What refers to thermal phenomena of nature. We begin this academic year by studying a new section of physics dedicated to thermal phenomena

“Physics is an exact science” - Some physical terms. Nature. Practical task in groups. Distribute the following words in the table. Physics. Lesson objectives. What does physics study? Physical phenomena. Manufacturing of new machines, instruments and other devices. Liner, airplane. Experiments are different from observations. Physics is also related to other sciences.

"Introduction to Physics" - Tornadoes and hurricanes. "Weightless water" Natural phenomena. climate on Earth. Observations from ancient times. Space. "Sticky balls." Floods. "Magic wand". " Electricity from the light." Phenomena in everyday life. "Surprised child." "Hedgehog." "Three in one."

“Physics, knowledge of the world” - Main stages in the development of physics: In the 17th century, Isaac Newton created classical mechanics. No natural process is outside of physics. Why are we warm under the covers? Why do we need blood? Physics and methods scientific knowledge. Methods of physics: Observation Experiment. Physics is a comprehensive science.

“Physics - the science of nature” - Electrical Sound Atomic; Magnetic; Optical; Mechanical; thermal Physics is the science of inanimate nature. Atomic phenomena. Nature physics technology. Which phenomena include: Sound phenomena. Thermal phenomena. What does physics study? Philosophers, theologians, astronomers, navigators, and doctors studied physics.

“The World of Physics” - Excursion to the WORLD OF PHYSICS. Robert Wood Modern Wizard of the Physics Laboratory Author: W. Seabrook. At a temperature of 5000? C, iron evaporates. Aristotle 384-322 BC Interesting Facts from physics. M.V. Lomonosov. Our experiences. The temperature of hell is 718? C. Robert Wood is the father of experimentation. 19% of solar energy is absorbed by the atmosphere, 47% falls on Earth, 34% returns to space.

“Applied Physics” - The first Tokamak installations were built in the USSR. Becquerel discovered the natural radioactivity of uranium. Auger spectroscopy. Accelerators of all types. The period of classical physics is divided into two stages: the first stage is from I. Newton to J. Detectors of all types. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1983 (or other years). Microscopy (electronic, optical, laser).

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1 Lesson on the topic: “Thermal motion. Temperature"

2 THERMAL MOTION. TEMPERATURE This academic year we begin by studying a new branch of physics devoted to thermal phenomena. Thermal phenomena include heating and cooling of various bodies, melting, evaporation, boiling, melting of substances, etc. The words “warm”, “cold”, “hot”, which have long been familiar to us, mean the thermal states of bodies. The quantity characterizing the thermal state of bodies is temperature.

3 Features of the movement of particles that make up bodies Repetition. Answer the questions: 1. The main provisions of MCT (and their experimental confirmation) 2. What is diffusion? How does the diffusion process occur? 3. What explains the increase in the rate of diffusion with increasing temperature?

4 Thermal movement. Temperature Thermal motion is the random movement of molecules of a substance. In liquids and gases, molecules move randomly, colliding with each other. In solids, thermal motion consists of oscillations of particles around an equilibrium position. Body temperature depends on the speed of movement of molecules. The faster the molecules move, the higher the body temperature. Let us pay attention to the fact that thermal motion differs from mechanical motion in that a lot of particles are involved in it and each one moves randomly.

5 Source of information about temperature From life experience we know that different bodies can be heated to different degrees. However, the sensation of heat and cold is subjective. Let's check this experimentally.!?! Conclusion: it is impossible to judge temperature using sensations!

6 Thermometer So, we have a problem: we need to find such a sign or such a property of bodies that would clearly indicate how the body is heated. Such a sign may be the expansion of bodies when heated. The hotter the body, the larger its volume, the more intense the chaotic movement of molecules and atoms. A device that uses this property of bodies is a thermometer. From the Greek “therme” - heat and “metreo” - I measure. A liquid thermometer is a device whose operating principle is based on the use of the thermal expansion property of a liquid. Depending on the temperature region, the liquid thermometer is filled with mercury, ethyl alcohol and other liquids. Any thermometer shows its own temperature. To determine the temperature of a medium, the thermometer must be placed in this medium and wait until the temperature of the device stops changing, taking a value equal to the temperature of the medium.

7 Celsius temperature scale The Celsius temperature scale was proposed in 1742 by the Swedish scientist A. Celsius and named after him. Zero degrees Celsius is the melting temperature of ice, and 100 degrees is the boiling point of water at normal temperatures. atmospheric pressure(760 mmHg). The interval between these temperatures is divided into 100 equal parts, 1 degree Celsius (1 C).

8 Temperature scales In practice, other temperature scales are used, such as the Kelvin scale and the Fahrenheit scale. The relationship between the Celsius scale and the Kelvin scale can be seen in the figure. To measure temperature use various substances(mercury, alcohol), which change their volume with changes in temperature.

9 Physical meaning of temperature What is the physical meaning of temperature? To do this, you need to answer the question, how does cold water differ from hot water? Warm water consists of the same molecules as cold. Experiment on diffusion in hot and cold water shows: the higher the temperature, the greater the penetration of one substance into another. Diffusion is caused by the movement of molecules. Since in hot water Diffusion occurs faster, which means the speed of movement of molecules in it is higher.

10 Physical meaning of temperature in the body with higher temperature molecules move faster on average. The temperature of a substance is determined not only average speed the movement of molecules, but also their mass. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a body.

11 Laboratory work: “Measuring body temperature” Purpose of the work: establishing a connection between body temperature and increase Equipment: thermometer. The course of work of the kinetic energy of molecules. 1. Hold the thermometer in your fist so that you can see the temperature value on the scale. 2. Observe the rise of the mercury (alcohol) column. Answer the following questions in writing: 1. Why does a column of mercury (alcohol) rise up? 2. When will the column of mercury (alcohol) stop? 3. What does a thermometer measure? 4. Is it possible to remove the thermometer from the environment whose temperature is being measured? Why? 5. What can be said about the magnitude of the kinetic energy of mercury (alcohol) molecules when the column rises? 6. What device did you use to determine body temperature? 7. What is the division price of this device? 8. What is the minimum (maximum) temperature that can be measured with this device?

12 This is interesting to know * Various mammals have normal temperature from 35 to 40.5 C; * Bird temperature 39.5 - 44 C; Most heat air on Earth is 58 C, the lowest is 3 C; The surface temperature of the Sun is about 6000 C; At a temperature of 42 C, the blood does not absorb oxygen from the air, and a person dies from oxygen deficiency. The natural temperature of the human body cannot be lower than 34 C. It is sometimes artificially lowered to 26 C and then the body falls into a state of suspended animation. Life processes in it slow down. Instead of 16 breaths per minute, a person takes only 4, the pulse drops from 70 to 25 beats per minute. Bears, badgers and many other animals are in a state of suspended animation in winter.

13 Homework Read 1. Collection of problems author. IN AND. Lukashik 915, 916. Repeat concepts: mechanical energy; types of mechanical energy. For those interested: prepare a small oral communication on the topic: “Adaptation of animals to different temperatures»

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“Physics is an exact science” - Practical task in groups. Observation and experiments. Liner, airplane. Some physical terms. Physics studies the world. What does physics study? The role of physics in our life. Conversation using illustrations. Physics is also related to other sciences. Distribute the following words in the table. Physical phenomena. Physics allows one to derive general laws.

“Applied Physics” - The period of revolutionary changes in physics 1895...1904. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1983 (or other years). Spectrometry of nuclear radiation. The period of modern physics since 1905. The emergence of geometric optics (Euclid). Research methods. Physical encyclopedic Dictionary. Becquerel discovered the natural radioactivity of uranium.

“Studying Physics” - Introductory lesson in physics, grade 7. Thermodynamics and Molecular physics. Optics. Structure of matter. We have already said that physics also studies the structure of matter. So why do you need physics? Electrodynamics. Physics is one of the many natural sciences. What does PHYSICS study? You also encounter electromagnetic phenomena at every step.

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OPTION 1

1). body falling to Earth 2). heating a pan of water 3) melting ice 4) reflection of light 5) movement of one molecule

A. 1, 2 and 5 B. 2, 3, 5 C. 2, 3 D. 2, 4 E. 1, 5 E. All

They have internal energy

A. All bodies B. Only solids B. Liquids only D. Gases only

How can you change the internal energy of the body?

A. Heat transfer. B. By doing work. B. Heat transfer and work. D. The internal energy of the body cannot be changed.

A. Heat transfer. B. By doing work. B. Heat transfer and work. D. The internal energy of the plate does not change.

What type of heat transfer is accompanied by the transfer of matter?

A. Convection only. B. Thermal conductivity only. B. Radiation only.

D. Convection and thermal conductivity. D. Convection and radiation.

E. Convection, thermal conductivity, radiation. G. Thermal conductivity, radiation.

OPTION-2

Which of listed examples are they related to thermal phenomena?

1) evaporation of liquid 2) echo 3) inertia 4) gravity 5) diffusion

A. 1, 3 B. 1, 4 C. 1, 5 D. 2, 4 C. All

The internal energy of a body depends on

A. Mechanical movement of the body B. Position of the body relative to other bodies C. movement and interaction of particles of the body D. Mass and density of the body.

Can it change internal energy bodies during work and heat transfer?

A. The internal energy of the body cannot change. B. Can only when doing work. B. It can only with heat transfer. D. Can during work and heat transfer.

A. Heat transfer. B. By doing work. B. Heat transfer and work. D. The internal energy of the wire does not change.

What type of heat transfer is not accompanied by the transfer of matter?

A. Radiation. B. Convection. B. Thermal conductivity. D. Radiation, convection, thermal conductivity. D. Radiation, convection. E. Radiation, thermal conductivity.

G. Convection, thermal conductivity.

Option 1

The copper wire clamped with pliers is bent and unbent several times. Does this change the internal energy of the wire?

If yes, then in what way?

Why do many plants die in snowless winters, while they can withstand significant frosts if the snow cover is large? The spacesuits worn by astronauts are usually colored White color . At the same time, some surfaces spaceships

black. What explains the choice of color?

When is the fastest time for a kettle of boiling water to cool down: when it was put on ice or when the ice was put on the lid of the kettle? Why in cold weather

How many animals sleep curled up in a ball?

Option 2

The steel plate was placed on a hot electric stove. In what way does the internal energy of the plate change?

Why can you burn your hands when sliding quickly down a rope or pole?

Scissors and a pencil lying on the table have the same temperature. Why do scissors feel colder to the touch?

Why does snow covered with soot or dirt melt faster than clean snow?