Presentation on the geography of natural areas of Africa. Natural areas of Africa

Summary of a geography lesson on the topic " Natural areas Africa". 7th grade

Geography teacher: Olga Alexandrovna Nesterova

Goals:

Educational: consolidate the concept of “natural zones”, show the diversity of natural zones in Africa, their dependence on climate, show the natural features of equatorial forests, savannas and deserts, characterize the climate, soils of these zones, human influence on nature;

Developmental: continue the formation of students’ cognitive activity, the ability to independently obtain knowledge, expand children’s horizons, involve them in the lesson through play, develop the ability to work with a map, analyze, and draw conclusions;

Educational: to cultivate a sense of responsibility, an interested attitude to study, the formation of students’ artistic abilities, and develop interest in geography.

Planned results:

a) Personal:

1. Intellectual activity - intellectual skills that allow the student to independently work with sources of information, analyze and draw conclusions based on the information received.
2. Communication skills - mastery of basic group work skills.
3. Responsibility and adaptability are personal qualities that allow you to act productively to realize your goals in accordance with the rights, needs and goals of the people around you.

b) Meta-subject:

1. Cognitive actions - include the actions of research and selection necessary information, its structuring.
2. Communicative actions - provide the opportunity for cooperation - the ability to hear, listen and understand a friend, plan and carry out coordinated actions joint activities, be able to negotiate, correctly express your thoughts in speech, listen and take into account the opinions of others, debate, speak publicly.
3. Consolidation of skills to work with information - find, analyze, manage, evaluate and present information.

c) Subject:

1. Mastering knowledge about the natural zones of Africa, their dependence on climate, the diversity of flora and fauna.
2. Development cognitive interests, intellectual abilities.
3. Mastering the skills to work with various sources of information (text, textbook, atlas maps, diagrams, tables), organize your own information activities and plan their results.

Lesson type: combined

Equipment: multimedia projector, task sheets and forms for groups, tokens, atlases, maps of natural areas of the world and Africa.

PROGRESS OF THE LESSON

I. Organizational moment. Get students ready to work.

– I wish you fruitful work. I think today's lesson will take you up a notch. Good luck and good luck to you.

– Guys, we continue to explore the magical and often exotic world of Africa in all its grandeur and beauty. And today in the lesson you will come face to face with this unusual continent.

II. Division into groups

– To work in today’s lesson, you joined together in small expedition groups, taking pieces of paper different colors. We will return to these leaves later.
Today we have one more reason to consider the lesson unusual.

We're going to do something exciting today journey across the continent... AFRICA.
– Let’s remember what we know about this unique continent?

III. Checking homework

Groups choose a card for themselves, after a minute of discussion, go to the board and complete the task. Tasks on cards:

1. Label the climate map with the names of climate zones (EKP, SEKP, TKP, STKP)
2. Draw a cloud in those climate zones where there is a lot of rain. (ECP)
3. Sign VM in those zones where only one of them dominates. (computer, TVM)

Additional task:

1. How many transitional climatic zones are there in Africa? Name (2, SEKP, STKP)
2. Why were they called transitional? (Air masses switches between summer and winter)
3. Sign the VM in the transition zones.
4. Who can draw a cloud indicating the wettest season of the year this year? climatic zone.

Conclusion:

Climatic features Are this continent monotonous or diverse?
What does this indicate? (About the diversity of flora and fauna)

Cards with crossword puzzles are distributed

– To find out the topic of today’s lesson, we must solve a crossword puzzle, showing knowledge of theoretical material. Teams take turns going to the board and filling out a crossword puzzle.

Questions for the crossword:

1. Not far from this city, which is the capital of the state of Libya, the most high temperature+ 58 degrees. (Tripoli)
2. Due to the fact that the continent is located between the Northern and Southern tropics, it is considered the most... (hot)
3. This remarkable explorer went to Africa as a doctor and missionary, and spent almost 30 years on continuous expeditions. (Livingston)
4. Section of geography, which is devoted to description various types bodies of water: rivers, lakes, swamps, reservoirs.
5. The most deep river peace? (Congo)
6. The only large island off the coast of Africa. (Madagascar)
7. American journalist, after whom a waterfall on the Congo River was named. (Stanley)
8. One of the very common types of economic activity in many water areas of the mainland. (Fishing)
9. It is in this belt that the pole of heat is located, as well as the most big desert peace. (Tropical)
10. Islands of greenery in an inhospitable desert region. (Oases)
11. One of the most beautiful waterfalls planet, discovered and named by Livingstone in honor of the then Queen of Great Britain. (Victoria)
12. The highest peak of the mainland. (Kilimanjaro)
13. Constant winds, dominating over larger territory Africa, blowing from the tropics to the equator. (Trade winds)

– So, the topic of today’s lesson is “ Natural areas of Africa".
– What natural areas do you know?
– Look at the pieces of paper that you took when dividing into groups. Can you guess from the color which natural area you will be working with? Why?

Green – evergreen moist equatorial forests

Yellow – deserts

Yellow-green – savannas and woodlands.

– What climate zone do you think your natural zones may be located in? – Please note that you have self-assessment sheets on your desks. Rate yourself in the section " Homework", and for 1 minute, discuss and give a collective assessment to each member of the expedition for this type of work.

IV. Defining Lesson Objectives

– Having determined the topic of the lesson, try to formulate what we should learn in today’s lesson?

What natural areas are there on the continent of Africa?

Try to understand the existing patterns between climatic zones and natural zones;

Determine which climatic conditions characteristic of each natural zone;

Determine the type of soil and varieties of flora and fauna of natural zones;

Adaptation of plants and animals to various conditions;

Human use of natural areas.

Attention expeditions!

– Now you are starting to study your natural area.
Each expedition chose a natural area to study. After studying additional material, atlas maps, you fill out reference summary. The result of your work will be a performance. On your desks is a card with the title of the expert position on this expedition: captain, climatologists, soil scientists, botanists and zoologists. Choose a speaker, someone who will present a report on the work done.

V. Work in groups.

Time for group work is limited - 10 minutes.
On your desktop, find the folder “Natural areas of Africa. 7th grade"
Files in this folder:

Supporting notes;

Reference materials;

Maps of Africa.

– Can be used handouts on your table. Don't forget to distribute responsibilities so you can get everything done. Search for material for 2-3 minutes, highlight, underline, then fill out the notes.

While the guys are looking for information. The person responsible for filling out opens the supporting summary.

– You and I have already determined in which climate zone the natural zone is located. Fill it out!

VI. Protecting your project(2 minutes for each group.)

– So, what have we learned about the three natural zones of Africa?

3. Working with the board.

Match:

Characteristic 1. The trunks are so thick that 6 people cannot grasp them. Their branches are so large that each of them could become a large tree. 2. Hot days are followed by cold nights, sometimes with frosts. This causes the stones to crack and sounds similar to distant explosions are heard. 3. Here you can find herbaceous grasses one meter and sometimes three meters high, among which there are rare trees, shedding leaves in the dry season. 4. Here the wind is a great ruler and powerful master. The caravan workers say that death comes here with him. 5. Here you can find huge herds of wild buffalo, antelope, and near the shores of the lake there is a carpet of wild flamingos... 6. Many animals have adapted to live in trees, as it rains every day. 7. Two seasons of the year are clearly defined: wet and dry. 8. Large daily and annual temperature amplitudes cause severe weathering. 9. These forests, diverse in species composition, multi-tiered, bloom and bear fruit all year round.

Natural area 1. Equatorial rainforests 2. Savannas and woodlands 3. Deserts

- Let's go back to the self-assessment sheets. Rate yourself in the “Primary Consolidation” section, and for 1 minute, discuss and give a collective rating to each expedition member for this type of work.
– Notice how much we have learned about natural areas.

VII. Primary consolidation

1. Determine the natural area from the fragments.

2. From the photographs, determine in which natural zone these animals and plants live.

VIII. Reflection
– What do you think happened in our lesson today?
– What was the most interesting for you?
– What was difficult for you?

IX. Homework:

– When you leave, take your reference notes to study at home.

Creative task

draw up a background report on another natural area

X. Lesson summary. Grading

Development of a geography lesson for grade 7.
teacher Bulygina L.N.
Municipal educational institution No. 94 of the Samara region, Tolyatti (slide 1)

Topic: Natural areas of Africa.

Goals and objectives:

1.form an idea of ​​the natural areas of the continent, their flora and fauna;

2. develop the ability to work with atlas maps;

3.educate careful attitude to nature.

Progress of the lesson.

I. Organizational moment.

II. New material.

Throughout the lesson, students fill out the table. (slide 2)

Natural areas	Climate zone.		Organic world

The natural areas of Africa are very diverse. The fertile Mediterranean coast gives way to mountain peaks covered with eternal snow, which in turn give way to the Sahara Desert, which is the largest on the planet. The desert gradually turns into savannah, which gives way to evergreen equatorial forests.

1.Equatorial forests. (student message about equatorial rainforests)

In the equatorial climate zone, permanently moist evergreen forests cover approximately 8% of the continent's area.

At the equator, year-round temperatures rarely rise above + 30°C and fall below + 15°C. The precipitation here is only about 2000 mm per year. The forests of Africa are arranged in tiers. The upper tier is formed by giant, up to 80 m tall, ficus, olive and ceiba.

In the lower tiers, bananas, various ferns, and the Liberian coffee tree grow abundantly. Among the lianas, the rubber-bearing tree vine Landolfia occupies a special place, and the long rattan palm is also found.

Why are forests wet and evergreen?

In the equatorial African forest you can find forest antelopes, very cautious and timid, related to the giraffe, animals - okapi. There are also wild boars, buffalos, and hippos. Of the predatory animals found wild cats, leopards, jackals. (slide 6, 7)

2 Savannahs. (student message)

Savannahs are vast areas covered grass vegetationwith sparsely scatteredtrees bushes . Typical for a subequatorial climate with a sharp division of the year into dry and rainy seasons.

Vegetation: grass cover, acacias, baobab (slide 8-11)

3. Deserts and semi-deserts (student message)

Sahara Desert- the world's largest desert, with an area of ​​9,065,000 km². It is mostly sandy and rocky.

Located in North Africa, on the territory of eleven states: Morocco, Mauritania, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Western Sahara, Mali, Niger, Chad and Sudan.

In the Sahara, over 160 thousand mirages, wandering and stable, vertical and horizontal, are observed every year. There are even special cards indicating the places where these mirages are observed, and what the traveler will see there: wells, oases, cities, thickets of palm trees, mountains... wells, oases, cities, thickets of palm trees, mountains.

The vegetation is sparse, mainly perennial drought-resistant grasses and shrubs with a deep (up to 15-20 m) root system.

Deciduous trees (palms) are found only in oases.

Animals: antelopes, gazelles, jackals, hyenas, jerboas, reptiles (lizards, snakes).

(slide 12-14)

Namib Desert.(slide 15,16)

The name "Namib" in the Nama language means "a place where there is nothing."

From the ocean it goes deep into the continent at a distance of 50 to 160 km. The area exceeds 100 thousand km².

The Namib Desert is extremely dry (less than 10 mm of precipitation per year). This is the oldest of all deserts on earth; it has existed for 80 million years.

Flora world.

Velvichia - the trunk of the plant protrudes only slightly above the soil surface, and there are only two leaves: they are spread on the ground and are 1 meter long and 20 cm wide. Xerophytes - (from the Greek xeros - dry and phyton - plant), plants, adapted to life in arid habitats: wormwood, scarlet, thorny bushes.

Animal world.

In the desert there are: antelopes, hyenas, lizards, spiders. On the ocean coast there are pelicans and seagulls, and in the lagoons there are small flamingos.

Kalahari Desert - area 600 thousand km². Winter in the Kalahari is very mild. Aridity increases towards the southeast.

Precipitation (500 mm) falls in summer (November - April). Average temperature in summer + 29°, in winter + 12°.(slide 17)

4. Evergreen forests and shrubs. (student message)

Evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs of the Mediterranean type occupy the northern slopes of the Atlas and the extreme southwest of Africa.

Flora: strawberry tree, cistus, broom, myrtle, laurel, oleander, cork and holm oak, Atlas cedar. (slide 18)

Flora South Africa: ironwood, Cape holly, tree ferns, trees intertwined with lianas, many epiphytes. Palm groves grow on the coast. (slide 19)

Animal of the subtropics. (slide 20)

The forests and thickets of bushes are inhabited by red deer, fallow deer, wild boar, Algerian fox, jackal, jungle cat, wild rabbits, porcupine, Algerian hedgehog, tailless macaque monkey, canary and others.

III Summing up

Natural areas of Africa

Dance E.S. geography teacher

Tropical deserts

Hardleaf forests

Variably humid forests

Equatorial rainforests

Natural areas of Africa

Moist equatorial evergreen forests

They occupy the Congo Basin and the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. These forests are distinguished by their enormous species diversity (more than 1000 plant species), height (up to 50 m) and multi-tiered nature (tree crowns fill almost the entire space).

The equatorial forest is home to many valuable plants. The most common of all palms is the oil palm. The wood from many trees is used to make expensive furniture and large quantities exported outside the mainland.

Coconut tree

Lianas, hanging in garlands, create a forest thicket

impassable

Ebony

(ebony)

Animals of the equatorial forests of Africa

Leopard is a predatory animal

Monkeys live in trees

Okapi live only

Pygmy hippopotamus up to 80 cm.

There are many snakes in Africa, including poisonous ones

The tsetse fly is a carrier of a pathogen that causes disease and death in cattle, horses, and in humans - life-threatening sleeping sickness

Insect termites that feed on plant debris

Gorilla

Savannah in Africa they occupy vast spaces - about 40% of the continent's area. Forest and savanna are two different world. Abundance of light and open space. The grasses reach 3m in height (elephant grasses). Trees are rare. The rainy season lasts 7-9 months.

Savanna plants

parkia

acacia

baobab

Animals of the African savannah

giraffes

African elephants

crocodile

zebras

antelope

The lion is the largest feline in Africa. This king of beasts is not afraid of anyone. Its roar can be heard for many kilometers around. Surprisingly, it is not lions who hunt, but lionesses. At one time, a lion eats over 10 kg of meat.

Rhinos are not very friendly. These animals are easily recognized by their two horns - large and small. After eating, the rhinoceros rests somewhere in the shade, hiding from the scorching sun. He also likes to roll in the mud - this is how the animal protects itself from the bites of annoying insects.

African

elephant

African elephant

Weight: Males reach 5 tons, females - 3.

Shoulder height: Males reach 4m, females

a little less.

Habits: kept in family groups.

Sounds: makes a deep rumbling sound - this is the sound for

maintaining contact, in addition publishing

shrill sound

reminiscent of a hoarse bugle.

Food: plants.

Life expectancy: 60-70 years.

Conservation: The African elephant belongs to

extinct species. Hunting for it is prohibited.

Size: up to 6m.

Weight: up to 750kg.

Life expectancy: 70-100 years.

Food: mammals, reptiles, birds,

fish, carrion.

Habits: Live alone or in groups.

The crocodile is a relic of prehistoric

times It has survived to this day

as a representative of the reptile family, to

which also included dinosaurs. Studying

his lifestyle allows him to return to the past.

Habitat: Nile crocodile inhabits the banks of rivers and lakes. He spends the night in the water, and by sunrise he comes ashore.

The savannas of Africa are rich in birds.

Sunbird - the smallest bird of the savannas

Pink flamingo

Secretary bird

African ostrich

Marabou bird

Natural conditions Savannas are favorable for growing cultivated plants in hot countries.

Sweet potatoes, aka yams

Rice is grown in wetter areas

corn

- the largest desert on Earth. Annual precipitation is less than 100mm. Sometimes there is no rainfall for several years. IN summer time the heat reaches +40-50 degrees in the shade. In the Sahara, huge areas are occupied by rocky deserts, where dunes and dunes are piled up in places.

The vegetation of the Sahara is extremely sparse, and in some places there is none at all. Only in oases does rich vegetation develop.

Oasis in the desert

Animals of the Sahara, like other deserts, are adapted to desert climate conditions.

Antelope - Addax

camels

African beetle

scorpion

turtle

Velvichia– unique and amazing plant Namib Desert (South Africa)

The short trunk rises above the Earth only 50cm. There are two dense sheets, up to 3 meters long. The leaves grow continuously, dying off at the ends.

Age can reach 150 years.

Welwitschia is protected by the Namibian Nature Conservation Act. Collecting its seeds is prohibited without special permission.

*The world's largest land mammal - African elephant.

*The largest bird on Earth is the African ostrich.

*The fastest-footed mammal is the cheetah.

*The largest crocodile is the Nile.

*The largest ape is the gorilla.

*The tallest animal in the world is the giraffe.

*The largest beetle is the goliath.

*The fastest and poisonous snake-African mamba.

The geographical location and evenness of the relief contributed to the location geographical zones Africa (equatorial, subequatorial, tropical and subtropical) and natural zones twice on both sides of the equator. As humidity decreases north and south of the equator, the vegetation cover becomes thinner and the vegetation more xerophytic.

There are many plant species found in the north. In the center and south, the most ancient representatives of the planet’s vegetation have been preserved. Among flowering plants there are up to 9 thousand endemic species. Into a rich and diverse animal world (see. Nowhere in the world is there such a concentration of large animals as in the African savannah. Elephants, giraffes, hippos, rhinoceroses, buffaloes and other animals are found here. Characteristic feature fauna - a wealth of predators (lions, cheetahs, leopards, hyenas, wild dogs, jackals, etc.) and ungulates (dozens of species of antelope). Among the birds there are large ones - ostriches, vultures, marabou, crowned cranes, bustards, hornbills, and crocodiles live in the rivers.

In the natural areas of Africa there are many animals and plants that are not found in others. For African savannas Characteristic features include the baobab, whose trunk reaches 10 m in diameter, the doum palm, the umbrella acacia, the tallest animal in the world - the giraffe, lions, and the secretary bird. The African forest (hylea) is inhabited by great apes, gorilla and chimpanzee, dwarf giraffe okapi. Found in tropical deserts dromedary camel dromedary, fennec fox, and also the most poisonous snake, mamba. Only lemurs live there.

Africa is the birthplace of a number of cultivated plants: oil palm, cola tree, coffee tree, castor bean, sesame, pearl millet, watermelon, many indoor flower plants- geraniums, aloe, gladioli, pelargonium, etc.

Zone of moist equatorial forests (gil) occupies 8% of the continent's territory - the basin and coast of the Gulf of Guinea. The climate here is humid, equatorial, and there is enough heat. Precipitation falls evenly, more than 2000 mm per year. Soils are red-yellow ferrallitic, poor organic substances. Sufficient heat and moisture promote the development of vegetation. By wealth species composition(about 25 thousand species) and the area of ​​the humid equatorial forests of Africa is second only to the humid forests of South America.

The forests form 4-5 tiers. In the upper tiers grow giant (up to 70 m) ficus trees, oil and wine palms, ceiba, cola tree, and breadfruit tree. In the lower tiers there are bananas, ferns, and a Liberian coffee tree. Among the lianas, the rubber-bearing liana landolfia and the rattan palm liana (up to 200 m in length) are interesting. This is the longest plant in the world. Valuable wood is found in red, iron, and black (ebony). There are a lot of orchids and mosses in the forest.

Forests have few herbivores and fewer predators than other natural areas. Among the ungulates, the typical okapi dwarf giraffe hides in dense forest thickets; forest antelopes, water deer, buffalo, and hippopotamus are found. Predators are represented by wild cats, leopards, and jackals. Common species include the brush-tailed porcupine and broad-tailed flying squirrels. There are numerous monkeys, baboons, and mandrills in the forests. Great apes represented by 2-3 species of chimpanzees and gorillas.

The transition zone between equatorial forests is subequatorial variable-humid forests. They border humid equatorial forests in a narrow strip. Vegetation gradually changes under the influence of a shortening of the wet season and an intensification of the dry season as one moves away from the equator. Gradually equatorial forest transitions to subequatorial, mixed, deciduous-evergreen on red ferrallitic soils. Annual precipitation decreases to 650-1300 mm, and dry season increases to 1-3 months. Distinctive feature These forests are dominated by trees of the legume family. Trees up to 25 m high shed their leaves during the dry season, and a grassy cover forms under them. Subequatorial forests are located on the northern edge of the equatorial rainforests and south of the equator in the Congo.

Savannas and woodlands occupy large areas of Africa - the marginal uplifts of the Congo, the Sudanese plains, the East African Plateau (about 40% of the territory). These are open grass plains with groves or isolated trees. The zone of savannas and woodlands encircles humid and variable-humid forests from the Atlantic to the north and extends north to 17° N. w. and south to 20° S. w.

Savannas are characterized by alternating wet and dry seasons. During the wet season in the savannah, where the rainy season lasts up to 8-9 months, lush grasses grow up to 2 m high, sometimes up to 5 m (elephant grass). Among the continuous sea of ​​cereals (cereal savanna), individual trees rise: baobabs, umbrella acacia, doum palms, oil palms. During the dry season, the grasses dry out, the leaves on the trees fall off, and the savanna turns yellow-brown. Special types of soils are formed under savannas - red and red-brown soils.

Depending on the duration of the wet period, savannas are wet or tall grass, typical or dry, and desertified.

Wet, or tall grass, savannas have a short dry period (about 3-4 months), and the annual precipitation is 1500-1000 mm. This is a transitional area from forest vegetation to typical savanna. Soils, like subequatorial forests, - red ferrallite. Among the cereals are elephant grass, bearded grass, and trees include baobab, acacia, carob, doum palm, and cotton tree (ceiba). Evergreen forests are developed along the river valleys.

Typical savannas are developed in areas with precipitation of 750-1000 mm, the dry period lasts 5-6 months. In the north they extend in a continuous strip from to. IN Southern Hemisphere occupy the northern part. Characteristic are baobabs, acacias, fan palms, shea wood, and cereals are represented by bearded vulture. The soils are red-brown.

Desertified savannas have less precipitation (up to 500 mm), the dry season lasts 7-9 months. They have a sparse grass cover, and acacia trees predominate among the shrubs. These savannas on red-brown soils extend in a narrow strip from the coast to the Somali peninsula. In the south they are widely developed in the basin.

African savannas are rich in food resources. There are more than 40 species of herbivorous ungulates, especially numerous antelopes (kudu, eland, dwarf antelope). The largest of them is the wildebeest. Giraffes are preserved mainly in national parks. Zebras are common in savannas. In some places they are domesticated and replace horses (they are not susceptible to tsetse fly bites). Herbivores are accompanied by numerous predators: lions, cheetahs, leopards, jackals, hyenas. Endangered animals include black and white rhinoceros, African elephant. Birds are numerous: African ostriches, guinea fowl, guinea fowl, marabou, weavers, secretary bird, lapwings, herons, pelicans. In terms of the number of species of flora and fauna per unit area, the savannas of Africa have no equal.

Savannas are relatively favorable for tropical agriculture. Significant areas of savannah are plowed, cotton, groundnuts, corn, tobacco, sorghum, and rice are cultivated.

To the north and south of the savannas are located tropical semi-deserts and deserts, occupying 33% of the continent's territory. It is characterized by a very low amount of precipitation (no more than 100 mm per year), and poor xerophytic vegetation.

Semi-deserts are a transitional region between savannas and tropical ones, where precipitation does not exceed 250-300 mm. A narrow strip of shrub-grass forest (acacia, tamarisk, hard grasses). In South Africa, semi-deserts are developed in the interior of the Kalahari. The southern semi-deserts are characterized by succulents (aloe, spurge, wild watermelons). During the rainy season, irises, lilies, and amaryllis bloom.

In North Africa, huge areas with precipitation of up to 100 mm are occupied; in South Africa, the Namib Desert stretches in a narrow strip along the west coast; in the south is the Kalahari Desert. Based on the vegetation, deserts are divided into cereal-shrub, dwarf shrub and succulent deserts.

The vegetation of the Sahara is represented by individual tufts of cereals and thorny bushes. Among the cereals, wild millet is common, and among the shrubs and subshrubs - dwarf saxaul, camel thorn, acacia, jujube, spurge, and ephedra. Solyanka and wormwood grow on saline soils. There are tamarisks around the shots. For southern deserts characteristically succulent plants appearance resembling stones. In the Namib Desert, a unique relict plant is widespread - majestic Velvichia (stump plant) - the lowest tree on Earth (up to 50 cm tall with long fleshy leaves 8-9 m long). There are aloe, spurge, wild watermelons, and acacia bushes.

Typical desert soils are gray soils. In those places of the Sahara where groundwater are close to the surface of the earth, oases are formed. Everything is concentrated here economic activity people grow grapes, pomegranates, barley, millet, and wheat. The main plant of the oases is the date palm.

The fauna of semi-deserts and deserts is poor. In the Sahara, among the large animals there are antelopes, wild cats, and fennec foxes. Jerboas, gerbils, various reptiles, scorpions, and phalanges live in the sands.

Natural tropical area rain forests found on the island of Madagascar and in the Drakensberg Mountains. It is characterized by ironwood, rubber and rosewood trees.

Transition zone between tropical deserts and subtropical evergreen forests and shrubs are subtropical semi-deserts and desert steppes. In Africa, they occupy the interior regions of the Atlas and Cape Mountains, the Karoo Plateau and the Libyan-Egyptian coast up to 30° N. w. The vegetation is very sparse. In North Africa these are cereals, xerophytic trees, shrubs and subshrubs, in South Africa - succulents, bulbous, tuberous plants.

Zone subtropical evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs represented on the northern slopes of the Atlas Mountains and in the western Cape Mountains.

The forests of the Atlas Mountains consist of cork and holm oaks, Aleppo pine, Atlas cedar with an undergrowth of evergreen shrubs. Maquis is widespread - impenetrable thickets of hard-leaved evergreen shrubs and low trees (myrtle, oleander, pistachio, strawberry tree, Lavra). Typical brown soils are formed here. In the Cape Mountains, vegetation is represented by Cape olive, silver tree, and African walnut.

In the extreme southeast of Africa, where the humid subtropical climate, grow lush mixed subtropical forests, represented by evergreen deciduous and coniferous species with an abundance of epiphytes. The zonal subtropical forests are red soils. The fauna of the northern subtropics is represented by European and African species. In the northern subtropical forests inhabited by red deer, mountain gazelle, mouflon, jungle cat, jackals, Algerian fox, wild rabbits, tailless narrow-nosed monkey Magot, among the birds, canaries and eagles are widely represented, and in the south - aardwolves, jumping antelope, and meerkats.

Natural areas of Africa are located symmetrically relative to the equator. Northern and - “dry”. Deserts and semi-deserts predominate here, the outskirts are occupied by hard-leaved forests and shrubs. Central (equatorial) Africa is “humid”, humid equatorial and variable-humid subequatorial forests grow there. North and south of Central Africa and in the elevated East - savannahs and woodlands.

Natural areas of Africa Natural areas of Africa Kochetova Elena Alexandrovna, Municipal educational institution gymnasium No. 1 of Lipetsk Remember:

• What is a “natural area”?
• What determines the formation of natural areas?
• What is the law of latitudinal zoning?

• Using the atlas p.-25, list the natural zones of Africa.
• What are the features of their location on the mainland?
• Name the main features of the zones of equatorial forests, savannas and tropical deserts.

Table 1. Characteristics of natural zones in Africa

Natural areas

Africa

Hylea Upper layer of moist equatorial forests ficus

Trees with

stilted roots

palm trees

fagara

epiphytes

ceiba

Middle and lower tier of moist equatorial forests

Oilseed

palm

Palm

Raffia

Ebony

tree

Record holders of the animal world of moist equatorial forests

Frog Goliath

Snail Achatina

isteuchie

Cisteuchiae

pigs

Pygmy hippopotamus

okapi

leopard

gorilla

termite mounds

Tsetse fly

Physical education minute I'm walking through Africa (walking in place), I notice as I walk how a giraffe stretched its neck over a sea of ​​lush grasses (hands up, stretching). Over my head (bends to the sides with raised arms) The palm tree will rustle its leaves, But you will have to squat (squats) to pick dates. Here is Velvichia, a tourist (arms are alternately extended forward): Left sheet, right sheet (arms to the sides). And a huge gray elephant (circling his arms) sends us a bow (bending forward). We will finish the walk (walk in place) and hurry to our desks (sit in our seats).

Savannah

Elephant

grass

Baobab

Palma Doom

Acacia

Spurge

Savanna fauna

Nekratnitsa

Marabou bird

Bird Secretary

Flamingo

Tropical

desert

Tripoli is the hottest place on Earth

(Τ+58°C)

Large desert of the planet

Sandstorm

Namib

Velvichia

salty bush

Date palm

Stiffleaf

evergreen

forests and bushes

Task 1: Which natural areas are typical for:

A) baobab, antelope, doum palm, marabou, cheetah

B) oil palm, yellow tree, ficus, okapi

C) spurge, aloe, turtle, hyena, jackal

Task 2: Identify the natural area based on the description.

“The color of the African seasons is the same all year round - green. Only in one period green clean, bright, and in another - faded, as if faded... In the dry season, the earth turns into stone, the grass into sponge, the trees crack from lack of sap. And the very first rain brings nature back to life. Having greedily drunk water, the earth swells with moisture and generously gives it to trees, herbs, and flowers. They drink and drink and cannot get drunk... almost every day the rain either lashes with a powerful stream, or sprinkles with fine water dust. The air temperature drops, and local residents shrug their shoulders chillily and complain: “It’s cold!” When the thermometer shows 18-20 degrees, some Africans believe that “frost” has arrived. They put on all the clothes they have, tie scarves around their heads, light fires in the streets, just to stop the trembling.” (L. Pochivalov)

Task 3: Explain the reason for the low soil fertility of equatorial forests.

Task 4: on the diagram, use arrows to show the connections in natural complex deserts

Dry tropical soil practically

no climate

Vegetation cover many reptiles

Task 5: What kind of natural zones do you think will be created the most? national parks and nature reserves and why?

Homework:

1.§ 28, notes in notebooks

2. (optional) Mini - essay “travel to Africa” or a report on national parks of Africa (Serengeti, Ngorongoro, Mount Kenya, Rwenzori, etc.)