Classification of economic assets according to the sources of their formation. Classification of household assets and their sources of formation

The composition of the enterprise's property is quite diverse. It is determined by the content, industry characteristics (specifics), and the volume of economic activity of the enterprise.

The assets of an enterprise have a value expression and are called economic assets.

Economic assets (property) of any enterprise, in order to correctly reflect them in accounting, are grouped according to two criteria: by type and location, by sources of formation and intended purpose.

Based on types and location, funds are divided into seven groups.

Fixed assets- this is part of the property used as means of labor in the production of products, performance of work or provision of services, or for the management of an organization for a period exceeding 12 months or the normal operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months. According to the Regulations on Management accounting and reporting in Russia, fixed assets include: items that last for more than a year, regardless of their cost; items with a value on the date of acquisition of more than one hundred times the minimum monthly wage per unit, regardless of their period beneficial use.

Fixed assets include: buildings, structures, equipment, computer technology, vehicles, household equipment, tools, etc.

The peculiarity of fixed assets is that they participate not in one, but in several capital circulations; during operation, they gradually wear out and transfer their value to the finished product in parts. Thus, the cost of fixed assets is repaid gradually: the share of their cost that is subject to monthly inclusion in the amount of the enterprise’s expenses is determined from the standard useful life of them. The process of transforming the cost of fixed assets into enterprise costs during the standard period of their use is called depreciation.

Intangible assets – These are funds that do not have a visible material form, but are capable of bringing their owner both direct income and providing the necessary conditions for its extraction.

Intangible assets used for a long period (more than one year) in the economic circulation of capital include rights arising from:

from patents for inventions, industrial designs, selection achievements, from certificates for utility models, trademarks, trademarks, "know-how";

rights of use land plots, natural resources and organizational costs when creating an enterprise.

The cost of intangible assets, as well as the cost of fixed assets, is repaid evenly through monthly depreciation of their cost based on their useful life established by the enterprise itself. If the useful life of intangible assets cannot be determined, then the norms for transferring their value are established for ten years (but not more than the life of the enterprise).

Inventory and household supplies, like fixed assets, they do not lose their original shape and can participate in several cycles of economic assets. In material production, inventory is a means of labor. However, compared to fixed assets, inventory is of lower value and requires relatively quick replacement. Therefore, to facilitate accounting and control, they are included in working capital. Inventory and household items include:

items with a service life of up to one year, regardless of their cost;

items costing no more than one hundred times the minimum monthly wage per unit, regardless of their useful life.

Working capital differ from durable assets (fixed assets, intangible assets) in that they can be converted into money or completely used in the near future (within one year or operating cycle). They participate in one capital circulation, their value is immediately transferred to the finished product and is completely written off as enterprise costs. Working capital is divided into two parts:

objects of labor (raw materials, materials, fuel, etc.), which lose or modify their natural form, are completely consumed in one production cycle, transfer their cost completely to the products.

finished products and goods for resale

Cash – this is the amount of money in bank accounts (settlement, foreign exchange, special, etc.), money transfers, cash at the cash desk of the enterprise.

Financial assets – these are investments (investments) in other enterprises: funds in bank deposit accounts; acquired securities(shares, bonds, certificates, etc.) of other enterprises for a period of up to one year and other types of placement of free cash for the purpose of generating income in the form of interest, dividends or the difference in the value of securities upon their resale.

Funds in settlements – accounts receivable, that is, debt to an enterprise for goods and services, products, advances issued, amounts due to accountable persons, etc.

Economic accounting as a method of management presupposes the receipt of economic funds, their intended purpose and use. Deviation from standards, the use of funds for purposes other than those for which they are intended, predetermines disruptions in economic activity. Sources of formation and receipt of economic assets are also included in the number of accounting objects.

Oborrowed funds – This is a conditional accounting object that determines the amount of economic assets withdrawn from economic circulation for one reason or another. They do not take part in economic activities, but for one reason or another informational or control nature are reflected in the accounting system. These include payments to the budget and other organizations at the expense of profits, the use of profits for the formation of funds, other areas of current use of profits, as well as the loss of the enterprise as the final financial result.

By sources of formation and intended purpose The economic assets of an enterprise are divided into two groups: sources of own funds (equity capital); sources of borrowed funds (liabilities)

Sources own The enterprise's funds are: authorized, additional and reserve capital, retained earnings, special funds. Targeted reserve funds are also considered sources of own funds.

atcapital represents the initial equity capital of the enterprise, which is formed in accordance with the constituent documents at the time of registration of the enterprise at the expense of the founders in the form of their contributions (in monetary terms). The formation of authorized capital depends on the organizational and legal form of the enterprise and the form of ownership.

dsurplus capital is formed as a result of the revaluation of non-current assets as the amount of increase in their value. In joint-stock companies, the amount of the difference between the sale and par value of shares when they are sold at a price exceeding the par value is credited to additional capital. Additional capital includes property received by the enterprise from other persons and free of charge.

rreserve capital is created in accordance with the law and constituent documents through deductions from profits and is intended to cover possible losses of the enterprise in the absence of other sources of compensation.

Ovaluation reserves– these are reserves formed from net profit for the depreciation of securities (for example, they purchased shares, and their rate fell; in order not to go bankrupt, they use a reserve).

Targeted financing – funds allocated by the parent company to its structural divisions and subsidiaries for certain purposes.

Special funds, reserves, and retained earnings increase the company's own sources (equity capital).

nprofit represents the difference between the income and expenses of the enterprise and reflects the equity capital of the enterprise, formed as a result of current effective activities. Part of the profit is transferred to the budget in the form of income tax, part is used to pay dividends to investor-owners, form special savings funds, consumption and reserves, and part may remain undistributed.

Borrowed sources(liabilities) are external sources of resources of the enterprise, they are usually called lenders. Liabilities can be short-term or long-term. Short-term liabilities are those that are due to be repaid within one year, and long-term liabilities are those that are due to be repaid over a period of more than one year. The term “borrowed capital” can be used to characterize long-term liabilities.

Short-term liabilities include: short-term bank loans; short-term loans issued to third-party enterprises; accounts payable for settlements with enterprise employees, suppliers, financial authorities, social insurance and security funds, other enterprises and individuals.

A creditor is a legal entity or individual to whom an enterprise has obligations (debts) that must be repaid.

Debt obligations include: long-term bank loans; long-term bills of exchange issued to creditors and suppliers for goods received - tangible assets; other debt loans.

To carry out business activities, each organization, including a pharmacy, must have certain funds. The amount of funds and the nature of use depend on the type and volume of the organization’s activities.

Accounting considers the economic assets of any organization from two points of view; on the one hand, you need to know what types of funds these funds consist of, in what area they are located (production, trade, etc.), on the other hand, you need to know from what sources this property was acquired or formed.

- inventory and cash, both owned by the organization and temporarily or permanently outside its ownership.

Household assets of the organization are an asset of the organization and are classified by composition: non-current and current assets.

Non-current assets are divided into:

1. Fixed assets.

From a legal point of view, fixed assets should be recognized as those that are considered as such according to regulatory documents. When classifying property acquired by an enterprise as fixed assets, four criteria are taken into account:

1. use in the production of products, when performing work or providing services, or for the management needs of the organization;
2. operation for a long time, i.e. useful life of 12 months or normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;
3. the ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future.

From an economic point of view, two interpretations of fixed assets are possible:

• invested capital and, therefore, all fixed assets must be accounted for at cost and can be likened to deferred expenses;
• a resource through which income is generated.

2. Intangible assets.

Conditions that must be met when accounting for assets as intangible:

• lack of material-material (physical) structure;
• the possibility of separation or separation from other property;
• use for production and administrative needs;
• use for more than one year;
• no subsequent resale of these assets is expected;
• ability to generate future income;
• the presence of properly executed documents confirming the existence of an asset and the organization’s exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity (patents, certificates, other documents of protection, agreement of assignment (acquisition) of a patent, trademark, etc.).

3. Equipment for installation.

Technological, energy and production equipment that requires installation and is intended for installation in standing facilities.

Equipment requiring installation also includes:

• equipment put into operation only after its parts have been assembled;
• set of spare parts; - measuring equipment, etc.

4. Investments in non-current assets.

The organization's expenses for objects that will subsequently be accepted for accounting as fixed assets, land plots and environmental management facilities, and intangible assets.

Working capital

Working capital participate in only one capital circulation and completely transfer their value to the newly created product.

Their main difference is that in short term they can be converted into money. These include:

1. Industrial stocks. Objects of labor intended for processing, processing or use in production or for economic needs, as well as means of labor.
2. Finished products and goods.
3. Cash. Cash in Russian and foreign currencies held at the cash desk, in settlement, currency and other accounts opened with credit institutions in the country and abroad, as well as securities, payment and monetary documents.
4. Calculations:

• with buyers and customers;
• with accountable persons (settlements with employees for amounts issued to them on account for administrative, economic and operating expenses);
• with different debtors.

Accounts receivable - this is the debt of various organizations or individuals of this organization. Debtors are organizations or individuals who use the funds of this organization.

Classification of economic assets by sources of education and intended purpose

Based on the sources of education and intended purpose, the organization’s economic funds are divided into two groups: own funds and attracted (borrowed) funds.

Own funds:

1. Authorized capital is formed during the formation of an organization at the expense of contributions from the founders (participants) of the organization.

Authorized capital - this is the minimum amount of the organization’s property that guarantees the interests of its creditors.

The authorized capital of joint stock companies is equal to the nominal value of their shares, regardless of the price actually paid for them. Similarly, the authorized capital of an LLC is equal to the nominal value of the shares of its participants.

Some organizations (full partnership, limited partnership) according to the law do not include constituent documents charter, therefore, the amount of funds contributed by the founders is called share capital.

State and municipal unitary enterprises are not vested with the right of ownership of the property assigned to them by the owner, as a result of which the total amount of this property is called the “authorized capital”.

2. Own shares (shares)- shares repurchased joint stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation. Some business companies and partnerships use this account to account for the share of a participant acquired by the company or partnership itself for transfer to other participants or third parties.

3. Reserve capital is created through deductions from retained earnings and is intended to cover the organization’s losses for the reporting year. Any economic activity associated with risk, i.e. with possible losses from management decisions made.

These losses can be caused by both objective and subjective reasons. To ensure stability of economic development. Any organization should set aside part of the results obtained in reserve.

4. Additional capital formed due to the increase in the value of non-current assets identified as a result of their revaluation; the amount, the difference between the sale and par value of shares, received in the process of forming the authorized capital of the joint-stock company.

5. Retained earnings (uncovered loss)

6. Targeted financing— funds intended for the implementation of targeted activities; funds received from other organizations and individuals, budget funds etc.

7. Profits and losses- the final financial result of the organization’s activities in the reporting year, which consists of financial result from common species activities, other income and expenses, including extraordinary ones.

Raised (borrowed) funds

Borrowed funds include:

• settlements for short-term loans and borrowings - the amount of short-term (for a period of no more than 12 months) loans and borrowings received by the organization;
• settlements for long-term loans and borrowings - the amount of long-term (for a period of more than 12 months) loans and borrowings received by the organization;
• Accounts payable are the debts of a given organization to other organizations or individuals.

Creditors the organizations and persons to whom the organization owes debt are named.

Accounts payable arises, in particular, if materials and goods arrive at the organization before it has made payment for them, i.e., the receipt of goods material assets precedes its payment.

Obligations include:

• debt to the budget for taxes and fees;
• debt to the team for wages;
• debt to social insurance and security.

Debt to the budget and social insurance and security may occur, since the accrual of taxes and deductions precedes the repayment of this debt. Arrears in wages arise due to the fact that the performance of work precedes payments for it.

Task 1. Group accounting objects according to their composition and location and by sources of education.

Table 1 - assets (property) and liabilities of the organization as of 01/01/200 (rub.)

Name of funds and sources	Amount, thousand rubles
HOUSEHOLD SUPPLIES
1. Company office
2. Basic materials
3. Production equipment
4. Finished products in warehouse
5. Workshop buildings
6. Cash in the till
7. Authorized capital
8. Long-term bank loans
9. Patents
10. Work in progress
11. Money in the current account
12. Reserve capital
13. Advances from accountable persons
15. Warehouse buildings and equipment
16. Social Sphere Fund
17. Short-term bank loans
18. Other debtors
19. Tax debt to the budget
21. Other creditors
22 Fuel
23. VAT on purchased assets
24. Arrears of wages
25. Equipment for installation
27. Other materials
29. Purchased components

Table 2

Grouping of assets by composition and location

Asset group	No. according to table 1
1. Non-current assets		Fixed assets, including:
		Company office
		Production equipment
		Workshop buildings
		Warehouse building and equipment
		Intangible assets
		Unfinished construction and equipment for installation
		Unfinished capital investments
		Equipment for installation
		TOTAL BY GROUPI	13782384
II. Current assets		Reserves, incl.
		Basic materials
		Finished products in warehouse
		Work in progress
		Other materials
		Purchased components
		Cash, incl.
		Cash in the till
		Money in the current account
		Accounts receivable, incl.
		Advances from accountable persons
		Other debtors
		Buyers' debt for shipped products
		VAT on purchased assets
		TOTAL BY GROUPII	14367968
		TOTAL	28150352

Table 3

Grouping of assets by sources of formation (liabilities)

Asset group	No. according to table 1	Subgroup or individual types of assets
1. Own		Capital and reserves, including:
		Authorized capital
		Reserve capital
		Social Sphere Fund
		Retained earnings of the reporting period
		TOTAL FOR GROUP 1	24452724
		Long-term liabilities
		Long-term bank loans
		Current liabilities
		Short-term bank loans
		Short-term liabilities, incl.
II. Borrowed
		Debt on contributions to social insurance and security
		Other creditors
		Wage arrears
		Debt to suppliers for purchased material assets
		TOTAL BY GROUPII
		TOTAL	28150352

2. Identify the types of changes in items in the balance sheet for business transactions given in Table 4.

Note:

1) change in active accounts: decrease and increase in active accounts

2) change in the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet: decrease in assets and decrease in liabilities;

3) change in the assets and liabilities of the balance sheet: an increase in assets and an increase in liabilities;

4) change in passive accounts: decrease in liability and increase in liability.

Table 4

		Type of change in balance sheet item
The workshop building was put into operation
Suppliers' invoices for material assets received at the warehouse were accepted
VAT included on supplier invoices
Suppliers' and contractors' invoices were paid from the organization's current account
Cash received from the bank and posted to the cash register
Wages and temporary disability benefits were paid from the cash register
Unpaid wages deposited
Salaries accrued to the organization's personnel for January
Temporary disability benefits accrued
From the accrued wages personal income tax withheld

3. Draw up a balance sheet and identify the overall change in the balance sheet total

01 Fixed assets

08 investments in non-current assets

10 Materials

19 “VAT on purchased assets”

20 "Main production"

50 "Cashier"

51 “Current accounts”

60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”

68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”

69 “Calculations for social insurance and security”

70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”

Debit		Credit
Transaction number	Sum	Transaction number	Sum

76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”

Table 5

Condensed balance sheet of an organization

		Changes for Jan. (+-)
I. Non-current assets
Fixed assets
Intangible assets
Unfinished capital investments
Equipment for installation
Total for section 1
II. Current assets
Materials
Finished products in warehouse
Work in progress
Cash, incl.
Cash in the till
Money in the current account
Accounts receivable, incl.
Advances from accountable persons
Other debtors
Buyers' debt for shipped products
VAT on purchased assets
TOTAL FOR Section II
BALANCE	28150352		27530752
III / Capital and reserves, including:
Authorized capital
Reserve capital
Social Sphere Fund
Retained earnings of the reporting period
Total for Section III
IV. Long-term liabilities
Long-term bank loans
V. Current liabilities
Short-term bank loans
Short-term liabilities, incl.
Tax debt to the budget
Debt on contributions to social insurance and security
Other creditors
Wage arrears
Debt to suppliers for purchased material assets
Balance	28150352		27530752

Change in balance sheet total for January - decrease by 619,600 rubles.

Kondrakov N.P. Accounting: Tutorial. - M.: INFRA-M, 2007.

Tags: Grouping of household assetsaccounting objects
Type of work: Test

When executing of this assignment it is necessary to understand the classification of the organization's economic assets.

For effective accounting it is used classification of household assets according to two criteria:

1. By composition and location, functional role (assets),

2. By source of education (liabilities).

By composition and placement economic means (assets) are divided into:

- intangible assets - objects of intellectual property: exclusive copyrights for patents, trademarks, databases, licenses, etc., transfer their value to finished products in parts;

- long-term financial investments - investments, loans provided, investments in the authorized capital of others legal entities, investments in securities (stocks, bonds);

- capital investments- construction costs, acquisition of fixed assets, intangible assets (assets until they are put into operation).

Working capital - assets that are used within one reproduction cycle or for a relatively short time (no more than one year).

These include:

§ stocks :

- in the field of production- raw materials, materials, fuel, semi-finished products, spare parts, containers, work in progress, deferred expenses,

- in the sphere of circulation- finished products in warehouse, shipped products, goods;

§ cash - at the cash desk, on settlement and other accounts;

§ financial investments - loans provided; investments in securities (stocks, bonds);

§ funds in settlements - debts of legal or individuals this organization ( accounts receivable). Enterprises and persons who owe the enterprise are called debtors.

Accounts receivable arise as a result of existing forms of payment for products, works, services, including if their transfer to the buyer and payments for them do not coincide in time.

Main types of receivables:

1. Debt of buyers and customers for products shipped to them and not paid for,

2. Advance transfers (to suppliers and other organizations),

3. Debt of accountable persons,

4. Budget debt resulting from overpayment of taxes,

5. Debt of other organizations.

Sources of education assets (liabilities) are divided into:

- Own capital (own sources),

- Borrowed capital (borrowed sources).

Own sources - own capital - most important source formation of the organization's assets.

TO equity include:

- authorized capital,

- additional capital (amount of revaluation of fixed assets, share premium),

- retained earnings

- reserve capital,

- targeted financing,

Borrowed sources - borrowed capital - capital attracted from outside when own sources are insufficient.

Raised capital includes:

- long-term obligations,

- current liabilities

Long-term liabilities:

Loans and borrowings that mature more than 12 months after the reporting date,

Current liabilities:

Short-term loans and borrowings,

Accounts payable are the debts of an organization to legal entities and individuals,

Reserves for future expenses.

Accounts payable arise as a result of the time lag between the receipt of inventory items and their payment.

Main types of accounts payable:

Debt to suppliers for goods and services;

Debt to customers for advances received;

Debt to employees for accrued but unpaid wages;

Debt to the budget for taxes and fees;

Debt to authorities social insurance: (to the pension fund, to the fund health insurance, to the social insurance fund);

Other creditors.

The solution to the first task should be presented in the forms given in Tables 1 and 2.

The tables are compiled on the basis of the balance sheet in the context of sections and balance sheet items (column 1) indicating specific types of assets and their sources that form a particular balance sheet item (column 2). When compiling a table, use only those articles that participate in a specific grouping. Calculate the total amounts for each type of assets (total intangible assets, total fixed assets, etc.) and, accordingly, liabilities. The numbering of sections is indicated in accordance with the Balance Sheet (Form No. 1 of the organization’s reporting)

Using the data in the tables, create a balance sheet.

When starting to study accounting, you first need to study the issue of classification of funds, which is extremely necessary for the correct accounting of the property of an enterprise (institution). Funds can be divided according to many criteria.
In accounting, two main classifications of economic assets are used: 1) by composition, type, role in production; 2) by sources of education (by property rights).
According to the first classification, funds are divided into two groups: funds for long-term use and short-term use (previously they were called fixed and current assets).
In market conditions, other means have appeared, such as intangible assets.
A feature of long-term use products is repeated, prolonged use without changing them. appearance, forms. As they wear out, they transfer their value piece by piece to the finished product. Long-term assets are divided into fixed assets, intangible assets and financial investments.
Fixed assets include buildings and structures, machinery and equipment, vehicles, computer equipment, etc. service life more than 1 year.
Unfinished capital construction and acquisition of fixed assets are highlighted.
With the advent of joint and foreign enterprises in our economy, such a group of long-term use assets as intangible assets that do not have physical fitness that do not have “tangible value”: licenses, patents, software Computers, etc. They also wear out gradually, like fixed assets.
In conditions market economy stood out in accounting new group funds - financial investments in the form of shares, bonds, loans provided by another enterprise. These funds bring income to the enterprise without losing their value.
Working capital of short-term, or current, use (in the balance sheet they are called current assets) are objects of labor that are used for a short time and are often consumed in one production cycle, completely transferring their value to manufactured products. These include raw materials and materials, semi-finished products, components for the manufacture of products, fuel, spare parts for the repair of fixed assets, work in progress, finished goods, purchased goods intended for sale, cash in the cash register of the enterprise (cash) and in settlement and foreign exchange bank accounts. TO working capital also include accounts receivable (Latin: debtor) for shipped products, goods not yet paid for by the buyer.
The second classification of funds is based on sources of education, i.e. whose funds are these, whose property is these.
On this basis, economic funds are divided into own and borrowed. Main source own funds - this is the authorized capital (authorized capital), the amount of which is recorded in the charter of the enterprise, registered in government agencies and is created, formed by the owners, founders of the enterprise (state, legal entities and individuals). Contributions to the authorized capital, by agreement of the founders, are made in monetary and non-monetary form (materials, goods, etc.), and in budgetary organizations- This is budget financing.
Non-monetary contributions to the authorized capital are subject to expert assessment by authorized organizations to determine their real value.
The second source of equity is the enterprise's profit - this is the difference between sales revenue and costs. But certain part profits are transferred to the state in the form of taxes on profits and real estate, and the remaining profit at the disposal of the enterprise goes to production needs, to the payment of dividends to founders, etc.
All gratuitous receipts of funds and material assets are also sources of own funds.
In practice, all enterprises, in addition to their own funds, also involve other people’s borrowed funds in their turnover, which are called accounts payable (from the Latin sges/Nog-lender). Such debt includes debt on bank loans, loans from legal entities and individuals, debt to suppliers and contractors for goods and services, debt to the budget, personnel wages, etc.