International organization is an association of states created in accordance with international law and on the basis international treaty, for cooperation in political, economic, cultural, scientific, technical, legal and other fields, having the necessary system of bodies, rights and obligations derived from the rights and obligations of states, and autonomous will, the scope of which is determined by the will of the member states.

Comment

• contradicts the foundations of international law, since there is not and cannot be over the states - the primary subjects of this law supreme power;
• vesting a number of organizations with management functions does not mean transferring to them part of the sovereignty of states or their sovereign rights. International organizations do not have sovereignty and cannot have it;
• the obligation of direct execution by member states of decisions of international organizations is based on the provisions of the constituent acts and nothing more;
• no international organization has the right to interfere in the internal affairs of a state without the consent of the latter, because otherwise would mean a gross violation of the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of a state with consequences for such an organization negative consequences;
• the possession of a “supranational” organization with the authority to create effective mechanisms for control and enforcement of compliance with mandatory rules is just one of the qualities of the organization’s legal personality.

Signs of an international organization:

Any international organization must have at least the following six characteristics:

Establishment under international law

1) Establishment in accordance with international law

This attribute is essentially decisive. Any international organization must be created on a legal basis. In particular, the establishment of any organization must not prejudice the recognized interests of the individual state and the international community as a whole. The founding document of an organization must comply with generally accepted principles and norms of international law. According to Art. 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations, a peremptory norm of general international law is a norm that is accepted and recognized by the international community of states as a whole as a norm, deviations from which are unacceptable and which can only be changed by a subsequent norm of general international law bearing the same character.

If an international organization was created unlawfully or its activities contradict international law, then the constituent act of such an organization must be declared void and its effect terminated in the shortest possible time. An international treaty or any of its provisions is invalid if its execution is associated with any action that is unlawful under international law.

Establishment based on an international treaty

2) Establishment on the basis of an international treaty

As a rule, international organizations are created on the basis of an international treaty (convention, agreement, treatise, protocol, etc.).

The object of such an agreement is the behavior of the subjects (parties to the agreement) and the international organization itself. Parties constituent act are sovereign states. However, in recent years, intergovernmental organizations have also become full participants in international organizations. For example, the European Union is a full member of many international fisheries organizations.

International organizations may be created in accordance with resolutions of other organizations having more general competence.

Cooperation in specific areas of activity

3) Cooperation in specific areas of activity

International organizations are created to coordinate the efforts of states in a particular area. They are designed to unite the efforts of states in the political (OSCE), military (NATO), scientific and technical ( European organization nuclear research), economic (EU), monetary and financial (IBRD, IMF), social (ILO) and in many other areas. At the same time, a number of organizations are authorized to coordinate the activities of states in almost all areas (UN, CIS, etc.).

International organizations become intermediaries between member states. States often refer the most complex issues to organizations for discussion and resolution. international relations. International organizations seem to be taking over a significant number of issues on which previously relations between states had direct bilateral or multilateralism. However, not every organization can claim an equal position with states in relevant areas of international relations. Any powers of such organizations are derived from the rights of the states themselves. Along with other forms of international communication (multilateral consultations, conferences, meetings, seminars, etc.), international organizations act as a body of cooperation on specific problems of international relations.

Availability of appropriate organizational structure

4) Availability of an appropriate organizational structure

This feature is one of the important signs of the presence of an international organization. It seems to confirm the permanent nature of the organization and thereby distinguishes it from numerous other forms of international cooperation.

Intergovernmental organizations have:

• headquarters;
• members represented by sovereign states;
• the necessary system of main and auxiliary organs.

The highest body is a session convened once a year (sometimes once every two years). The executive bodies are the councils. The administrative apparatus is headed by the executive secretary ( general manager). All organizations have permanent or temporary executive bodies with different legal status and competence.

Availability of rights and obligations of the organization

5) Availability of rights and obligations of the organization

It was emphasized above that the rights and obligations of the organization are derived from the rights and obligations of member states. It depends on the parties and only on the parties that this organization has precisely such (and not another) set of rights that it is entrusted with the fulfillment of these responsibilities. No organization can take actions affecting the interests of its members without the consent of its member states. The rights and obligations of any organization are enshrined in a general form in its constituent act, resolutions of supreme and executive bodies, and in agreements between organizations. These documents establish the intentions of the member states, which must then be implemented by the relevant international organization. States have the right to prohibit an organization from taking certain actions, and the organization cannot exceed its powers. For example, Art. 3 (5 “C”) of the IAEA Charter prohibits the agency, when performing its functions related to providing assistance to its members, to be guided by political, economic, military or other requirements that are incompatible with the provisions of the Charter of this organization.

Independent international rights and obligations of the organization

6) Independent international rights and obligations of the organization

We are talking about the possession by an international organization of an autonomous will, distinct from the wills of the member states. This sign means that, within the limits of its competence, any organization has the right to independently choose the means and methods of fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to it by member states. The latter, in a certain sense, does not care how the organization implements the activities entrusted to it or its statutory responsibilities in general. It is the organization itself, as a subject of international public and private law, that has the right to choose the most rational means and methods of activity. In this case, member states exercise control over whether the organization lawfully exercises its autonomous will.

Thus, international intergovernmental organization- is a voluntary association of sovereign states or international organizations, created on the basis of an interstate treaty or resolution of an international organization general competence to coordinate the activities of states in a specific area of ​​cooperation, having an appropriate system of main and subsidiary bodies, possessing an autonomous will different from the wills of its members.

Classification of international organizations

Among the international organizations it is customary to highlight:

1. by nature of membership:
   • intergovernmental;
   • non-governmental;
2. by circle of participants:
   • universal - open to the participation of all states (UN, IAEA) or to the participation of public associations and individuals of all states (World Peace Council, International Association of Democratic Lawyers);
   • regional - whose members may be states or public associations And individuals certain geographical region(Organization of African Unity, Organization of American States, Gulf Cooperation Council);
   • interregional - organizations in which membership is limited by a certain criterion that takes them beyond the framework of a regional organization, but does not allow them to become universal. In particular, participation in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is open only to oil exporting countries. Only Muslim states can be members of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC);
3. by competence:
   • general competence - activities affect all areas of relations between member states: political, economic, social, cultural and others (UN);
   • special competence - cooperation is limited to one special area(WHO, ILO), are divided into political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, religious;
4. by nature of powers:
   • interstate – regulate cooperation between states, their decisions have advisory or binding force for participating states;
   • supranational – are endowed with the right to make decisions that directly bind individuals and legal entities member states and operating on the territory of states along with national laws;
5. depending on the procedure for admission to international organizations:
   • open - any state can become a member at its discretion;
   • closed - admission to membership is carried out at the invitation of the original founders (NATO);
6. by structure:
   • with a simplified structure;
   • with a developed structure;
7. by creation method:
   • international organizations created in the classical way - on the basis of an international treaty with subsequent ratification;
   • international organizations created on a different basis - declarations, joint statements.

Legal basis of international organizations

The basis for the functioning of international organizations is the sovereign will of the states that establish them and their members. Such an expression of will is embodied in an international treaty concluded by these states, which becomes both a regulator of the rights and obligations of states and a constituent act of an international organization. The contractual nature of the constituent acts of international organizations is enshrined in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations of 1986.

The statutes of international organizations and relevant conventions usually clearly express their constituent nature. Thus, the preamble to the UN Charter declares that the governments represented at the San Francisco Conference “have agreed to accept the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization called the United Nations...”.

Constitutive acts serve as the legal basis of international organizations; they proclaim their goals and principles, and serve as a criterion for the legality of their decisions and activities. In the constituent act of the state, the issue of the international legal personality of the organization is decided.

In addition to the constituent act, international treaties that affect various aspects of the organization’s activities, for example, those treaties that develop and specify the functions of the organization and the powers of its bodies, are essential for determining the legal status, competence and functioning of an international organization.

Constitutive acts and other international treaties serving legal basis the creation and activities of international organizations also characterize such an aspect of the organization’s status as the exercise, as a legal entity, of the functions of a subject of national law. As a rule, these issues are regulated by special international legal acts.

The creation of an international organization is an international problem that can only be solved by coordinating the actions of states. States, by coordinating their positions and interests, determine the set of rights and obligations of the organization itself. Coordination of the actions of states when creating an organization is carried out by them themselves.

In the process of functioning of an international organization, the coordination of the activities of states takes on a different character, since in this case a special, permanent mechanism is used and adapted for the consideration and agreed solution of problems.

The functioning of an international organization comes down not only to relations between states, but also between the organization and states. These relations, due to the fact that states voluntarily accepted certain restrictions and agreed to obey the decisions of an international organization, may have a subordinate nature. The specificity of such subordination relations lies in the fact that:

1. they depend on coordination relations, i.e., if the coordination of the activities of states within the framework of an international organization does not lead to a certain result, then subordination relations do not arise;
2. they arise in connection with the achievement of a certain result through the functioning of an international organization. States agree to submit to the will of the organization due to the awareness of the need to take into account the interests of other states and the international community as a whole, for the sake of maintaining an order in international relations in which they themselves are interested.

Sovereign equality should be understood as legal equality. In the 1970 Declaration The principles of international law concerning friendly relations and cooperation between states in accordance with the UN Charter state that all states enjoy sovereign equality, they have the same rights and obligations, regardless of differences of economic and social, political or other nature. In relation to international organizations, this principle is enshrined in the constituent acts.

This principle means:

• all states have equal rights to participate in the creation of an international organization;
• every state, if it is not a member of an international organization, has the right to join it;
• all member states have the same rights to raise issues and discuss them within the organization;
• each member state has an equal right to represent and defend its interests in the organs of the organization;
• when making decisions, each state has one vote; there are few organizations that work on the principle of so-called weighted voting;
• a decision of an international organization applies to all members unless otherwise specified.

Legal personality of international organizations

Legal personality is a property of a person, in the presence of which he acquires the qualities of a subject of law.

An international organization cannot be regarded as a mere sum of its member states or even as their collective representative speaking on behalf of all. In order to fulfill its active role, an organization must have a special legal personality that is distinct from the mere summation of the legal personality of its members. Only with such a premise does the problem of the influence of an international organization on its sphere make any sense.

Legal personality of an international organization includes the following four elements:

1. legal capacity, i.e. the ability to have rights and obligations;
2. capacity, i.e. the ability of an organization to exercise rights and obligations through its actions;
3. ability to participate in the process of international law-making;
4. the ability to bear legal responsibility for one's actions.

One of the main attributes of the legal personality of international organizations is the presence of their own will, which allows them to directly participate in international relations and successfully carry out their functions. Most Russian lawyers note that intergovernmental organizations have an autonomous will. Without its own will, without the presence of a certain set of rights and obligations, an international organization could not function normally and carry out the tasks assigned to it. The independence of will is manifested in the fact that after an organization is created by states, it (will) already represents a new quality compared to the individual wills of the organization’s members. The will of an international organization is not the sum of the wills of the member states, nor is it a merger of their wills. This will is “separated” from the wills of other subjects of international law. The source of the will of an international organization is the constituent act as a product of coordination of the wills of the founding states.

The most important features of the legal personality of international organizations are the following qualities:

1) Recognition of quality international personality on the part of subjects of international law.

The essence of this criterion is that member states and relevant international organizations recognize and undertake to respect the rights and obligations of the relevant intergovernmental organization, their competence, terms of reference, grant the organization and its employees privileges and immunities, etc. According to the constituent acts, all intergovernmental organizations are legal entities. Member States shall grant them legal capacity to the extent necessary for the performance of their functions.

2) Availability of separate rights and obligations.

Availability of separate rights and obligations. This criterion for the legal personality of intergovernmental organizations means that organizations have such rights and responsibilities that are different from the powers and responsibilities of states and can be exercised at the international level. For example, the UNESCO Constitution lists the following responsibilities of the organization:

1. promoting rapprochement and mutual understanding of peoples through the use of all available media;
2. encouraging the development of public education and the dissemination of culture; c) assistance in preserving, increasing and disseminating knowledge.

3) The right to freely perform one’s functions.

The right to freely perform one's functions. Each intergovernmental organization has its own constituent act (in the form of conventions, charters or resolutions of the organization with more general powers), rules of procedure, financial rules and other documents that form the internal law of the organization. Most often, when performing their functions, intergovernmental organizations proceed from implied competence. When performing their functions, they enter into certain legal relations with non-member states. For example, the UN ensures that states that are not members act in accordance with the principles set out in Art. 2 of the Charter, as this may be necessary to maintain international peace and safety.

The independence of intergovernmental organizations is expressed in the implementation of the regulations that constitute the internal law of these organizations. They have the right to create any subsidiary bodies that are necessary to perform the functions of such organizations. Intergovernmental organizations may adopt rules of procedure and other administrative rules. Organizations have the right to revoke the vote of any member who is in arrears in their dues. Finally, intergovernmental organizations can demand an explanation from a member if it does not implement recommendations regarding problems in their activities.

4) The right to conclude contracts.

The contractual legal capacity of international organizations can be considered one of the main criteria of international legal personality, since one of the characteristic features of a subject of international law is its ability to develop norms of international law.

In order to exercise their powers, agreements of intergovernmental organizations have a public law, private law or mixed nature. In principle, every organization can conclude international treaties, which follows from the content of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations of 1986. In particular, the preamble of this Convention states that an international organization has such legal capacity to conclude treaties as necessary for the performance of its functions and the achievement of its objectives. According to Art. 6 of this Convention, the legal capacity of an international organization to conclude treaties is governed by the rules of that organization.

5) Participation in the creation of international law.

The law-making process of an international organization includes activities aimed at creating legal norms, as well as their further improvement, modification or abolition. It should be especially emphasized that no international organization, including a universal one (for example, the UN, its specialized institutions), does not have “legislative” powers. This, in particular, means that any norm contained in recommendations, rules and draft treaties adopted by an international organization must be recognized by the state, firstly, as an international legal norm, and secondly, as a norm binding on a given state.

The law-making power of an international organization is not unlimited. The scope and type of law-making of an organization are strictly defined in its constituent agreement. Since the charter of each organization is individual, the volume, types and directions of law-making activities of international organizations differ from each other. The specific scope of powers granted to an international organization in the field of law-making can only be determined on the basis of an analysis of its constituent act.

In the process of creating norms regulating relations between states, an international organization can act as a various roles. In particular, in the initial phases of the law-making process, an international organization may:

• be an initiator making a proposal to conclude a certain interstate agreement;
• act as the author of the draft text of such an agreement;
• convene in the future a diplomatic conference of states to agree on the text of the treaty;
• itself to play the role of such a conference, coordinating the text of the treaty and approving it in its intergovernmental body;
• after the conclusion of the agreement, perform the functions of a depositary;
• exercise certain powers in the field of interpretation or revision of a contract concluded with its participation.

International organizations play a significant role in shaping customary rules of international law. The decisions of these organizations contribute to the emergence, formation and cessation of customary norms.

6) The right to have privileges and immunities.

Without privileges and immunities, normal practical activities of any international organization are impossible. In some cases, the scope of privileges and immunities is determined by a special agreement, and in others - by national legislation. However, in general form, the right to privileges and immunities is enshrined in the constituent act of each organization. Thus, the UN enjoys on the territory of each of its members such privileges and immunities as are necessary to achieve its goals (Article 105 of the Charter). The property and assets of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), wherever located and whoever holds them, are immune from search, confiscation, expropriation or any other form of seizure or disposal by executive or legislative action (Article 47 of the Agreement on establishment of the EBRD).

Any organization cannot invoke immunity in all cases where it, on its own initiative, enters into civil legal relations in the host country.

7) The right to ensure compliance with international law.

Empowering international organizations to ensure compliance with international law demonstrates the independent nature of organizations in relation to member states and is one of the important signs of legal personality.

In this case, the main means are institutions of international control and responsibility, including the use of sanctions. Control functions are carried out in two ways:

• through the submission of reports by Member States;
• observation and examination of a controlled object or situation on site.

International legal sanctions that can be applied by international organizations can be divided into two groups:

1) sanctions, the implementation of which is permissible by all international organizations:

• suspension of membership in the organization;
• expulsion from the organization;
• denial of membership;
• exclusion from international communication on certain issues of cooperation.

2) sanctions, the powers to implement which are strictly defined by organizations.

The application of sanctions classified in the second group depends on the goals fulfilled by the organization. For example, the UN Security Council, in order to maintain or restore international peace and security, has the right to use coercive actions by air, sea or ground forces. Such actions may include demonstrations, blockades and other air, sea or ground forces members of the UN (Article 42 of the UN Charter)

In case gross violation rules for the operation of nuclear facilities, the IAEA has the right to apply so-called corrective measures, up to and including issuing an order to suspend the operation of such a facility.
Intergovernmental organizations are given the right to take direct part in resolving disputes that arise between them and international organizations and states. When resolving disputes, they have the right to resort to the same peaceful means of resolving disputes that are usually used by the primary subjects of international law - sovereign states.

8) International legal responsibility.

Acting as independent entities, international organizations are subjects of international legal responsibility. For example, they must be held accountable for the illegal actions of their officials. Organizations may become liable if they abuse their privileges and immunities. It should be assumed that political responsibility may arise in the event of an organization violating its functions, failure to comply with agreements concluded with other organizations and states, for interference in the internal affairs of subjects of international law.

Financial liability of organizations may arise in case of violation of the legal rights of their employees, experts, sums of money etc. They are also obliged to bear responsibility to the governments where they are located, their headquarters, for illegal actions, for example for unjustified alienation of land, non-payment utilities, violation sanitary standards etc.

international organizations) - 1) associations of states or associations of national societies (associations) of a non-governmental nature and individual members for consultation, coordination of activities, development and achievement of common goals in various areas of international life (political, economic, scientific and technical, social, cultural, military etc.); 2) one of the most important forms of multilateral cooperation between states.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

fr. organization, from lat. organizo - give a slender look, arrange) - one of the main organizational and legal forms of international cooperation in modern world; voluntary organizations whose activities cover a variety of aspects of international relations: economic, political, cultural. The number of international organizations is growing steadily - if at the beginning of the 20th century. There were about 40 intergovernmental and 180 non-governmental organizations; today there are about 300 and 5000, respectively. The first international organization was the Universal Postal Union, created in 1875. Modern international organizations include: 1) regional organizations: Council of Europe, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), League of Arab States (LAS), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) , Organization of African Unity (OAU), Organization of American States (OAS); 2) organizations of an economic nature: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), etc.; 3) professional organizations: International Organization of Journalists (IOJ), International Political Science Association (IAPS), International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL); 4) demographic organizations: International Democratic Federation of Women (IDFW), World Association youth (YAM); 5) organizations in the field of culture and sports: International Olympic Committee (IOC); 6) military-political organizations: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Pacific Security Pact (ANZUS), etc.; 7) trade union organizations: International conference free trade unions (ICTU), World Confederation of Labor (CGT), etc.; 8) various organizations in support of peace and international solidarity: the World Peace Council (WPC), the International Peace Institute in Vienna, etc.; 9) organizations for the protection of victims of wars, disasters and natural disasters: International Red Cross (IRC); 10) environmental organizations: Greenpeace, etc. The most significant role in the system of international relations is played by the United Nations (UN), established in 1945 in order to maintain the global security system. The UN Charter enshrines such principles of international cooperation as the sovereign equality of all its members, the resolution of international disputes by peaceful means, renunciation of the use of force, and non-interference in the internal affairs of states. The structure of the UN consists of: 1) the UN Secretariat (headed by Secretary General); 2) Security Council (15 countries, of which 5 are permanent members with veto power - Russia, USA, Great Britain, France, China); 3) General Assembly (all member countries of the organization); 4) a number of organizations - structural units of the UN, including: WHO ( World organization health), ILO (International Labor Organization), UNESCO (World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), IMF (International currency board), IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), UNICEF (International Children's Fund), International Court of Justice.

In the modern world, international organizations are the main organizer of communication between states.

An international organization is an association of states in accordance with international law and on the basis of an international treaty for cooperation in political,

economic, cultural, scientific, technical, legal and other areas, having the necessary system of bodies, rights and obligations, derived from the rights and obligations of states into an autonomous will, the scope of which is determined by the will of the member states. Modern international organizations are divided into 2 main types:

Intergovernmental and

Non-governmental organizations.

Any intergovernmental organization must have certain characteristics.

Firstly, it is created in accordance with international law. This is the most essential feature, which is of decisive importance.

Any intergovernmental organization must be created on a legal basis, namely, the organization must not infringe on the interests of an individual state and the international community as a whole.

In addition, any international organization is created on the basis of an international treaty (convention, agreement, treaty, protocol, etc.). The parties to such a treaty are sovereign states, and in lately participants of international organizations and intergovernmental organizations.

The next important feature of an international organization is its rights and obligations.

An international organization also has independent international rights and obligations, i.e. Has an autonomous will distinct from the will of the member states. This sign

means that any organization in its field of activity can independently choose the means of fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to it by its member states. Thus, an international organization with the above characteristics is considered

international intergovernmental organization.

International non-governmental organizations, which are any international organizations not established on the basis of an intergovernmental agreement. Such organizations must be recognized by at least one state, but operate in at least two states. Are being created similar organizations based on the constituent act. Similar organizations have emerged in early XIX century, and currently there are about 8,000 of them.

International non-governmental organizations (INGOs) play an active role in all aspects of modern international relations. And in a number of areas they are even leaders, for example, the Red Cross Committee, whose principles of activity are humanity, impartiality, independence and voluntariness, has made a great contribution to the interaction of states in various areas.

The purpose of creating any international intergovernmental organization is to unite the efforts of states in one area or another: political (OSCE), military (NATO), economic (EU), monetary and financial (IMF) and others.

But an organization like the UN must coordinate the activities of states in almost all areas. In this case, the international organization acts as an intermediary between member states

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization created to maintain and strengthen international peace and security and develop cooperation between states.

International organization- a permanent association of an intergovernmental or non-governmental nature, created on the basis of an international agreement in order to facilitate the solution of those specified in the agreement international problems. International organizations are characterized by:

— availability constituent document;

— permanent or regular nature of the activity;

— using multilateral negotiations and discussion of problems as the main method of activity;

There are intergovernmental, non-governmental, global and regional international organizations.

United Nations- an international organization of states created in 1945. in order to maintain and strengthen peace, security and develop international cooperation.

The main organs of the UN are General Assembly UN, UN Security Council, UN Economic and Social Council, UN Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice and UN Secretariat.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, English: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) - created in 1946. a specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes the implementation of the goals of universal education, the development of culture, the conservation of the world's natural and cultural heritage, international scientific cooperation, ensuring freedom of the press and communication.

European Economic Community (EEC)- name of the European Union until 1994. The European Community was founded by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. as a common market of six European countries.

European Union - economic association of 15. The EU has created a single internal market, lifted restrictions on the free movement of goods, capital, labor force between countries, a single monetary system was formed with a single governing monetary institution.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC, English: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is a cartel (association of entrepreneurs), formed in 1960. some oil producing countries in order to coordinate oil production policies and control world crude oil prices. OPEC sets quotas for oil production.

World Trade Organization (WTO) is a global international organization founded in 1995 that deals with the rules of international trade. The basis of the WTO is made up of agreements agreed upon, signed and ratified by the majority of countries participating in international trade. The purpose of the WTO is to help producers of goods and services, exporters and importers in conducting their business. The WTO is the successor to the GATT.

Association of Southeast Nations ()- created in 1967 regional organization, which included , and . ASEAN Goals - Acceleration economic growth, social progress and cultural development of countries, establishing peace in the region.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO, English: North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is a military political alliance created on the initiative of the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in April 1949 in the USA,

Classification of international organizations

International organizations are an organizational and legal form of interstate cooperation. In the system of international organizations, joint bodies and coordination committees are created to coordinate activities.

The classification of international organizations is determined by their a large number, a variety of areas of activity, is carried out according to the following basic criteria.

1. Based on the nature of membership and legal nature, participants are distinguished between interstate (intergovernmental) and non-governmental.

An international intergovernmental organization is an association of states created on the basis of a treaty with the aim of achieving common goals, which is characterized by the membership of states, the presence of a constituent international treaty, permanent bodies, and the implementation of activities in the interests of member states, respecting their sovereignty as a subject of international law.

A non-governmental international organization is created on the basis of an association of individuals or legal entities in the form of associations, federations and acts in the interests of members to achieve specific goals.

2. The subject of activity is political, economic, credit and financial, military-political, health care, culture, trade, etc.

3. Based on the range of participants, interstate organizations are divided into universal, open to the participation of all states (the UN and its specialized agencies), and regional, whose members can be states of the same region.

4. Competence distinguishes between organizations of general and special competence. Organizations of general competence cover all areas of relations between member states: political, economic, social, cultural (UN, Council of Europe, League of Arab States).

Organizations of special competence establish cooperation in a separate area (Universal Postal Union, International Labor Organization, World Health Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency) and are divided into areas of activity - political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, religious.

5. By the nature of their powers, international organizations are divided into interstate and supranational (supranational). The first group includes almost all international organizations whose goal is to implement interstate cooperation and decisions are addressed to member states. The main goal supranational organizations is to implement integration, and their decisions apply directly to individuals and legal entities of the member states. For example, such a supranational organization is the European Union (EU).

6. According to the conditions of participation, international organizations are divided into open, in which any state can become a member, and closed, where admission is held at the invitation of the founders.

7. According to the goals and principles of activity: legal - created in accordance with international law; illegal - created in violation of generally recognized norms of international law with goals that contradict the interests of international peace and international security.

In addition, the characteristics of international organizations that regulate global economic relations can be supplemented with a classification according to organizational principles and the scope of multilateral regulation.

Classification according to organizational principles provides for participation or non-participation in the UN system, taking into account the profile of the organization and the purpose of the activity. According to this approach, international organizations are divided into the following groups: 1) international organizations of the UN system; 2) international organizations not included in the UN system; 3) regional economic organizations.

The classification of international organizations in the field of multilateral regulation provides for their division into groups depending on the areas and goals of regulation:

Organizations regulating economic and industrial cooperation and areas of the world economy; - Organizations in the system of regulation of world trade; - Regional economic organizations in the system of regulation of the world economy; - International and regional regulatory organizations entrepreneurial activity; - Non-governmental organizations and associations that contribute to the development of international relations.

Goals, functions and main areas of activity of international organizations

On modern stage development of world economic relations, the scientific and technological revolution has transformed the majority of national and regional problems into global problems, which explains the growing role of international organizations, primarily the UN, in regulating world economic relations.

The main goals and functions of international organizations include:

1) study and application of solution measures the most important problems international economic relations; 2) ensuring the stabilization of currencies; 3) promoting the elimination of trade barriers and ensuring widespread trade between states; 4) providing funds to supplement private capital to assist technological and economic progress;

5) stimulation of improvement of working conditions and labor relations;

How organizational forms cooperation, international intergovernmental organizations are created by states in accordance with the objective necessity and needs of the development of international economic relations.

International regulation is carried out in the following areas:

1) economic and industrial cooperation; 2) cooperation in the field of transport; 3) cooperation in the monetary and financial sphere; 4) cooperation in the field of global trade; 5) cooperation in the field of intellectual property; 6) cooperation in the field of standardization and certification of products; 7) cooperation in the field of investment; 8) scientific and technical cooperation; 9) cooperation in the field of international commercial practice.

Cooperation is carried out by international organizations of relevant competence. Organizations of the UN system, as well as regional ones, carry out international economic cooperation through ECOSOC bodies, specialized agencies and autonomous bodies associated with the UN. The purpose of the regional economic cooperation is to provide assistance to developing countries, ensure sustainable economic growth and development of the most important sectors of the economy, increase the level of social development and improving people's lives.