Habitats and migrations of animals. Training tasks

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Habitat. Migrations. Patterns of animal placement. Teacher of biology and geography, MAOU Secondary School No. 1, Zavodoukovsk Yantikova Elena Rinatovna

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What form of variability does higher value for the process of evolution? Why is the struggle for existence the cause of evolution? Are heredity and variability inherent in all animals? Let's remember... Well done!

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Animals Muskox Coyote Jaguar Kangaroo Koala Rhino Roe Deer Bison Panda Penguin Continents Eurasia Africa North America South America Australia Antarctica

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Holarctic; Indo-Malayan; Australian; Ethiopian; . Neotropical; Antarctic

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Zoogeography is the science that studies the distribution of animals on Earth. Study of habitats - regions globe, inhabited by populations of certain species. Identification of the reasons that determine the nature of the geographical distribution of animal organisms. Forecasting changes in the animal world in the foreseeable future to prevent its depletion species composition or shifting the latter into something undesirable for a person. Study of the patterns of fauna formation under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. side.

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Habitat, types of habitats. What will we learn? Patterns of animal placement. Migrations, types of migrations.

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Habitat is the territory within which animals or plants of a certain species, genus, family or other taxonomic category are distributed. Habitat of the reticulated python.

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Relict habitat Endemics are species of animals that live only in a given geographical area and are not found anywhere else. Hatteria

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Geographical relics are species preserved on the territory as remains of the former fauna. Relic cockroach

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What causes a disrupted habitat? Why can't the boundaries of the range remain unchanged? What features of the distribution of the species are characteristic of a continuous range? Do you remember everything? Well done!

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Migrations are natural movements of animals associated with changes in habitats and caused by changes in living conditions.

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Conclusion? Conclusion: Migrations can contribute to the dispersal of animals, and the species can adapt to new conditions or die. Types of migration Features Examples Types of migration Features Examples Age Search for the conditions of existence necessary for an individual of a certain age Tunicates Periodic = seasonal Very diverse and associated with the movement of animals within the range Far Eastern salmon fish Non-periodic = irregular Accompanied by the eviction of individuals of the species from its range. Butterflies, dragonflies, orthoptera

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What are the reasons for the formation of discontinuous habitats? What is migration, what type of migration is typical for birds? What could be the reason for the change in the area of ​​the range? Do you remember everything? Well done!

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Homework: P.52, questions – p.256. Learn the terms. Exercise 2-6 in the printable workbook. Message “Endemics and cosmopolitans of Russia” Animals characteristic of each zoogeographical region. (3-4 examples.) Everyone * Optional Sources: V.V. Latyushin, V.A. Shapkin “Biology. Animals. 7th grade." - M.: Bustard, 2014. -304 p.: ill.; Latyushin V.V., Ufimtseva G.A. Biology. Animals. 7th grade: thematic and lesson planning to the textbook V.V. Latyushin, V.A. Shapkin “Biology. Animals" manual for teachers. – M.: Bustard, 2013.-192 p. http://dic.academic.ru/pictures/bse/jpg/0284736271.jpg map natural areas peace; http://crazymama.ru/images/foto/19/19819.jpeg cubs; http://www.rusif.ru/vremya-istorii/004-epohi/images-map/1532.jpg continental drift; http://dic.academic.ru/pictures/bse/jpg/0284736271.jpg zoogeographic map; http://ianimal.ru/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/piton23.png range of the reticulated python; http://anson-int.com/img24.jpg reticulated python; http://ianimal.ru/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Polar_bear_range_map.png polar bear range; http://i1.avatarko.ru/2/nf33e9KRha.jpg polar bear; http://www.birds-online.ru/wiki/images/f/fe/HisHis_areal.jpg magpie range; http://www.zooclub.ru/attach/2391.jpg blue magpie; http://samadhisoft.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/new-zealand-map.jpg New Zealand; http://animalfotos.ru/photo/54/54886f341094bd5e965ba1f3e8315b13.jpg tuateria; http://www.geo-sfera.info/_ph/40/2/809465110.jpg?1438910940 contour map peace; http://bio-logos.my1.ru/01_s/195/143.jpg relict cockroach; http://file2.answcdn.com/answ-cld/image/upload/w_760,c_fill,g_faces:center,q_60/v1401183905/n6tvqmkluwvzuakgetes.png sparrow range; http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3042/3045255605_734c600afc.jpg house sparrow; http://mtdata.ru/u7/photo7D3E/20125024204-0/original.jpg migration.

Mixed up table. Types of habitats. Features Examples Types of habitats 1. Disrupted Characterized by the distribution of the species in all habitats suitable for it. - Hatteria, living on the nearest islands of New Zealand 2. Relict = discontinuous Arises as a result of the separation of a continuous habitat into two or more isolated areas. - White bear in the Arctic Circle - Common fox on the territory of the Russian Federation 3. SolidSpecies preserved from past geological eras live in small areas. -Black rat in the European part of Russia and on Far East

Exercise. Using the textbook text (page), correct the columns of the table and fill them out correctly. Answer the questions asked.

Answer to the task. The area is strictly certain territory occupied by a species in natural conditions. Endemics are relatively small groups of animals that live in certain, often small areas and are not found anywhere else. An example of an endemic species: the pink gull. Cosmopolitans are organisms distributed over a very large area. Example of cosmopolitan species: passerines

Mixed up table. Types of habitats. Types of habitats Features Examples 1. Continuous Characterized by the distribution of the species in all habitats suitable for it. - White bear in the Arctic Circle - Common fox on the territory of the Russian Federation 2. Broken = discontinuous Arises as a result of the separation of a continuous habitat into two or more isolated areas. -Black rat in the European part of Russia and the Far East 3. RelictSpecies preserved from past geological eras live in small areas. Hatteria, living on the nearest islands of New Zealand

Incomplete table. Types of migrations. Types of migrationFeaturesExamples 1. Age Search for the conditions of existence necessary for an individual of a certain age tunicates 2. Periodic = seasonal Very diverse and associated with the movement of animals within the range Far Eastern salmon fish 3. Non-periodic = irregular Accompanied by the eviction of individuals of the species from the range far beyond its limits. Butterflies, dragonflies, orthoptera

Zoogeographical regions (265 p. 195) Zoogeographical regions are………………………………………………………. Zoogeographical regions are……………………………………. Types of zoogeographical areas: Types of zoogeographical areas:

Lesson type - combined

Methods: partially search, problem presentation, reproductive, explanatory and illustrative.

Target: mastering the ability to apply biological knowledge in practical activities, use information about modern achievements in the field of biology; work with biological devices, instruments, reference books; conduct observations of biological objects;

Tasks:

Educational: the formation of cognitive culture, mastered in the process of educational activities, and aesthetic culture as the ability to have an emotional and value-based attitude towards objects of living nature.

Educational: development of cognitive motives aimed at obtaining new knowledge about living nature; cognitive qualities personalities associated with mastering the fundamentals scientific knowledge, mastering methods of studying nature, developing intellectual skills;

Educational: orientation in the system of moral norms and values: recognition of the high value of life in all its manifestations, the health of one’s own and other people; environmental awareness; nurturing love for nature;

Personal: understanding of responsibility for the quality of acquired knowledge; understanding the value of adequately assessing one’s own achievements and capabilities;

Cognitive: ability to analyze and evaluate the impact of environmental factors, risk factors on health, the consequences of human activities in ecosystems, the impact of one’s own actions on living organisms and ecosystems; focus on continuous development and self-development; the ability to work with various sources of information, transform it from one form to another, compare and analyze information, draw conclusions, prepare messages and presentations.

Regulatory: the ability to organize independent completion of tasks, evaluate the correctness of work, and reflect on one’s activities.

Communicative: formation of communicative competence in communication and cooperation with peers, understanding of the characteristics of gender socialization in adolescence, socially useful, educational and research, creative and other types of activities.

Technologies: Health conservation, problem-based, developmental education, group activities

Types of activities (content elements, control)

Formation of students’ activity abilities and abilities to structure and systematize the subject content being studied: teamwork- study of the text and illustrative material, compilation of the table “Systematic groups of multicellular organisms” with the advisory assistance of student experts, followed by self-test; pair or group performance laboratory work with the advisory assistance of a teacher followed by mutual verification; independent work based on the material studied.

Planned results

Subject

understand the meaning of biological terms;

describe the structural features and basic life processes of animals of different systematic groups; compare the structural features of protozoa and multicellular animals;

recognize organs and organ systems of animals of different systematic groups; compare and explain reasons for similarities and differences;

establish the relationship between the structural features of organs and the functions they perform;

give examples of animals of different systematic groups;

distinguish the main systematic groups of protozoa and multicellular animals in drawings, tables and natural objects;

characterize the directions of evolution of the animal world; provide evidence of the evolution of the animal world;

Metasubject UUD

Cognitive:

work with different sources information, analyze and evaluate information, transform it from one form to another;

write theses, various types plans (simple, complex, etc.), structure educational material, give definitions of concepts;

carry out observations, perform elementary experiments and explain the results obtained;

compare and classify, independently choosing criteria for the specified logical operations;

build logical reasoning, including establishing cause-and-effect relationships;

create schematic models highlighting the essential characteristics of objects;

identify possible sources necessary information, search for information, analyze and evaluate its reliability;

Regulatory:

organize and plan your educational activities— determine the purpose of the work, the sequence of actions, set tasks, predict the results of the work;

independently put forward options for solving assigned tasks, anticipate the final results of the work, choose the means to achieve the goal;

work according to plan, compare your actions with the goal and, if necessary, correct mistakes yourself;

master the basics of self-control and self-assessment for making decisions and making informed choices in educational, cognitive and educational and practical activities;

Communicative:

listen and engage in dialogue, participate in collective discussion of problems;

integrate and build productive interactions with peers and adults;

adequately use verbal means for discussion and argumentation of one’s position, compare different points of view, argue one’s point of view, defend one’s position.

Personal UUD

Formation and development of cognitive interest in the study of biology and the history of the development of knowledge about nature

Techniques: analysis, synthesis, inference, translation of information from one type to another, generalization.

Basic Concepts

Reasons for the uneven distribution of animals on the planet, the concept of “migration”, types of migrations

Lesson progress

Updating knowledge ( concentration when learning new material)

Question 1. What could be the reason for the change in the area of ​​the range?

The reason for the decrease in the area of ​​the range may be the disappearance favorable conditions environment, the presence of obstacles that are insurmountable for the species’ resettlement. The reason for the increase in the area of ​​the range is that some individuals leave the area, unable to withstand the competition for housing, shelter and food. If they find other favorable conditions for reproduction and development outside its borders, they settle there, and the range of their species thus expands.

Question 2. What are the reasons for the formation of discontinuous habitats?

Discontinuous habitats arise as a result of the separation of a continuous habitat into two or more isolated areas, for example, due to the formation of some barrier within the habitat (territory or water area with unfavorable conditions for the life of a given species) or overcoming it in the process of expansion -settlements and formations outside of it of a new colony of this species.

Question 3. What determines the size of the range?

The size of the range depends on the ability of the species to adapt to unfavorable living conditions, overcome obstacles, and compete with other species for food, light, warmth, places for reproduction and development.

Question 4. What reasons influence the density of animals in the area?

The density of settlement of animals in the area is influenced by: the presence of favorable conditions for intensive reproduction and maximum survival, intraspecific requirements for the size of the individual territory of each individual, and migration processes.

Question 5. What conditions of existence are necessary for the life of animals

For the life of animals, food resources are first of all necessary, since in natural communities they are not producers capable of producing primary organic matter from inorganic. Everything else depends on individual characteristics structure and lifestyle of animals of this systematic group.

Learning new material(teacher's story with elements of conversation)

Animal migrations: examples, causes, types. Why do animals migrate?

The reasons for migration are changes in the living conditions of animals. Examples include the migration of birds, locusts to places where there is enough food, etc.

Do you know why animal migration occurs?

7th grade learns about this in biology lessons. And even then, during the acquaintance with the secrets biological science, the consciousness of children begins to be accustomed to understanding an everyday fact: people migrate, animals migrate. And if you look carefully, the reasons are the same for everyone. Animal migration (lat. migratio) is the regular movement of a group of animals with a change in the main habitat along a certain route. Such phenomena are most common in birds (we all observe the migration of storks, geese, ducks, starlings and other birds in the fall) and fish. The movements of animals have been less studied. This is due to the fact that they lead a mostly secretive lifestyle; it is often impossible to track them

Migrations have a pronounced adaptive character; this feature of representatives of the animal world is observed in the most different types and arose in the process of evolution.

Seasonal migrations are more typical for birds, inhabitants temperate latitudes. They are also characteristic of some mammals: they change the habitat of the wildebeest, reindeer, some varieties bats, fish (sturgeon, European eel), reptiles (sea turtle), crustaceans (lobster), insects (monarch butterfly).

Why do animals migrate?

The most main reason movements of animals - changes in living conditions, most often for the worse. For example, with the onset of winter, reindeer move from the tundra to the forest-tundra due to the lack of food and the difficulty of obtaining it in snow-covered areas. And seasonal migrations of microscopic animals to shallow waters from the deep parts of lakes are associated with changes in water temperature. An equally important motivation is reproduction, when the animal needs another environment for procreation. Another reason for migration is related to natural disasters. We will try to consider each of the reasons in this article using an example.

Types of animal migration

Conventionally, two types of migration can be distinguished: active and passive.. In the active migration of animals, several subspecies are distinguished: movements are seasonal (daily), periodic (horizontal and vertical), and age-related. Let's try to figure out what each variety is. So, seasonal (daily) migration of animals. Examples of such movements are best seen in fish and birds. Today, science knows about 8,500 species of birds, most of which are sedentary image life, although they are subject to migration within their habitat during nesting.

Seasonal movements of birds for wintering are more typical for the inhabitants of the Arctic and temperate latitudes: with the approach of winter, birds migrate to milder, warm climate. Interesting fact: than more bird, the longer distances it moves, Moreover, the smallest migrating birds can remain in the air continuously for up to 90 hours, covering a route of up to 4000 km.

Fish migrate vertically: during rain they are practically on the surface, in heat or winter they tend to the depths of reservoirs. But only two fish change familiar environment habitats are salmon and European eel. Surprisingly, but true: the change of reservoirs with salty and fresh water occurs in these fish twice in life - at the time of birth and during the breeding season, however, this only applies to females, who die after laying eggs.

Interestingly, at the time of salmon spawning, brown bears also migrate, leaving the forests, settling on rivers teeming with salmon. Thus, it turns out that they follow their food supply. As noted earlier, periodic animal migrations can be divided into two subtypes: horizontal and vertical. Let's consider these phenomena in more detail.

Horizontal migrations of animals are associated with the movement of individuals in search of food. So, for example, by summer the gray whale moves from the Northern Ocean to the Atlantic (subtropical, tropical part), where at this time there is a lot of plankton - the main food of the whale.

Vertical migrations are characteristic of high-mountain animals, which in winter descend into the forest belt, and in summer, as the snow melts and the grass in the lowlands burns out, they rise back to the mountain

There is also such a thing as age migration of animals.. Such movements are better revealed using an example large predators. Thus, the tiger, at its core, is a solitary animal with its own huge territory, which it leaves only during the rutting period. Once born, tiger cubs live with the female until they reach sexual maturity (usually 3-4 years), after which the males separate and leave the family in search of their own territory.

Reasons and examples of migration

We have already talked about what causes such a phenomenon as animal migration. We will consider examples on specific representatives below. Let's start our acquaintance with fish, since only two of their species are subject to movement. These include salmon and European eel. There are also a few other species of animals that migrate, but we’ll talk about them later. So why do fish migrate? What is the reason for this? Changing fish habitat

Anadromous fish - a species that lives in a certain habitat, but radically changes it during reproduction. What is this connected with? Salmon (lat. Salmo salar) is born in fresh water, then quickly moves with river flows to the sea-ocean, where it lives for 5-7 years while waiting for puberty. And now the long-awaited moment has come - the individuals have grown up and are ready to leave offspring. The only problem is that they like salt water, but babies refuse to be born in it. The fish “remembers” that it was born in fresh water, which means that it needs to change the salty seas and oceans to rivers, and even better, to mountain ones. There are the most favorable conditions for reproduction. But not all parents will achieve the desired goal - here sits a predator who deftly catches a fish from a mountain stream, ripping open the belly and eating exclusively the eggs. Only brown bear, which is tied to the migration of animals - the source of food supply.

The European eel (lat. Anguilla anguilla) is the exact opposite of salmon. Eel is born in salt water Sargasso Sea, this happens at a depth of up to 400 m. The female gives birth to about half a million eggs, which develop into a larva similar to a willow leaf. The larvae, due to their radical difference from their parents, received a separate name - leptocephalus. Using the example of these fish, we can consider in detail the type of passive migration: the larvae float to the surface, they are picked up by the Gulf Stream, and so for three years they move in warm water to the coast of the European part of Eurasia. By this time, the leptocephalus takes on the outline of an eel, only smaller - about 6 cm. At this moment, the eel moves to the mouths of the rivers, rising upstream, the fish turns into an adult. So 9, or maybe 12 years (no more) pass, the eels become sexually mature, and gender differences in color suddenly appear. It's time to spawn - back to the ocean.

Mammal migrations

The gray whale (from the Latin Eschrichtius robustus) lives in the Arctic Ocean, but, paradoxically, females and males begin to move south along the coast from October. By December-January, the couples reach the Gulf of California, where warm waters begin mating and giving birth, after which the males return to the north, and pregnant females and individuals with cubs return home only in March-April. Pregnancy in whales lasts about a year, so in warm waters they either conceive or give birth to new offspring. This is very important for young animals - in the first 2-3 weeks of life, babies in warm waters gain a layer of fat, which allows them to return to harsh conditions. Arctic Ocean.

Using the example of moose, we can explain the concept of animal migration routes. Elk, commonly known as elk (from the Latin Alces alces), is common in the forest area Northern Hemisphere. As soon as the first snow appears, the rivers become covered with ice, the elk begin to move to the southern regions, where grass remains and water bodies do not freeze. It is interesting that, migrating from October to January, moose follow a well-trodden path: females with young animals follow first, followed by males. On the way back, the animals return the same way, only now the males go ahead, clearing the path of overgrown greenery. As they approach the habitat, the groups scatter - single females in one direction, females with cubs in the other, males in the third. Tigers (lat. Panthera tigris), the largest representatives of felines, lead a solitary lifestyle: a female requires up to 50 km² of personal territory, and a male requires up to 100 km². The meeting occurs during the breeding season, most often the female herself attracts the male, leaving various marks. Having impregnated the tigress, the male returns to his territory or in search of the next female. Here we see an example of the migration of animals within their habitat, but in violation of territorial boundaries. The new offspring lives with the mother until the “kids” learn to hunt, which takes quite a while. long time. Thus, the cubs stay with the tigress until puberty, after which the already grown individuals go to conquer new territories. The previously described European eel can be added to examples of age migration.

Mass migrations of animals are common to many species, but the movement of bats is an indescribable spectacle. In general, bats are prone to a sedentary lifestyle, but if the animals live in temperate zone, then they are forced to go south for the winter. If the air temperature in winter stays within 0 ºС, then bats can overwinter in the attics of buildings. At this time, mice fall into winter sleep. During forced migration, bats are guided by instincts and move along the routes that are used from generation to generation. -

Let's remember vertical migration and pay attention to the inhabitants of the mountains. In the mountains, at an altitude of thousands of meters, there is an extraordinary diversity of animals: chinchillas, snow leopards, pumas, goats, rams, yaks, juniper grosbeak, white eared pheasant, kea. All inhabitants of the highlands are characterized by thick hair and plumage, which prevents the animals from hypothermia. Some animals hibernate in burrows in winter, and birds make nests in rock crevices and bask in groups. But representatives of ungulates descend to the foot of the rocks in search of food, followed by predators pursuing their prey. Interesting fact: mountain goats and rams are able to migrate along rocks without setting foot on mountain paths. And all thanks special structure hooves: soft pads quickly recover, hooves have the ability to move widely apart, which is important when moving over rocky terrain.

Reasons for changing bird habitats

Migratory birds observed in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The more abruptly the climate changes, the more pronounced the flights are. Thus, the crows and doves familiar to us become migratory if they live in northern regions, where harsh, snowy winters deprive birds of the opportunity to obtain food. The inhabitants of the southern part of Europe lead a sedentary lifestyle due to the absence of sudden temperature changes. The behavior of birds in Africa is interesting: here you can simultaneously observe movements both from north to south and from south to north. The reason for such migrations is hidden in the preference for moist or arid climate. Birds can make fairly long flights. For example, habitat white stork(lat. Ciconia ciconia) - in Europe, and the bird winters in Africa, covering a distance of 10-15 thousand km 2 times a year. But the most unique among migratory birds is the Arctic tern (lat. Sterna paradisaea). The tern nests in the tundra and breeds its chicks here. With the onset of autumn, she migrates to Southern Hemisphere, and returns back in the spring. Thus, twice a year this bird travels up to 17 thousand km. It is interesting that in spring and autumn the tern flies on different routes.

Movement of reptiles

Let's look at the example of the sea turtle (lat. Cheloniidae) to see what is the reason for mass migrations of animals. Sea turtles only breed in certain places . Thus, the Atlantic ridley (lat. Lepidochelys kempii) breeds on a single island in Mexico, where in 1947 scientists recorded approximately 42 thousand females who sailed to lay eggs. Thanks to the olive sea turtle (lat. Lepidochelys olivacea), the term “arribida” appeared in science. The phenomenon is that thousands of olive ridleys gather in one day to mate, after which, having chosen an island, the females lay millions of eggs almost simultaneously.

Why do crustaceans migrate?

Lobster (lat. Achelata) also moves to certain time. Science still does not explain the reasons for the migration of animals of this species. In the fall, lobsters gather in a column of thousands of individuals and make a forced march from the island of Bimini to the Grand Bahama Bank. So far, there is only one tentative explanation for this behavior: in the fall, daylight hours begin to shorten, which forces the lobsters to change their habitat. The spiny lobster (lat. Panulirus argus) is also considered a nomadic representative of crustaceans. At the beginning of winter it goes into more deep waters. Scientists for a long time It was believed that the reason for the movement of the lobster was reproduction, but later it was found that the laying of eggs occurs much later than migration, only after several months. Scientists name different reasons for the change in lobster habitat. Some, for example, believe that the migration of these crustaceans is a relic ice age, when in winter they exchanged cold waters for warmer deep ones. The migration of lobsters is truly an amazing sight! Several hundred individuals move in columns one after another. What is most interesting is that the lobsters maintain constant contact with each other. So, the one who is behind keeps his antennae on the shell of the one who is in front.

Examples of insect migrations

Monarch butterfly(lat. Danaus plexippus) is the most famous inhabitant of North America. During periods of animal migration, it is noticed in the territory of Ukraine, Russia, the Azores, North Africa. In Mexico, the state of Michoacán even has a monarch butterfly sanctuary. In the matter of migration, this insect also distinguished itself: the Danaid is one of the few representatives of its class capable of crossing Atlantic Ocean. Already in August, monarchs begin to migrate to southern territories.

The lifespan of this butterfly is about two months, so the migration of animals occurs over generations. Diabase is the reproductive phase, which is entered by the Danaid, born at the end of summer, which allows the butterfly to live for about 7 more months and reach the wintering site. The monarch butterfly has an amazing “sun sensor” that allows the third and fourth generations to return to the wintering grounds of their ancestors. Interestingly, the most favorable climate for these butterflies was in Bermuda, where some insects remain all year round.

Migrate and European species . Thistles, for example, they winter and breed in North Africa, and their offspring move north and raise the summer generation there, after which they fly back to Africa.

In the spring, history repeats itself. Interestingly, thistles fly in groups and can cover a distance of 500 km in one day. In total, during migration they can fly as much as 5,000 km! And their flight speed is quite high - it is 25-30 km/h. Some butterflies do not migrate constantly, but only depending on conditions. These include urticaria, swallowtail, mourning, cabbage, admiral. All these species live in Northern and Central Europe, but can move south under unfavorable circumstances. But the oleander hawk moth, for example, migrates annually from Turkey and North Africa to Eastern and Central Europe. There these butterflies breed, but, unfortunately, in winter most of their offspring die. In the spring, the next generation migrates from the south.

Conclusions

So we figured out a little about why animals migrate. Indeed, the reasons are varied, but I would like to note the two most common. We all remember the story of Mowgli, especially the moment when a period of drought began in the jungle. All the animals were drawn to the only river where parity was supposed to be observed: everyone is equal, hunting is taboo. Such migration occurs, as a rule, within the habitat, when animals (usually inhabitants of steppes, semi-deserts, deserts) migrate in search of food and water from place to place during a drought, most often these are representatives of ungulates. However, the movement of herds and herds also entails the movement of some predators (hyenas, vultures), which need to be close to the food supply.

Thus, food and water force migration large groups several species of animals.

An important reason is reproduction. Active migration of animals during the breeding season, in particular sea ​​turtles, is impressive and captivating.

Many species of animals move: some within their habitat, others travel thousands of kilometers to reach a favorable climate; still others radically change their habitat (remember the sturgeon and European eel). Yes, the migrations of different animals have different characters, different reasons, but they all have one thing in common - the thirst for life.

MigrationANIMALS

Interesting! Documentary 1 "Call of the Wild" great migrations

Bird migrations (narrated by ornithologist Sergei Kharitonov)

Migrationbirds - observationfromspace

Sockeye salmon migration on the Adams River

Mass sardine migration attracts predators and divers (news)

Resources

Biology. Animals. 7th grade textbook for general education. institutions / V.V. Latyushin, V.A. Shapkin.

Active formsAndbiology teaching methods: Animals. Kp. for the teacher: From work experience, -M.:, Education. Molis S. S.. Molis S. A

Work program in biology 7th grade to V.V. Latyushina, V.A. Shapkina (M.: Bustard).

V.V. Latyushin, E. A. Lamekhova. Biology. 7th grade. Workbook for the textbook by V.V. Latyushina, V.A. Shapkina “Biology. Animals. 7th grade." - M.: Bustard.

Zakharova N. Yu. Control and testing work in biology: to the textbook by V.V. Latyushin and V.A. Shapkin “Biology. Animals. 7th grade” / N. Yu. Zakharova. 2nd ed. - M.: Publishing house "Exam"

Presentation hosting

Habitat is a strictly defined territory occupied by a certain species of animal. The size and shape of habitats depend: 1) on the ability of the species to adapt to unfavorable living conditions; 2) from the opportunities to overcome life's obstacles; 3) from the ability to compete with other species for food, light, warmth, places of reproduction and development. Zoogeographic region - territories characterized by a set of animal species that differ from those living in other territories.

Characteristics of habitats Habitats Continuous Definition Example Broken Relict Distribution of a species in all habitats suitable for it. Separation of a continuous area into two or more isolated areas. Deals with species preserved from past geological eras. Blue magpie in the Iberian Peninsula and the Far East. Hatteria on the islands of New Zealand. Polar bear beyond the Arctic Circle.

Animal species Relics Cosmopolitans Endemics Relics - preserved from past geological eras (hatteria, some species of ground beetles). Cosmopolitans are animal species found in most areas of the Earth (few, housefly, city sparrow, gray rat, rotifers, freshwater crustaceans). Endemics are species, genera, families of animals, limited in their distribution, living in certain areas, not found anywhere else (platypus, coelacanth, pink gull). The boundaries of the range can expand or contract and remain constant

Migrations Migrations are the natural movements of animals associated with changes in habitats and caused by changes in living conditions. age migration Periodic = seasonal Non-periodic = irregular

Patterns of animal placement. Migrations. (independent work with the text of the textbook pp. 263, 264 and completing tasks 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 in the workbook pp. 131, 132 MIGRATIONS Periodic (seasonal) Non-periodic (eviction of individuals from the area) (movements within the area) mass evictions under the influence of seasonal, daily unusual deterioration of conditions vertical in the mountains, water column (drought, fire), overpopulation of soil; movement of migratory fish (lack of food) from seas to rivers and vice versa Age-related search for the necessary conditions of existence for an individual of a certain age The study of migrations is carried out by tagging. animals, conducting an experiment

What is a range?

Habitat - the surface of land or sea within which a particular species or genus of plants and animals is distributed.

How to determine the boundary of the range?

Why are animals of different species unevenly distributed on our planet?

The uneven distribution of animals on our planet is associated with the unevenness and heterogeneity of natural conditions.

Why do animals migrate?

Animal migrations are usually caused by changing environmental conditions. Migrations can be age-related, seasonal (regular), or irregular.

Questions

1. What could be the reason for the change in the area of ​​the range?

The main reason for the change in the area of ​​the range is the change in environmental conditions. With their improvement, the range can expand. As conditions worsen, the number of organisms decreases and the range narrows.

2. What are the reasons for the formation of discontinuous habitats?

Discontinuous habitats can arise as a result of the appearance of an obstacle within the habitat itself, by overcoming the obstacle by a group of animals and founding a new colony, or by the death of animals in the intermediate territories.

3. What determines the size of the range?

The sizes of habitats may vary. There are very extensive - cosmopolitan and very small - endemic areas. The size of the range depends on the mobility of the species, its ecological valence and its age.

4. What reasons influence the density of animals in the area?

The density of animals in the habitat depends on the presence of a set of favorable conditions for the species. As a rule, the central territories of the range are the most populated, where the set of favorable conditions is the most complete. Closer to the boundaries of the range, conditions become less favorable and the density of animals decreases.

5. What living conditions are necessary for the life of animals?

Different species of animals have their own conditions that are necessary for life. We can highlight the most important conditions necessary for most animals: a sufficient amount of food, water, warmth, territory.

6. What are the reasons for migrations? Give examples.

Animal migrations are usually caused by changing environmental conditions. Migrations can be age-related, seasonal (regular), or irregular. Age migrations are associated with the search for habitats corresponding to a certain age. An example is the migration of eels. Seasonal migrations are varied and associated with the movement of animals within their range. For example, the migration of migratory birds. Irregular migrations are accompanied by the eviction of individuals of the species far beyond the range. An example is the migration of lemmings and locusts. During such migrations, most animals die.

7. How can we explain that the Holarctic region has such large area?

The Holarctic region occupies such a large area because it unites territories that recently lost land connections with each other. That is why the fauna of these territories is similar and can be combined into one zoogeographical unit.

Quests

Using various sources of information, prepare a report on the migrations of various animals.

There is no mystery about the suicide of lemmings, just as there is no suicide

For biologists, more than a hundred years ago, one of the strangest and mysterious phenomena V natural nature there was a sudden mass suicide of lemmings, who rushed together from a cliff into the waters of the sea. Finnish scientists have been dealing with this problem for 15 years, and have found an explanation for the reasons for such ambiguous behavior of the animals.

Oliver Gilg of the University of Helsinki in Finland and his colleagues published their research on this topic in the October 31 issue of the journal Science. The unexplained tragedies of the population of this rodent that lives in high northern latitudes, gave rise to legends and myths that supposedly every time the number of animals becomes too huge and there is not enough food for everyone, they unite into one horde and together commit suicide, throwing themselves from the cliffs into the sea. Researchers say the real reasons for this lemming behavior are more complex.

Lemming numbers, they say, are easily regulated thanks to tight control by their natural predators: stoats, arctic foxes, snowy owls and skuas (gulls).

Over 15 years, scientists collected data on lemmings and their predators from 75 square kilometers of eastern Greenland. It turned out that periodically the lemming population can increase sharply by 100 or even 1000 times its original number. The stoat is a key predator regulating the balance of lemmings. This in turn increases the number of their natural predators, which become so numerous that they devour lemmings in gigantic quantities, and the population of the latter plummets. The next stage - the lack of lemmings in the environment of proliferating predators leads to a decrease in the population of predators.

The cycles of growth and decline in predator and prey populations are familiar to biologists, but what is interesting about this case of lemmings is that they are almost like clockwork. The stoat is a key predator regulating the balance of lemmings. For him, lemmings are the main source of food. The other three predators are “generalists” - they love to feast on lemmings, but also have alternative sources of food. Therefore, only the number of stoats drops sharply within a year after the decline in the lemming population.

The question of the lemming cycle remained open for almost a century. Various schools have argued about this. This was a very hot topic. As for the unusual phenomenon among lemmings gathering in hordes, it is due to the moment when, during the period of maximum growth of their population, they are forced to migrate. If the sea gets in their way, a decent part of the flock will not have time to notice how it ends up there, since the animals only look at each other’s tails and follow the leaders. Therefore, even if the leaders see a cliff, even stopping abruptly, they will not be able to stop the entire mass behind the runners, who will simply push them off and begin to fall themselves. But this does not mean that the entire flock will drown and the animals that fall into the water will drown. They swim well and will then be able to get to the shore, where they will again gather in a flock and continue their migration.