Penicillin in nature. Penicillin: history of creation and modernity

A CONSTRUCTION EXPERT TELLS ABOUT WHAT SURPRISE WOODEN FRAMES CAN OFFER A DEVELOPER AND HOW TO GET OUT OF A DIFFICULT SITUATION.

We love wooden houses. Almost all country buildings are filled with wood products. We like the tree for beautiful view, freshness and pleasant smell, affordable price and many other valuable qualities.

However, he also has weaknesses: tendency to rot and damage by wood fungi, excessive release of resin by coniferous wood, especially pine and spruce. If all technological rules are followed, fungal damage can be avoided, but resin in wood can appear in the most unexpected ways. We encountered this phenomenon quite unexpectedly.

TROUBLE CAME FROM WHERE WE WERE NOT EXPECTED!

For country house Large wooden windows and doors with double glazed windows were ordered. Previously, we studied both the manufacturer’s samples and even the finished installed window units in a residential building that had been in operation for several years.

There were no quality issues. Under a layer of clear varnish, the pine window units looked flawless. It was considered unnecessary to overpay for oak structures.

Chose for the house brown window blocks and doors. Looking ahead, let's say that this was our first mistake.

The beautiful window units were installed in September. Until next summer the windows did not cause any problems. But with the onset of hot summer, paint blistering on the surface of the frames was discovered on the south side of the house, which immediately caused concern.

After a few days, resin began to seep through the paintwork. And there were at least two dozen such areas on window blocks. The initially beautiful windows immediately lost their view. What to do?

We urgently called a contractor who manufactured and installed our window units. A company representative immediately stated that this was the first case of such a defect.

After removing the paintwork, resin pockets and areas of wood heavily impregnated with resin were discovered in areas with resin. In the sun, a dark brown surface warms up more than a light one, which contributes to the release of resin from the wood.

REPAIR OF RESIN POCKETS

In the fall, after summer months Most of the resin leaked out of the wood, we began repair work. After removing paint from defective areas of window frames, we identified up to two dozen resin pockets and three areas with tar. It was necessary to somehow remove the resin from the wood, otherwise it would constantly be released and destroy the paint coating.

Problem solved mechanically: a section of wood together with a resin pocket was cut out to a depth of up to 5 mm. Then the recess was sealed with a so-called boat - an insert made of dry, non-resinized wood, installed with glue. We made all this by hand with single resin pockets.

After sealing the resin pockets, we began to eliminate the resins. These are volumetric defects, and the tarred areas must be repaired with a continuous layer of clean wood. To do this, the front sections of the frames with tars had to be cut to a depth of 3-5 mm using wide chisels and sandpaper.

Inserts made of healthy wood were tightly fitted and glued onto these cleaned areas. After the glue had dried, the window frames were sanded and thoroughly treated with acetone to remove residual resin, and then the repaired areas of the frames were thoroughly washed hot water with soap.

Now we could begin to restore the paint layer. The areas to be repaired were plastered with finely dispersed putty. Then they carefully sanded, primed and painted in two layers.

TWO OR THREE LAYER FINISH

I had to paint it by hand, with a small roller and brushes. It was not possible to achieve high-quality painting the first time. I had to sand it down and repaint it. Some areas were painted well the second time, and some - the third. But perseverance brought the desired result. The repaired areas became practically indistinguishable. True, doubts remained: how would the renovated places behave next season? Will the resin come to the surface again? But no, a summer inspection showed that the resin had not leaked anywhere through the barrier of healthy wood. The windows were saved.

IF YOU MAKE FURNITURE

Using the example of resin in wooden windows, I wanted to show how important it is to carefully choose wood for furniture and wooden products. It is necessary to carefully select the material, sorting out all the blanks with resin pockets, and even more so with tar.

Lining and floorboards should also be sorted before use. Sealing resin pockets and especially resin holes is very labor-intensive work, so it is better to use boards with such flaws for rough work.

IF YOU ARE BUILDING A LOOGUE

In houses with log houses made of timber or rounded logs, there are also resin pockets and even tars. The problem is that GOST 8486-86 “Softwood lumber. Specifications» allows the presence of resin pockets even in lumber of the highest (selected grade) on any one-meter section in the amount of 1 piece. no more than 50 mm long. In lumber of 1st and 2nd grades, 2 and 4 pockets are allowed in any one-meter section along the entire length of the workpiece. Therefore, in a contract for the construction of a house made of timber or rounded logs special attention should be given to resin defects.

Of course, there is practically no spruce and pine wood without resin pockets, but let them be as in a selected type of wood - few and small in size.

As a consolation to homeowners who already have log houses with resin pockets or tars, I want to say: wood with resin is more durable, and the smell of resin, which contains many essential oils, is not only pleasant, but also useful.

• RESIN POCKETS IN WOOD THERE ARE CALLED CAVITIES OR INSIDE THE ANNUAL LAYERS. OR BETWEEN THEM. FILLED WITH RESIN DURING THE LIFE OF THE TREE.
• WITH GRAINS THE AREAS OF WOOD THAT ARE ABSOLUTELY IMPREGNATED WITH RESIN ARE CALLED. FORMED DUE TO WOUNDING CONIFEROUS TRUNKS. CONTAINING RESIN CUTES AND RESIN CELLS. RESIN ACCUMULATES A LOT ON SUCH AREAS OF WOOD AND REMAINS THERE FOREVER.

REMOVAL OF RESIN POCKTS IN WOOD - VIDEO

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Hello dear readers of the blog www.site! Today I’ll tell you about something that you’ve probably thought about more than once. everyday life when someone in your household gets sick. We will talk about herbal antibiotics.

We will learn how to replace herbal antibiotics made using special technology with antibiotics prepared at home from plants.

There is hardly a person among us who has not experienced the effects of conventional medical antibiotics. Doctors prescribe them to us for pneumonia, cystitis, sore throat, purulent wounds, infectious and other diseases.

Once upon a time, antibiotics saved humanity from many serious diseases, but later it became clear that they also had side effects that were no less significant for the body. Therefore, under some circumstances, people began to look for a replacement for them in order to overcome the disease and not harm the body.

As we already know, each synthetic drug has its own indications and contraindications, of which antibiotics, unfortunately, have more. But we must not forget about Mother Nature, who created plants with antibacterial properties to replace synthetic antibiotics.

Herbal antibiotics are practically free of the disadvantages that are present in synthetic ones. The chemical nature of herbal medicines in their composition is much better suited to the human body, since over the course of many years, in the course of long evolution, it has already adapted to their absorption.

They are more easily included in the process of life and are not rejected by the human body. Herbal medicines do not provide side effects, have a milder effect, less toxic, and are not addictive.

Plant antibiotics have a fairly wide spectrum of action, and most importantly, they are active against strains of microorganisms and viruses that have already become resistant to antibiotics. In addition, many plants not only do not cause weakening protective forces body, but, on the contrary, strengthen human immunity.

List of herbal antibiotics

Various plant substances have antibiotic properties, including essential oils(phytoncides), alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and others. One of the first effective plant antibiotics was quinine.

IN Soviet era were carried out in Russia active search plants with pronounced antimicrobial and protistocidal (against protozoa) effects. As a result, a number of highly active substances with antibiotic properties were isolated. The most famous of them are novoimanin, sangviritrin, sodium usninate. Here we will study each of them in more detail.

In addition, antimicrobial properties were found in such widely known plants as: garlic, onion, horseradish, radish, hot peppers, turmeric, cloves, bearberry, lingonberry, thyme, celandine, wormwood, bergenia, calendula, birch (leaves and buds) ), poplar (buds), salvia officinalis (leaf), Cetraria Icelandica, usnea and others.

Novoimanin

Novoimanin was developed at the Institute of Microbiology and Virology of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). You can read about the properties of St. John's wort in my article.

It is obtained by extracting the herb St. John's wort with acetone. Then, followed by removal of chlorophyll from the extract using regular activated charcoal. Aqueous preparations of St. John's wort (infusions, decoctions) do not have an antibacterial effect.

Novoimanin is active against gram-positive bacteria; we suppress staphylococcus strains that are resistant to penicillin even at a dilution of 1:1000000 (1 μg/ml). It has been found that it stimulates immunogenesis.

It is prescribed as an external remedy for abscesses, phlegmon, infected wounds, 2nd and 3rd degree burns, ulcers, pyoderma, mastitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.

At home, prepare a tincture of St. John's wort with vodka, which is also a fairly strong antibiotic. It is used externally and internally for bacterial infections of the intestines (dysbacteriosis, diarrhea, dysentery, food toxic infections) and organs genitourinary system(prostatitis, cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis), etc.

• To do this, you need to take 50 g of dry crushed grass (preferably leaves with flowers without stems), pour 0.5 liter of vodka, leave for two weeks in a dark place. Take 1-2 teaspoons (up to 1 tablespoon) with a small amount of water three times a day, twenty to thirty minutes before meals. The course of treatment, depending on the disease and its severity, ranges from 2 days to two weeks.

I also recommend watching this video in other ways. useful qualities has St. John's wort not described here:

Sangviritrin was developed in the 50s of the last century at the All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR). It is the sum of the bisulfates of two alkaloids: sanguinarine and chelerethrine, isolated from the herb Macleaia cordata and Macleaia parctifolida, growing only in China.

Sangviritrin has a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. At home, it can be replaced with a tincture of dried celandine roots in vodka, since macleia is not found in Russia, and celandine contains the same alkaloids. It is prepared in the same way as St. John's wort tincture.

It’s even better to infuse fresh celandine roots in 96% alcohol for 15 days at the rate of 30 g of roots per 100 ml of alcohol.

This tincture is used as an external remedy in the form of applications, lotions and rinses for infectious and inflammatory diseases of the skin, mucous membranes of bacterial and fungal etiology, for periodontitis, aphthous stomatitis, as well as other diseases of the oral mucosa, middle ear and external auditory canal, sore throat , long-term non-healing wounds and ulcers.

To avoid burns, the tincture for applications is diluted with three parts of water.

Treatment is carried out until the symptoms of the disease disappear completely. To rinse, dilute 1 teaspoon of tincture in ½ cup of warm water.

Sodium usinate

Sodium usinate is obtained from the Usnea dasypoga lichen. It is active against Staphylococcus aureus, various streptococci, pneumococci and tubercle bacilli. Externally used for the treatment of purulent processes, fresh wounds and infected wound surfaces, varicose and trophic ulcers, as well as for traumatic osteomyelitis and burns of 2 and 3 degrees.

Icelandic centraria, or Icelandic moss (Cetraria islandica), has a similar effect. About everyone beneficial properties I wrote about Icelandic centraria.

Conducted in recent years studies have found that an aqueous extract of Icelandic moss has antibacterial activity against a number of pathogenic bacteria, including Helicobacter pylori – one of the factors peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum, as well as Koch's bacillus, the causative agent of tuberculosis.

Clinical trials have proven the effectiveness of using cetraria decoction as a gargle to reduce inflammation and suppress oral infections in patients with postoperative obstruction of the nasal passages.

Thanks to its emollient and expectorant effect due to its rich content of mucous substances, Icelandic moss is a good remedy for bronchitis with painful cough, pulmonary tuberculosis, whooping cough, bronchial asthma and other respiratory diseases.

Externally, decoctions of this lichen are used for washing and lotions for purulent wounds, skin ulcers, pustular rashes, boils, and burns.

At home, a decoction is prepared from these lichens, which has a pronounced antibiotic effect.

• For this, 1 tbsp. pour a spoonful of crushed raw materials into two glasses of boiling water, boil for 30 minutes, leave until cool, strain. Take 0.5 - 2/3 tbsp up to 4 times a day 30 minutes before meals. They are treated over a course of treatment ranging from 2 weeks to several months, depending on the severity of the disease.

But the most powerful antibiotic effect of the plants studied today is Sophora yellowish, also known under other names: Sophora yellowish and Sophora angustifolia. It can be classified as an antibiotic wide range action, since there are practically no pathogenic bacteria that could resist this plant.

At the same time, unlike chemical drugs, it has no side effects and does not suppress beneficial microflora in the human body.

Externally, a tincture or infusion of the roots is usually used.

The tincture is prepared with vodka in a ratio of 1:10, that is, for 0.5 liters of vodka, take 50 grams of dry crushed roots, leave for two weeks, and filter.

For skin diseases, use undiluted tincture, and for rinsing and douching, use one tbsp. l. tinctures are diluted in one glass of water.

To prepare the infusion:

• You will need one tablespoon of crushed dry Sophora roots, which is poured with one glass of boiling water and left to cool. Then filter.

This is where I end the article, and I hope the knowledge gained will definitely be useful to you. After all, herbal antibiotics are much safer than synthetic ones, which can sometimes do much more harm than good.

“The antibacterial effect of mold - the fungus Penicillium - was known back in time immemorial. Mentions of the treatment of purulent diseases with mold can be found in the works of Avicenna (XI century) and Philip von Hohenheim, known as Paracelsus (XVI century). In Russia, back in the 1860s in St. Petersburg, a heated discussion unfolded between doctors: some doctors are confident in the danger of green mold for humans, considering it a pathogenic microorganism, while others, including students of the outstanding doctor and scientist Sergei Petrovich Botkin, Vyacheslav Avksentievich Manassein and Alexey Gerasimovich Polotebnov consider molds to be harmless. To substantiate their arguments, scientists conduct a series of experiments with green mold (in other words, with the fungi Penicillium glaucum) and in 1871 they almost simultaneously observe the same result: in a liquid environment where there are mold fungi, bacteria do not grow. The therapist Manassein would later report that in his experiment he had convincingly proven the ability of mold to inhibit the growth of bacteria. Polotebnov will do more practical conclusion: mushrooms genus Penicillium capable of delaying the development of pathogens of human skin diseases, which he talked about in 1873 in his scientific work"On the pathological significance of green mold." It proposed treating infected wounds and ulcers by treating them with a liquid in which mold had previously grown. It must be said that Polotebnov tested the miraculous properties of green mold more than once - first on hopeless patients, saving lives after lives, and then in everyday practice - in the treatment of purulent abscesses. And although the scientific dispute was eventually resolved in favor of mold (doctors stopped suspecting it as a pathogenic pathogen), these works at that time, unfortunately, did not receive proper assessment and further development. What is mold? These are plant organisms, tiny fungi that grow in damp places. Externally, mold resembles a felt mass of white, green, brown and black. Mold grows from spores - microscopic living organisms invisible to the naked eye. Mycology - the science of fungi - knows thousands of varieties of mold. In 1897, a young military doctor from Lyon named Ernest Duchesne made a “discovery” while observing how Arab stable boys used mold from still damp saddles to treat wounds on the backs of horses rubbed by those same saddles. Duchesne carefully examined the mold taken, identified it as Penicillium glaucum, tested it on guinea pigs for the treatment of typhus and discovered its destructive effect on the bacteria Escherichia coli. This was the first ever clinical trial of what would soon become world-famous penicillin. The young man presented the results of his research in the form of a doctoral dissertation, insistently proposing to continue work in this area, but the Pasteur Institute in Paris did not even bother to confirm receipt of the document - apparently because Duchenne was only twenty-three years old. But the problem was how to use not the mold itself, but the substance through which its miraculous properties manifest themselves. Therefore, all these experiments cannot be considered genuine discoveries of a new class medicines-antibiotics. In 1928, Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming discovered that a strain of the fungal mold Penicillium notatum (it was originally called Penicillium due to the fact that under a microscope its spore-bearing legs looked like tiny brushes. When growing in a nutrient medium, it secretes a substance with a powerful antibacterial effect. The action of the fungus does not apply to all microbes, but mainly to pathogenic bacteria, and concluded that “the fungus produces an antibacterial substance that attacks some microbes and not others.” At the same time, he established that even in large doses it is not toxic to warm-blooded animals. Since the mold he worked with bore the Latin name Penicillium notatum, he named the antibacterial substance he obtained penicillin. Fleming's assistant, Dr. Stuart Graddock, who fell ill with sinusitis, was the first person to try the effect of the drug on himself. He was injected into the maxillary cavity small quantity substances, and within three hours his health improved significantly. On September 13, 1929, at a meeting of the Medical Research Club at the University of London, Alexander Fleming reported on his research. This day is considered to be the birthday of penicillin, but it was still very far from the moment when it began to be used in medicine. Fleming, not being a chemist, could neither isolate it from the nutrient medium nor determine its structure. In addition, the magical substance was unstable and quickly lost its activity. Three times, at Fleming’s request, biochemists began to purify the substance from foreign impurities, but were unsuccessful: the fragile molecule was destroyed, losing its properties. Fleming considered it unacceptable to use dirty penicillin for internal injections, fearing for the health of patients. In 1929, the scientist published a paper about his discovery, but before new era in medicinal medicine of the twentieth century - the era of antibiotics - there was still more than a decade left. In 1938, Oxford University professor, pathologist and biochemist Howard Florey attracted Ernst Boris Chain to his work. Cheyne's Jewish family emigrated from Mogilev in Russia to Germany, where Ernst received higher education in chemistry and then studied enzyme biochemistry. When the Nazis came to power, Chain, being a Jew and a man of leftist views, emigrated to England. However, he failed to get his mother and sister to leave Germany. Both died in 1942 in a concentration camp. All this determined Cheyne’s sympathy for our country and later played an important role not only in work on penicillin, but also in the fate of my father. Studying works on antimicrobial drugs on Flory's advice, Chain found the first description of penicillin published by Fleming and began research on them. practical application, he was able to obtain crude penicillin in quantities sufficient for the first biological tests, first on animals and then in the clinic. After a year of painful experiments to isolate and purify the product of capricious mushrooms, the first 100 mg of pure penicillin was obtained. The first patient (a policeman with blood poisoning) could not be saved - the accumulated supply of penicillin was not enough. The antibiotic was quickly eliminated by the kidneys. Chain involved other specialists in the work: bacteriologists, chemists, doctors. The so-called Oxford Group was formed. By this time the Second world war. In the summer of 1940, the danger of invasion loomed over Great Britain. The Oxford group decides to hide the mold spores by soaking the linings of their jackets and pockets in broth. Chain said: “If they kill me, the first thing you do is grab my jacket.” In 1941, for the first time in history, a person with blood poisoning was saved from death - he was a 15-year-old teenager. "