Presentation on the topic "Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs." Presentation, handouts for the lesson "writing of ancient Egypt" Methods of design and research
Slide presentation
Slide text: The mystery of Egyptian hieroglyphs Presentation by student of the 5th “G” class of MAOU gymnasium No. 22 Li Anna
Slide text: How the mystery of Egyptian hieroglyphs was solved Linguists and historians are inclined to believe that the earliest written texts appeared in Egypt almost five thousand years ago. Ancient written monuments were discovered quite a long time ago, but for a long time the texts could not be deciphered. Only two centuries ago were the first surviving hieroglyphs read.
Slide text: On the verge of discovery Deciphering ancient Egyptian texts and translating them into modern languages turned out to be quite a difficult task. Indeed, how can one read secret writings written in languages that have not been used for a long time and have become the property of history? After all, scientists had no grammatical reference books or dictionaries of the ancient language at their disposal. The French scientist and linguist Jean Francois Champollion managed to reveal the secret of Egyptian hieroglyphs. He was a versatile and gifted researcher who knew several modern and ancient languages. At an early age, Champollion wondered whether it was possible to find the key to unraveling the mysterious signs that made up Egyptian writing.
Slide text: The inquisitive researcher had at his disposal a massive stone slab with writing carved on it, which was discovered by French soldiers at the end of the 18th century near an Egyptian city called Rosetta. The so-called Rosetta Stone eventually became an English trophy and was taken to London, where it took pride of place as an exhibit in the British Museum. At the beginning of the 19th century, a copy of a stone slab with hieroglyphs was delivered to the capital of France. Rosetta stone
Slide text: How Egyptian hieroglyphs were deciphered Champollion began studying the written monument and found that the lower part of the text was written in Greek letters. Having an understanding of the ancient Greek language, the scientist easily restored this part of the inscription. The Greek text was about the ruler of Egypt, Ptolemy 5, who reigned two hundred years before the new era. Above the Greek text there were icons in the form of hooks, dashes, arcs and other intricate symbols. Even higher were images of figures, people and animals in combination with everyday objects. Champollion came to the conclusion that the first part of the incomprehensible text was a later Egyptian cursive script, and the upper one was the actual hieroglyphs that made up the ancient Egyptian writing. Ptolemy V
Slide text: As a starting point for decoding, the scientist chose the assumption that all three texts of the monument communicated the same thing. For a long time, the scientist could not understand the meaning of the mysterious signs of Egyptian writing. After a long search and painful deliberation, Champollion suggested that the Egyptians in ancient times used signs that carried semantic meaning simultaneously with letters. He looked for letters in proper names, which he already knew from the Greek text. The work went very slowly. Composing one word after another, the researcher gradually learned to read ancient hieroglyphs. In September 1822, a couple of weeks after his discovery, Champollion gave a sensational report at the Paris Academy. After some time, the scientist managed to find out the contents of other ancient Egyptian texts, which contained songs and magic spells. It was during these years that a new science was born - Egyptology.
Slide 2
“Hieroglyph” of Greek origin “Hieros” - “sacred” “Glipho” - “carve”, “cut” “Sacred writings carved on stone”
Slide 3
Obelisk covered with hieroglyphs. Temple of Amun-Ra in Luxor. XIII century BC e. Interior of the tomb of Egyptian dentists. Ancient Egypt. V Dynasty. 2,000 BC e. Hieroglyphs “fang” and “eye” at the bottom right Writing in Egypt arose around the beginning of the 1st dynasty (i.e., in the second half of the 4th millennium BC) and did not change for several millennia.
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Egyptian hieroglyphs with cartouches named after Ramesses II in the temple of Luxor (New Kingdom period)
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The initial stage of writing - pictographic (picture) writing, petroglyphs
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The next step was to create an ideographic (semantic) letter. Next, sound signs appear, “alphabetic”.
Slide 7
The Egyptians wrote using the rebus method, combining sound and ideographic signs in writing. Egyptian hieroglyphs on the vessel. Louvre The Egyptian writing system is built on ignoring vowels. That is, the vowels were not written down, but were taken into account when reading.
Slide 8
The principle of reading hieroglyphs: 1) Usually read from right to left; 2) from top to bottom (never read from bottom to top); 3) images of people, animals, birds are always turned to face the beginning of the line; 4) in a line, the upper character takes precedence over the lower one.
Slide 9
Hieratic letter - from the Greek word "hieraticos" - "priestly". Used in sacred texts. Demotic letter. from the Greek “demos” - “people”). Used in business and everyday correspondence. In Egypt, in addition to hieroglyphic writing, there were two other writing methods: Papyrus fragment, 12th century BC. e. Treaty 6th century BC - written on papyrus
Slide 10
Vasily Grigorievich Barsky (1701-1747) - Russian traveler, visited Egypt in 1727 and 1730. The Egyptian obelisk, known as Cleopatra's Needle, was erected in Heliopolis by order of Thutmose III. European travelers' interest in Egyptian antiquities
Slide 11
Limestone slab, found in the tomb of Ramses II (1279-1213 BC) at Abydos, with the names of the seven Egyptian kings, each enclosed in a cartouche: (from left to right) Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Horemheb Ramses I Seti I Ramses II. Cartouche - an oval frame containing a group of hieroglyphs
Slide 12
Slide 13
The Rosetta Stone is kept in the British Museum, London. 196 BC e. In 1799, the Rosetta Stone was discovered in the city of Rashid (near Alexandria). It was with him that the successful deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphs began.
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Greek alphabet (54 lines) hieroglyphs, hieratic and demotic scripts (32 lines)
Slide 15
Thomas Jung - established the meaning of five signs.
Slide 16
Jean François Champollion (1790-1832) - French linguist. He managed to correctly comprehend and brilliantly solve the most complex scientific problem of deciphering hieroglyphs. He studied the Coptic language, which was very similar to the language of the ancient Egyptians.
Lesson #7. Synopsis of the Federal State Educational Standard for the lesson on the topic: Writing and knowledge of the ancients
Egyptians
Target:
To form a student’s understanding of the history of the emergence of writing, to reveal the features of ancient Egyptian writing;
Develop the ability to work with historical sources, analyze, generalize and draw conclusions;
- cultivate curiosity, interest in the historical past and respect for the past.
Planned results:
Subject:
Expanding the conceptual base by including new elements.
Formation of students’ skills in implementing new methods of action.
Cognitive UUD:A cognitive goal is identified and formed. Choose
sign-symbolic perform operations with signs and symbols. Search and select the necessary information.
Personal UUD: Formation of sustainable motivation for research activities.
Regulatory control systems: Compare the method and result of their actions with a given standard, detect deviations and differences from the standard. They highlight and realize that
what has already been learned and what still needs to be learned, they realize the quality and level of assimilation.
Communicative UUD: Express their thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy in accordance with the tasks and conditions of communication.
Teaching aids: Computer, projector, textbook, handouts, presentation.
Technology: Critical thinking.
Lesson stages; Purpose of the stageTeacher activities
Student activities
Stage 1. Motivational stage. Call stage.
1.org moment: goal: set up for the lesson, create
atmosphere
cooperation.
2. Immersion in the topic: lead to actualization, check the design
goal: repeat what you have learned and create
situation of difficulty.
Greetings
Define the term:
1. River in the North. East Africa?
2. Tall reed?
3. A huge triangle that formed a river branch?
4.Who occupied the most honorable position near the pharaoh?
5. Who kept the population records?
6. As called. device for
watering fields?
7. Egyptian wonder of the world
8. king of Egypt
9. Sacred writings? - situation of difficulty.
Children listen to the teacher's wishes and respond to
questions.
All students are working on
repetition, with difficulty with new material.
Write down the wording.
(Signs for writing and reading in Ancient Egypt are called hieroglyphs.)
Stage 2.Goal setting stage
Theme Definition:
Setting goals and objectives for the lesson.
Make a logical chain:
Hieroglyph - writing - knowledge - Egyptians.
Lesson topic: Writing and knowledge of the ancient Egyptians.
Determine the objectives of the lesson:
(by keywords)
To know...
Differ…
Remember…
They create a logical chain and determine the topic of the lesson themselves.
They themselves determine the goals and objectives of the lesson.
Stage 3. Updating and recording individual difficulties in a trial learning activity (Comprehension) Homework.
Discovery of new knowledge
PHYSICAL MINUTE
Reception RECEPTION “Marks in the margins” (Insert).
Remember: when you came to school, what, what actions, were you taught first? (Read, write and count). Let's take a closer look at ancient Egyptian writing.
Many words were represented by pictures. Some drawings could represent both words and individual sounds. For example: the image of a closed mouth is both the word “mouth” and the sound “r”; the image of a house is both the word “house” and the combination “dm”. In Egyptian writingthere were no vowels . Let's think about why this was inconvenient. For example, we have the hieroglyph “SL” -what words can it mean? (Village, fat, strength, donkey, if, sat down, solo). It could beidentification icon, which was not read, but onlysuggested what was going on. For example, a hieroglyph resembling a pit of water (the hieroglyph is reproduced on the board) , meant in one case the word “well”, in another - a combination of two consonants “hmm”, and in the third the same sign was not readable, but only suggested that the text was talking about water - ponds, swamps, etc.
For a long time, no one could unravel the mystery of the hieroglyphs and read the Egyptian texts. Why was it so difficult to decipher Egyptian writing?(The same hieroglyph could denote both a sound and a whole word, and be a clue). Only at the beginning of the 19th century this secret was revealed to a French scientist. Francois Champollion. In 1799, French soldiers under the command of Napoleon landed in Egypt and near the city of Rosetta they found a huge stone slab with an inscription in two languages: Greek and Egyptian. By order of Napoleon, this slab was transported to France. Many scientists tried to unravel these inscriptions, but without success. Francois Champollion managed to do this only 23 years after this slab was found.
How did Francois Champollion read the Egyptian inscriptions? Let's follow the same path that the great scientist walked.
He suggested that the hieroglyphs enclosed in a frame (the so-called cartouche) mean the name of some pharaoh ( see Figure 1). A connoisseur of many ancient languages, Champollion established that the last two signs mean the sound “s”. He also knew the previous hieroglyph - it was the sound “m”. All that remained was to solve the very first icon. What does it mean?(Sun). Remember what the ancient Egyptians called the Sun God?(Ra). What happens? Which pharaoh's name does this word remind you of?(Ramses)
Guys, let's try to write an encrypted letter. You have tables with hieroglyphs on your table. . You can use them or come up with your own. We sketch our encrypted sentence on a separate piece of paper and invite our desk neighbor to decipher its meaning. (Work in pairs. Read aloud the sentences you like.)
Your letters are interesting.
Was it difficult to compile them?
What was the biggest challenge?
What's the difficulty?
Do you think all Egyptians knew how to write and read?
And who could?
Read the information text in the textbook p. 61, paragraph 12, paragraph 1, mark the information in the margins with special signs.
Using text to create a background summary
1. What is a hieroglyph?
2.How many hieroglyphs are there in Egyptian writing?
3.Are there vowel sounds?
4.Is it easy to learn hieroglyphs?
Hieroglyphs are sacred letters, there are 750 of them, there are no vowels, it is difficult to learn, whoever has learned is a sage.
Handouts (make any
sentence on the topic: Egypt in hieroglyphs).
make notes in the margins:
« V“I know this;
“-” - thought differently
"?" - it’s not clear to me, there is
questions
"+" - new
They check themselves against the standard.
IF THERE IS TIME LEFT
Goal: know how to make papyrus.
Homework
What were hieroglyphs written on?
Slides.
Scroll, papyrus.
Teacher explains, questions are asked.
Stage 4. Primary consolidation. Self-test.
Purpose of the stage:
Bring the acquired knowledge into the system
Mini-test Complete the sentence
1. Sacred writings are...
2.Who solved the mystery of the hieroglyphs...
3. Were there vowel sounds in hieroglyphs?
4. What did they write on in Ancient Egypt?
5. How many hieroglyphs were there in Egyptian writing?
Everything works.
Reference
Slide
Stage 5.Reflection on learning activities in the classroom.
Summing up the lesson.
Write it down in your notebook
Today in class I...
Found out...
Understood)…
Continue the offer.
1 slide
The mystery of Egyptian hieroglyphs Presentation by student of the 5th “G” class of MAOU gymnasium No. 22 Li Anna
2 slide
How the mystery of Egyptian hieroglyphs was solved Linguists and historians are inclined to believe that the earliest written texts appeared in Egypt almost five thousand years ago. Ancient written monuments were discovered quite a long time ago, but for a long time the texts could not be deciphered. Only two centuries ago were the first surviving hieroglyphs read.
3 slide
On the verge of discovery Deciphering ancient Egyptian texts and translating them into modern languages turned out to be quite a difficult task. Indeed, how can one read secret writings written in languages that have not been used for a long time and have become the property of history? After all, scientists had no grammatical reference books or dictionaries of the ancient language at their disposal. The French scientist and linguist Jean Francois Champollion managed to reveal the secret of Egyptian hieroglyphs. He was a versatile and gifted researcher who knew several modern and ancient languages. At an early age, Champollion wondered whether it was possible to find the key to unraveling the mysterious signs that made up Egyptian writing.
4 slide
The inquisitive researcher had at his disposal a massive stone slab with writing carved on it, which was discovered by French soldiers near the Egyptian city called Rosetta at the end of the 18th century. The so-called Rosetta Stone eventually became an English trophy and was taken to London, where it took pride of place as an exhibit in the British Museum. At the beginning of the 19th century, a copy of a stone slab with hieroglyphs was delivered to the capital of France. Rosetta stone
5 slide
How the Egyptian hieroglyphs were deciphered Champollion began to study the written monument and established that the lower part of the text was written in Greek letters. Having an understanding of the ancient Greek language, the scientist easily restored this part of the inscription. The Greek text was about the ruler of Egypt, Ptolemy 5, who reigned two hundred years before the new era. Above the Greek text there were icons in the form of hooks, dashes, arcs and other intricate symbols. Even higher were images of figures, people and animals in combination with everyday objects. Champollion came to the conclusion that the first part of the incomprehensible text was a later Egyptian cursive script, and the upper one was the actual hieroglyphs that made up the ancient Egyptian writing. Ptolemy V
6 slide
As a starting point for deciphering, the scientist chose the assumption that all three texts of the monument communicated the same thing. For a long time, the scientist could not understand the meaning of the mysterious signs of Egyptian writing. After a long search and painful deliberation, Champollion suggested that the Egyptians in ancient times used signs that carried semantic meaning simultaneously with letters. He looked for letters in proper names, which he already knew from the Greek text. The work went very slowly. Composing one word after another, the researcher gradually learned to read ancient hieroglyphs. In September 1822, a couple of weeks after his discovery, Champollion gave a sensational report at the Paris Academy. After some time, the scientist managed to find out the contents of other ancient Egyptian texts, which contained songs and magic spells. It was during these years that a new science was born - Egyptology.
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The presentation on the topic “Writing of Ancient Egypt” can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Subject of the project: MHC. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 13 slide(s).
Presentation slides
Slide 1
Writing of Ancient Egypt
CL 1.11 Mochalova Margarita
Slide 2
In science, there are different hypotheses about the ancestors of Egyptian writing, although many scientists point to Ancient Egypt. Of course, the hypothesis is not yet an indicator, but history shows that Egypt was already a country with a fairly developed culture in ancient times. Ancient monuments written in Egyptian hieroglyphs date back to the end of the 4th millennium BC. The flourishing of culture, along with the performance of magnificent religious rituals, led to the emergence of writing. Egyptian writing more accurately shows us the evolution of the primary forms of writing. In ancient inscriptions on rocks and clay there is a standard pictographic script, later an ideographic script and, finally, an alphabetic system with 24 consonantal sounds. Hieroglyphic writing in Egypt was at first the privilege of the priests and the ruling classes of the population; only over time, with the invention of papyrus, did it become the property of the wider population. The term “hieroglyph” was first used by Clement of Alexandria (150-217). The word comes from the Greek words íε ρóς (sacred) and γλνφη (to cut). The invention of papyrus dates back to the period of the 1st dynasty (3rd millennium BC).
Slide 3
Plant "Cyperus papyrus"
stem cross section:
Slide 4
Making papyrus
Thin strips of the dried plant were placed in two rows - horizontally and vertically, one above the other. They were then covered with a cloth and pressed down with a stone or tapped with a wooden hammer. Over time, the strips stuck together due to the release of their own sticky juices. The gluing was so strong that to this day they remain firmly in place as one layer. To prevent the ink on papyrus from bleeding, the surface was impregnated with glue; After this, it was dried in the sun, treated with a huller, roughness removed and ironed until the surface was shiny. Well-processed papyrus was flexible and elastic.
Slide 5
Separately processed papyrus pages were glued into long strips, which were rolled into rolls. Papyrus was sold, like paper now, in rolls in large quantities. To write from such a roll, a strip was unwound and cut off. The length of the strips reached 40m. At first they used papyrus 15-17 cm wide. Later you can find stripes three times wider. Already in the III century. BC The technique of making papyrus has reached a high level. The highest grade of papyrus is considered to be the oldest, the so-called hieratic. The Egyptians strictly adhered to the state monopoly on papyrus. He came to Ancient Greece in the 7th century. BC, to Rome - in the III century. BC
Slide 6
Most scribes carried just such tablets with them. They were convenient since the scribe often had to travel on business or collect taxes.
Scribe getting ready for work
Slide 7
Hieroglyphs
The Egyptian book always had the form of a suvoy. The text was divided into rather narrow columns, which were a kind of pages that were revealed to the reader as the bag was opened. In Egyptian hieroglyphs, visible objects were designated by corresponding images (hand, mouth, finger, and so on) or symbolic signs (sun, month, king, and so on). For verbs, the image of similar symbols was used: a scepter - to dominate, two legs - to walk, a slug that leaves a turtle - to go out, and so on. If we do not take into account some “holy” books, then it can be argued that the primary hieroglyphic writing, with its numerical images, was not used on the papyri; a more convenient cursive form of hieroglyphic writing, the so-called hieratic, was used.
Slide 8
The emergence of hieratic writing is associated with the use of papyrus as a writing material. At first, scribes copied the forms of hieroglyphs carved on stones, and over time they began to shorten and improve some signs. This is how hieratic writing was developed, which, although it resembles the primitive Egyptian one, is, however, already new in quality. With the invention of papyrus, not only the external form of hieroglyphs changed, but also their content. Gradually, the meaning of hieroglyphs as ideographic writing - the designation of concepts, things (in some cases) - is replaced by, albeit primitive, but phonetic writing.
Slide 9
Writing a word that resembled a thing was easy, but when it wasn't associated with the thing, things got more complicated. Then, in addition to the hundred known hieroglyphs that meant words, the Egyptians came up with 24 more real letters. The system for creating them was very simple. The Egyptian language had a lot of short words, for example “pui” - blanket, “ro” - mouth. According to the new rules, the design of the mouth also denoted the letter "r". To a word written in letters, the Egyptians often added a determiner to reflect what was written. So, they wrote “an” - fish and accompanied the writing with a drawing.
Slide 10
This palette is engraved with the king's name, indicating that the scribe who owned it was in the highest service of the pharaoh. Paints were usually made from coal or soot to produce a black hue, as well as red ocher and blue and green minerals.
Basalt palette
Slide 11
For writing, the Egyptians used obliquely cut reeds, which, when wrapped, could be adapted to write fine or rough strokes of the Egyptian script. And from the III Art. BC they began to use sharply sharpened reeds, the so-called “calamus”, which made it possible to obtain the exact outline of letters; from that time on, the calamus, together with the ruler, became a universally used integral tool of every scribe. Ink was made from soot or charcoal, water and resin. The quality of the ink was very high; it is characteristic that it has retained its deep black gloss since then. Red paint, natural ocher, was also used to write titles and section names. Scribes stored their brushes and ink in a pencil case, a wooden utensil with two cutouts for holding brushes and two recesses for bowls of ink.
Slide 12
Suvoy. Storage methods
Papyri were wound on thin, round sticks, thereby creating a suvoi. Suvoi were stored in clay jugs, boxes, leather, linen or wooden cases, to which a label with the name of the book was attached.. The worst enemy of papyrus was moisture. In the dry zone, in the sands of Middle and Mountain Egypt, papyrus suvoi were well preserved. Actually, Egyptian tombs were a wonderful storage place for such fragile material. In the last centuries BC. there was a custom of making sarcophagi for mummies from cut and glued pieces of papyrus, which were covered with a layer of plaster; It is thanks to this method that many texts have been preserved and reached our time. However, most papyri have survived due to religious customs of placing various texts of prayers (for example, the Book of the Dead) in graves, which was supposed to protect the deceased during the journey to the kingdom of the dead.
Slide 13
When Egypt lost its independence, Egyptian writing, language and culture quickly declined, falling under Greek and Latin influence. In III Art. BC, the Greek language and writing achieve a final victory. The Egyptians began using a script based on the Greek alphabet, which was called Coptic.
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