Presentation Byzantine millennium 6 history of the Middle Ages. Lesson "Byzantine Millennium" (6th grade)

Why did the Western Roman Empire fall soon after the partition of 395, while the Eastern Roman Empire survived for another thousand years?

§ 5.1. At the crossroads of West and East

When the Emperor Theodosius divided the empire between his sons Arcadius and Honorius in 395, he could not have known that western part a quick death awaits, and the eastern one - a thousand-year life. But it was obvious to Theodosius that the eastern half was richer than the western, and it was no coincidence that the eldest son Arkady received it.

It included the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor, the lands of the Caucasus, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. It was inhabited by many peoples: Syrians, Armenians, Jews. The majority were Greeks, and over time Greek replaced Latin as the language of choice. state language empires. It is no coincidence that in the West and in Rus' all the inhabitants of the empire were called Greeks. But they called themselves in Greek Romans - Romans - and in their state they saw a continuation of the Roman Empire. When the Western Roman Empire perished, the Eastern was the only one left.

Byzantine Emperor. V century

All attempts to revive the empire in the West were considered illegal in the Roman Empire.

Much later, when the empire ceased to exist, it began to be called Byzantium (after the name of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium). The date of the emergence of Byzantium is conventionally considered to be 395, when the paths of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires diverged. And its history ended in 1453, after the conquest of Byzantium by the Ottoman Turks.

Unlike the Western Roman Empire, Byzantium was able to protect its borders during the era of the Great Migration. It has preserved a developed economy, the traditions of Roman statehood and Greek culture. Its trade routes were still safe.

The central part of Constantinople. (Reconstruction)

The Cathedral of Hagia Sophia (the Wisdom of God), built in 532-537, is the main and largest in Byzantium.
Augusteon is the main square of the capital, surrounded by colonnades. Next to the square, as if emphasizing its central position, there was a mile - a stone pillar, from which the distance along the roads leading from Constantinople to other cities of the empire was measured.
Stone column with an equestrian statue of Justinian. The colossal bronze horseman faces the east, from where threats to the empire have repeatedly arisen. There he extends right hand, as if calling on the barbarians not to disturb the eastern borders of the empire.
The Senate building was built and decorated under Justinian with all due pomp, although the senators in Constantinople had much less real power than in Rome.
The beginning of Mesa (Middle) Street - the main street of Constantinople, crossing the entire city right up to the fortress wall. Covered colonnades stretched along the street, where artisans and merchants were located. The Mesa had several large shopping areas called forums.
The hippodrome for chariot competitions, built on the model of the Circus Maximus in Rome, accommodated, according to various estimates, from 50 to 100 thousand spectators. Its length (up to 500 m) was so great that it did not fit on the hill and stood on specially constructed supports in the southern part. The hippodrome was decorated with statues and obelisks, one of which was transported from Egypt. In addition to chariot competitions, dancers, wrestlers, tightrope walkers, and trained animals performed at the hippodrome.
The Baths of Zeuxippus are the most luxurious in Constantinople, decorated with many statues.
The Great Imperial Palace is a huge complex of buildings, squares and gardens. Along with the halls for ceremonial receptions and the emperor’s personal chambers, there were churches and baths, barracks and craft workshops.
Magnavra is a palace with a throne room, where, when receiving ambassadors, ingenious mechanisms were used to demonstrate the power of the imperial power.
The Golden Hall is the main throne room of the Grand Palace, intended for the most solemn ceremonies.
Field for equestrian ball games, popular at the imperial court.
Vukolebn (“Bykolev”) is one of Justinian’s palaces, which got its name from the giant statue of a lion tormenting a bull.
Pier and lighthouse. Lighthouses could be used not only for navigation, but also for transmitting urgent and important news over long distances using special signals.
The wall surrounding the palace complex.
The Sea of Marmara, connected by the Dardanelles Strait to the Mediterranean Sea.
The Bosphorus Strait connects the Sea of Marmara with the Black Sea.
The Golden Horn Bay extends from the Bosphorus, where trading piers were located. In the event of an attack by an enemy fleet, the entrance to the bay was blocked by a massive chain.

Work in groups. Using the plan and explanations for it, as well as the texts of § 6 and 7 and documents to them, draw up routes for imaginary excursions around Constantinople.

Plan of Constantinople

Even before the division of the empire, Constantine the Great decided to move the center of the empire from Rome to the east. On the shores of the Bosphorus Strait, on the site of the former ancient Greek colony of Byzantium, the emperor in 324 personally outlined the contours of the vast territory of the “second Rome” - the future capital named after him. The location of the city at the crossroads of the most important trade routes (land from Europe to Asia and sea from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean) determined rapid growth the city's population and the flourishing of its economy. For several centuries, Constantinople was the largest city in Europe. Nowhere else were there such impregnable fortress walls, magnificent churches and palaces, markets and harbors. Crafts that the impoverished West had forgotten about still flourished here: the production of glassware, luxurious fabrics, jewelry. Byzantine merchants traded with India and China. In the eyes of Western Europeans, Byzantium and its capital remained the personification of wealth and power.

Lesson 7. Byzantine millennium.

Subject: history.

Date: October 24, 2011

Teacher: Khamatgaleev E. R.
Objectives: to characterize the formation of the Byzantine Empire; show the place of Byzantium in the system of international relations; consider the features political system Byzantine Empire.
Plan

Checking homework.
The emergence of Byzantium.
The power of the basileus.
Justinian.

Equipment: Ved. §6.
Lesson progress

Checking homework.

Written assignment. Students are asked to write an essay on the topic “What does a medieval book tell us?” The work takes 15 minutes. Students are allowed to use textbooks, their notes and other materials.

The emergence of Byzantium.

Remember when the Eastern Roman Empire was formed? (In 395)

The division of the Roman Empire was carried out by Emperor Theodosius, and the eldest son received the Eastern Roman Empire.

Why do you think? (It was the eastern provinces that were more prosperous during the late Roman Empire.)

The Eastern Roman Empire included Asia Minor, the Balkan Peninsula, Palestine, Egypt, Syria, and part of the Caucasus. In this part of the empire the Greeks set the tone. It is no coincidence that the Greek language eventually supplants Latin in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium). However, the Byzantines themselves called themselves Romans.

Why do you think? (They saw themselves as heirs to the legacy of the Roman Empire.)

The name “Byzantine Empire” arose after the fall of the state itself. It comes from the name of the Greek city of Byzantium, located on the site of Constantinople.

Which city was the capital of the Byzantine Empire? (Constantinople.)
Remember who founded Constantinople? (Constantine the Great in 330)
What ensured the prosperity of Constantinople? (The capital of Byzantium was at the crossroads of trade routes.)

Textbook material

What is the place of Byzantium in the history of early medieval Europe?
Why did the Western Roman Empire fall soon after the partition of 395, while the Eastern Roman Empire survived for another thousand years?

At the crossroads of West and East. When in 395 Emperor Theodosius divided the empire between his sons Arcadius and Honorius, he could not know how different fates were in store for them: the quick and inglorious death of the western part and the thousand-year life of the eastern part. But it was already obvious to Theodosius that the eastern half was richer than the western, and it was no coincidence that the eldest son received it.

Even after the division of the empire, each of its two parts remained huge and densely populated. The Eastern Roman Empire included the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor, the lands of the Caucasus, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. It was inhabited by many peoples: Syrians, Armenians, Jews. The majority were Greeks, and over time Greek replaced Latin as the official language of the empire. It is no coincidence that Western Europe, and later in Rus' all the inhabitants of the empire were called Greeks. But they called themselves in Greek Romans - Romans and in their state they saw direct continuation Roman Empire. When the Western Roman Empire perished, the Eastern was the only one left. Attempts by Western European rulers to revive the empire in the West were inevitably considered usurpation by the Roman Empire.
Much later, when the empire ceased to exist, it began to be called Byzantium (after the name of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium). The date of the emergence of Byzantium is conventionally considered to be 395, when the paths of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires diverged. And its long historical journey ended in 1453, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks.

Consider a map of the Byzantine Empire in the VI-XI centuries. us. 60. Compare the territory of Byzantium in the middle of the 6th century and the end of the 11th century. What neighbors changed at the borders of the empire during this time?
What evidence indicates that Constantinople was created as an ancient city? (see figure on page 61).

Unlike the Western Roman Empire, Byzantium managed to protect its borders well during the era of the Great Migration. It survived, retained a developed economy, the traditions of Roman statehood and Greek culture. Her trade routes were still safe, and her money was full and reliable. Byzantium remained a country of populous and prosperous cities, among which the capital Constantinople stood out for its importance.

Even Emperor Constantine the Great decided to move the center of the empire from Rome to the east. On the shores of the Bosphorus Strait, on the site of the former ancient Greek colony of Byzantium, the emperor in 330 personally outlined the contours of the vast territory of the future capital, named after him. The city’s unique location at the crossroads of the most important trade routes (overland from Europe to Asia and sea from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean) determined the rapid growth of the city’s population and the flourishing of its economy. For several centuries, Constantinople was the largest city in Europe. Nowhere else were there such magnificent churches and palaces, bustling with the bustle of markets and harbors. Crafts that the impoverished West had forgotten about continued to flourish here: the production of glassware, luxurious fabrics, jewelry... Byzantine merchants traded with India and China, bringing oriental goods to Western Europe. In the eyes of Western Europeans, Byzantium and its capital for many centuries remained the personification of wealth and power.

The power of the basileus.

Basileus is the Greek version of the title of emperor. According to the Byzantines, the basileus was not only a secular ruler - he was also a patron christian church. They believed that the Byzantine emperor stood above all rulers, being the chosen one of God. The emperor's court was distinguished by luxury that amazed his contemporaries. The power of the basileus was absolute. And yet, formally it was not hereditary. In order for the emperor to be able to transfer the throne to his son or nephew, he made him a co-ruler during his lifetime. Moreover, the personal position of the emperor was very uncertain. Of the 109 Byzantine emperors, only 34 died of natural causes.

Textbook material
The power of the basileus. At the head of the Byzantine state was the basileus (as the emperor was called in ancient Greek). It was believed that the basileus stood much higher than other mortals, that he was God's chosen one, who had received the grace of the Lord supreme power over the entire Christian world. The power of the basileus was not only secular, he was also considered the patron of the church.

The court of the emperors amazed foreigners with its refined luxury. During ceremonial receptions, the basileus dressed in magnificent clothes embroidered with gold. Only the emperor could use purple (that is, a dark or bright red color) in his attire. The ceremonial ceremony raised the emperor to an unattainable height above both his subjects and foreign guests.

The emperor ruled the country, appointed officials, issued laws and tried for their violation, commanded the army, declared war and made peace. In his hands was not only a career, but also the life of any subject. But usually he was forced to reckon with officials and the army, the provincial nobility and the violent crowd of Constantinople.

As in Ancient Rome, the title of emperor in Byzantium was not fully hereditary. If a son nevertheless succeeded to his father, and a nephew to his uncle, it was most often because the older relative made the younger a co-ruler during his lifetime. Therefore, in Byzantium, dynasties of rulers did not immediately and fully develop. The title was considered sacred, but the position of the emperor himself could turn out to be extremely unstable. Flattery, intrigue and conspiracies were integral features of the Constantinople court. Often emperors were overthrown, and at the top of power a person from any public group. Former soldiers and grooms ascended the throne - what difference did it make who was once the one who is now an earthly god? It is estimated that of the 109 people who occupied the throne from 395 to 1453, only 34 died of natural causes while serving as emperor. The rest died, were overthrown, or were forced to abdicate.

Justinian.

Byzantium reached the peak of its greatness during the reign of Justinian (527-565). During this period, churches and fortified points were actively built. The norms of Roman law were brought together - the Justinian Code was formed. The Byzantine Empire expanded steadily. The kingdoms of the Vandals were conquered in North Africa, Ostrogoths in Italy, part of the Visigothic kingdom in Spain.

What goal did Justinian set in his foreign policy? (Restoration of the Roman Empire.)

Textbook material
Age of Justinian. Byzantium reached its greatest power in the 6th century during the reign of Justinian (527-565). He was an extraordinary politician and a resourceful diplomat. Having an excellent understanding of people, he attracted the most talented contemporaries to his service: generals, lawyers, architects. His reign was described by the best historian of that time - Procopius of Caesarea. A appearance the emperor, his wife Theodora and his courtiers come to life in magnificent mosaics era Justinian. During his reign, wonderful architectural monuments were created and fine arts, including the famous Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.

Justinian's truly great undertaking was the creation of a code of Roman law. The best experts compiled and organized the teachings and opinions of the most famous Roman jurists into the so-called Justinian Code. For centuries it was the main source of Roman law in Europe.

In Justinian's character, the worst vices coexisted with intelligence and will. Beneath the mask of friendliness was a cruel tyrant. Envious and suspicious, Justinian easily believed denunciations and was quick to take revenge. According to Procopius, he could “in a quiet, even voice give the order to kill tens of thousands of innocent people.”
Justinian saw his main task as restoring the Roman Empire to its former borders (that is, before the partition of 395). It was a grandiose plan that required a strong army, talented commanders and a lot of money. In relations with Iran in the east and with the Slavs in the north, Justinian was content with defense, throwing his main forces to the west against German kingdoms. The task was made easier by the fact that the Germans were Arians, and the numerically dominant local residents were orthodox Christians, like the Byzantines. Therefore, the local population was more likely to support the new conquerors than “their” rulers.

Byzantine troops relatively easily defeated the Vandals in North Africa, and later easily captured part of Spain from the Visigoths. But the Byzantines managed to conquer Ostrogothic Italy only after a twenty-year war.

Justinian's successes made a strong impression on his contemporaries and descendants. However, this required excessive strain on the empire's forces. When the elderly Justinian died, his heir found an empty treasury, a ruined population, a bloodless army and strong enemies on all borders.

Foreign policy Byzantine Empire.

After the death of Justinian, it will become clear that the ambitions of Byzantium were little justified. The Lombards captured most of Italy, the Visigoths regained their lost lands in Spain. The 7th century was the time of collapse of all Byzantine hopes for the restoration of the former Roman Empire. Then the Arabs captured Egypt, Syria, and Palestine. At the end of the 7th century. The Bulgarian kingdom was formed, posing a great threat to Constantinople. The empire was surrounded on all sides by enemies: Arabs, Slavs, Pechenegs, Hungarians, Seljuk Turks, etc. To survive in these extreme conditions Byzantium was forced to develop...

What do you think? (Army and diplomatic art.)

Byzantium had an excellently organized army and navy. Byzantium at sea used the so-called “Greek fire” - an incendiary mixture to destroy enemy ships. The art of negotiations of Greek diplomats was sophisticated. Using these resources, Byzantium achieved temporary success, restoring its former power. Thus, its rise can be dated back to the period of the Macedonian dynasty (IX-XI centuries), as well as the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries. Serious and foreign policy victories were associated with the name of Vasily II (976-1025).

Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, i.e. from Scandinavia to Byzantium.)

It was vital for the ancient Russian state to provide decent trading conditions for its merchants. It was with this that the campaigns of Oleg and Igor were connected, thanks to which the treaties of 911 and 944 were concluded. Prince Svyatoslav took part in the fight between the Byzantines and the Bulgarians on the side of Constantinople. True, Svyatoslav’s desire to gain a foothold on the banks of the Danube aroused rejection by the basileus, and Svyatoslav was forced to leave, and on the way to Kyiv he was killed by the Pechenegs, who were set against him by the Byzantine emperor.

Where did Christianity come to Rus' from? (From Byzantium.)

In 988 the baptism of Rus' took place. The Kyiv princes adopted Christianity of the Eastern rite, and Prince Vladimir married the sister of Emperor Vasily II Anna.
Notebook entry: 988 – Russia adopted Christianity of the Eastern rite.

Textbook material
In a ring of enemies. Soon after the death of Justinian, Byzantium lost the territories it had conquered with such difficulty: the Visigoths regained their lands in Spain, and almost all Italian possessions were taken away by the Lombards invading from the north. Then, over the course of many centuries, the empire ceded more and more lands to its enemies.

The empire suffered its heaviest blow in the 7th century, when it eastern borders The Arabs suddenly attacked. In a matter of years, Byzantium lost its richest provinces: Egypt, Syria, Palestine. The Arabs besieged Constantinople more than once. And at the end of the same 7th century, Bulgaria arose on the Danube, which later repeatedly threatened Byzantium. Pechenegs, Hungarians, Normans, Seljuk Turks - whoever did not disturb the borders of the empire!

To protect its wealth, Byzantium created a superior army and navy. A particularly formidable weapon was “Greek fire” - an incendiary mixture that was thrown under pressure from special siphons onto enemy ships. The enemies of the empire were never able to penetrate the secret of its manufacture.
The more difficult the situation of the empire, the more it depended on the art of diplomacy - the ability to negotiate, enter into alliances, and quarrel enemies with each other. In all this, the cunning Byzantines had no equal. Many rules of Byzantine diplomacy were adopted in Western Europe and formed the basis of modern diplomacy.

At times, Byzantium managed to strengthen its position. The ambitious basileus of the Macedonian dynasty (late 9th - early 11th centuries) even tried to restore the empire to its former power. The most powerful of them was Vasily II (976-1025). Another strengthening of Byzantium occurred at the end of the 11th - 12th centuries. Later, the emperors no longer dreamed of restoring their former power, trying to preserve at least the remnants of their former influence. And yet the empire remained an empire: splendor and wealth, a developed economy and statehood, considerable influence on its neighbors - all this was inherent in Byzantium until its fall.

Find on the map (p. 60) the territories conquered under Justnian.
How did the fight against external danger affect the internal situation of the empire?

Byzantium and Rus'. Throughout its thousand-year history, Byzantium had a huge influence on the entire Slavic world, including Rus'. Already in the 9th-10th centuries Kyiv princes They made military campaigns against Constantinople, sometimes they were defeated, and sometimes they won victories and received rich tribute from Byzantium. These campaigns cannot be considered simply robbery attacks, because the famous trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” ended in Constantinople, along which arose Old Russian state. Rus' sought to achieve for its merchants favorable conditions and privileges. It is no coincidence that one of the results of the campaigns of princes Oleg and Igor was the conclusion of official trade agreements in 911 and 944.

In the second half of the 10th century, political and diplomatic relations between Rus' and Byzantium became more complex. In the fight against the Bulgarians, the empire resorted to the help of Prince Svyatoslav, but when Svyatoslav, having defeated them, tried to establish himself on the Danube, the basileus forced him to leave, and then set the Pechenegs against him. In a battle with them, Svyatoslav died.
In 988, Prince Vladimir accepted Christianity from Byzantium. The agreement was sealed by the marriage of Vladimir and the sister of Emperor Vasily II Anna. The adoption of Christianity played a huge role in the history of Rus' and contributed to further development Byzantine-Russian relations. Russian princes often acted as allies of emperors. In the 11th century, the Russian princely dynasty became related to Constantine Monomakh: the famous Prince Vladimir Monomakh was the grandson of this basileus.

The adoption of Christianity contributed to the rapid spread of Byzantine church traditions and culture in Rus'. In the first centuries after the baptism of Rus', metropolitans were sent to Kyiv from Constantinople. Churches were built, painted and decorated with mosaics according to Greek models, and often by Greek craftsmen. Russian scribes translated and used Byzantine authors. The weakening Byzantium passed on the traditions of its ancient and rich culture to the strengthening Rus'.
Ambassador of the German Emperor Liuptrand of Cremona about the Byzantine court ceremony of the 10th century
In front of the emperor's throne stood a gilded bronze tree with birds sitting on its branches. different breeds, also made of bronze and gilded, singing according to their bird breed in different voices. The emperor's throne was so skillfully constructed that one moment it seemed low, the next - higher, and after that - exalted. This throne seemed to be guarded by lions of extraordinary size, I don’t know whether they were made of bronze or wood, but gilded. They beat the floor with their tails, opened their mouths and, moving their tongues, let out a growl... When I appeared, the lions roared, the birds chirped, each in its own way... When, bowing before the emperor, I bowed for the third time, then, raising my head, I saw him , whom I had just seen sitting on a small dais, now sitting almost under the ceiling of the hall and dressed in different clothes.
What the hell government structure Byzantium emphasize the magnificent court ceremony and splendor of the Byzantine court? What impression were they supposed to make on foreign ambassadors?

Self-control issues.

What was the important difference between the social system of Byzantium and other European countries?
What do you see as the Achilles heel of imperial power in Byzantium?
In what area do you think Justinian succeeded? great success: a) in foreign policy; b) in domestic politics? Which of the achievements of the reign of Justinian do you consider the most important?
Why did Byzantium need the skill of its diplomats?
What role did the adoption of Christianity from Byzantium play in the history of Rus'? What significance did this have for Byzantium itself?
Please rate moral qualities personality of Justinian.
Based on materials from the textbook and map diagram on p. 61 make a route for a walk around Constantinople in ... century (check it out yourself).

Homework: read and retell §6 “The Byzantine Millennium” (pp. 59-68); answer questions p. 68.

Slide 2

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Emperor Constantine I

Emperor Constantine, who converted to Christianity in 313, proclaimed Constantinople (Byzantium) the new capital of the Roman Empire in 330;

Emperor Theodosius in 395 divided the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern.

At the crossroads of West and East.

Slide 3

It includes rich provinces and cities, the intersection of trade routes;
Multinational population, but the majority are Greeks;
The Byzantine rulers considered themselves heirs of Rome, and the Byzantines were called ROMEI;
The Great Migration affected Byzantium only partially;
Strong imperial power remained there.

Empire Features:

Slide 4

The power of the emperor (basileus)

Basileus is God's chosen one, the patron of the church, he appoints officials, makes laws and administers justice, he distributes and takes away privileges.

It is not the ruler himself who is deified, but the POWER.

Crown of Constantine Monomakh

Slide 5

Constantinople

Slide 6

Theodosian walls

Slide 7

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Emperor Justinian is one of the greatest Byzantine emperors, codifier of Roman law, creator of Orthodox state ideology, builder of St. Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople.

Age of Justinian (527-565)

Slide 8

A code of Justinian was created, where all the laws were collected and ordered;
The territory of the empire was expanded, the lands of North Africa, part of Spain, and Italy were annexed;
Temples and palaces were built (St. Sophia)
Rise of an empire.

CODE OF LAWS OF JUSTINIAN

Slide 9

Army of Byzantium

Standing mercenary army and border troops;
Feme militia of free peasants (fema - military district);
the basis of the army was cavalry;
large fleet and secret weapon» – Greek fire

1- cavalryman; 2 - squire; 3 - infantryman.

Slide 10

Imperial Guard

Byzantine millennium

Goals:

1. Give an idea of the Byzantine Empire as a successor
to the bottom of the Roman Empire.

2. Identify the features of feudalism in Byzantium.

3. Continue developing the ability to reveal cause and effect
natural connections, compare, analyze historical facts.

Basic terms and concepts: romei, symphony, dima,
Senate, basileus, autocracy.

Equipment: map “Eastern Roman (Byzantine)
empire and Slavs in the 6th-11th centuries”;

Lesson progress

I. Checking homework.

II. Learning new material.

PLAN FOR STUDYING NEW MATERIAL

2. The power of the emperor.

4. Fight against external enemies.

1. Features of the development of Byzantium.

In 330, the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great - per-
new Christian emperor - founded the city of Constantinople on
site of the ancient Greek colony of Byzantium.

The Byzantines considered themselves Romans, that is, Romans,
Zhava - Roman, the Emperor - Basileus - the continuer of the Tra-
traditions of the Roman emperors.

In 395, the unified Roman Empire was divided into
Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire (Vi-
zantia).

Students are asked to show on a map the countries and regions that
Some became part of the Eastern Roman Empire.

The teacher, summing up the conversation, always reminds
students: The Byzantine Empire remained the only one
ancient states of Europe and the Middle East, which survived
during the Great Migration (V- VIcenturies)

Working with the map.

Map "The Byzantine Empire in the 9th century and the Slavs inVI- XIcenturies."
creates an idea of a favorable geographical location
Eastern Roman Empire: Byzantium was at the crossroads
sea and land trade routes that connected Europe
and countries of the East.

Question:

Why did Byzantium resist the onslaught of barbarians and
existed for more than a thousand years?

1. In the Eastern Roman Empire, slavery was poorly developed
more than in the Western Roman Empire.

2. Trade exchange has been preserved between the city and the countryside.

3. Trade and crafts existed in the cities.

4. The emperor had the opportunity to maintain an army and navy.

5. Byzantium could repel the onslaught of external enemies.

2. The power of the emperor.

Imperial power in
Byzantium. This question very important in understanding the activities of Justice
Niana I.

The Emperor had almost unlimited power:

Could execute his subjects;

Confiscate their property;

Replace and appoint to a position.
The emperor issued laws, was the highest judge, and led

army, determined the foreign policy of the state.

But the emperor was not the owner of all the lands of the empire,
although his possessions were enormous.

The Empire for the Byzantines is the most perfect state
military structure, the personification of harmony and order. The idea is
Persian power was inherited from Rome, where the state -
the highest value, the emperor is the lord.

The Roman emperor was obliged to obey the law. To this
they also sought in Byzantium.

Christianity gave a sacred character to imperial power.
sti. The Christian Church argued that power was given to the emperor
ru by God. Consequently, the basis of the Byzantine state-
Christianity was true. Secular and spiritual authorities must
be fused together and act in one direction, that is
form a symphony. The emperor was not only a secular ruler
leader, but also the head of the church.

Students are led to the conclusion:

Qualities that the Byzantine Emperor should have:

The talent of a statesman;

Be a Christian;

Merciful;

Pious;

Unpretentious;

Be diligent in faith.

The emperor was considered a mortal man, therefore, his
were not completely deified and he constantly had to think about
their responsibility to their subjects.

At the same time, for society, ordinary people, the emperor -
likeness of the Heavenly Father. Imitation of the Heavenly Father was important
duty of the emperor. The palace ritual was subordinated to this.

The Emperor never stood on the floor, he was always at special
rise. The emperor's throne was double.

In addition to rights, the Byzantine emperor also had responsibilities.
STI - caring for subjects. It was believed that this was the key to strength and
harmony of the state.

The emperor must rule "for the sake of truth", "like a slave and servant
God's."

But if he commits sins, he will become hated
family and may be deprived of his post.

The instability of the position of imperial power increased
and the fact that in Byzantium for a long time royal power not transmitted
by inheritance. The fate of many Byzantine emperors was
tragic (blinded, drowned, poisoned, imprisoned in a monastery), and
The reign is short. Undesirable emperors were removed
but the imperial power itself remained inviolable.

The most important post could be occupied by a person of low origin.
Denia. The power of the emperor was considered divine, therefore
the origin of man and his previous occupations had no
meanings.

Imperial power and society

From the Roman Empire, Byzantium inherited elements of res-
publican system.

Initially, Byzantium had a Senate, a state co-
vets and organizations of free citizens - Dima. The Senate prepared
raised draft laws, discussed issues of foreign and domestic
lytics. In the V-VI centuries. great rights received dimes:

They took part in the celebrations;

Participated in the proclamation of the emperor.

Formally, the emperor was chosen by the Senate, the army and the people.
house, but in fact the emperor was nominated by the Senate and the military
aristocracy.

In the VI-VII centuries. The role of the Senate has decreased.

At the end of the 7th century, the Dimas lost their position. In the 10th century
Emperor Leo VI destroyed the remnants of city government.

The rite of accession of the emperor to the throne has been changed: if
before the new emperor was proclaimed by the people at the hippodrome, then
now he was called to the kingdom as God's chosen one in the temple
Hagia Sophia.

The emperor is called basileus (king), and also auto-
kratom (autocrat).

Imperial power takes away the following rights from society:

Right to participate in political life society.

Consequences of the establishment of imperial power

Strong centralization and autocracy helped Byzantium
maintain its integrity.

And the Byzantine imperial power showed not only strength
and power, but also weakness.

The emperors' possibilities were not limitless:

The emperor was constrained in reform activities;

The emperor was only the guardian of traditions and customs;

The authorities focused on the past and were isolated from
society.

The processes that took place in Byzantium proceeded independently
simo from state power, were out of her control.
The authorities used their power only to prevent
let something new emerge.

Byzantine society had its own characteristics:

1) feudal lords who found themselves in strong addiction from the authorities, not
formed a class;

2) the position of the aristocracy was also unstable. Multi-
This depended on the personality of the emperor. For a long time ruling elite
was an open layer, and it was possible to penetrate into it not only
due to origin, but also to personal merit or location
Emperor's niyu. But the ruling elite was in constant
tension. Exile, confiscation of property, prison threatened
aristocracy as well as every other inhabitant of the empire.

Consequently, there were intrigues at the imperial court and
dialects.

Church and State
The relationship between them was very difficult. Church
had enormous influence and impact on society, emperors
were interested in supporting the church.

Until the 12th century, the clergy was excluded from participation in administration.
nistrative activity, since in Byzantium it was prohibited to co-

read spiritual and secular services. Economic situation for
hung from grants (donations) from private individuals and the emperor.

Gradually, the church accumulated wealth, it became
became economically independent. There have been attempts to participate
Churches in the political life of Byzantium. Constantinople
patriarchs claimed a leadership role in the state, but
Emperors, having greater power, could remove and appoint
patriarchs. The Byzantine Church failed to become independent
Noah. Relations between government and church were far from
ideas of "symphony".

3. Emperor Justinian. Domestic and foreign policy.

Justinian I was born around 482 into a poor peasant family.
Nina. Justinian was invited to Constantinople by his uncle
Justin, who at that time was a very influential courtier.

Justinian received good education, uncle found him
position at court.

In 518, the Senate, the inhabitants of Constantinople and the guards pro-
They proclaimed old Justin emperor, and he in turn became
meant his co-ruler Justinian (that is, his nephew-
ka). In 527 - after the death of his uncle - 45-year-old Justinian became
autocrat of the Roman Empire. The years of his reign are 527-565.

Justinian gained power at a very difficult time:

Only the eastern part remained of the former possessions: on
territories of the Western Roman Empire formed barbarian
kingdoms;

There has been controversy in the Christian Church regarding
personality of Jesus Christ. The clergy were worried about the question: “Was there
Is Christ the God-man?

The local nobility committed arbitrariness, the peasants did not cultivate
the ground, scattered;

There were frequent riots in the cities;

There was a financial crisis in the empire.
It was necessary to save the empire. Justinian clearly

understood that it was possible to save the empire only by taking the decision
telial measures. Only Justinian could fulfill this mission of power,

since, being Orthodox Christian, theologian and political
tic, he was alien to luxury and all kinds of pleasures.

Justinian's main rule was: "a single state,
one law, one religion."

Domestic policy

The beginning of Justinian's reign is celebrated:

Widespread charity;

Distributing funds to the poor;

Tax cuts;

Helping cities affected by the earthquake.
The position of the Christian Church was strengthened.

Plato's Academy was closed in Athens. Began
persecution of Jews and Samaritans.

The most important thing and important event initial stage of government
Justinian - legal reform. In 528, Justinian established a co-
mission from the most experienced statesmen and lawyers.
The commission prepared a collection of imperial decrees:

Code of Justinian;

Collection of works of Roman jurists;

Guide to the Study of Law.

Was created unified system imperial citizenship. Was
equality of all before the law was proclaimed.

Justinian's laws treated the slave as a human being. Slavery
was not abolished, but the slave now had many opportunities to free himself
dance:

If you become a soldier;

If you went to a monastery;

If you become a bishop.

Now the slave could not be killed. According to the new laws of Justice
niana, women in the family now had equal rights with men
mi. Divorce was prohibited.

But there were still remnants of the old time. Wasn't from-
The death penalty has been changed. They were punished especially harshly ordinary people:

They were burned at the stake;

Crucified on the cross;

They beat him to death with rods, etc.
Noble people were executed by beheading.

Insulting the emperor was prohibited and punishable by death.

According to the historian Procopius, Justinian could “quietly and evenly
order in a voice to kill tens of thousands of innocent
new people."

The most ordeal for Justinian's empire was
plague epidemic (541-543), which killed half the population.

IN last period Justinian's reign began to attract him
to discuss and study theological issues. Justinian understood well
that in the Christian faith of the Romans is their true strength. There was a
the idea of a “symphony of the kingdom and the priesthood” - the union of the church - was simulated
and the state as a guarantee of the peace of the empire.

Recent years Justinian's reign passed quietly.
Gradually restored financial situation countries.

Together with the students, the teacher summarizes internal policies
Justinian I and draws conclusions:

Justinian carried out reforms in the spirit of the Gospel commandments:

Restored cities;

Helped the poor;

Made the situation easier for the slaves

and at the same time the population of the empire was subjected to severe
tax oppression.

Justinian tried to restore the authority of the law, but
failed to put an end to the abuses of officials;

Justinian tried to reconcile differences in Christianity
churches.

Strengthening the position of the church, spiritual support for the Orthodox Church
Via played a huge role in the formation of medieval society
stva. The Code of Justinian I became the basis of European law in the future.
lasting centuries.

Foreign policy

Justinian fought for a long time against the barbarians.
kingdoms that arose from the ruins of Western Rome
sky empire. The barbarian kingdoms experienced a deep crisis
zis. What happened? The main population was Orthodox
nym, and the barbarians (Vandals and Goths) were Arians. Aryan teaching
was declared heresy.

Within the barbarian kingdoms there was a process of social disintegration.
layering, discord grew between the nobility and the common people. Gradually, this led to a weakening of the combat effectiveness of the armies. interests
no one was involved in states, since the royal nobility were barbarians
was entangled in intrigues and conspiracies.

Hence, indigenous people perceived Byzantium-
tsev as liberators. Kingdom of the Vandals in North Africa
fell. Following the annexation of Africa, a war for possession began.
introduction of Italy - the kingdom of the Ostrogoths. Army under command
commander Belisarius captured Sicily and southern Italy.
The siege of Rome lasted 14 months, and eventually Belisarius
took possession of Rome. Another army of Justinian occupied the capital of the Ostrogoths
Ravenna. The Kingdom of the Ostrogoths fell.

Justinian makes an attempt to restore the former
borders of the Roman Empire. This caused local resistance
residents, since they were against the restoration of the previous order -
cov. Widespread resistance to the oppression of officials and
robberies, marauding soldiers. The Byzantine troops are suffering
life Justinian sends new army to restore order.
Only 15 years later it was possible to subjugate North Africa, 20 years
needed to conquer Italy.

Justinian managed to capture the southeastern part of Piraeus
Neysky Peninsula.

Justinian's attempts to restore peace and stability to the
the territories of the Byzantine Empire turned violent and
bloodshed. Justinian's Empire was surrounded
pagan and barbarian states, remaining the last resort
home of civilization.

The successes of Byzantium were fragile. For many years Byzantium
was forced to wage war with Iran. According to the peace treaty
Zantia ceded part of its territories to Iran and was forced to
pay an annual tribute.

After the death of Justinian, part of the territories conquered by Byzantium
rhetoric was lost. Barbary states took their former
possession.

III. Consolidation of the studied material.

Consolidation is carried out in the process of problem solving
th question posed at the beginning of the lesson:

Determine what was common in the development of feudalism in
Byzantium and Western Europe, what are the differences?

(format in the form of a table.)

IV. Lesson summary.

Homework: § 3, know the answers to the questions at the end
paragraph.

* Prepare a message: “The activities of Justinian.”

Teacher: Guys, let's remember when the Eastern Roman Empire was formed? The division of the Roman Empire was carried out by Emperor Theodosius in 395, and his eldest son received the Eastern Roman Empire. It was the eastern provinces that were more prosperous during the late Roman Empire. The Eastern Roman Empire included Asia Minor, the Balkan Peninsula, Palestine, Egypt, Syria, and part of the Caucasus. It was inhabited by many peoples: Syrians, Armenians, Jews. But the Greeks set the tone in this part of the empire. It is no coincidence that the Greek language eventually supplants Latin in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium). However, the Byzantines themselves called themselves Romans. They considered themselves heirs to the legacy of the Roman Empire. Name "Byzantine Empire" arose after the fall of the state itself. It comes from the name of the Greek city of Byzantium, located on the site of Constantinople. When the Western Roman Empire perished, the Eastern was the only one left. Attempts by Western European rulers to revive the empire in the West were inevitably considered usurpation by the Roman Empire. And its long historical journey ended in 1453, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Turks.

Archaeological scientist: Unlike the Western Roman Empire, Byzantium managed to protect its borders well during the era of the Great Migration. It survived, retained a developed economy, the traditions of Roman statehood and Greek culture. Her trade routes were still safe, and her money was full and reliable. Byzantium remained a country of populous and prosperous cities, among which the capital Constantinople stood out for its importance.

Power of the Basileus Basileus- Greek version of the title of emperor. According to the Byzantines, the basileus was not only a secular ruler - he was also the patron of the Christian church. They believed that the Byzantine emperor stood above all rulers, being the chosen one of God. The court of the emperors amazed foreigners with its refined luxury. During ceremonial receptions, the basileus dressed in magnificent clothes embroidered with gold. Only the emperor could use purple (that is, dark or bright red) in his attire. The solemn ceremony raised the emperor to an unattainable height both above his subjects and above foreign guests. The emperor ruled the country, appointed officials, issued laws and judged violations of them, commanded the army, declared war and made peace. In his hands was not only a career, but also the life of any subject. But usually he was forced to reckon with officials and the army, the provincial nobility and the violent crowd of Constantinople. The power of the basileus was absolute. And yet, formally it was not hereditary. In order for the emperor to be able to transfer the throne to his son or nephew, he made him a co-ruler during his lifetime. Moreover, the personal position of the emperor was very uncertain. It is estimated that of the 109 people who occupied the throne from 395 to 1453, only 34 died of natural causes while serving as emperor. The rest died, were overthrown, or were forced to abdicate. The title was considered sacred, but the position of the emperor himself could turn out to be extremely unstable. Flattery, intrigue and conspiracies were integral features of the Constantinople court. Often emperors were overthrown, and at the top of power a person from any social group could find himself. Former soldiers and grooms ascended the throne - what difference did it make who was once the one who is now an earthly god?

Justinian.

Scientist-archivist: Byzantium reached the peak of its greatness during the reign of Justinian(527-565). He was an extraordinary politician and a resourceful diplomat. Having an excellent understanding of people, he attracted the most talented contemporaries to his service: generals, lawyers, architects. His reign was described by the best historian of that time - Procopius of Caesarea. And the appearance of the emperor, his wife Theodora and his courtiers comes to life in the magnificent mosaics of the era of Justinian.

During his reign, remarkable monuments of architecture and fine art were created, including the famous Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.

Justinian's truly great undertaking was the creation of a code of Roman law. The best experts have compiled and organized the teachings and opinions of the most famous Roman jurists into the so-called Code of Justinian. For centuries it was the main source of Roman law in Europe. In Justinian's character, the worst vices coexisted with intelligence and will. Beneath the mask of friendliness was a cruel tyrant. Envious and suspicious, Justinian easily believed denunciations and was quick to take revenge. According to Procopius, he could “in a quiet, even voice give the order to kill tens of thousands of innocent people.”

Justinian saw his main task as restoring the Roman Empire to its former borders (that is, before the partition of 395). It was a grandiose plan that required a strong army, talented commanders and a lot of money. In relations with Iran in the east and with the Slavs in the north, Justinian was content with defense, throwing his main forces to the west against the German kingdoms. The task was made easier by the fact that the Germans were Arians, and the numerically dominant local residents were orthodox Christians, like the Byzantines. Therefore, the local population was more likely to support the new conquerors than “their” rulers. Byzantine troops relatively easily defeated the Vandals in North Africa, and later easily captured part of Spain from the Visigoths. But the Byzantines managed to conquer Ostrogothic Italy only after a twenty-year war. Justinian's successes made a strong impression on his contemporaries and descendants. However, this required excessive strain on the empire's forces. When the elderly Justinian died, his heir found an empty treasury, a ruined population, a bloodless army and strong enemies on all borders.

Foreign policy of the Byzantine Empire. After the death of Justinian, it will become clear that the ambitions of Byzantium were little justified. The Lombards captured most of Italy, the Visigoths regained their lost lands in Spain. The 7th century was the time of collapse of all Byzantine hopes for the restoration of the former Roman Empire. Then the Arabs captured Egypt, Syria, and Palestine. At the end of the 7th century. The Bulgarian kingdom was formed, posing a great threat to Constantinople. The empire was surrounded on all sides by enemies: Arabs, Slavs, Pechenegs, Hungarians, Seljuk Turks, etc. To survive in these extreme conditions, Byzantium was forced to develop... not only an army, but also diplomatic art.

Byzantium had an excellently organized army and navy. A particularly formidable weapon was “Greek fire” - an incendiary mixture that was thrown under pressure from special siphons onto enemy ships. The enemies of the empire were never able to find out the secret of its manufacture. The more difficult the situation of the empire, the more it depended on the art of diplomacy - the ability to negotiate, enter into alliances, and quarrel enemies with each other. In all this, the cunning Byzantines had no equal. Many rules of Byzantine diplomacy were adopted in Western Europe and formed the basis of modern diplomacy.

Using these resources, Byzantium achieved temporary success, partially restoring its former power. Thus, its rise can be dated back to the period of the Macedonian dynasty (IX-XI centuries), as well as the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries. Serious foreign policy victories were associated with the name of Vasily II (976-1025). And yet the empire remained an empire: splendor and wealth, a developed economy and statehood, considerable influence on its neighbors - all this was inherent in Byzantium until its fall.