representatives of 26 allied states that fought against the countries of Hitler's coalition declared support for the Atlantic Charter by signing the Declaration of the United Nations. This document was the first official use of the name "United Nations", proposed by President Roosevelt.
The idea of education new organization Everyone supported it, but there were disagreements regarding its structure, tasks and powers.
As a result, at the Moscow Conference of the Foreign Ministers of the USSR, USA and Great Britain (Vyacheslav Molotov, Cordell Hull and Anthony Eden) at the end of October 1943, the first document was signed on the creation of an international organization in the possible future. short terms. The meeting was also attended by the Chinese Ambassador to Moscow Fu Bing-chang.
To get to the conference, US Secretary of State Cordell Hull took the first flight of his life, and upon returning from Moscow, President Roosevelt personally met him at the airport.
Declaration of January 1, 1942, in which the name "United Nations" was first mentioned, proposed by US President Franklin Roosevelt
The UN Charter and the suspicious Truman
The final agreement on the creation of the UN was reached in 1945 in Yalta during a meeting of the leaders of the three countries anti-Hitler coalition- Joseph Stalin, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill.
It was agreed that the UN's activities would be based on the principle of unanimity of the great powers - permanent members of the Security Council with the right of veto.
However, problems and disagreements between the powers that conceived the UN began even before the adoption of the organization's Charter. The US position underwent major changes after the death of President Roosevelt. Harry Truman, who replaced him, treated the USSR with great suspicion.
Truman did not like the agreements reached at Yalta on the principle of unanimity of the great powers in the Security Council, as well as the possibility of using the veto. According to the balance of power that had formed at that time in the future international organization, the United States had an absolute majority of votes in the Security Council and the General Assembly. One thing stood in the way - the right of veto, which Moscow received along with the other members of the UN Security Council. Truman hoped to change the situation at the conference in San Francisco, where the UN Charter was to be discussed.
Information from American Ambassador in Moscow by Averell Harriman.
From Averell Harriman's dispatch
More than a million blue helmets
UN peacekeeping activities began in 1948 with the establishment of a body to monitor the implementation of truce conditions in the Middle East.
The first UN emergency force, consisting of 10 countries, was created in 1956 to oversee the withdrawal of foreign troops from the Suez Canal zone (Egypt). At the same time, blue berets and helmets were used for the first time, which became a symbol of peacekeepers.
Since 1948, the UN has initiated 71 peacekeeping operations. More than a million military, police and civilian personnel served in its ranks. More than 3.3 thousand peacekeepers died.
People don't appreciate the things that the UN has achieved. The possibility of interstate conflict has greatly decreased over the 70 years of the UN's existence. Yes, we have wars and very disgusting events. Was Korean War, the conflict in Vietnam, the confrontation between India and Pakistan, there were wars in the 70s in South Asia, wars in Africa. But a big war did not happen, and we must admit that part of this merit lies with the UN
Sir Jeremy Greenstock, former UK permanent representative to the UN (1998-2003), head of the UN Association in the United Kingdom
Six UN Nobels
In 2001, the UN received the Nobel Peace Prize, although before that separate directions her activities were noted with such an award, and even more than once.
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded the prize twice - in 1954 and 1981.
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) - in 1965.
UN International Peacekeeping Force - in 1988.
In 1961 Nobel Prize UN Secretary General Dag Hammerskjöld (Sweden) was posthumously awarded.
RECORDS, SCANDALS AND LEGENDS
The UN tribune - and there is no higher tribune in the world yet - gave states the opportunity to express their point of view on events in international life and thereby ease the tension in their relations. This allowed public opinion V various countries compare the positions of the main warring parties. As a result of such a comparison, one or another power was subjected to a certain international pressure, which it could not ignore. This happened during the Vietnam War, this happened during the war in Afghanistan, and this happened in some other cases. And finally, there were still international conflicts, albeit not the most pressing ones that could be resolved directly at the UN
Oleg Troyanovsky, permanent representative of the USSR to the UN (1976-1986)
The sessions of the UN General Assembly, which open annually at the end of September, are always the most eventful and vibrant diplomatic event of the year. Hundreds of meetings and speeches take place within the framework of the forum. Of interest are those in which the participants are “bosom enemies” - how they will behave when they are in the same room and listening to their opponents. Speeches by country leaders and high-ranking diplomats are often accompanied by scandals and extravagant acts.
The record holder among heads of state for the length of speech from the rostrum of the General Assembly is still the Cuban leader Fidel Castro. In 1960, he spoke for 4 hours and 29 minutes, which became the reason for getting into the Guinness Book of Records.
Sometimes politicians speaking from the UN rostrum felt ill. And Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi made the translator faint during his last speech at the UN in September 2009.
He spoke for almost two hours instead of the 15 minutes allotted by the regulations. In such a long speech, the Libyan leader managed to touch on many world problems, including criticizing the UN. In particular, he stated the need to move the organization's headquarters from the United States to another country.
Muammar Gaddafi, head of Libya
Why are you going to America, where you are all suffering from the change of time? Look at you - you're all tired from the long flight across the Atlantic. It is necessary to find another country for the UN headquarters, where, when they arrive at the UN General Assembly, people will not be so tired... Why are you striving to go to America? What is this - the Vatican, Jerusalem or Mecca?
Muammar Gaddafi, head of Libya
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One of the most mysterious moments that occurred during the sessions of the General Assembly is the story of Nikita Khrushchev’s shoe. According to one version, the shoe fell off Khrushchev’s foot in the crowd on the way to the meeting, and it was brought to him after the speeches had begun. Some claim that Khrushchev held the shoe in his hand during the meeting, others note that the shoe was lying nearby on the table. But one way or another, during the speech of the Filipino delegate, who talked about the threat of Soviet imperialism, Khrushchev jumped up and began waving his arms to attract the attention of the chairman of the session, and also banged on the table in protest. The shoe just happened to be at hand. Rumor has it that the Soviet delegation was allegedly fined $2,000 by the UN for this undiplomatic act, but the fine was never paid because all documents related to this incident mysteriously disappeared from UN files.
There was another episode when, during a speech at the 15th session of the UN General Assembly, Khrushchev used famous expression“Kuzka’s mother,” which the translator translated literally as “kusma’s mother,” which confused the delegations. The meaning of the phrase was completely incomprehensible, and this made the threat take on an ominous character. Later, “kusma’s mother” was often replaced by translators with another the threat used by Khrushchev towards the West: “We will bury you.”
"Better red than dead"
One of the most popular stories, retold by literally all diplomats who worked at the UN, is connected with Oleg Troyanovsky.
Oleg Troyanovsky, permanent representative of the USSR to the UN (1976-1986)
In the Security Council chamber, two extremists belonging to some Maoist group threw red paint on me and US Deputy Permanent Representative Van den Heuvel before the meeting began. When I, having changed clothes, appeared in front of the waiting journalists, answering their questions, I said: “Better red than dead.” This phrase had great success, since at that time the extreme right in the USA proclaimed as their slogan the words “Better dead than red”, that is, “It is better to be dead than red”
Oleg Troyanovsky, permanent representative of the USSR to the UN (1976-1986)
The next day, this story appeared in many newspapers and magazines as a quote of the day. They also say that the leadership of the UN Secretariat, trying to “smooth out” the oversight of its security service, paid for the purchase of new suits, shirts, boots, etc. for Soviet and American diplomats.
The chamber of secrets, or why the UN Security Council is not expanding
Next to the Security Council meeting room there is a small meeting room. There is very little space there; a maximum of three people from each country that is a permanent member of the UN Security Council can be there. Renovations were planned, and members of the Security Council were asked if they would like to expand the premises with adjoining rooms.
Sergei Lavrov, Russian Foreign Minister
I don’t want to give anyone away, but one of the permanent members of the Security Council, the ambassador (not us) said: “No, guys, let’s not move this wall now, because as soon as we move it, there will immediately be a temptation to more actively push for expansion in the Security Council . Because there will be room to expand..."
Sergei Lavrov, Russian Foreign Minister
How the intelligence services missed a missile in the UN garden
“On the territory of the UN headquarters there are two architectural gifts from the Soviet Union - the sculpture “Let’s Beat Swords into Plowshares” by Yevgeny Vuchetich, installed in 1959, and the monument to Zurab Tsereteli “Good Conquers Evil,” donated in 1990. Cast from bronze, it depicts St. George the Victorious, piercing intercontinental missiles with a spear: the Soviet SS-20 and the American Pershing, which became a symbol of the end cold war"- said Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Gennady Gatilov, who worked at the UN as the first deputy permanent representative of the Russian Federation and senior adviser to the office of the Secretary General.
Legend has it that Tsereteli managed to obtain fragments of the Soviet SS-20 with great difficulty, since the relevant departments refused to meet him halfway, citing secrecy. However, when a positive decision was made, the military gave the sculptor not just a body, but almost an equipped rocket. When the monument, which was a gift to the UN from the government of the USSR, was installed in the UN garden, it turned out that at its base there were parts of a rocket with elements of a secret filling. It was with great difficulty that they were dismantled. In this form, St. George the Victorious still stands in the UN garden
Gennady Gatilov, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
UN Sleeping Guide
“In the second half of the nineties, the French ambassador to the UN was the famous diplomat Alain Dejammet,” said the former permanent representative of Tajikistan to the UN, and now ambassador to China, Rashid Alimov. “He had a reputation as a taciturn, balanced diplomat, without a pronounced sense of humor Therefore, a big surprise for many was the appearance at the UN headquarters of a brochure written by him under the intriguing title Sleeping in the United Nations - about the best places in the UN where you can sleep.
The author of the UN Sleeping Places Guide divided places for a good night's sleep during long meetings into five categories and assigned them the corresponding number of stars: not recommended, acceptable, pleasant, very good and exceptionally good. With the pedantry characteristic of a researcher, he identified the most comfortable, mostly dark, corners and described their comfort, lighting, absence of external stimuli and noise, as well as frequency of use. Everyone who met the guide paid tribute to Dejami’s objectivity and wit: the most best place for a restful sleep, he named the private office of the French delegation in the UN Secretariat, hidden from prying eyes, and gave second place in popularity to the UN Periodicals Library, which, in his words, “gives the impression of an abandoned monastery.”
One of my colleagues then noted that most likely the French ambassador, during his four years of work at the UN, gained this knowledge and experience by conducting “grueling sleep experiments” on himself. To be fair, it should be said that up to 7 thousand meetings are held at the UN every year, many of them last until midnight and not everyone can endure such a grueling marathon
Rashid Alimov, Ambassador of Tajikistan to China
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THE FUTURE OF THE UN
In addition to peacekeeping activities, among the priorities of the UN are work to promote respect for human rights and environmental protection; African development; the fight against disease and poverty, drug addiction, terrorism; protection of intellectual property rights, assistance to refugees, destruction of nuclear, chemical and conventional weapons.
23. Brief history creation of the UN
With the entry of the United States into the war with Japan and Germany at the end of 1941, an expanded conference was convened in Washington, in which representatives of all allied states participated. During the development of the joint declaration, the name of the military alliance was born - the United Nations (the name was proposed by F. Roosevelt).
The clear idea of the need to create a world organization for the maintenance and consolidation of peace was first enshrined in the Declaration of the Governments of the USSR and Poland, signed on December 4, 1941. In creating such an organization, the decisive point should be respect for international law, supported by the collective armed force of all allied countries. states
The decision to create a world international organization for the maintenance of international law and security was enshrined in the Moscow Declaration, signed by the governments of the USSR, USA, Great Britain and China on October 30, 1943.
The decisions of the Moscow Conference received universal confirmation at the Tehran Conference, where the Declaration was signed on December 1, 1943, in which the heads of the USSR, USA and Great Britain stated the following: “We fully recognize the high responsibility resting on us and on all the United Nations for the implementation of a peace that will receive the approval of the overwhelming majority of the peoples of the globe and which will eliminate the disasters and horrors of war for many generations."
During the first half of 1944, negotiations took place between the participants of the Moscow Conference of 1943 about legal status(in a broad sense) a new international organization for peace and security.
At the Crimean (Yalta) Conference, the issue of creating, together with other peace-loving states, a universal international organization to maintain peace and security occupied one of the most important places.
On April 25, 1945, the United Nations Conference was convened in San Francisco to prepare a charter for such an organization in accordance with the provisions developed during preliminary negotiations. It was agreed that the UN activities should be based on the principle of unanimity of the permanent members of the UN Security Council when resolving fundamental issues of ensuring peace. The participants of the Conference agreed that Great Britain and the United States would support the Soviet proposal to admit the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR to initial membership in the UN.
The final text of the UN Charter was developed and signed in San Francisco (USA) on June 26, 1945 at the United Nations Conference on the establishment of an international organization. The Charter came into force on October 24, 1945 after ratification by the USSR, USA, Great Britain, France, China and most other signatories to the UN Charter. This day was declared United Nations Day (Resolution 168 (I I) of December 31, 1947).
The preamble of the Charter states that the Members of the United Nations are determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and in the equal rights of nations large and small, and to create conditions which can maintain justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law, and promote social progress and improved living conditions in greater freedom. In this regard, UN members undertake to show tolerance and live together, in peace with each other, as good neighbors, to join forces to maintain international peace and security, to use the international apparatus to promote the economic and social progress of all peoples
UN goals in turn, should be considered as the most important principles of its activities:
maintain international peace and security, to this end take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace;
settle or resolve, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, international disputes or situations that may lead to a breach of the peace;
develop friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples;
carry out multilateral cooperation in resolving international problems economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature, etc.;
to be a center for the harmonization of nations in achieving these common goals.
The United Nations is the center for solving the problems facing all humanity. These activities are carried out jointly by more than 30 associated organizations that make up the United Nations system. Every day, the United Nations and other organizations in its system work to promote human rights, protect the environment, fight disease and reduce poverty.
The United Nations was created on October 24, 1945 by fifty-one countries determined to preserve peace through international cooperation and collective security. Today, 191 countries are members of the United Nations, that is, almost all countries in the world. When states become members of the United Nations, they accept the obligations set out in the Charter of the United Nations, which is an international treaty that sets out the basic principles international relations.
According to the Charter, the United Nations has four purposes in its activities: to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to carry out international cooperation in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights, and to be a center for coordinating the actions of nations in achieving these common goals.
History of the United Nations
The emergence of the UN was due to a number of objective factors in the military-strategic, political, and economic development of human society at the end of the second millennium. The creation of the UN was the embodiment of mankind’s eternal dream of such a structure and organization of international society that would save humanity from an endless series of wars and ensure peaceful conditions the lives of peoples, their progressive progress along the path of socio-economic progress, prosperity and development, free from fear for the future.
The discussion and development of the problem of the universal organization of labor and safety began with the Atlantic Party, signed by US President F.D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Gergel on August 14, 1941, and the Declaration of the USSR Government at the inter-union conference in London on September 24, 1941, in which first, an extremely important task facing peace-loving states was formulated, namely “to determine ways and means for organizing international relations and the post-war structure of the world.”
The first intergovernmental document adopted during the Second World War, which put forward the idea of creating a new international security organization, was the Declaration of the Government of the Soviet Union and the Government of the Polish Republic on Friendship and Mutual Assistance, signed in Moscow on December 4, 1941. It indicated that ensuring a lasting and just world could only be achieved by a new organization of international relations, not based on the unification of democratic countries into a lasting union. When creating such an organization, the decisive point should be “respect for international law, supported by the collective armed force of all Union States.”
January 1, 1942 In Washington, the United Nations Declaration was signed by 26 states participating in the anti-Hitler coalition, including the USSR, on joint efforts in the fight against Nazi Germany, fascist Italy and militaristic Japan. Later, the name “united nations” was proposed for the new organization by US President R.D. Roosevelt and was officially used for the UN Charter.
At the proposal of the US government, in August - September 1944, a conference of four powers - the USSR, Great Britain, the USA and China - was held in Dumbarton Oaks, on the outskirts of Washington, at which the agreed text of the final document was signed: “Proposal for the creation of a General International Security Organization.” These proposals served as the basis for the development of the UN Charter.
During the Conference in San Francisco on April 25, 1945. The text of the UN Charter was prepared, which was signed on June 26, 1945. From the date of entry into force of the UN Charter on October 24, 1945, when the last 29th instrument of ratification of the USSR was deposited with the US Government, the beginning of the existence of the UN is officially counted. By decision of the General Assembly adopted in 1947. The day the UN Charter came into force was officially declared “United Nations Day,” which is solemnly celebrated annually in UN member countries.
The UN Charter embodies democratic ideals, which is expressed, in particular, in the fact that it affirms faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equality of men and women, and enshrines the equality of large and small nations. The UN Charter establishes as its main objectives the maintenance international peace and security, settlement by peaceful means, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, international disputes and situations. He defines that the UN is based on the principle sovereign equality of all its Members, that all Members shall fulfill in good faith the obligations under the Charter so as to secure to them collectively the rights and benefits flowing from membership in the Organization, that all Members shall authorize and refrain from the threat or use of force, and that the UN has rights to intervene in matters essentially within the internal competence of any state. The UN Charter emphasizes the open nature of the Organization, whose members can be all peace-loving states.
How the UN works
The United Nations is not a world government and does not make laws. However, it does provide tools that help resolve international conflicts and develop policies on issues that affect us all. In the United Nations, all Member States - large and small, rich and poor, adhering to different political views and social systems - have the right to express their opinions and vote in this process.
The United Nations has six main organs. Five of them - the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat - are located at United Nations Headquarters in New York. Sixth organ - International Court of Justice- located in The Hague, the Netherlands.
UN General Assembly
This is a body in which all UN member states are represented. The General Assembly is endowed with a number of very important functions: authority to consider general principles cooperation in maintaining international peace and security, including the principles defining weapons, as well as discuss a wide range of problems of cooperation between states in the political, economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical and other fields and make recommendations on them.
The General Assembly holds annual regular sessions, which are only interrupted in December of each year and continue until the beginning of the next session. Plenary sessions open on the Tuesday after the second Monday in September. Such special (from 1946 to 2000 there were 24) and emergency special (from 1946 to 1999 there were 10) sessions are convened. The provisional agenda for the next session is drawn up by the Secretary-General and communicated to UN members at least 60 days before the opening of the session.
A characteristic feature of the activities of the General Assembly in recent years is that the system first used in 1964 is becoming increasingly important in its work, and in the work of all UN bodies. in the Security Council and the widely used method in the General Assembly of developing and adopting resolutions based on the principle of agreement (consensus), i.e. reaching general agreement without voting on the relevant decision.
Resolutions of the General Assembly are not legally binding on states, but also cannot be qualified as simple calls or wishes. States must review General Assembly resolutions carefully and in good faith.
Resolutions and declarations of the General Assembly are the most important standard for the formation of international law. The UN has developed the following practice for developing international legal documents. First, a declaration is adopted on an issue (for example, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights), and then, on the basis of such declarations, international treaties and conventions (two International acts on Human Rights, Non-Proliferation Treaty nuclear weapons etc.).
The General Assembly is a truly democratic representative body of sovereign states. Each member of the General Assembly, regardless of the size of the territory, population, economic and military power, has one vote. Decisions of the General Assembly on important issues are taken by a 2/3 majority of the members of the Assembly present and voting.
States that are not members of the UN, those with permanent observers at the UN (Vatican City, Switzerland) and those without, can take part in the work of the General Assembly. In addition, representatives of a number of international organizations received the right to participate as observers of Palestine ( specialized institutions UN, OAS, LAS, OAU, EU, CIS, etc.).
The Security Council consists of 15 members: five members of the Council are permanent (Russia, USA, Great Britain, France and China), the remaining ten members (in the terminology of the Charter - “non-permanent”) are elected to the Council in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Charter.
Decisions on procedural issues in the Security Council are considered adopted if at least nine members of the Council vote for them. The main form of recommendations adopted by the Security Council is a resolution. Over more than half a century, more than 1300 of them have been accepted.
Over the course of many years of activity, the Security Council has developed very specific methods and forms of its response and influence on certain events in the world. One of these methods is the condemnation by the Council of a particular state for unlawful actions committed by it in violation of the purposes and principles of the UN Charter. For example, the Council has repeatedly condemned South Africa in its decisions for pursuing the criminal policy of apartheid. Often the Security Council resorted to such a method as stating a political fact, a particular current situation. This is precisely how numerous Security Council resolutions defined the situation in Southern Africa, created by Pretoria’s aggressive actions against “front-line” African states.
The most commonly used technique, an appeal to states, is a method of resolving conflicts by the Security Council. He repeatedly appealed to stop hostilities, observe a ceasefire, withdraw troops, etc. During the consideration of a complex of problems of the Yugoslav settlement, the Iran-Iraq conflict, the situation in Angola, Georgia, Tajikistan and along the Tajik-Afghan border.
The Security Council often performed the functions of reconciling parties in disputes and conflicts. To this end, the Council appointed mediators, especially often entrusting the Secretary General or his representative with the functions of providing good offices, mediation and reconciliation of the parties. These functions were used by the Council when considering the Palestinian and Kashmir issues, the situation in former Yugoslavia etc.
Since 1948 The Security Council began to resort to such a method as sending groups of military observers and monitoring missions to monitor the implementation of demands for a ceasefire, the terms of the armistice agreements, political settlement, etc. Until 1973, military observers were recruited almost exclusively from citizens of Western countries. For the first time in 1973 Soviet observer officers were included in the Palestine Truce Supervision Authority (UNTSO), which still performs useful functions in the Middle East. Observation missions were also sent to Lebanon (UNOGIL), India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), Uganda and Rwanda (UNOMUR), El Salvador (MNEP), Tajikistan (UNMOT), etc.
An important area of activity of the Security Council is its interaction with regional organizations. Such cooperation is carried out in various forms, including through regular consultations, providing diplomatic support through which a regional organization can take part in UN peacekeeping activities (for example, CFE in Albania), through the parallel operational deployment of peacekeeping missions (for example, the UN observation mission in Liberia ( UNOMIL) was deployed jointly with the Environmental Community of West African States (ECOWAS) monitoring group (ECOMOG) in Liberia, and the UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) operates in cooperation with peacekeeping forces CIS in Georgia) and through joint operations (for example, the UN-OAS International Civilian Mission in Haiti (CICIM).
The Security Council plays an important role in the early detection and detection of emerging conflicts. In recent years, there has been an urgent need to create early warning systems for the emergence of hotbeds of tension, the danger of a nuclear accident, environmental threats, mass movements of the population, natural disasters, the threat of famine and the spread of diseases and epidemics. This kind of information could be used to assess whether a threat to peace exists and to analyze what actions could be taken by the United Nations to reduce it and what preventive actions and measures could be taken by the Security Council and other UN bodies.
One of the most frequently used tools by the Security Council is preventive diplomacy. Preventive diplomacy is an action of a political, diplomatic, international, legal and other nature aimed at preventing the emergence of disputes and disagreements between the parties, preventing them from escalating into conflicts and limiting the scope of conflicts after they arise. Cooperating with the Secretary-General, the Council actively used the means of preventive diplomacy, providing conditions for reconciliation, mediation, good offices, establishment and other preventive actions.
The most frequently used tool, especially recently, is peacekeeping operations (PKOs), which have only been carried out by the UN since 1948. over 50. Peacekeeping operation - a set of actions undertaken with the consent of the conflicting parties, interconnected in goals, objectives, place and time, with the participation of impartial military, police and civilian personnel in support of efforts to stabilize the situation in areas of potential or existing conflicts, carried out in accordance with mandated by the Security Council or regional organizations and aimed at creating conditions conducive to a political settlement of the conflict and maintaining or restoring international peace and security.
The Security Council very often, especially in recent years, has used such a tool as sanctions - economic, political, diplomatic, financial and other coercive measures not related to the use of armed forces, carried out by decision of the Security Council in order to induce the relevant state to stop or refrain from actions. Constituting a threat to the peace, a breach of the peace or an act of aggression.
To monitor the implementation of sanctions, the Council established a number of subsidiary bodies, for example, the Board of Governors of the Compensation Commission and the Special Commission on the Situation between Iraq and Kuwait, the Sanctions Committees on Yugoslavia, Libya, Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Rwanda, Liberia, Sudan, Sierra Leone and others. The results of the Council's application of sanctions against them are far from clear. Thus, the economic sanctions adopted by the Council against the racist regime of Southern Rhodesia contributed to a certain extent to the liquidation of the racist regime, the achievement of independence by the people of Zimbabwe, and the entry of this country into 1980. as members of the UN. The value of sanctions as a means of resolving conflicts was clearly demonstrated in the resolution of other conflicts, for example, in Angola, Haiti, South Africa. At the same time, it cannot be denied that in most cases the application of sanctions was associated with a number of negative consequences for the population and economy of the countries targeted by sanctions and resulted in enormous material and financial damage for neighboring and third states that comply with the decisions of the Sanctions Council.
According to the UN Charter, the Security Council must function continuously and act “promptly and effectively” on behalf of UN members. To this end, each member of the Security Council must always be represented at the seat of the UN. According to the rules of procedure, the interval between meetings of the Security Council should not exceed 14 days, although in practice this rule was not always observed. On average, the Security Council held 77 formal meetings per year.
The Economic and Social Council operates under the general leadership of the General Assembly and coordinates the activities of the United Nations and its system agencies in the economic and social fields. As the main forum for discussing international economic and social issues and making policy recommendations in these areas, the Council plays an important role in strengthening international development cooperation. It also consults with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), thereby maintaining a vital link between the United Nations and civil society.
The Council consists of 54 members elected General Assembly for three years. The Council meets periodically throughout the year, meeting in July for its main session, during which the high level The most important economic, social and humanitarian issues are discussed.
The subsidiary bodies of the Council meet regularly and report to it. For example, the Commission on Human Rights monitors the observance of human rights in all countries of the world. Other bodies deal with issues social development, status of women, crime prevention, drug addiction and sustainable development. Five regional commissions promote economic development and cooperation in their regions.
The Trusteeship Council was created to provide international oversight of the 11 trust territories administered by the seven member states, and to ensure that their governments were making the necessary efforts to prepare the territories for self-government or independence. By 1994, all Trust Territories had achieved self-government or independence, either as independent states or by joining neighboring ones. independent states. The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), administered by the United States, was the last to achieve self-government and became the 185th Member State of the United Nations.
Since the work of the Trusteeship Council has been completed, it currently consists of five permanent members of the Security Council. Its rules of procedure have been amended accordingly to enable it to hold meetings only when circumstances may require it.
International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice - also known as the World Court - is the main judicial organ of the United Nations. Its 15 judges are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council, which vote independently and simultaneously. The International Court of Justice deals with the settlement of disputes between states on the basis of the voluntary participation of interested states. If the state agrees to take part in the proceedings, it is obliged to comply with the decision of the Court. The Court also prepares advisory opinions for the United Nations and its specialized agencies.
Secretariat
The Secretariat conducts the operational and administrative work of the United Nations in accordance with the instructions of the General Assembly, the Security Council and other bodies. It is headed by the Secretary General, who provides overall administrative leadership.
The Secretariat is made up of departments and offices with approximately 7,500 regular budget-funded staff representing 170 countries. In addition to United Nations Headquarters located in New York, there are United Nations offices in Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi and other duty stations.
United Nations system
International currency board, World Bank and 13 other independent organizations, called "specialized agencies", are associated with the United Nations through related cooperation agreements. These institutions, including world organization health and the International Organization civil aviation, are independent bodies created on the basis of intergovernmental agreements. They are entrusted with a wide range of international functions in the economic, social and cultural fields, as well as in the fields of education, health and others. Some of them, such as the International Labor Organization and the Universal Postal Union, are older than the United Nations itself.
In addition, a number of United Nations offices, programs and funds - such as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) - are involved in improving the social and economic situation of people in all regions of the world. They are accountable to the General Assembly or the Economic and Social Council.
All these organizations have their own governing bodies, budgets and secretariats. Together with the United Nations, they form one family, or the United Nations system. Together they provide technical assistance and other forms of practical assistance in virtually all economic and social areas.
Source: Ministry of Economic Development of Russia
UNITED NATIONS (UN)
United Nations (UN); Organization des Nations unies (ONU);الأمم المتحدة Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU);联合国
Location: New York, USA
Founded: June 26, 1945
Created: in accordance with the United Nations Declaration of January 1, 1942
Membership: 193 countries
Secretary General: Park Ki-moon (Republic of Korea) since January 1, 2007
Official languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, Chinese
United Nations (UN)- an international organization created to maintain and strengthen international peace and security and develop cooperation between states.
Non-permanent members of the UN Security Council in 2012-2013. were Australia, Guatemala, Morocco, Pakistan and Togo, in 2013-2014. – Azerbaijan, Argentina. Luxembourg, Rwanda and Republic of Korea.
UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)- one of the main bodies of the United Nations, which coordinates cooperation in the economic and social fields of the UN and its specialized agencies.
The Charter of the United Nations established ECOSOC as the main body responsible for coordinating the activities of 14 UN specialized agencies, nine functional commissions and five regional commissions in the economic and social sphere. The Council is also the central forum for discussing international economic and social issues and making policy recommendations to Member States and the United Nations system, receiving reports from 11 UN funds and programs.
Into the field of activity Economic and Social Council includes:
- Promoting economic and social progress, including improving living standards and full employment of the population;
- Developing ways to resolve international problems in the economic, social and health fields;
- Promotion of international cooperation in the field of culture and education;
- Creating conditions for universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
ECOSOC conducts or organizes research on issues within the scope of its activities and publishes reports on these issues. He also assists in the preparation and organization of international conferences on economic and social problems, contributes to the implementation of the decisions of these conferences. To implement its powers, the Council has allocated more than 70 percent of the human and financial resources of the entire UN system.
ECOSOC carries out its functions in the field of economic and social international cooperation through five regional commissions:
- Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
- Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
- Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
International Court - main judicial body UN. The court consists of 15 independent judges who act in their personal capacity and are not representatives of the state. They cannot devote themselves to any other occupation of a professional nature. When performing judicial duties, members of the Court enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities.
Only the state can be a party to the case of this Court, and legal and individuals has no right to appeal to the Court.
UN Secretariat ensures the daily work of the Organization, its main bodies and implements the programs and policies adopted by them. The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General, who is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a period of 5 years with the possibility of re-election for a new term. The UN Secretariat staff consists of about 44 thousand international officials.
The Secretariat performs a variety of functions - from management peacekeeping operations to mediating international disputes, from compiling surveys of economic and social trends and problems to preparing studies on human rights and sustainable development. In addition, Secretariat staff guide and inform the world's media about the work of the United Nations; organizes international conferences on issues of global importance; monitors the implementation of decisions of United Nations bodies and translates speeches and documents into the official languages of the Organization.
To the structure UN Secretariat included.
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