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1 . We have to answer the main question: why did the kingdom of the Franks turn out to be the most durable compared to other German kingdoms?

Let's remember where the word “barbarian” came from and what it meant. In ancient times, all foreigners who did not speak Greek and Latin were considered barbarians, and they were treated with contempt. Of all the barbarians, it was the Germans who played main role in the fate of the Roman Empire.

Let's look at the map of their settlement territory (p. 13). They lived east of the river. Rhine in wooded area. The main occupations are hunting, agriculture and cattle breeding, crafts and trade. They were distinguished by their belligerence. We read p. . During wars, the role of leaders, whose loyal support was the squad, increased. For the squad, war was the best activity, because in case of victory they acquired rich booty and military glory. Therefore, it is natural that the Germans sought new campaigns and battles, and they fought with Rome for many centuries.

At the end of the 4th century, the Germanic tribe of the Visigoths took refuge in the territory of the Roman Empire from the onslaught of Asian nomads - the Huns. But the Visigoths behaved quite belligerently and began to plunder the Roman provinces. Following the Visigoths, many Germanic tribes began to move. This is how it beganThe Great Migration of Peoples - the era of mass movements of tribes, which ultimately led to the death of the Western Roman Empire.

2 . Remember the date of the collapse of the Roman Empire. 395 - the empire was divided into Western and Eastern. We will talk about the Eastern Roman Empire later, but the century of the Western was short-lived. Already in 410 it was captured by the Visigoths. And in 476 the last Roman emperor was deprived of his power. This event ends the story Ancient world.

Gradually, Germanic tribes settled throughout the territory of the former Roman Empire. In 418, the Visigoths founded the first Germanic kingdom in southern Gaul, with its capital at Toulouse. Later they captured the Iberian Peninsula. One after another, new kingdoms arose: the Vandals in North Africa, Angles and Saxons in Britain, Burgundians and Franks in Gaul, Ostrogoths in Italy (show on map). Previously, the Germans did not know a state; they lived in a tribal system. And all these formations are attempts to adapt to new living conditions in the conquered lands. Those.Through the formation of a state, the Germans tried to consolidate their power.Since they did not have their own state traditions, they tried to use Roman traditions. But, as a rule, tribal customs were too strong, which undoubtedly weakened the power of the Germans, and their states turned out to be fragile.

3 . During the Great Migration of Peoples, the tribal union of the Franks, who lived along the lower reaches of the Rhine and along the coast, began to move North Sea. The Franks were led by a young man Clovis , who became the founder of the Merovingian dynasty. Under the leadership of Clovis, the Franks conquered a fairly vast territory - Gaul. And stood before the Franks big problem– how to manage such a large territory. Clovis from an ordinary tribal leader turned into the ruler of a vast country. It's one thing to conquer, but you also have to keep it. It was in this matter that the wisdom of Clovis manifested itself. We read p. 15 (how Clovis ruled the state).

What policies did Clovis pursue? There were tens of times fewer Franks than the conquered population. Therefore every franc received land plot, which he processed himself. Those. they settled on the land and started their own farm. Clovis generously gifted his comrades, and they were ready to recognize him as having much more power than before. Well, the local population, the Gallo-Romans, had no choice but to recognize his power.

Now let's talk about the organization of management in Frankish kingdom. Let's try to make a diagram. “Alone” → king . Royal court, militia(below), squad, counts. That. all threads of control converge to the king. Administrative functions - the royal court, which was the conductor of the king's power. At the court there were servants and courtiers, part of the squad, which was the military support of the king’s power. Locally, the king's policies were carried out by counts, who were appointed from among his associates. The royal militia was directly subordinate to the monarch.

A serious step towards strengthening royal power in the new state was the appearance of the first written collection of laws written down by order of Clovis - “Salic Truth”. Salic truth is a unique document that gave historians the opportunity to analyze the economic and social life francs So we need to say a big thank you to Clovis that it occurred to him to write down these ancient judicial customs.

4 . Clovis strengthened his position by distributing lands, dealt with possible contenders for the throne, and strengthened his power with the help of a collection of laws. His next step was to accept baptism according to the Roman model, unlike other Germans who accepted Arianism. What does it mean? Support for the local population, the church, the local population in neighboring German states, who did not like their Arian rulers. This made his subsequent conquests easier. The Church became a faithful ally of the Frankish kings, and the Franks and Romans gradually began to merge into one people.

Now let's remember the main question of today's lesson. Why did the kingdom of the Franks turn out to be the most durable compared to other German kingdoms?

Distribution of lands (consolidation on the land, strengthening the power of Clovis)

A system of government based on strong royal power (the Ostrogoths had Roman law, the Senate)

Bringing the Romans to power

Adoption of Christianity according to the Roman model.

What conclusion can be drawn? Using the legacy of the now defunct empire contributed to the advancement in the historical development of the Germanic peoples.

About Which people of the ancient world founded the city of London?

What Germanic tribes settled the British Isles? When did this happen? 1.

Legend and reality in the history of England.

In the Middle Ages, tales of a brave and powerful king were widely known English Arthur and his associates - the Knights of the Round Table.

Knights performed many feats in the fight against wizards, giants and various monsters. These tales formed the basis of many medieval poems and novels. The idea of ​​a round table came from the tales of King Arthur. The round table during negotiations and meetings signified (and still signifies to this day) the equality and dignity of each participant in the meeting.

Viking brooch the form of three male heads

Probably, Arthur really existed in the 6th century, but he was not a king, but the leader of the Britons - the ancient inhabitants of the island. The Britons were Celts who long ago, even before the Roman Empire, came to the island from Gaul and gave their name to the British Isles. Arthur led the British resistance against the invasion of Britain from the continent by the Germans - the Angles and Saxons.

The Britons fought for their freedom for about two centuries, but in the end they were either exterminated or pushed back to the western regions of the island, partially turned into dependent people. Some of the Britons returned to the north of Gaul and gave the name to the Brittany peninsula. And on the territory of Britain, the tribes of the Angles and Saxons formed the seven kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons. They were constantly at odds with each other.

Since the 4th century, missionaries began to arrive in Britain - envoys of the Pope to spread Christianity. Many monasteries were founded on the island. But the transition of the population to Christianity lasted more than one hundred years.

England in the early Middle Ages

What peoples lived in Asia before the German invasion (see map on p. 13)? How many Anglo-Saxon kingdoms have developed in England? Which one was the biggest? Why did the Normans occupy the eastern part of the island?

About the lands conquered by the Normans in England in the 9th century.

Borders of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 7th century. 2.

Who are the Normans? In one of June days 793 Soda, the inhabitants of a monastery on an island off North-East England saw the sails of unfamiliar ships at sea. Severe warriors with battle axes in their hands attacked the monastery, robbed it and burned it; some monks were killed, others were taken into captivity.

From that time on, Britain and other European countries were attacked by the Normans (“people of the north”) - northern Germans: Norwegians,

Swedes, Danes.

They inhabited the Scandinavian and Jutland peninsulas, the islands of the North Sea and the western Baltic. Mountain ranges, dense forests, rocky and poor soils - everything made Scandinavia unsuitable for agriculture. They were practiced only in river valleys. Livestock was raised on mountain pastures. Residents coastal strip They fished and hunted whales and walruses.

Many Scandinavians left their homeland. They went on sea voyages to capture prey or fertile lands. The participants of the campaigns called themselves Vikings. The Vikings acted either as robbers, or as booty traders, or as mercenary warriors, conquerors and settlers. 3.

"God, deliver us from the fury of the Normans!" The Norman attacks found the population Western Europe taken by surprise. Seeing from afar their long undecked ships, each containing up to a hundred people, under a rectangular woolen red or striped sail, with frightening carved heads of dragons or snakes on their bows, the inhabitants of the coast hurried to take refuge in the forests. Those who did not have time to hide died under the blows of battle axes or were captured and taken away from their homes. Everything that the attackers could not take with them, they burned. People at that time often prayed like this: “God, deliver us from the wrath of the Normans!”

From individual attacks on the coasts, the Normans moved on to major campaigns. Their leaders made camps at the mouths of big rivers, they gathered forces here, and then, moving up against the current, penetrated into the interior of the country. The Normans besieged Paris several times and attacked other cities in France. The kings had to pay them off with silver.

The Vikings are building a ship. From a 12th century miniature.

Normans from the east of Scandinavia, known in Rus' as Varangians, made campaigns in Eastern Europe. They reached the upper reaches of the Volga and descended along its course into the Caspian Sea, where they traded with the Arabs and other peoples of the East. Along the Dnieper, the Varangians moved to the Black Sea and reached Constantinople. This was the path from the Varangians to the Greeks. The Varangians, especially the Swedes and Norwegians, often served in Rus' as warriors and mixed with the Slavs. Princes descended from one of their predecessors, Rurik. Ancient Rus'(Rurikovich).

Northern kora (with steering oar. Ship in kings. Images on seals X

The Normans were excellent sailors and warriors. But, of course, their Dust successes are caused mainly by the weakness of the countries of Europe, torn apart by internecine wars and mutual struggles. 4.

The struggle of the Anglo-Saxons with the Normans. Nmkhodians from Scandinavia moved en masse to Ireland and East Anglia. The Danes managed to capture a significant part of England along with the city of London and fortify there. The country's situation became desperate.

The fight of the Anglo-Saxons against the Danes was led by the king of one of the states, Alfred, who was later called the Great (H71-899). He was educated person and invited scientists to England as monks from other European countries; On his instructions, the first general English collection of laws was compiled.

Vikings on a sea voyage. Modern drawing

|"1| | Describe the Viking ships. What gave them the ability to suddenly attack European settlements?

At first, Alfred suffered defeats from the Danes. He and his troops had to hide in the forests and secretly gather military forces. Along with a militia of peasants, Alfred created a cavalry army. To defend against the Danes, he built fortresses, built navy to protect the coast from enemies.

Alfred managed to push the Danes back across the River Thames, liberating Lon - Siege of the city by the Normans.

Medieval stained glass

Under Alfred's successors, the Anglo-Saxons subjugated the local Danes, and England was united in single state. But the British were forced for many years pay tribute to the Normans in gold and silver - the so-called Danish money. 5.

States of the Normans. In the 9th-11th centuries, the kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway were formed in the Scandinavian countries. But for a long time the kings had to tame the rebellious nobility.

At the beginning of the 10th century, one of the Norman detachments managed to gain a foothold in the north of France.

Which European was the first to come to America?

Studying the ancient oral tales of the Scandinavians - sagas recorded in the 13th century, scientists learned that the inhabitants of Norway became famous in the Norman era for the discovery and settlement of a number of islands in the Northeast Atlantic. Thus, at the end of the 9th century, the settlement of the island of Iceland (which means “Land of Ice”) began. Later, the Icelandic Norwegian Eirik the Red reached the unknown land. He liked the valleys covered with thick grass and the abundance of fish in the sea. To attract settlers, Eirik named the island Greenland (that is, “Green Land”).

Around the year 1000, Eirik's son Leif the Happy sailed to unknown lands west of Greenland. This was a new continent for Europeans, later called America. But the Scandinavians were not able to gain a foothold here for long: these lands were too far from their homeland, and perhaps the resistance of the local residents - the Indians - also prevented them. The discovery was not known then in the rest of Europe. It was forgotten by the Scandinavians, and the memory of it was preserved only in the sagas. tions. The territory they occupied became known as the Duchy of Normandy.

Now people from Normandy began to sail in the Mediterranean Sea. Their leaders, having conquered southern Italy and Sicily, united them into a single Sicilian kingdom.

Like many conquerors, the Normans with flint, settling on new lands, stopped robberies and robberies, turned into peaceful people, began to engage in trade and enjoy the benefits of European culture. The Norman warriors adopted the Christian faith and mixed with the locals.

Since the 11th century, the Normans’ campaigns in other countries ceased: European states could already repel them.

1. List which peoples and states succeeded each other during the era of the British Isles. 2. How do the names relate to each other: Normans, Normans, Vikings and Varangians? 3. Why did the Vikings leave their native places and make long trips to foreign lands? 4. Why were the Normans able to keep the population of Europe in fear for a long time? 5. What states in Europe were created by the Normans? 6. What geographical discoveries were made by Scandinavian sailors?

1. Do you think it’s right that Columbus, and not Leif the Happy, is considered the discoverer of America? 2. The Vikings called their ships “horses of the sea.” What meaning did they put into these words? Using the illustrations in the textbook and additional information from the Internet, make a schematic drawing of a Viking ship, labeling the purposes of its various parts, equipment and the material from which they were made. 3. What were the similarities between the military reforms of Charles Martel and Alfre, the Great? How can this similarity be explained? 4. Using additional literature and Internet resources, make a presentation “Legends of King Arthur: truth and fiction” (6-7 slides).

Let's sum it up

They learned that:

by the 6th century, Germanic states had formed on the territory of the Western Roman Empire;

the most durable of the German kingdoms turned out to be the kingdom of the Franks, created by Clovis;

in the 8th century, the ruler of the Franks, Charlemagne, created a huge state and was proclaimed emperor;

in the 8th-10th centuries European countries survived the attacks of enemies - Arabs, Normans, Hungarians, who settled some lands in Western Europe;

To fight enemies, kings needed a strong army. They distributed fiefs to their warriors for serving in the cavalry army;

in the 9th-11th centuries in Western Europe there came a time of feudal fragmentation and weak power of kings;

by the beginning of the 9th century, a doctrine and structure had been formed in Western Europe and Byzantium christian church, monasteries arose, which became centers of education and culture.

Questions and assignments for Chapter I

y 1. Why did the kingdom of the Franks turn out to be more durable than other barbarian states formed on the lands of the former Western Roman Empire? 2. What mark did the Normans leave on European culture? 3.

Charlemagne called his state a “restored empire.” What meaning did he put into these words? Do you consider his empire a new state or a restored one (which one?)? 4. What were the reasons for the establishment of feudal fragmentation in Western Europe? Evaluate this period in European history. 5. Place events in chronological order. European history VI-XI centuries: a) the battle of the army of Charles Martel with the Arabs near the city of Poitiers; b) coronation of Charlemagne in Rome; c) the liberation of London from the Normans by the army of Alfred the Great; d) baptism of Clovis. 6. What did not happen in France in the 10th-11th centuries (choose the correct answers): a) wars between feudal lords; b) uniform royal legislation; c) dividing the country into separate fiefs; d) "Palace Academy"?

Creative works and projects

Information project “Medieval Monastery”. Using additional, reference books and online resources, find information about one of the oldest monasteries in Europe. Draw its plan, sign the names of the buildings. What is the monastery you have chosen famous for? What role did he play in the fate of the state on whose territory he was located? How did it proceed everyday life at the monastery and how was his relationship with the residents of the surrounding villages? Draw a conclusion about the role of monasteries in the Middle Ages.

Divide the information into topics, logically arrange the collected material and format the work.

Historical reconstruction "The Viking Journey". Write the story of one of the Viking voyages along any of their many routes that you find on the map. Calculate approximately how long your heroes should have been on the open sea (using the scale of the map and taking into account the peculiarities of sailing and rowing ships, the need for time to rest). Explain how they navigated open water during the day and at night.

§ 1.1. The world of barbarians is on the move

• How did states develop in different parts Western Europe? Establish similarities and differences.
• Why did the kingdom of the Franks turn out to be the most durable compared to other German kingdoms?

The ancient Greeks and Romans considered all foreigners who did not speak Greek or Latin and therefore deserved only a condescending or even contemptuous attitude as barbarians. Of all the barbarians, the Germans played the most important role in the fate of the Roman Empire.

• Find the area where the Germans settled on the map.

The Germans lived in rare sparsely populated settlements, lost in the forests east of the Rhine, hunted, were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding, crafts and trade, and fought a lot. The structure of German society gradually changed. Among the free and equal tribesmen, the most influential people stood out - the nobility. Important issues in the life of the tribe were decided at a public meeting. Over time, more and more often, the tribe simply approved the decision that the priests and elders had made in advance.

The power of the leaders in peacetime was weak: they could neither order, nor judge, nor make laws. But in wartime, the leader led the tribe. The leader's faithful support was the squad. The warriors considered war the best of all activities and always strived for new campaigns and battles. In case of victory, the leader and squad acquired both glory and rich booty. Death on the battlefield was considered the most honorable. By the 4th-5th centuries, the power of the leaders began to be inherited.

The Germans fought with Rome for many centuries. But gradually the pressure of the barbarians on the Roman border began to increase, and it became increasingly difficult to resist the weakened Rome.