EGP of South Africa: description, characteristics, main features and interesting facts. North Africa

Topic: “Africa. Composition of the territory. Economic and geographical location. Population".

Lesson objectives:

1.Study the features of the EGP, composition and population of African countries

2. Strengthen the ability to characterize countries according to a standard plan

3. Improve skills in working with textbook text, thematic atlas maps and wall maps.

Lesson steps:

1.Explanation of new material .

Demonstration of the political map of Africa from COR No. 2 “Economic and Social Geography of the World.” Login through the contents to the “Africa” section and then “ political map».

Class assignment:

-look at the map, listen to the speaker’s text and answer questions :

How many countries are there in Africa?

How many mainland and island countries are there?

How many countries are landlocked?

Using the textbook text on page 243, answer the question:

What are the features EGP countries Africa? (write them down in your notebook)

Class assignment:

Working with the political map of Africa and the business card on the flyleaf, highlight:

The most big countries Africa by area

Largest countries by population

(write them down in your notebook)

Let's consider the history of the formation of states.

A map from the hyperlink “Territorial division of Africa” is projected onto the screen. The map is called “Obtaining state independence by African countries.”

Class assignment on the map:

Which countries were not colonies?

Which countries had colonies in Africa?

In what years did African countries gain independence?

The screen displays the countries and years of independence in chronological order.

What year is called the year of Africa?

Which states were the last to appear on the map of Africa?

A table is displayed on the screen, which indicates the political system of the countries. Using its data, we answer the questions:

How many monarchies are there in Africa? Which? (write them down in your notebook)

How many federal states are there? Which? (write them down in your notebook)

The youngest state?

What are most African countries like? political structure?

Now consider the population of Africa.

Working with the “Population” section of Africa. Exit to it from the main field. After listening to the speaker’s text, working with the “Population Density” map (accessing it via a hyperlink) and the text of the textbook on p. 247,We answer the questions:

What is the total population of Africa?

Is the population distributed evenly across Africa? Compare where the density is greater, where it is less, why?

We answer the questions:

What type of reproduction do African countries belong to?

Which country has the highest birth rate? Mortality?

What is the average life expectancy in Africa?

What is a “population explosion”?

We answer the questions:

Which countries have the highest number of people affected by AIDS, why?

We work with the text of the textbook, p. 247. Let's find the characteristics of urbanization. Let's read the content and answer the questions:

What is an "urban explosion"?

Name the largest cities in Africa using the map in the atlas and the table "Urban agglomerations" of Africa, which is projected on the screen (exit via hyperlink). Write them down in your notebook.

Using the map “urbanization of countries of the world” in the textbook p. 69, name the most urbanized countries, the least urbanized and write them down in your notebook.

Africa is a multinational region.

We answer the questions:

What races live in Africa, and in what part of it?

What do you think transition groups are?

What language groups do the peoples of Africa belong to? We look for the answer to this question in the atlas map and on the map on the “Peoples of Africa” screen (exit via hyperlink).

Photos of the African population are projected onto the screen (exit via hyperlink).

Working with the map “Religions of Africa” (exit via hyperlink(, we answer the question:

What religions are practiced in Africa, and why?

So, to summarize the lesson, what can we say about the population of Africa?

1. It is multinational, which causes interethnic conflicts.

2. The second type of population reproduction is a “demographic explosion.”

3. Migration of population to cities - “urban explosion”.

4. Most African countries are young and have emerging economies, having recently gained independence.

Reinforcing the material learned : for test questions (exit through the menu on the main page of the “Africa” topic).

Homework: topic 8, section 1.

By featuresEGP African countries can be divided into landlocked and inland. Most countries located far from the sea belong to the least developed countries of the world.

Forms of government . Almost all countries are republics, there are only three monarchies - Morocco,

Natural resources. Among the continents, it ranks 1st in terms of ore reserves of manganese, chromite, bauxite, gold, platinum group metals, cobalt, vanadium, diamonds, and phosphorites. The richest in country - South Africa.

Agroclimatic resources . 1/3 of the continent is desert, 1/3 has a long dry season and is prone to droughts, countries equatorial belt characterized by excessive moisture.

Population. The countries have the highest reproduction rates in the world. Ethnic composition - 300-500 nationalities. In North Africa, some of the ethnic groups have developed into large nations, but most are at the level of nationalities and tribes. The average density is 22 people/km2. The distribution is uneven. In the Sahara, vast areas (the largest in the world) are uninhabited; in the tropical forest zone - very rarely; the bulk of people live on the coasts. Urbanization: level - 34%, rate - the highest in the world.Farming. After gaining independence, the countries began to overcome centuries of backwardness. A restructuring of the sectoral and territorial structures of the economy is being carried out.

Industry . Industries that determine the importance of the region in the international division of labor: a) mining industry (Africa has a monopoly in the world in the extraction of many types of minerals); b) tropical and subtropical agriculture with an export orientation. But despite this, Africa ranks last among the regions of the world in terms of industrialization and agricultural productivity. crops

In most countries it remainscolonial type sectoral structure of the economy, characterized by: a) the predominance of consumer villages. farms; b) weak development of the manufacturing industry; c) restriction of the non-productive sphere primarily to trade.

General characteristics Africa.

Workshop – work in groups. Group No. 1.

According to the text (p. 243-249), textbook drawings, “ business card» countries on the flyleaf of the textbook and using the atlas maps to determine:

EGP of African countries (general characteristics, features).

Answer the questions:

1) What changes and why occurred on the political map of Africa after the Second World War?

2) Which countries are republics and which are monarchies? What are the administrative and state structures?

Natural conditions.

1) Using atlas maps and tables 2 and 4 in the textbook appendix, make a classification of African countries according to the degree of their wealth in mineral resources. Give the classification in the form of a table:

Countries rich in various mineral resources

Countries rich in 1-2 types of minerals

Countries poor in mineral resources

3) Draw conclusions about land, water and agroclimatic resources (task 3 p. 256).

Homework: p. 243 – 249, assignment 6 p.257.

Africa is the second largest continent after Eurasia, washed by Mediterranean Sea from the north, the Red Ocean from the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean from the west and the Indian Ocean from the east and south. Africa is also the name given to the part of the world consisting of the continent of Africa and adjacent islands. Africa's area is 29.2 million km², with islands about 30.3 million km², thus covering 6% total area of the Earth's surface and 20.4% of the land surface. There are 55 states in Africa, 5 unrecognized states and 5 dependent territories(island).

General economic and geographical characteristics of African countries

A peculiarity of the geographical location of many countries in the region is the lack of access to the sea. At the same time, in countries facing the ocean, the coastline is poorly indented, which is unfavorable for the construction of large ports.
Africa is exceptionally rich in natural resources. The reserves of mineral raw materials are especially large - manganese ores, chromites, bauxites, etc. There are fuel raw materials in depressions and coastal areas. Oil and gas are produced in North and West Africa (Nigeria, Algeria, Egypt, Libya). Enormous reserves of cobalt and copper ores concentrated in Zambia and the DRC; manganese ores are mined in South Africa and Zimbabwe; platinum, iron ores and gold - in South Africa; diamonds - in Congo, Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, Angola, Ghana; phosphorites - in Morocco, Tunisia; uranium - in Niger, Namibia.
Africa has quite large land resources, but soil erosion has become catastrophic due to improper cultivation. Water resources distributed extremely unevenly across Africa. Forests occupy about 10% of the territory, but as a result of predatory destruction their area is rapidly declining.
Africa has the highest rate of natural population growth. The natural increase in many countries exceeds 30 people per 1000 inhabitants per year. There remains a high proportion of children (50%) and a small proportion of older people (about 5%).
African countries have not yet managed to change the colonial type of sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, although the pace economic growth sped up somewhat. The colonial type of sectoral structure of the economy is characterized by the predominance of small-scale, consumer agriculture, weak development of the manufacturing industry, and lagging development of transport. African countries have achieved the greatest success in the mining industry. In the extraction of many minerals, Africa has a leading, and sometimes monopoly, place in the world (in the extraction of gold, diamonds, platinum group metals, etc.). The manufacturing industry is represented by light and food industries, there are no other industries, with the exception of a number of areas near the availability of raw materials and on the coast (Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Nigeria, Zambia, DRC).
The second branch of the economy that determines Africa's place in the world economy is tropical and subtropical agriculture. Agricultural products account for 60-80% of GDP. The main cash crops are coffee, cocoa beans, peanuts, dates, tea, natural rubber, sorghum, and spices. IN lately began to grow grain crops: corn, rice, wheat. Livestock production plays a subordinate role, with the exception of countries with arid climate. Extensive cattle breeding predominates, characterized by a huge number of livestock, but low productivity and low marketability. The continent is not self-sufficient in agricultural products.
Transport also retains a colonial type: railways go from raw material extraction areas to the port, while the regions of one state are practically not connected. Rail and sea modes of transport are relatively developed. IN recent years Other types of transport also developed - road (a road was built across the Sahara), air, and pipeline.
All countries, with the exception of South Africa, are developing, most of them are the poorest in the world (70% of the population lives below the poverty line).

Problems and difficulties of African states

Most African states have developed bloated, unprofessional and ineffective bureaucracies. When amorphous social structures the only organized force remained the army. The result is endless military coups. Dictators who came to power appropriated untold wealth for themselves. The capital of Mobutu, the President of the Congo, at the time of his overthrow was $7 billion. The economy functioned poorly, and this gave scope for a “destructive” economy: the production and distribution of drugs, illegal gold and diamond mining, even human trafficking. Africa's share in world GDP and its share in world exports were declining, and output per capita was declining.
The formation of statehood was extremely complicated by the absolute artificiality of state borders. Africa inherited them from its colonial past. They were established during the division of the continent into spheres of influence and have little to do with ethnic boundaries. The Organization of African Unity, created in 1963, aware that any attempt to correct a particular border could lead to unpredictable consequences, called for these borders to be considered immutable, no matter how unfair they may be. But these borders have nevertheless become a source of ethnic conflicts and the displacement of millions of refugees.
The main sector of the economy of most countries in Tropical Africa is agriculture, designed to provide food for the population and serve as a raw material base for the development of the manufacturing industry. It employs the majority of the region's amateur population and creates the bulk of the total national income. In many countries of Tropical Africa, agriculture occupies a leading place in exports, providing a significant portion of foreign exchange earnings. In the last decade, an alarming picture has been observed with the growth rate of industrial production, which allows us to talk about the actual deindustrialization of the region. If in 1965-1980 they (on average per year) amounted to 7.5%, then in the 80s only 0.7%; a drop in growth rates took place in the 80s in both the mining and manufacturing industries. For a number of reasons, the mining industry plays a special role in ensuring the socio-economic development of the region, but this production is also decreasing by 2% annually. A characteristic feature of the development of the countries of Tropical Africa is the weak development of the manufacturing industry. Only in a very small group of countries (Zambia, Zimbabwe, Senegal) does its share in GDP reach or exceed 20%.

Integration processes

A characteristic feature of integration processes in Africa is their high degree of institutionalization. Currently, there are about 200 economic associations of various levels, scales and orientations on the continent. But from the point of view of studying the problem of the formation of subregional identity and its relationship with national and ethnic identity, the functioning of such large organizations as the Economic Community of West Africa (ECOWAS), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), Economic Community Central African States (ECCAS), etc. The extremely low performance of their activities in previous decades and the advent of the era of globalization required a sharp acceleration of integration processes at a qualitatively different level. Economic cooperation is developing in new - compared to the 70s - conditions of contradictory interaction between the globalization of the world economy and the increasing marginalization of the positions of African states within its framework and, naturally, in a different coordinate system. Integration is no longer considered as a tool and basis for the formation of a self-sufficient and self-developing economy based on own strength and in opposition to the imperialist West. The approach is different, which, as mentioned above, presents integration as a way and means of including African countries in the globalizing world economy, as well as as an impulse and indicator of economic growth and development in general.

Tags for the article:

Geography lesson notes (grade 11)

Subject: African countries. South Africa: EGP, population, economy.

Target:

Educational: to form in students an idea of ​​the EGP of African countries; population and characteristics of the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy; consider a political map; characteristics of the population.

Developmental: improve skills in working with a map and with sources of geographic information when compiling characteristics of industries and regions; continue to develop practical skills in processing and analyzing the information received.

Educational: to cultivate the importance of studying geography, curiosity.

Equipment: Map of Africa, atlases, physical map of the world, handouts.

Lesson type: learning new knowledge.

Lesson progress

1. Organizational moment.

2. Communicating the topic, purpose, objectives of the lesson and motivational activities.

Each region is unique in its own way: for example, Eurasia is the largest continent, North America is the wettest continent, Australia is the driest continent. Africa is a continent of shrouds and jungles, hot deserts and snow-capped mountains. It is the variety of associations associated with Africa that determines our perception of the “dark continent” as something mysterious and uncertain.

3. Studying new material.

Territory – 30,221,532 km²

Population 1.1 billion people.

Density 30.51 people/km²

Names of residents - Africans

Includes 55 states

Africa is the second largest continent after Eurasia. Its area is 30.3 million km2. Most of the continent is located in the Northern Hemisphere. Africa, like other Gondwana fragments, has a massive outline. It does not have large peninsulas or deep bays off its coast.

Africa is the hottest continent. It is home to the world's largest desert, the Sahara, in the north of which, in Libya, the world's largest desert has been recorded. high temperature on the planet: +58°С.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ECONOMY OF AFRICA COUNTRIES

Features of the EGP	Natural resources
It is washed by the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Long coastline (30 thousand km). Proximity to Europe and the Middle East. Location in both hemispheres.	Mineral resources: a third of the world's reserves (2nd place in deposits of gold, diamonds, chromium, manganese; 2nd place - copper, uranium, graphite; 3rd place - oil, gas). Water resources: unevenly distributed. Forest and land resources: significant forest resources(10% of the world's forests). The soil is not fertile.

INDUSTRY STRUCTURE

Metallurgy	Energy		Mechanical engineering	Chemical		Other
Black: 80% of Africa's copper is South Africa. In addition: Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Zimbabwe. Colored: aluminum (South Africa, Egypt, Cameroon, Ghana), Copper (Zambia, South Africa), zinc (Morocco, Tunisia, Libya).	Oil refining (South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Gabon, Algeria, Libya). Electricity: Africa:		Except in South Africa(heavy, agricultural, wagon, ship repair) industry is almost undeveloped. Machine tool industry (Egypt, Algeria, Morocco).	Mineral fertilizers, organics. Rich raw material base. The main production area is South Africa.		Food: many export crops. Textile: cotton (Egypt, Nigeria, Morocco, Sudan, Kenya, Algeria, South Africa). The mining industry prevails.
Agriculture					Transport
Livestock		Crop production			Poorly developed, the tracks are concentrated near mining industries. Horse-drawn transport (camels) is developed. The most developed sea transport is: Alexandria, Algiers, Casablanca, Dakar, Lagos, Mombasa.
Beef cattle breeding (Somalia, Djibouti). Sheep farming (South Africa, South Africa). Camel farming (Sahara, Lesotho). Fisheries (Morocco, Senegal, Mauritania)		Export: cocoa (Cote Divoire, Ghana), coffee (Ethiopia, Uganda, Keith Divoire), peanuts (Sudan, Senegal, Gambia, Nigeria), palm oil (Western and Equatorial Africa), cotton (Egypt, Sudan, Tanzania), grapes (South Africa), cinnamon and vanilla (Seychelles), etc. Small-scale commodity sector (for yourself): yam, taro, bagat, millet, sorghum, wheat, rice.

POPULATION

Africa's population is about 1.1 billion people. Population growth in 2004 was 2.4%. Over the past 50 years, average life expectancy has increased from 39 to 54 years.

Among the world's religions prevail Islam And Christianity(the most common denominationsCatholicism, Protestantism, to a lesser extentOrthodoxy, monophysitism). IN East Africa also liveBuddhists And Hindus(many of them come fromIndia). There are also followers living in AfricaJudaism And Baha'ism. Religions brought to Africa from outside are found both in pure form, sosyncretizedlocal traditional religions. Among the “major” traditional African religions are:ifa or bwiti.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF South Africa

Specification plan	South Africa
State form rights	Parliamentary republic
S territories	1.2 million km 2
Population	4.9 million people
Average population density	41 people/km 2
Urban population
Ethnic structure	79.4% - Africans 2.6% - Indians and Asians
Demographic situation	Eats. growth – 0.4% Young mortality – 43.2% 0
Share of young and old
Unemployment rate	23% as of (2010)
Mining industry	The mining industry is well developed. South Africa is a major exporter of mineral raw materials. The country is a world leader in the mining of platinum, gold and chromium. South Africa is among the leaders in the production of diamonds, manganese, titanium, uranium, iron ores, vanadium, coal (one of major exporters). Copper, nickel, antimony, asbestos, lead, and phosphorites are also mined.
Manufacturing industry	Electric power industry (93% - thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants - on the Orange River). Automotive industry (BMW, Toyota, Mazda, Hummer). Mechanical engineering (mining equipment). Chemical (petrochemicals, production of acids, alkalis, soda, mineral fertilizers). Light industry, non-ferrous metallurgy (copper smelting), woodworking, production of building materials, food industry.
Agriculture	Cereals, sugar cane, citrus fruits, cotton, corn, wheat, oats and sorghum and grapes are grown. Breed: small cattle, sheep, goats and cattle.
Branches of international specialization	Mining industry, automobile assembly, metal structures, mechanical engineering.
Transport	The densest network of railways and roads. Main seaports: Cape Town, Durban, Port Enuabot, Richards Bayne. International airports: Johannesburg, Cape Town and Pretoria.
Non-production sphere	4% – agriculture; 31% – industry; 65% – service sector (tourism, education, art)
	Metals, diamonds, cars and transport. equipment, wine, wool, fish.
	Oil, food, chemical products.

4. Generalization and systematization of the studied material.

Task 1.

Conversation.

What features of the EGP of individual subregions of Africa influence the development of their economy?

What explains the uneven distribution of Africa's population?

Why is the ethnic composition of the population of most African countries heterogeneous?

What factors indicate the economic backwardness of African countries?

What social and economic problems should African countries address in the near future?

Task 2.

Using the textbook, determine:

The most developed industries in Africa;

Level of development of the energy and manufacturing industries;

Promising industries.

Task 3.

Working with the map.

Using the World Population atlas map, name the most and least densely populated areas of Africa.

5. Lesson summary.

6. Homework. Message on the topic: “Culture of Africa.”

Africa covers an area of ​​29.2 million km2. Africa, the second largest of the seven continents of the Planet. As part of the world (including adjacent islands) it has an area of ​​approximately 30 million km, that is, approximately 22% of the total area earth's surface. About a billion people live in Africa - 14.9% of the total population of the Earth.

Economic-geographical location and political map of Africa

The length of the continent from north to south is 8 thousand km, from west to east in the northern part - 7.5 thousand km. A feature of the economic and geographical position of many countries in the region is the lack of access to the sea. Countries facing the ocean have a slightly indented coastline and this limits the ability to take advantage of the benefits of the physical-geographical location. Construction of ports in these conditions requires increased costs. North Africa, open to Europe, occupies the most advantageous position. For the development of the subregion, the possibility of communication with France, whose colonies were Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco (countries called the Maghreb countries), is of particular importance. Openness to the Indian Ocean is currently facilitating the penetration of Chinese and South Korean capital into the East Asian economy.

There are 56 states in Africa, of which three are monarchies - Morocco, Swaziland and Lesotho. Two countries are federations - Nigeria and, since 1984, Ethiopia. There is no consensus in the sources regarding South Africa. In some works it is called a federation, in others – regional autonomy, that is, its form government structure similar to Spain. The rest of the countries are republics, mostly presidential ones.

South Africa is the only economically developed country in the region and is one of the countries of resettlement capital, distinguished dual structure of the economy. The duality lies in the fact that while developing the tertiary sector and modern sectors of the economy, they preserve the remnants of the colonial past: the role of the primary sector (mining industry, agriculture and other sectors related to the agricultural sector) is significant in the structure of their economy. The share of products from the primary sector is large and export structure. In particular. In South Africa, the share of mineral raw materials significantly exceeds the total share of the manufacturing and service industries. This country accounts for about half of the region's GDP.

In Africa, only one country – Egypt – belongs to the socio-economic group of “key countries”. Libya, Algeria, and Nigeria are oil exporting countries. There is a significant group of countries with enclave economies with mineral resources or agricultural raw materials specialization. The group with the smallest number is the most significant developed countries. Of the 43 countries in this group, 30 are in Africa. These include most countries with a continental economic and geographical location. Africa is the region with the most acute social problems. 70% of the population lives below the poverty line. Among the adult population, functionally illiterate people predominate. Approximately 86 percent of employed people do not have professional training. Continental Tropical Africa is a zone of famine, the spread of AIDS, declining life expectancy, acute environmental problems - desertification, deforestation, lack of clean water, rapidly increasing soil erosion. About 5 million people are environmental refugees fleeing the desert regions of the Sahel to more southern regions. Their desire to settle in other countries due to the scarcity and low fertility of soils suitable for agriculture causes protest among the permanently living population. This leads to conflicts, which often take the form of armed clashes.

Natural conditions and natural resources

Africa is full of contrasts natural conditions and, accordingly, the distribution of the population and the level of economic development. Within the continent, two subregions are distinguished: North Africa with a predominantly Caucasian population, represented by Arabs and nomadic peoples - Tuaregs and Bedouins.

The entire territory located south of the Sahara belongs to the region of Tropical Africa or it is called Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It surpasses North Africa both in territory and in population, but its role in the economy and social complex does not correspond to either its territorial or demographic potential. The extensive development of the region is one of the consequences of the colonial past, which left behind medieval forms of land ownership, backward agricultural technology for cultivating consumer crops and a system of social relationships. Based on the racial composition of the population, this region is sometimes called "black Africa". Even in South Africa, where the modern foundations of the economy were laid by white colonialists - first the Dutch (Boers or Afrikaners), and then the Anglo-Africans who seized key economic and political positions in the country, the Negroid population predominates.

Africa is exceptionally rich in natural resources. The reserves of mineral raw materials are especially large, including manganese ores, chromites, bauxites, etc. Colossal reserves of cobalt and copper ores are concentrated in Zambia and the People's Republic of Congo; manganese ores are mined in South Africa and Zimbabwe; platinum, iron ores and gold - in South Africa. Primary energy sources are represented mainly by oil and gas. Oil is produced in North and West Africa (Nigeria, Algeria, Egypt, Libya). Uranium is mined in Niger and Namibia. Diamonds are mined in Congo, Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, Angola, and Ghana, and phosphorites are mined in Morocco and Tunisia;

Africa has quite significant land resources, but soil erosion as a result of desertification has become catastrophic due to overexploitation and improper cultivation. Water resources are also significant, but distributed extremely unevenly across Africa. Therefore, such great importance is attached to transit rivers, that is, rivers flowing through the territory of several countries. Along their course, zones of irrigated agriculture have been created, and a significant population is concentrated. The most famous and largest oasis in Africa is the Nile Valley. Irrigated agriculture arose here in ancient times. Soil fertility was maintained by silt deposits brought from the upper reaches of the river into floods. The construction of the Aswan Dam to a certain extent solved the country's energy problem, but the regulation of flow deprived the Nile arable lands of annual replenishment. The problem of reducing yields is solved by applying mineral fertilizers. This causes chemical intoxication of soils and agricultural products. Libya's water intake from an artesian reservoir in the middle reaches of the river plays a geopolitical role. Over time, this will cause a decrease in inflow groundwater during the period between spills, the shortage of irrigation water increases. However, the Nile Valley retains its reputation as the main agricultural region of North Africa. Walks and cruises along the Nile constantly attract tourists.

Forests occupy about 8% of the territory, but as a result of predatory destruction their area is rapidly declining. This contributes to impoverishment species composition flora and fauna of forests. Disappear valuable species trees because they are cut down first. Unlike forests in the northern zone, there are no forestry regeneration techniques for them in Africa. Along with the disappearance of forests, the habitats of “forest ghosts,” as pygmy tribes in Africa are called, are shrinking. Deforestation contributes to the further spread of desertification.

Population of Africa

Africa's population exceeded the billion mark in the 21st century. This is obviously a reliable figure, since Africa continues to have the highest rate of natural population growth in the world. In many countries it exceeds 30 people per 1000 inhabitants per year. This is significantly faster than the growth of gross product and the rate of increase in food production. The problem of hunger remains one of the most pressing social problems on the continent. Population growth and poverty in countries is one of the reasons for the high proportion of illiterate people. Illiteracy of the population, in turn, is one of the reasons for the low investment attractiveness of most African countries. Here it is appropriate to paraphrase the “formula of the closed cycle of poverty” by Deng, an outstanding Russian scientist of the early twentieth century: “Countries are poor because they are poor.” Like nowhere else in the world, the proportion of children is high (50%) and the proportion of older people is low (about 5%). In the 1960s and 1970s, thanks to social changes and international health assistance, child mortality began to decline in Africa and life expectancy increased. However, food shortages and the spread of AIDS have caused a setback in this regard, and in many countries these indicators have returned to the levels of the early 60s.

Since the 60s, the vectors of external migration have changed in Africa. After the liberation of countries from colonial rule, the region experienced an outflow of European populations - officials, plantation owners, skilled workers and engineers, working in production facilities, contract workers in education and medical care. Subsequently, the flow of labor migrants from Africa, mainly to European countries, began to increase. At first it was formed by the population of the former North African French colonies, for which the former metropolis retained a single passport regime. Later, a flow of migrants from West Africa joined. Departure from here is directed to France and Great Britain. Later labor migrants took over jobs in the European labor market that were originally held by North Africans. These are street sweepers, subway cleaners, couriers, etc. By this time, migrants of the first wave had already occupied semi-skilled and skilled jobs. The assessment of the role of labor migration is ambiguous. On the one hand, they attract the most literate and active population from the countries of departure, on the other hand, while working in the metropolis, most of them acquire some kind of profession and, returning home, contribute to the formation of a more qualified group of labor resources. In addition, migrant families have more high level life, children from these families have the opportunity to study and receive vocational training. Working abroad reduces the unemployment rate in sending countries. People from Arab countries often travel to oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf. Egypt stands out in this regard. Egyptians work not only in oil production, but also in agriculture, the hotel and tourism business, education, and medicine. Internal migrations are directed to major cities where you are more likely to find a job. The unregulated flow of migrants is the reason for the development of “false” or “slum” urbanization. The quarters of immigrants from rural areas were called “bidonvilles”, since the main building materials were sheets of tin, cardboard and film materials.

Yu.D. Dmitrievsky once noted that many cities in Tropical Africa are characterized by a division into native, business and European parts. They are extremely crowded. The most striking example of this kind is Lagos, which in terms of this indicator (about 70 thousand people per 1 km²) ranks one of the first places in the world.

As throughout the developing world, Africa's urban explosion is characterized by the predominant growth of large cities. Their number increased from 80 in 1960 to 170 in 1980 and subsequently more than doubled. The number of cities with a population of 500 thousand to 1 million inhabitants has also increased noticeably.

But this distinctive feature of the African urban explosion can be especially clearly demonstrated by the growth in the number of millionaire cities. The first such city, back in the late 20s of the last century, was Cairo. According to the UN, at the end of the 90s in Africa there were already 33 agglomerations with a population of more than 1 million people, which concentrated 1/3 of the total urban population of the region. Two of these agglomerations (Lagos and Cairo) with a population of more than 10 million people have already entered the category of supercities. Approximately half of all millionaire agglomerations are now located in Tropical Africa. In 2001, there were already 43 millionaire agglomerations.

For the most part, African cities have not become engines of economic growth and structural transformation in the economy. On the contrary, in many cases they began to act as the main centers of the socio-economic crisis, becoming the focus of acute social contradictions and contrasts, such as unemployment, housing crisis, crime, etc. The complexity of the situation is aggravated by the fact that cities, especially large ones, continue to attract the poorest rural residents, who are constantly joining the stratum of the marginal population. Statistics show that the top ten cities in the world with the lowest quality of life include nine African cities: Brazzaville, Pointe Noire, Khartoum, Bangui, Luanda, Ouagadougou, Kinshasa, Bamako and Niamey.

Ethnic composition population is very complex. The most numerous people are the Arabs of North Africa. There are more than 200 peoples in the Tropical African region. During the colonial development of the mainland, many state borders were drawn without taking into account ethnic characteristics, which still leads to interethnic conflicts. The average population density in Africa is 22 people/km² - this is significantly less than in Europe and Asia. Africa lags behind other regions in terms of urbanization (less than 30%), but the rate of urbanization is the highest in the world.

Almost all African countries were colonies. After the Second World War, African countries gained independence. However, the former metropolises retained their economic influence, and during the years of colonial existence, a certain cultural unity developed between the metropolises and colonies.

Most former colonies retain the official language of their metropolises. This allows you to receive a European education and avoid ethnic complications that arose in multi-ethnic countries when one of the local languages ​​was introduced as a state language. The unity of monetary units is often preserved, so, along with national currencies, the former French colonies - (Benin, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Cameroon, Congo, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo, Chad, etc.) - formed the franc zone. The policies of former metropolises and other states aimed at preserving economic influence to countries that received sovereignty was called neocolonialism.

General characteristics of the farm

The economy of most African countries has an agrarian-raw materials structure. It is characterized by the following features:

Focus on the export of minerals and agricultural products; - extensive nature of development of the agricultural sector;

Lack of qualified and simply competent labor resources, preventing the introduction of new technologies.

Clanism and significant corruption in the economy. For example, Nigeria, rich in natural resources, confidently holds first place in corruption in the world. All attempts by the United States and the IMF to modernize the economy of this country crashed against a powerful wall of corruption and fraud. Paradoxically, Nigeria, being 13th in the world largest producer oil, is experiencing a chronic shortage of petroleum products in its country.

- for tropical African countries characterized by large external debt. For every African, including children, there is $350 in foreign debt. The region's debts amount to more than $200 billion, which is equal to 80% of GDP (in Congo and Mozambique - 300%). African countries owe 60% of their total external debt to various countries on a bilateral basis, 23% to international banks, and the rest to private creditors.

- low investment inflow. Africa is still left out of mainstream financial flows. The current decade has seen a significant increase in foreign direct investment in developing countries, but it has only to a small extent affected the countries of the “black” continent, which find it difficult to create favorable conditions for attracting foreign investors. According to UNCTAD, of all foreign direct investment in developing countries, only 5% comes from African countries.

- reduction in international aid. Along with the low volumes of investment flows, there has been a significant decrease in financial assistance to African countries. According to the Organization economic cooperation and Development (UNCTAD), the amount of official assistance intended for the development of sub-Saharan African countries fell in 1996 to $10.7 billion. For comparison: in 1990 they amounted to $14 billion. A downward trend in volumes assistance has survived to this day.

- threat of extinction. According to CNN, the AIDS epidemic has dropped average life expectancy in the region to levels in the 50s. Average duration life in some countries is now 39 years, instead of the previous 60-65 reached before the AIDS epidemic. Mortality rates are particularly high among children and young people, which will undoubtedly affect other demographic indicators of the population of the African continent.

Foreign relations of African countries

In the global value of foreign trade, Africa's share barely reaches 1%. Exports from African countries are predominantly raw materials in nature. Minerals, energy raw materials and agricultural products account for 69% of regional exports. The most important import items are machinery and equipment (40%), food (12%), fuel (14%), other manufacturing products (27%). The main trading partners are developed countries. They account for 65% of regional exports and over 70% of imports. Developing countries account for 26% of regional exports, including 10% from African countries.

In the global capital market, African countries act as net importers. The largest foreign investment partners in the region are South Africa and oil exporting countries. Total external debt region corresponds to approximately 47% of regional GDP. The amount of international aid per capita is about $43 per year, and has been declining in recent years. Foreign economic relations have a predominantly European vector, although in the second half of the 20th century the role of the United States increased. Their interests are concentrated in countries that have scarce resources for the United States and Western Europe raw materials manganese, cobalt, uranium ores, ores of heavy non-ferrous metals, bauxite, iron ores. The US industry is especially dependent on the supply of diamonds from South Africa. Guinea is the main supplier of bauxite for the aluminum industry of the Russian Federation.

In perspective positions European countries and the United States will squeeze out China and the Republic of Korea. The Chinese government intends to provide loans to African states against low interest within three years. “We will help Africa build financial capacity. We will provide $10 billion in concessional loans to the countries of the continent,” said Premier of the Chinese State Council Wen Jiabao, opening the fourth ministerial meeting within the framework of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, which was held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt.

In addition to new loans, the prime minister promised to write off multimillion-dollar debts to China for a number of Africa's poorest countries. Chinese cash it is expected to be used to develop the infrastructure of African countries and finance programs in the social sphere. According to the prime minister, China is ready to continue to provide assistance to African countries not only in the construction of large facilities, but also in the fields of agriculture, education, healthcare, poverty eradication, and drinking water purification. China promises to transfer modern technologies for generating clean energy to African countries, help combat climate change, and train African technical specialists and managers.

Chinese authorities are promising to encourage the country's financial institutions operating in African markets to provide and expand access for African goods to the huge Chinese market. At the same time, China agreed to write off the debts of 31 African countries. The growing volume of Chinese investment in African economies confirms that Beijing is living up to its commitments.

Companies from China invest mainly in the development of African oil fields, as well as in a number of projects related to the extraction of other minerals. According to official Chinese statistics, the volume of direct investment in Africa in 2008 amounted to $7.8 billion, compared to $491 million in 2003. Thus, in six years this figure has increased almost 16 times. Trade between China and African countries is also increasing at a fast pace. Since 2000, trade between China and African countries has increased by 45%, to $107 billion in 2008. Last year, China exported $51 billion worth of goods to Africa and imported $57 billion, mostly from oil-producing countries - Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Republic of Congo and Sudan. China is forced to buy more and more raw materials from Africa to support the growth of its increasingly energy-intensive economy. It is expected that new loans will also contribute to further growth of bilateral trade turnover.

Until the end of the 80s, the USSR actively developed external relations with this region; many countries had large debt obligations to the USSR. Imports included mineral raw materials, especially bauxite, tropical agricultural products, and textile raw materials. Exports were dominated by finished products and equipment. Currently, the volume of external relations has decreased; bauxite is of greatest interest. Russian aluminum companies have an equity stake in bauxite mining. Alros bought an aluminum plant in Ghana.

Countries with enclave economies are countries that specialize in the export of products from primary sectors of the economy, mainly in the mining industry and/or plantation agriculture. They are focused on the external market and have very little influence on the development of other regions. They constitute, as it were, a separate “island of the world economy” in the structure of the national economy. Over time, as the corresponding manufacturing industries develop in the country, their isolation may be broken, as happened in India with the development of textiles and other industries.

Characteristics plan EGP Africa. The length and size of the territory and individual states. Changes in the EGP of the continent over time. Position in relation to the main economic centers of the world. The presence or absence of access to the seas. State system of countries. Territorial disputes and regional conflicts. Political and economic unions, organizations. Scheme.

Slide 6 from the presentation "Africa Geography Lesson". The size of the archive with the presentation is 2781 KB.

Geography 10th grade

summary other presentations

“Kazakh Republic” - Ezhelden Er degen, Yes??ymyz shy?ty?oy. 4. When and under what circumstances does the Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan sound? Who created the flag and coat of arms of the Republic of Kazakhstan? Tulparas. High mountain ice palace "Medeo". 1. What is the basic law of the state? The central element - shanyrak - symbol family well-being, peace, tranquility. Therefore, the silhouette of the sun is a symbol of life. 1914

“About the German language” - 1. The popularity of the German language is constantly growing. There are more and more partners from Germany. German is the second most spoken language in the world, second only to English. The most popular for study was considered English language. Germany's economy ranks fifth in the world. Municipal educational institution secondary school MO "Ladushkinsky City District". Translations cannot fully convey all the cultural achievements of German literature. Each language is beautiful in its own way. Today, interest in the German language is being revived.

"Country France" - Gross national product per capita - $22,320 per year. Administrative divisions: France is based on 36,682 communes. Regions. The main branch of agriculture is animal husbandry for meat and dairy production. The complicated image could have shield holders - laurel branches. Tourism. Religion of the country:

“UMK in Geography” - Profile course “Social Geography” V.N. Kholina 11th grade. UMK Classic line 10 - 11 grades. Teaching materials on geography and cartographic support High school. UMK publishing house "Ventana-Graf" 10th grade. Educational complex "Spheres" grades 10 - 11. Profile course “Public Geography” V.N. Kholina 10th grade. Educational and educational complex of the publishing house "Russkoe Slovo" grades 10 - 11. Modern world. 10-11 grade. UMK publishing house "Drofa" edited by A.I. Alekseeva 10 - 11 grade.

“Number and reproduction of population” - We work with map diagrams We work with tables We work with the textbook text We work with a guidebook We work with electronic textbook Working with a text editor Working with a spreadsheet. We study the size and reproduction of the world population. World population 10th grade. Number and reproduction of the world population. Ethnology.

“North of Western Siberia” - The purpose of our work: The lake is bordered by convenient beaches. Work methodology: Nizhnevartovsk. Roman - Catholic Church. Port on the river Ob. Circus. Hydronym from Turkic balyk "fish". The result of our work: The Federal Treasury Department building.