Correspondence between naval and land military ranks. Ranks in the Russian Navy in order: from sailor to admiral

In the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, two types of ranks have been established for persons undergoing military service- military and naval. IN ancient Rus' The presence of insignia and certain military units formed on a permanent basis was completely excluded. The division of the then still pitiful semblance of a standing army into separate formations took place in accordance with the number of soldiers who were in one or another formation. The principle was as follows: ten warriors - a unit called the “ten”, led by the “ten”. Then everything is in the same spirit.

The history of the emergence of military ranks in Russia

Under Ivan the Terrible, and later under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, this system underwent some changes: Streltsy hundreds appeared, and military ranks appeared in them. At that time, the hierarchy of ranks was the following list:

• Sagittarius
• foreman
• Pentecostal
• centurion
• head

Of course, between all the above ranks and the ranks that currently exist, the following analogy can be drawn: a foreman is a warrior, in our time performing the duties of a sergeant, or a foreman, a pentecostal is a lieutenant, and a centurion, respectively, is a captain.

After some time, already during the reign of Peter the Great, the hierarchical system of ranks was again transformed to the following:

• soldier
• corporal
• ensign
• lieutenant, called lieutenant
• captain (captain)
• quartermaster
• major
• lieutenant colonel
• Colonel

The year 1654 became outstanding in the history of the formation of military ranks in Russia. It was then that for the first time in the history of Russia the rank of general was awarded. Its first owner was Alexander Ulyanovich Leslie, the leader of the operation to capture and liberate Smolensk.

Categories of military ranks in the Russian Army

One of the largest political events of the 20th century that occurred in Russia, namely October Revolution 1917 was the last stage towards the formation of an established system of military ranks, which had not undergone any changes for a whole century.

Military ranks

1. Private. One of the first, considered the lowest military rank of the Russian Armed Forces.
2. Corporal. A rank that is awarded to military personnel who are part of the armed forces of the Russian Federation for any military distinction.

1. Major.
2. Lieutenant colonel.
3. Colonel.

Ship ranks

Ship ranks can simply be listed in order of seniority (from lowest to highest) due to their full correspondence with the land equivalent:

1. Sailor, senior sailor.
   
2. Foreman of the 2nd (second) article, foreman of the 1st (first) article, chief foreman, chief foreman - representatives of a group of military personnel classified as sergeants and foremen.
   
   
3. Midshipman, senior midshipman - military personnel of the group of warrant officers and midshipmen.
   
4. Junior lieutenant, lieutenant, senior lieutenant, captain-lieutenant - a group of military personnel representing junior officers.
   
   
5. Captain 3 (third) rank, captain 2 (second) rank, captain 1 (first) rank - representatives of senior officers.
   
   
6. Rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral, and fleet admiral are representatives of senior officers, respectively.
   

As with military ranks, the highest military rank for the navy is Marshal of the Russian Federation.

What is very noteworthy is that naval and military military ranks are also assigned to the following formations: the security forces of the Russian Federation - the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, etc., as well as water border formations that ensure security near coastal borders.

Colors and types of shoulder straps

Now let's turn to the shoulder straps. With them, unlike titles, things are somewhat more complicated.

Shoulder straps are usually distinguished according to the following series of criteria:

• the color of the shoulder strap itself (different depending on the military structure);
• the order of arrangement of distinctive insignia on shoulder straps (also depending on a particular military structure);
• the color of the decals themselves on the shoulder straps (similar to the points above).

There is another important criterion - the form of clothing. Accordingly, the army does not have the widest selection of clothing, which is allowed according to the regulations. More precisely, there are only three of them: everyday uniform, field uniform and dress uniform.

Shoulder straps of non-officers

Let's start with a description of the everyday uniform and the shoulder straps that come with it:

The everyday uniform of non-officers includes shoulder straps with two narrow stripes along the edges of the longitudinal part. Such shoulder straps can be seen on the shoulders of privates, non-commissioned officers, and warrant officers. All these images are presented above in the sections of military and ship ranks.

Officer's shoulder straps

Shoulder straps for the everyday uniform of officers are divided into three more subtypes:

• Shoulder straps for the everyday uniform of junior officers: have only one stripe running down the center along the shoulder strap itself.
• Shoulder straps for the everyday uniform of senior officers: they have two longitudinal stripes, also located in the center.
• Shoulder straps for the everyday uniform of senior officers: they differ sharply from each of the previous types in that they have a special fabric relief over the entire area of ​​the shoulder strap. The edges are framed by one narrow strip. A distinctive sign is also the stars that follow strictly in one row.
• It is impossible not to include in a separate group the Marshal of the Russian Federation and the type of shoulder straps corresponding to his everyday uniform: they also have a special fabric relief, which was mentioned in the paragraph above, but are fundamentally different in color. If the shoulder straps in each of the previous paragraphs were a rectangle of dark green color, then these ones are distinguished by their immediately striking golden color, which is quite consistent with the high-profile title of their wearer.

An interesting fact is that on February 22, 2013, the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin signed a decree that on the shoulder straps of army generals and admirals of the Russian Navy there will be one star with a diameter of 40 mm instead of 4 stars in one line as before. The corresponding image is presented above.

• Non-officer field uniform: shoulder straps are a regular rectangle, camouflaged as a summer taiga with a transverse (or longitudinal) stripe.
• Field uniform for junior officers: stars of relatively small size serve as a distinctive sign.
• Field uniform of senior officers: major, lieutenant colonel have one and two large stars on their shoulder straps, respectively, colonel - three.
• Field uniform of senior officers: all persons holding ranks in accordance with the previously announced composition have absolutely the same structure (dark green stars, strictly in a row), but shoulder straps different in the number of distinctive insignia. Just like in everyday uniforms, the General of the Army and the Marshal of the Russian Federation are distinguished by large stars

These features can be seen in more detail in the picture:

It was not long before military clothing became comfortable and practical. Initially, her beauty was valued more than the qualities mentioned a little earlier. Fortunately, when Alexandra III(the third) came the understanding that rich uniforms are too expensive. It was then that practicality and convenience began to be considered the primary value.

In certain periods of time, the soldier's uniform resembled ordinary peasant attire. Even in the conditions of the already existing Red Army, little attention was paid to the fact that there was no unified military uniform. The only distinctive sign of all soldiers was a red bandage on their sleeves and hats.

Even shoulder straps managed to be replaced for some time with ordinary triangles and squares, and only in 1943 were they returned as distinctive signs.

By the way, to this day, military personnel of the Russian Federation wear a uniform that was designed by the well-known fashion designer V. Yudashkin in 2010.

If you have read the entire article and are interested in testing your knowledge, then we suggest taking the test -

Since the time when the boats of our distant ancestors began to accommodate not one, but several people, the one who steered the boat with a steering oar began to stand out among them, while the rest, following his instructions, rowed or set the sail. This man enjoyed the unlimited confidence of the crew, since he was able to steer the ship, relying on his own experience and intuition, and was the first helmsman, navigator and captain all rolled into one.

Subsequently, as the size of ships grew, so did the number of people required to set the ship in motion and control it. A natural division of labor began, when everyone became responsible for their specific business and, all together, for the successful outcome of the voyage. This is how gradation and specialization began among seafarers - positions, titles, and specialties appeared.

History has not preserved the first names of those whose destiny was navigation, but it can be assumed that already thousands of years before our era, the coastal peoples had terms that defined people’s belonging to the maritime profession.

One of the seven estate castes in Ancient Egypt there was a caste of helmsmen. These were brave people, almost suicide bombers according to Egyptian standards. The fact is that, leaving the country, they were deprived of the protection of their native gods...

The first reliable information about the system of naval ranks dates back to the times Ancient Greece; it was later adopted by the Romans. Arab sailors developed their own system of maritime knowledge. Yes, in everything European languages The word "admiral", derived from the Arabic "amir al bahr", which means "lord of the seas", has become firmly established. Europeans learned about many of these Arabic terms from oriental tales"A Thousand and One Nights", in particular from "The Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor". And the very name of Sinbad - a collective image of Arab merchants - is a distortion of the Indian word “Sindhaputi” - “ruler of the sea”: this is how the Indians called shipowners.

After the 13th century, a distinctive system of naval ranks arose among the southern Slavs: shipowner - “brodovlastnik” (from “brod” - ship), sailor - “brodar” or “ladyar”, oarsman - “oarer”, captain - “leader”, crew - “posada”, head of the naval forces - “Pomeranian governor”.

In pre-Petrine Russia there were no naval ranks and there could not have been, since the country did not have access to the sea. However, river navigation was very developed, and in some historical documents of those times there are Russian names for ship positions: captain - “head”, pilot - “vodich”, senior over the crew - “ataman”, signalman - “makhonya” (from “waving” ). Our ancestors called sailors “sar” or “sara”, so in the menacing cry of the Volga robbers “Saryn to the kichka!” (on the bow of the ship!) "saryn" should be understood as "ship's crew."

In Rus', the shipowner, captain and merchant in one person were called “shipman”, or guest. The original meaning of the word “guest” (from the Latin hostis) is “stranger.” In Romance languages, it went through the following path of semantic changes: stranger - foreigner - enemy. In the Russian language, the development of the semantics of the word “guest” took the opposite path: stranger - foreigner - merchant - guest. (A. Pushkin in “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” uses the words “guests-gentlemen” and “shipmen” as synonyms.)

Although under Peter I the word “shipman” was supplanted by new, foreign words, as legal term it existed in the Code of Laws Russian Empire"before 1917

The first document in which, along with the old Russian words “shipman” and “feeder”, found foreign ones, was the “Article Articles” of David Butler, who led the team of the first warship"Eagle". This document was a prototype of the Maritime Charter. On its translation from Dutch by the hand of Peter I it is written: “The articles are correct, against which all ship captains or initial ship men deserve to be used.”

During the reign of Peter I himself, a stream of new, hitherto unknown job titles and titles poured into Russia. “For this reason,” he considered it necessary to “create” the Naval Regulations, so that on every large and small ship “everyone knew his position, and no one would excuse himself by ignorance.”

Let's try to take at least a quick look at the history of the origin of the main terms related to the composition of the ship's crew - the crew of a yacht or boat.

BATTALER- the one who manages clothing and food supplies. The word has nothing to do with “battle”, since it comes from the Dutch bottelen, which means “to pour into bottles,” hence bottelier - cupbearer.

BOATSWAIN- the one who monitors order on deck, the serviceability of the spar and rigging, manages general ship work, and trains sailors in maritime affairs. Derived from the Dutch boot or English boat - “boat” and man - “man”. In English, along with boatsman, or “boat (ship) man”, there is the word boatswain - this is the name of the “senior boatswain”, who has several “junior boatswains” under his command (boatswain’mate, where our old “boatswain’s mate” comes from).

In Russian, the word “boatswain” is first found in D. Butler’s “Article Articles” in the forms “botsman” and “butman”. There, for the first time, the scope of his responsibilities was defined. In the merchant navy, this rank was officially introduced only in 1768.

WATCH MAN- this initially “land” word came into the Russian language from German (via Poland), in which Wacht means “guard, guard”. If we talk about maritime terminology, then the Naval Charter of Peter I includes the word “watchman” borrowed from Dutch.

DRIVER- helmsman on a boat. In this meaning, this Russian word appeared recently as a direct translation of the English draiver. However, in the domestic maritime language it is not so new: in the pre-Petrine era, words of the same root - “vodich”, “ship leader” - were used to call pilots.

“Navigator” is a currently existing and purely official term (for example, in maritime law), as well as “amateur navigator” - in the meaning of “captain”, “skipper” of a small pleasure-tourist fleet.

DOCTOR- a completely Russian word, it has the same root as the word “liar”. They come from the Old Russian verb “to lie” with a primary meaning of “talk nonsense, idle talk, speak” and a secondary meaning of “conspiracy”, “heal”.

CAPTAIN- sole commander on the ship. This word came to us in a complex way, entering the language from medieval Latin: capitaneus, which is derived from caput - “head”. It appears for the first time in written records in 1419.

The military rank of “captain” first appeared in France - this was the name given to the commanders of detachments numbering several hundred people. In the navy, the title "captain" probably came from the Italian capitano. On the galleys, the captain was the first assistant to the “saprokomit” in military matters; he was responsible for the training of soldiers and officers, led in boarding battles, and personally defended the flag. This practice was later adopted by sailing military and even merchant ships, which hired armed detachments for protection. Even in the 16th century, those who could better protect the interests of the crown or the shipowner were often appointed to the position of first person on a ship, since military qualities were valued above maritime knowledge and experience. Thus, the title “captain” became mandatory on warships of almost all nations from the 17th century. Later, captains began to be divided into ranks in strict accordance with the rank of the ship.

In Russian, the title "captain" has been known since 1615. The first "ship captains" were David Butler, who led the crew of the ship "Eagle" in 1699, and Lambert Jacobson Gelt, who led the crew of the yacht built together with the "Eagle". Then the title of “captain” received official status in the Amusement Troops of Peter I (Peter himself was the captain of the bombardment company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment). In 1853, the rank of captain in the navy was replaced by "ship commander". On ships of the ROPiT since 1859 and the Voluntary Fleet since 1878, skippers from military fleet officers began to be unofficially called “captains,” and officially this rank in the civilian fleet was introduced in 1902 to replace “skipper.”

COOK- a cook on a ship, so called since 1698. The word came into the Russian language from Dutch. Derived from Lat. cocus - "cook".

COMMANDER- head of the yacht club, leader of a joint trip of several yachts. Initially, this was one of the highest degrees in the orders of knighthood, then, during the Crusades, it was the rank of commander of an army of knights. The word is derived from the Latin: the preposition cum - “with” and the verb mandare - “to order”.

In the Russian Navy at the beginning of the 18th century, the officer rank of “commander” was introduced (between a captain of the 1st rank and a rear admiral; it still exists in foreign fleets). The commanders wore admiral's uniforms, but epaulettes without an eagle. Since 1707, instead of it, the title of “captain-commander” was awarded, which was finally abolished in 1827. This title was held by outstanding navigators V. Bering, A.I. Chirikov, and one of the last - I.F. Krusenstern.

CILEM(English cooper, Dutch Kuiper - “cooper”, “cooper”, from kuip - “tub”, “tub”) - a very important position on wooden ships. He not only maintained the barrels and tubs in good condition, but also monitored the watertightness of the ship's hull. Foreign word“kupor” quickly entered everyday Russian speech, forming the derivatives “cork” and “uncork.”

PILOT- a person who knows the local navigation conditions and takes upon himself the safe navigation and mooring of the vessel. Usually this is a middle-aged navigator, about whom sailors jokingly, remembering the lights installed for the pilot vessel, say: “White hair - red nose.” Initially, pilots were crew members, but in the XIII-XV centuries there appeared those who worked only in their own specific area. The Dutch called such a “pilot” a “pilot” (loodsman, from lood - “lead”, “sinker”, “lot”). The first document regulating the activities of pilots appeared in Denmark (the “Naval Code” of 1242), and the first state pilotage service was organized in England in 1514.

In Rus', the pilot was called the “ship’s leader,” and his assistant, who measured the depth at the bow with a lot, was often called the “noser.” In 1701, by decree of Peter I, the term “pilot” was introduced, but until the middle of the 18th century the term “pilot” could also be found. The first state pilotage service in Russia was created in 1613 in Arkhangelsk, and the first manual for them was the instructions for pilots of the St. Petersburg port, published in 1711 by Admiral K. Kruys.

SAILOR- perhaps the “darkest” word in origin. All that is known for certain is that it came to us in the 17th century from the Dutch sea tongue in the form of “matros”. And although in the Naval Regulations of 1724 the form “sailor” is already found, until the middle of the 19th century “matros” was still more common. It can be assumed that this word comes from the Dutch mattengenoot - “bed mate”: matta - “matting”, “mat”, and genoot - “comrade”.

In the middle of the century, the word mattengenoot, in the truncated form matten, came to France and was transformed into the French matelot - sailor. And after some time, this same “matlo” returned to Holland again and, unrecognized by the Dutch, turned first into matrso, and then into the more easily pronounced matroos.

There is another interpretation. Some etymologists see the Dutch matt - “comrade” in the first part of the word, others - mats - “mast”. Some scholars see Viking heritage in this word: in Icelandic, for example, mati - “comrade” and rosta - “battle”, “fight”. And together “matirosta” means “combat friend”, “comrade in arms”.

DRIVER- the word is relatively young. It appeared at a time when sails in the navy began to be replaced by the steam engine, and was borrowed from it. Mashinist (from the Old Greek machina), but first noted in Russian in 1721! Naturally, at that time this maritime specialty did not yet exist.

MECHANIC- the origin is similar to the word “machinist”, but in the Russian language in the form “mechanicus” it was noted even earlier - in 1715.

SAILOR- a person who has chosen the maritime profession as his destiny. This profession is believed to be about 9,000 years old. Our ancestors called its representatives “morenin”, “sailor” or “sailor”. The root "hod" is very ancient. The expression “walking on the sea” is found already in the chronicle when describing Prince Oleg’s campaign against Constantinople in 907. One can also recall “Walking across the Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin.

In modern language, the root “move” has become entrenched in the terms “seaworthiness”, “navigability”, “propulsion”, etc. Peter I tried to instill the foreign Italian-French name for a military sailor - “mariner” (from the Latin mare - sea). It has been found since 1697 in the forms “mari-nir”, “marinal”, but by the end of the 18th century it fell out of use, leaving only a trace in the word “midshipman”. Another Dutch term, “zeeman” or “zeiman,” suffered the same fate. It existed only until the end of the first quarter of the XIX century.

PILOT- driver (less often - navigator) of a racing boat; an obvious borrowing from aviation “as a sign of respect” for high speeds. During times early Middle Ages this was the personal rank of the pilot who accompanied the ship throughout the entire passage from the port of departure to the port of destination. This word came to us through the Italian pilota, and its roots are ancient Greek: pedotes - “helmsman”, derived from pedon - “oar”.

STEERING- the one who directly controls the progress of the ship, standing at the helm. The word goes back to the Dutch pyp ("rudder") and in this form is mentioned in the Naval Regulations of 1720 ("Inspect the Ruhr before going on a voyage"). By the middle of the 18th century, the word "ruhr" finally replaced the ancient Russian "helm", however, the title of "steerman" was officially retained in the Russian galley fleet until the last decade of the same century.

SALAGA- inexperienced sailor. Contrary to the original “interpretations”, for example, on the topic of a historical anecdote about the mythical island of Alag (“Where are you from?” “From Alag”), the prosaic version is closer to the truth, connecting this word with “herring” - small fish. “Salaga” in some Russian dialects, mainly in the northern provinces, has long been the name for small fish. In the Urals, the use of the word “herring” as a nickname has been recorded, that is, in the meaning of “new fish.”

SIGNALMAN- a sailor who transmits messages from ship to ship or to shore by means of manual semaphore or raising signal flags. The word “signal” came to us under Peter I through the German Signal from Latin (signum - “sign”).

STARPO- both parts of this word come from Old Slavonic roots. The senior (from the stem "hundred") here has the meaning of "chief", because it should be the most experienced of the captain's assistants. And “helper” originates from the now lost noun “might” - “strength, might” (its traces have been preserved in the words “help”, “nobleman”, “infirmity”).

SKIPPER- captain of a civil ship. The word represents the "namesake" of the "shipman" - "schipor", and then goll. schipper (from schip - "ship"). Some etymologists see the formation from a word from Norman (Old Scand. Skipar) or Danish (skipper) with the same meaning. Others point to the closeness of the word to the German Schiffer (from schiff(s)herr - “lord, captain of the ship”).

In Russian, the word first appears at the beginning of the 18th century as junior officer rank. According to the Naval Regulations, the skipper had to “see that the ropes were well folded and that they lay neatly in the interior”; “in throwing and taking out the anchor, you are responsible for beating [beatings] and watching over the tying of the anchor rope.”

In the merchant fleet, the navigator's rank of skipper was introduced only in 1768, with mandatory passing of exams at the Admiralty. In 1867, the title was divided into long-distance and coastal skippers, and in 1902 it was abolished, although the position of “under-skipper” - the keeper of ship supplies for the deck part - on large ships still exists, as does the word “skipper’s storeroom”.

Shkotovy- a sailor working on sheets (from the Dutch schoot - floor). The word "sheet" (gear for controlling the clew angle of a sail) first appears in the Naval Regulations of 1720 in the form "sheet".

NAVIGATOR- navigation specialist. This word in Russian was first noted in the form “sturman” in the “Article Articles” of D. Butler, then in “Painting of supplies for the barcolon...” by K. Kruys (1698) in the forms “sturman” and “sturman” and Finally, in the Naval Charter of 1720 the modern form of the word is found. And it comes from the Dutch stuur - “steering wheel”, “to rule”. In the heyday of navigation, when the ships of the Dutch East India Company have already plowed the waters Indian Ocean and the role of navigators increased enormously, the Dutch word "navigator" became international. So in the Russian language it replaced the ancient “helmsman” or “kormshchiy” (from “stern”, where since ancient times there was a ship control post). According to the “Article Articles”, the navigator had to inform the captain “the acquired height of the pole (pole) and show his notebook about the ship’s navigation and the book of the sea navigation in order to best advise on the preservation of the ship and people...”.

YUNGA- a boy on a ship studying seamanship. This word appeared in Russian vocabulary under Peter I (from the Dutch jongen - boy). At that time, there were “cabin cabin boys” recruited as servants, and “deck cabin boys” for deck work. Many famous admirals began their naval service as cabin boys, including the “admiral of admirals” - Horatio Nelson.

Admiral(vf) - higher
V maritime service rank corresponding to the rank of general in the army
troops. Commands the fleet. Admiral ranks 4: admiral general,
admiral, vice admiral and rear admiral.

Commodore(vf) - in England and Holland naval officer, squadron commander

Captain - ship commander. He may even hold the position of lieutenant (more on this in next point)

Lieutenant -
naval officer, is the captain's mate. However, Lieutenant
is the commander of a rank 4 ship with 14-16 guns. For such
ships captain is not appointed. On a rank 3 ship with 50 guns
the lieutenant is the senior mate of the captain (since according to the regulations there
no lieutenant captain). Speaking modern language the lieutenant is
watch officer, watch commander, i.e. part of the crew carrying
ship service in a given period of time.

Ship's secretary -
There is only one secretary on any ship. We can say that this officer
is the captain's assistant for personnel records, staff work,
accounting, monitoring the work of all supply services, correspondence. He must
control the receipt of all supplies on the ship, keep a logbook,
familiarize the crew with the Charter, written orders and instructions
senior naval commanders, keep court records, draw up
contracts for the supply of supplies, control the distribution of food and other
property for personnel, take into account booty taken from the enemy,
record the consumption of gunpowder and cannonballs during the battle, make requests to the port
to replenish supplies, copy the belongings of the dead and
pass them on to relatives. He has no right to leave the ship
(except for the performance of duties requiring his presence on
shore) until it is parked for a long time and will not
disarmed.

Priest (chaplain) -
the priest was equated rather with officers in his position, but also
It was impossible to definitely classify him as an officer. Rather, he just stood there
apart. The navy had one chief priest in charge of
activities of ship chaplains. Each ship had
the priest who officiated all religious activities. Moreover he
was obliged to visit the wounded and sick and ease their mental
suffering. The priest was responsible for the priestly supplies and kept records of them and
use (camping church, throne with vestments, Gospels,
crosses, etc.)

Doctor -
There was one doctor on all ships. Depending on the ship's rank
he had different quantities assistants The doctor was in charge of accounting,
supplying medicines, medical instruments, keeping records of patients,
was responsible for the treatment of patients, the quality and quantity of food given to them.
During the battle he was forbidden to go on deck, but had to
be in the interior where the collection point for the wounded has been determined. If
it was established that the sick or wounded person died from the negligence of the doctor, then
the latter was considered a murderer and subject to execution.

Skipper
- one of the senior officers. According to the regulations, only the navigator was higher than him.
All ships had one skipper. The skipper was responsible for accounting, availability,
storage, use, repair, replenishment, replacement of skipper
property. He kept a journal of this property. To the skipper's property
included the entire removable spar (masts, yards), all rigging (ropes,
ropes, blocks), anchors, lanterns, washing and cleaning equipment, candles,
carpentry equipment and tools, boat sails, all metal
caulker's products, equipment, materials and tools, lubricants
materials, fastening materials (nails, staples, bolts). Skipper accepts
to the ship all this property and monitors the completeness of receipt and quality.
He is also responsible for the distribution of all property and supplies to locations
storage, securing property from rocking. When placing the ship on
anchor and removal from the anchor monitors the movement or reception of the anchor
rope, operation of locking devices. He is also responsible for the organization
cleaning the ship, putting things in order. The skipper supervises the work
sailors, punishes the careless, trains the incompetent. Sub-skipper replaces
skipper in his absence.

Navigator
- was responsible for the navigator’s property, its receipt, storage,
use, expenditure. Flags were considered navigator's property.
signal flags, pennants, ship and boat jacks, compasses,
hourglass, logs, lots, lamps. The navigator kept a logbook
navigator's equipment, monitored the replenishment and serviceability of his
property. He was also responsible for sea charts, sailing directions, and the serviceability of the helmsman.
ship control. He checked the compass and hourglass. During
during the voyage he had to check the maps with the real coastline,
islands, rocks, reefs and map all their changes.
The navigator is obliged to inform the officers and captain about the dangers of the ship's course
(shoals, reefs, rocks) and insist on changing it, and even if the captain
or another officer will not listen to him, and the ship will be lost, then the navigator
will be executed or sent to hard labor. When anchoring, the navigator
is obliged to ensure that there is no shallow water in this place and that the ship’s hull is not
would have broken through with its anchor. The navigator helps the navigator, and in his
absence is entirely the responsibility of the navigator's service.

Boatswain
- specialist of the junior command staff of the ship's crew (in the Navy -
senior officers); immediate supervisor of the deck crew. IN
The boatswain's responsibilities include maintaining the hull in good condition,
rigging and deck equipment of the vessel, management of general ship work
and training of ordinary members of the deck crew (sailors) in maritime affairs,
monitoring order and cleanliness on the ship. On large warships
there is one chief boatswain and several boatswains.

Midshipman -
direct assistant to officers. The main responsibility is to monitor
complete and accurate execution by all crew members of the officers' orders.
Other responsibilities include organizing stacking and placement in
premises of the ship's property and keep a log of this property.

Gunners
- These are naval gunners. One might say - gun commanders. By
the number of cannons and gunners can be said that for every three guns there were two
gunner. Consequently, the gunners were engaged in loading, aiming and
firing a shot, and rolling the guns into place, cooling, cleaning
after the shot was assigned to the soldiers. Sailors have no relationship with guns
had.

Quartermaster
- commands the sailors located in this cockpit. He must follow
for the presence of its sailors on the ship, for the health of its sailors,
the cleanliness and serviceability of their clothing, the provision of food to the sailors and the
returning leftover food and utensils to the kitchen so that the products
weapons, things, and gear were not taken from the ship. Quartermaster also
is the commander of the boat, monitors its serviceability, equipment,
manages it on the water and commands the sailors assigned to the crew
lifeboats

Carpenter
- is obliged to monitor all wooden parts of the hull and spar and
repair them; exercise quality control over the materials received on board the ship
wooden spar parts (masts, yards); together with a caulker
eliminate leaks in the housing. I am also obliged to monitor whether there are receipts anywhere
water into the housing. Keep a log of receipts and consumption of wood
parts, materials. Must know the dimensions and design of all
wooden parts so that they can correctly order on shore
production of parts for this ship.

Caulker -
obliged to keep an eye on it. so that there are no leaks in the hull, so that hatches and
the gun ports were tightly closed. When leaks appear along with
ship's carpenter to remove them.

Sailing master
- on a ship of any rank there is one sailing master. Under his leadership
one or two sailing students. Responsible for ensuring that the sails are in good condition and
fix them.

Soldiers (Marines)- were involved in servicing guns to help the gunners, and boarding and landing teams were made up of them.

Sailors -
junior rank. Engaged to work on a ship, such as: work with
sails, pumping water from the hold, keeping the ship clean. On
on the robber ships they formed the boarding crew.

The list of military ranks is established by the law of the Russian Federation “On military duty and military service" They are divided into military and naval (sea).

Naval ranks are assigned to military personnel of the submarine and surface forces of the Navy. Military applies to land, space and airborne troops.

These include:

• Coastal troops. They guard strategic areas coastal zone. Military bases of the Russian Federation are equipped missile systems and artillery. They have torpedo, anti-aircraft and mine weapons.
• Naval aviation protects its ships from air attack. It organizes reconnaissance, search and rescue operations, transportation and landing of detachments. Its formations are based in the Black Sea, Pacific, Northern and Baltic fleets.
• Marine Corps was created in 1992. It is designed to protect naval bases, defend important coastal facilities, and participate in combat operations.

Each department has its own responsibilities, but they have the same basic functions:

• protection of the country's sovereignty;
• ensuring public safety;
• use of force in case of detection of a threat from the sea side;
• obedience to the orders of the commander in chief.

Junior ranks in the navy

During the first months of service in the Russian Navy, soldiers are called sailors. Until 1946, they were called “Red Navy men.” This rank is equivalent to private in ground forces.

To the best sailors for excellent performance of official duties and observance of discipline is assigned to the senior sailor. They can replace squad commanders during their absence. The corresponding military rank is corporal.

The squad leader is a foreman of the first or second class. These titles began to be used in 1940. In the ground forces they are equivalent to sergeant and junior sergeant.

The deputy platoon commander is called the chief sergeant major. Among army servicemen, he corresponds to a senior sergeant. The rank above him is the chief petty officer.

Midshipman - this military rank is assigned to persons who remain in service in the ranks of the Navy after the expiration of the established period. They are trained in schools or courses. Senior midshipman is a rank higher. The ranks are equivalent to military warrant officer and senior warrant officer.

Naval officers

The first rank of junior officers in the navy is junior lieutenant. Upon completion of their period of service and successful completion of certification, they are transferred to lieutenants.

The next level is senior lieutenant. The rank corresponds to a cavalry captain, infantry captain or esaul of the Cossack troops. Highest rank junior officers - captain-lieutenant.

A captain of the 3rd rank is sometimes called a "captri". Equivalent to a major of the ground forces. Abbreviated name of captain 2nd rank -"kavtorang" or "kapdva". Corresponds to a lieutenant colonel in the armed forces. A captain of the 1st rank or “kapraz” is equivalent to the rank of colonel, and can command ships.

Rear admiral is the first admiral rank established on May 7, 1940. He serves as deputy fleet commander. A similar rank in the aviation and ground forces is major general. Above are the vice admiral and the admiral. Similar to them are army servicemen, lieutenant general and colonel general.

The post of Commander-in-Chief of the Navy is occupied by the Admiral of the Fleet. This is the highest active naval rank in the Russian Federation.

Insignia

Shoulder straps of sailors without insignia. Senior sailors have one braid - a transverse strip. The foreman of the second class has two yellow fabric braids, the first class has three. The shoulder straps of the chief petty officer have one wide stripe. The chief petty officer has one longitudinal braid.

Midshipmen's shoulder straps are marked with small stars, which are located vertically. The midshipman has two stars, the senior midshipman has three.

Junior officers wear a vertical yellow stripe on their shoulder straps - a clearance. They have 13mm stars sewn on them. The junior lieutenant has one star in the clear, the lieutenant has two stars on both sides of the yellow stripe, the senior has one in the clear and two on the sides, the captain-lieutenant has two on the line and two on the sides.

The shoulder straps of senior officers have two parallel gaps and stars measuring 20 millimeters. The captain of the 3rd rank has one star between the yellow stripes, the second - one on each gap, the first - one between the lines and one on them.

Officers top level wears shoulder straps with large stars and no gaps. A rear admiral has one star, a vice admiral has two, and an admiral has three. On the shoulder straps of the fleet admiral there is only one big star measuring 4 centimeters.

Sleeve insignia

On the sleeves of officers' uniforms there are yellow stripes and stars. Higher ranks have an embroidered anchor inside the star.

The number of stripes and width vary by rank:

• medium-sized stripe for a junior lieutenant;
• medium and narrow - for the lieutenant;
• two middle ones - for the senior lieutenant;
• one narrow and two medium ones - for the lieutenant commander;
• three medium ones - for the captain of the 3rd rank, four medium ones - for the second one, one wide - for the first one;
• medium and wide - for the rear admiral;
• two medium and wide - for the vice admiral;
• three medium and wide - for the admiral;
• four medium and one wide - for the fleet admiral.

The procedure for assigning the next Navy rank

The law establishes the following stages of increase:

• the minimum period of service to obtain the rank of sergeant major of the second article is one year;
• Three years of service allows you to become a chief petty officer;
• the same number of years is required to be a midshipman;
• in two years you can receive the rank of junior lieutenant, in three - lieutenant, and in another three - senior lieutenant;
• four years of further service give grounds to qualify for a captain-lieutenant, and the next four - for a captain of the 3rd rank;
• in five years you can become a captain of the 2nd rank.

For special achievements, it is possible to receive the next military rank early.

The ranks of sailors are somewhat different from the ranks of land, missile, space force, Airborne Forces, Air Force. Let's take a closer look at this classification, starting with an idea of ​​what ranks exist in the Russian Armed Forces.

Composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

In total, there are two types of ranks for the military in our state - military and ship (sea) ranks. Their list is established in the Federal Law “On Military Duty and Military Service”.

Naval ranks are assigned to sailors:

• underwater and surface units of the Navy;
• Coast Guard border units of the FSB of the Russian Federation;
• military naval units of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.

Components of the Navy:

• coastal troops;
• Marine Corps;
• naval aviation.

Navy units

Let's look at each one briefly:

1. Marine Corps (we'll look at the ranks below). The branch of the military was created on February 14, 1992. It is designed for amphibious assault operations, the defense of important strategic facilities on the coast, and the protection of naval bases. The color of distinction is black (black beret), the motto is: “Where we are, there is victory!” Number: 12.5-35 thousand military personnel. Connections Marine Corps present in the Pacific, Northern, Black Sea, Baltic fleets, and the Caspian flotilla.
2. Naval aviation. Destruction of the enemy’s battle fleet, as well as its landing forces, convoys, single ships both at sea and at bases, covering one’s ships from air attack, aerial reconnaissance, destruction cruise missiles, airplanes and helicopters, air transportation, airborne troops, search and rescue operations. Basing points: Pacific, Northern, Baltic, Black Sea fleet.
3. Coastal defense and security. The troops protect the military bases of the Russian Navy and strategically important areas of the coastal zone. They have coastal artillery and missile systems, incl. and anti-aircraft, torpedo, mine weapons, and special coastal defense vessels.

Naval ranks and shoulder straps: type, colors

There are two main categories of shoulder straps in the navy: for officers and for junior personnel.

Midshipmen, foremen and sailors:

• everyday uniform: blue (in some variations with silver edging) shoulder straps with yellow stripes and the letter “F” embroidered according to rank;
• ceremonial beige shirt (only for midshipmen) - removable shoulder straps, identical to those present on the ceremonial tunic;
• dress coat, tunic - gray-black sewn shoulder straps with a checkerboard pattern.

Officer naval ranks and shoulder straps:

• white dress shirt - golden removable shoulder straps without edging;
• beige dress shirt - shoulder straps without edging to match the clothes;
• casual coat and jacket - black shoulder straps with yellow trim;
• ceremonial officer's jacket - embroidered golden shoulder straps with black edging stripes.

Junior naval ranks and insignia

Sailors wear shoulder straps without insignia; only senior sailors have one transverse stripe (galloon).

Petty officers have insignia - stripes, fabric braids yellow(for both everyday and festive uniforms). Naval ranks:

• foreman of the second article (2 braids);
• foreman of the first article (3 galloons);
• chief petty officer (one wide stripe);
• chief ship's foreman (one wide, longitudinal braid).

Midshipmen's shoulder straps are somewhat similar to those of officers, but are made without gaps (vertical sewn stripes); edgings can be added. The insignia is small vertical stars. Naval ranks:

• midshipman (two stars);
• senior midshipman (three stars).

Naval officers

Junior officer naval ranks of Russia wear one gap on their shoulder straps (a yellow vertically located sewn stripe). The standard size of metal sprockets is 13 mm. Differences:

• junior lieutenant (one star in the clear);
• lieutenant (two stars on both sides of the gap);
• senior lieutenant (three stars - one in the clear, the other two on either side of him);
• captain-lieutenant (four stars - two in the clear, two on the sides of the line).

Senior officer ranks of the navy already have two clearances and the stars on their shoulder straps are larger - 20 mm. Differences:

• captain of the third rank (one star between gaps);
• captain of the second rank (two stars in the gaps);
• captain of the first rank (three stars - two in the gaps, one between the stripes)

Senior officers wear shoulder straps without gaps with large embroidered stars (22 mm):

• rear admiral (one star);
• vice admiral (two stars);
• admiral (three stars);
• admiral of the fleet (one large embroidered star - 40 mm).

Sleeve insignia

In the navy, in addition to shoulder straps, officers also have insignia on the sleeves of their uniforms - yellow stripes and stars. The latter for junior and senior officers are filled with a solid yellow stripe, and for senior officers an anchor is embroidered inside the outline of the star. The width and number of stripes vary by rank:

• junior lieutenant - middle band;
• lieutenant - medium and narrow stripes;
• senior lieutenant - two middle ones;
• captain-lieutenant - two medium, one narrow;
• captain 3rd rank - three averages;
• captain 2nd rank - four averages;
• captain 1st rank - one wide;
• rear admiral - wide and medium;
• vice admiral - wide and two medium;
• admiral - wide and three medium;
• Admiral of the Fleet - wide and four medium.

Correspondence between naval and military ranks

Military and naval ranks correspond as follows:

Marshal of the Russian Federation
Fleet Admiral	Army General
Admirals	Colonel Generals
Vice Admirals	Major Generals
Rear admirals	Lieutenant Generals
Captains 1st rank	Colonels
Captains 2nd rank	Lieutenant Colonels
Captains 3rd rank	Majors
Captain-lieutenants	Captains
Lieutenants
Junior lieutenants
Senior midshipmen	Senior warrant officers
Midshipmen	Ensigns
Chief petty officers of the ship	Petty Officers
Petty Officers 1 article	Sergeants
Petty Officers 2 articles	Junior Sergeants
Senior sailors	Corporals
Sailors	Privates

Naval ranks and insignia on shoulder straps in Russian army are clearly structured, so they are quite easy to understand even with a superficial familiarization.