Regulations on the research society at the museum. Museum Regulations
The place of scientific research in the activities of the museum. Museum as a research center - history. Two directions of the museum's research work. Research component in certain areas of museum activity. Organization of research work in the museum.
Research work is the basis of functioning, one of the leading activities of any museum - federal, municipal or departmental, located in the center or a remote area, with a staff of several hundred people or just two. Of course, the volume, organization, and specifics of this work will be different in different museums, as well as the qualifications of the specialists working in them.
Each new generation brings its own nuances to the understanding of the essence of the museum, and, consequently, its activities, which are determined by the characteristics of a particular era. But in different periods of history, despite the peculiarities inherent in museums and the era, museums are research centers on the one hand, and cultural and educational centers on the other.
The historical development of museums allows us to trace their constant connection with science. In certain periods, museum collections became the basis for fundamental and applied research in a number of fields of science; prominent scientists worked in museums, discoveries important for science were made within their walls, and fundamental works were created.
By the mid-20s of the XX century. Two different approaches to the role of museum research have emerged. On the one hand, the view of the museum as a research institution was strengthened; on the other hand, the tendency to limit the activities of museums to the role of “political education centers” was constantly making its way and by the end of the 1920s was intensifying. Thus, a heated debate on this issue developed in the commission for the reorganization of the State Historical Museum and in the process of developing the “Regulations” on the State Historical Museum, during the preparation of the decree on the nationalization of the Tretyakov Gallery, etc.
However, already in 1918, the museums of the republic were transferred to the jurisdiction of the scientific department of the People's Commissariat of Education, and since 1922, the “Main Directorate of Scientific, Scientific-Artistic, Museum and Nature Conservation Institutions” - Glavnauka - was created in the Narkompros system. During this period, the importance of transforming museums from repositories of scientific materials into research centers and intensifying scientific research in museums was emphasized.
The struggle between supporters of the two above-mentioned views on the museum became particularly acute towards the end of the 1920s. Discussions continued at the First All-Russian Museum Congress and subsequent conferences and meetings of museum workers, on the pages of the magazine "Soviet Museum". On the one hand, scientific research intensified in the museum practice of some museums by the end of the 1930s, and the standard regulations of 1936 defined museums of the local region as “research and political-educational institutions.” On the other hand, at the same time, in relation to the bulk of museums, the tendency to limit their role as scientific institutions and to curtail research work prevailed.
Attention to scientific research museums intensified in the post-war period. Since the late 1950s. Attempts are being made to seriously generalize and analyze the experience of research activities of museums on a global scale. At the 1968 ICOM General Conference in Germany, the main topic “Museums and Research” was discussed. Many museums in the West at this time were viewed as primarily scientific institutions, with leading professors working in them.
Scientific research is a special form of activity associated with the development and dissemination of knowledge that society did not previously possess.
Museums as research centers are engaged in acquiring, recording, studying their collections, developing rubricators for museum catalogues, methods necessary to ensure conditions for their preservation, scientific design of expositions and exhibitions, etc. All these areas are presented in dissertation research defended in the last decade (E. A. Shulepova, O.N. Truevtseva, T.P. Kalugina, M.E. Medvedeva, N.I.
Research work in museums is developing in two directions:
First direction - studying the museum collection and monuments(including immovable monuments, environment, intangible heritage objects). The study of these objects is the main focus of museum research. This area of research work is related to those sciences whose source material is presented in the museum: history, ethnography, archeology, biology, art history, etc. In the process of research activities, new sources are discovered, ways of using them and introducing them into scientific circulation are determined, scientific problems are expanded and deepened. As in other scientific institutions, research work in the museum is determined by directions characteristic of the current state of the relevant branches of science.
Museum research in scientific disciplines, as a rule, is focused on the possibility of their further use in museum work.
The most obvious connection with science is the museums of research institutes and universities, such as the museums of Moscow State University, the Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Tomsk, Novosibirsk and other state universities. Such major museums as the Polytechnic Museum, the Historical Museum, the Hermitage, the Tretyakov Gallery, etc. have always been major centers of research in their fields scientific knowledge. A number of literary and memorial museums were created in the system of the Academy of Sciences, to which the function of centers in the relevant sections of literary studies was delegated (museums of A.S. Pushkin, L.N. Tolstoy, A.M. Gorky). A number of museums have official status as research institutions. These include such large research museums as State Museum Fine Arts named after. A.S. Pushkin, State Historical Museum, Polytechnic Museum, State Museum-Reserve "Moscow Kremlin" (Moscow), State Hermitage Museum, State Russian Museum (St. Petersburg). IN last years Museums in the Russian provinces, for example, the Khabarovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore, began to receive the status of research institutes. Obtaining such status is determined by the effectiveness of research work, regular publications of scientific works, and the high scientific potential of museum specialists. It can be stated that in museums, as was the case in pre-revolutionary years, scientists with scientific degrees and titles work. Many museums have developed and to this day remain the main research centers for their territory (for example, the Kargopol Museum-Reserve of the Arkhangelsk Region). Some memorial museums are the only or leading institutions that conduct full research into the life and work of an outstanding personality or event; these include the L.N. Museum-Reserve. Tolstoy "Yasnaya Polyana", Memorial Museum of A.N. Scriabin. But even in small museums there are enough opportunities to carry out important and creative research work in various fields of knowledge.
The research work of museums is reflected in scientific conferences, symposiums, readings, etc. The publication of materials from these forums records the scientific work of museums. Many museums actively interact with both regional and federal Russian scientific centers in specific areas of their scientific research. Among such museums are Kaluga, Penza, Saratov and other regional museums of local history.
Second direction - museological research- is common to all museums that perform certain social functions, and develops directly on the basis of museology and related disciplines (sociology, pedagogy, psychology). The group of museological studies includes:
Development of museum concepts and individual directions museum activities;
Scientific design of expositions and exhibitions;
Sociological study of museum audiences;
Development of forms and methods of cultural and educational activities;
Development of problems of ensuring physical security
museum collections;
Study of the history of the development of museums, museums of different types and groups, territories, individual museums;
General theoretical museological research.
In carrying out museological research, museums actively cooperate with museological and monument studies centers, such as the Russian Institute of Cultural Studies, the Institute of Cultural and Natural Heritage named after. D.S. Likhacheva, Laboratory of Museology of the State Central Museum of Contemporary History of Russia, Methodological Center of the State Historical Museum (Moscow), Scientific and Practical Center for Problems of Museum Pedagogy of the State Russian Museum (St. Petersburg), Department of Museum Affairs of the Academy of Retraining of Workers of Art, Culture and Tourism (Moscow ).
Of great importance for the successful implementation of research work in the second direction is the museological education of the scientific team, the employees’ knowledge of the latest achievements of museology, psychology, sociology, pedagogy (see Chapter 10 “Training of museum personnel). The growing interest of museum specialists in museological research is indicated by the recent emergence of dissertations defended in the specialty "museum studies...", the authors of which are practicing museum workers (T.P. Kalugina, N.A. Mazny, etc.)
Within the framework of one museum, the research work of the first and second directions is in interaction. On the one hand, everything new that happens in specialized sciences, the source material of which is stored in the museum, is taken into account. On the other hand, a museum is a single organism, therefore all achievements and discoveries in the research work of the first direction are refracted in museological research. For example, the study of ethnographic collections of a local history museum can be the basis for the concept of an ethnographic exposition, an exhibition, the development of a script for a folklore festival, the theme of a circle, an interactive children's excursion, etc. When developing a long-term plan for exhibitions, an in-depth study of funds, museum catalogs, and the development of programs for acquiring stock will be required. materials, including a system for identifying and collecting materials in government institutions(archives, other museums) and from private individuals, which, in turn, involves research in the field of specialized science.
Thus, the specifics of museum institutions lead to an organic combination of the first and second directions of research activity within one museum. A thoughtful combination of these two directions ensures the dynamics of the development of the museum, open to the perception of new ideas, trends, and promising changes.
Museums of different groups are characterized by certain types of research work. Understanding this specificity helps to clearly plan scientific research, taking into account the coordination of not only the internal structures of the museum, but also joint activities with external organizations with which the museum constantly interacts: research, educational, cultural, industrial, etc.
It is necessary to take into account that in our country there is a significant number of local history museums, the collections of which contain materials from various scientific disciplines - history, ethnography, art history, zoology, geology, botany, etc. In addition, the current trend of expanding the range of museums has already been noted above that do not fit into the rigid classification scheme of profiles associated with the classification of sciences (see Chapter 3). The concept of “core issues” is becoming more and more arbitrary.
Scientific research is divided into the following groups.
Fundamental (basic) research are aimed at studying and understanding the laws of development of nature and society without focusing on practical tasks.
Applied Research- these are studies of individual problems, carried out within the framework of already known theories and always setting specific practical goals.
Under scientific developments refers to the use of fundamental and applied research in order to introduce new materials, devices, systems, technologies, etc.
In accordance with the functional characteristics of museums, the following areas of museum activity are distinguished, each of which contains research components:
acquisition;
scientific foundation work;
exhibition work;
cultural and educational activities.
Each of these areas is discussed in detail in the corresponding chapters of this book. Let us give a brief description of the research component of each of them.
Acquisition
The research aspect of acquisition is the foundation for the formation of a museum collection, and the scientific approach to acquisition ensures the future development of the entire museum organism.
In this most important area of museum activity, through which the documentation function is realized, there are the following areas of research work:
1. Development of a scientific concept for acquisition. This document contains a systematic view of this museum about the goals, objectives, directions, principles, forms and methods of acquisition.
2. Development of criteria for selecting materials for the collection in order to document the process of historical, natural, cultural development in accordance with the purpose and objectives of a particular museum.
Scientific fund work
1 . Research work with museum funds is focused primarily on the study of museum objects and collections and the disclosure of their scientific, historical, and artistic significance.
The process of studying museum collections can be presented in stages:
Attribution (definition) of a museum object;
Classification;
Systematization.
For each museum item, an inventory card is compiled containing basic information obtained as a result of its study; the collection of cards makes up an inventory card index, which is the basis for compiling catalogs and reviews of collections.
The study of museum objects and their collections involves the development of classification schemes for both the objects themselves and the information contained in them. These schemes are the basis for compiling scientific reference catalogs (systematic, thematic). Drawing up a rubricator scheme is a labor-intensive scientific work that requires high professional training, knowledge and experience.
2. The direction of research work with funds is also the development of scientific foundations for the preservation of museum objects. In order for the treasures stored in museums to serve our descendants, careful monitoring of the condition of the collections, timely restoration work, daily monitoring of climatic conditions, etc. are necessary. The development of scientific methods, which are the basis of this diverse activity, is an important condition for the museum to fulfill its function of preserving heritage. A number of museums are simultaneously major research centers in the field of storage, restoration, and conservation of museum objects (State Hermitage, State Russian Museum (St. Petersburg), State Historical Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow)).
3. The research direction also includes the preparation of scientific concepts for collection work, which gives a systematic idea of the museum’s activities in the field of accounting, storage, scientific processing, conservation and restoration of museum collections. The concept defines the structure and composition of the museum collection, the features of its condition, which helps to resolve questions about the possibility of using museum objects in displays and exhibitions.
The concept of stock work is included as an integral part in the overall concept of museum development, is used when developing concepts for other areas of museum work, and is taken into account when creating cultural and educational programs and projects.
Exhibition and exhibition work
The main direction of research work in this area is the creation of scientific documentation of an exposition or exhibition (scientific design), which includes:
Scientific concept;
Thematic structure;
Thematic and exhibition plans;
Scenario
The most labor-intensive and responsible part of scientific design is the development of a scientific concept of an exposition, which gives a holistic, reasoned understanding of the tasks in creating an exposition or exhibition.
A significant place in the scientific work on the exhibition is occupied by the creation of a system of texts.
Cultural and educational activities.
The main directions of research in the field of cultural and educational activities are:
Development of an educational concept for the museum;
A broad-based study of the museum audience (this area of sociological research in the museum is of great importance for other areas of the museum’s work, for example, for exposition, exhibition);
Development of long-term and short-term cultural, educational programs and projects for specific museum audiences;
Creation and testing of different methods of working with different categories of museum audiences;
Preparation of methodological documentation for various forms of cultural and educational activities.
Thus, in cultural and educational work there are a number of aspects of the research direction that create the basis for the development of this dynamic sphere of museum activity. Taking into account the peculiarities of the modern development of the museum, when there is an increase in close interaction between the museum and society, the problems of studying the museum visitor - his requests, interests, wishes - become especially relevant (see Chapter 8 "Museum Sociology").
Development of a scientific conceptmuseum.
One of the most important areas of the museum’s research activities is the development of a museum concept, which includes all functional concepts for individual areas of activity. The concept of a museum is, first of all, a justification for the system of goals and objectives, and the prospects for the development of the museum.
The development of the scientific concept of the museum is carried out by a scientific team under the leadership of the director and with the involvement of the scientific forces of the region, as well as specialists from the country’s scientific centers. The document is discussed by the Academic Council of the museum and approved by the governing body under whose jurisdiction the museum is located.
The concept is developed, as a rule, in three stages, and for a complex (multidisciplinary) museum it includes:
I stage- preparation of an analytical report:
Analysis of historical and natural features region, its socio-economic, cultural development;
Analysis of the state of museum affairs in the region, assessment of the completeness of the reflection of the history and current state of the region in existing museum collections and exhibitions;
Socio-demographic characteristics of the population;
State of knowledge of the topic;
Compilation of bibliographic files.
IIstage- development of the “ideological concept” of the museum - includes a scientific substantiation of the system of interrelated areas of the museum’s activities, taking into account the historical, geographical, national, cultural and other characteristics of the region in which the museum is located. This is a creative process, a kind of fusion of science and art. At this stage, the prospects for the development of the museum are determined.
IIIstage- drawing up a master plan for the development of the museum, providing for specific practical measures to implement the “ideological plan” in all areas of the museum’s activities. The development of a scientific concept involves the preparation of documentation.
Thus, the scientific concept of the museum includes extensive systematic information, theoretical development and a plan of practical action.
The development of a scientific concept plays a vital role in the life of a museum, determining its future, as well as its significance in the system of other scientific, cultural, and educational institutions.
Organization of research work in the museum
Experience shows that it is advisable for each museum to develop a research program that includes a range of topics, and to have a system of long-term and short-term planning of research work. It is important to follow a research plan, which makes it possible to see the prospects for the development of the museum in its interaction with internal structures and external organizations, discipline the team, competently build the entire system of research problems, identify those responsible and the authors of developments, taking into account individual preferences and knowledge. At the same time, it is necessary to keep in mind that all research issues should “work” for the development of the museum.
When planning, it is necessary to take into account the actual deadlines for completing work related to the number and qualifications of specialists, work experience, and the developed system of interaction with other research organizations in the industry, region and center, including museums. The timing of the work largely depends on the complexity of the task being performed, staffing, and the financial capabilities of the museum.
Planning is associated with the coordination of the research work of the museum - with the internal structures of its museum, territorial, central and external organizations, which also develop plans for research work on certain topics and problems.
How to develop guidelines for different types of research work in a museum in order to plan it constructively, determine the prospects for the development of the museum, as well as the professional growth of museum staff, taking into account their professional inclinations and abilities? The experience of other research organizations - academic institutes, archives, and some museums - comes to the rescue. The institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences and other research centers have developed time standards for writing scientific work, which make it possible to develop long-term and short-term plans for research work.
It is characteristic that attempts to calculate the volume of research work in museums have been made even at the international level. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) produced a document called “A Proposed Method for Studying Research and Development”, which contained a number of provisions relevant to museums.
The approximate digital indicators that we present below are based on the development of standards of the State Historical Museum and a number of other museums and research organizations. They are not an instructional document. However, they help each museum create its own regulatory system of museum research work, take a realistic look at the prospects for the scientific activities of its museum, and contribute to the optimal realization of its scientific potential. Taking them as a basis, the museum can draw up its own time standards, taking into account the qualifications of specialists, the complexity of the topics, the peculiarities of the museum’s structure, its specifics, and staff.
To facilitate calculations, the work should be presented in printed form. 1 author's sheet (40,000 characters = 24 pages of text printed on a typewriter with 2 intervals) is taken as the original norm. Nowadays, with a large proportion of museum staff working on computers, counting can be much more accurate, while at the same time making the process as simple as possible.
Next, you can conditionally accept a certain number of hours as necessary to write 1 al. scientific work, taking into account the specifics of museums, where, as a rule, there are no doctors and candidates of science: for a senior researcher without a degree - 400 hours, for a junior researcher without a degree - 450 hours.
These figures can be changed depending on the individual characteristics of the specialist, his qualifications, and work experience. The initial (basic) unit can be taken as the complexity of the author's work on writing 1 a.l. text of a monograph or scientific article. Due to the fact that certain types of museum work differ in the complexity of problem formulation, the degree of scientific processing of the sources used, etc., labor intensity coefficients can be introduced: 1.5; 1; 0.75; 0.5.
The following table shows the types of museum work and their labor intensity ratio.
|
Types of museum activities |
Labor coefficient |
|
|
Scientific article, monograph, report at a scientific conference (with presentation of the text), introductory article to the catalogue, review, thematic structure of the new exhibition, explanatory texts for the exhibition, exhibition script. | ||
|
Communications, reports at conferences, scientific readings (with the provision of abstracts), preparation of lecture text if available teaching materials, bibliographic reviews, thematic and exposition plans for a new exposition (reexposition) in the presence of previous stages (scientific concept and thematic structure). | ||
|
Development of a scientific concept (museum, individual areas of museum activity), preparation of analytical reports for higher organizations, catalogue, reviews of collections, author's etiquette. | ||
|
Scientific report, including archaeological, ethnographic, historical and everyday life expeditions. Methodological documentation on forms of cultural and educational activities: methodological development excursions, regulations about the club, circle; |
As an example, consider how you can calculate the time spent by a researcher writing a review. A review has a labor intensity coefficient of 1. This means that to write 1 a.l. A junior researcher must spend 450 hours reviewing. But the length of the review is 3 pages, or 5400 computer characters. Let's make an equation:
24 pages - 450 hours.
3 pages - X hour.
X = 3x450/ 24 = 56 hours.
Thus, on average, a junior researcher will need 56 hours, or 7 working days, to write a review.
Let's take another example. A team of authors of 3 people - senior researchers - is involved in creating the concept of the exhibition. If the amount of work done is not clearly identified for each, you can calculate it on average, keeping in mind that the labor cost coefficient is 1.5.
1 a.l. scientific concept is:
400x1.5 = 600h.
Let's say the concept has a volume of 48 pages, that is, 2 a.l. Let's make an equation:
1 a.l. - 600 hours
2 a.l. - X hour.
X= 600x2 = 1200 hours.
Since 3 people took part in the work, for each person there is:
1200: 3 = 400 hour, that is, 50 working days.
It is necessary to emphasize once again that the given standards are quite conditional and should not be a dogma; many works in the museum, including research, are taken into account on the basis of actual time spent. For example, in the first of the considered examples, a review can be written in 2-3 days, but it may take significantly more than seven days to write it if the material is voluminous, important, and the problem requires additional study of the sources. Each museum, based on real capabilities, specifics, qualifications of specialists and other factors, can develop its own standards, having them approved by the Scientific or Methodological Council of the museum.
Progress reports are periodically heard at meetings of scientific departments. At the final stage, upon completion of the work, its discussion is organized at the Museum Council (Academic Council, Methodological Council). In some cases, feedback from an external organization dealing with the issue is desirable. There may be interim reports on work done but not yet completed for a certain period of time, which, as a rule, are heard at work meetings or (in large museums) at problem-solving and scientific-methodological councils. The final report is heard at the Academic Council (if there is none, it is recommended to submit the work for review to another organization or to a specialist dealing with the relevant issues).
Results of research work, recorded in the form of written documentary materials, photographs, films, videos, graphic documents, sound recordings, etc. concentrated in scientific archive museum. The correct organization of a scientific archive in conditions where museum researchers are not always able to publish their works plays a particularly significant role in preserving the results of the research activities of the museum team, recording the authorship of scientific developments, providing the opportunity for other researchers to use the results of predecessors’ activities and refer to them.
To introduce the results of scientific research work into scientific circulation, a number of specifically museum forms have emerged. The research results are widely used in all areas of museum activity and are published in the form catalogs of collections, expositions and exhibitions, guides on exhibitions and funds. The most important form of publication of research results of a museum collection is an exhibition, permanent or temporary. In the last decades of the last century, a tradition developed and gradually spread in museums to necessarily indicate in the annotation the names of the authors of the scientific project of the exhibition. More than fifteen years ago, some foreign researchers made a proposal to award an academic degree for the development and creation of an original exhibition, but even today this issue has not been resolved. Although the results of scientific research are presented in the established museum collection, expositions and exhibitions, cultural and educational programs and projects, only the fact of their publication means official recognition of their introduction into scientific circulation.
There is a wide range of museum publications: collections of scientific articles and materials, catalogs and reviews of museum collections, abstracts and materials of scientific conferences and seminars, guidebooks and, of course, monographs (see Chapter 10, “Museum studies publications”).
In many museums, in order to best organize scientific work and use its results in all areas of museum activity, they are developing Regulations on scientific research work. This document is created in each specific museum for internal use; its structure includes the following sections:
Introduction, defining the goals and objectives of all the multifaceted research activities of the museum;
Organization of research work; This section discusses issues of leadership and management of research work in this museum. If the staff has the position of deputy director for scientific work, then almost the entire organization and management of this area is entrusted to him. If there is no such position (the museum is small), as a rule, the director “controls” this direction;
The content of the “Regulations” includes consideration of priority areas for the development of the museum’s research work, with an emphasis on coordination, the relationship of different museum structures, and the development of areas in accordance with the museum’s goals. As a rule, priority areas are long-term in nature and involve specific types of work for a certain period of time, a list of which can be presented separately in the form of an Appendix;
Conclusion. The main conclusions are drawn, new perspectives are outlined, confirming that the museum is a living, developing organism.
In large museums, all structural units (except for economic, technical, organizational and some other services) draw up plans for scientific work - long-term, long-term and annual under the guidance of heads of departments (sectors). Based on them, the Deputy Director draws up a consolidated research plan (annual and long-term), which is approved by the Academic Council. The scientific secretary provides significant assistance in this work in large museums.
Of great importance in the development of research work of museums are Scientific councils, which includes experts in all areas of scientific knowledge represented in the museum, both from the museum itself and from other research organizations. If there is no Academic Council in the museum, expanded scientific and methodological councils are convened to discuss the most important problems, to which outside experts are invited. The program and mode of operation of the Council and its composition are being developed. It is possible to develop a special regulation on the Academic Council and include it in the Regulations on Research Work.
Due to the specifics of museum work, museums have developed a certain practice of organizing scientific teams. Scientific divisions - departments or sectors - are created only in large museums with a large volume of research work and their well-developed differentiation. In medium-sized and small museums, as a rule, scientific research, which is predominantly of an applied nature, is carried out by scientists from the collection, exhibition and (to a lesser extent) cultural and educational (scientific and educational) departments. The smaller the museum, the more diverse functions each employee has to combine. In remote regions, this problem is compounded by the often existing difficulty of obtaining special education and advanced training.
Not all museums' management supports the staff's desire for scientific research. Today this is aggravated by economic difficulties, forcing many museums to direct all the efforts of their staff to solving problems of “survival” to the detriment of scientific work. The cessation or suspension of research activities leads to the loss of appropriate qualifications by the scientific team, the loss of established scientific traditions, which makes it difficult to resume these activities in the future.
So, the successful functioning of museums largely depends on a well-thought-out program of all research work, taking into account many factors related to both the general problems of modern development and the characteristics of a particular museum. The developed planning system, based on real standards, drawn up with a focus on a specific museum and taking into account the entire range of areas of its activity, will be the basis for the progressive development of the museum, organically integrated into the realities of modern life in society.
Literature:
1. Study of museum collections. / Comp. and scientific ed. MIND. Polyakova. M., 1974. (Collected scientific works / Research Institute of Culture).
2. Study and scientific description of monuments of material culture. / Comp. and scientific ed. A.M. Acceleration and N.P. Finyagina. M., 1972.
3. Kondratov A.V. and Gerasimov V.P. Research work of the nature departments of local history museums. M., 1966.
4. Museum work in the USSR. Museums are scientific institutions. M., 1974.
5. Museum work in the USSR. Scientific foundations of the work of historical museums. M., 1980. (Collected scientific works /TsMR).
6. Research work of museums of the RSFSR: issues of content, planning and coordination. Method, recommendations. / Research Institute of Culture. M., 1985.
7. Tverskaya D.I. Museum as a research institution. // Museum business. Museum - culture - society. M., 1992. (Collected scientific works / Museum of the Revolution).
Project dossier
In accordance with Federal law dated May 26, 1996 N54-FZ “On the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation and museums in the Russian Federation” (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1996, N22, Art. 2591; 2003, N2, Art. 167; 2004, N35, Art. 3607 ; 2008, N30, art. 3616; 2010, N19, art. 2291; 2011, N 9, art. 1206; 2016, N27 (part II), art. 4290) I order:
1. Approve the attached Regulations on organizing citizens’ access to museum objects and museum collections located in museums.
2. Send this order for state registration to the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation.
3. Control over the implementation of this order is entrusted to the First Deputy Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation V.V. Aristarkhov.
| Minister | V.R.Medinsky |
Position
on organizing citizens' access to museum objects and museum collections located in museums
1. These Regulations, in accordance with the Federal Law “On the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation and Museums in the Russian Federation,” determine the procedure for organizing citizens’ access to museum objects and museum collections located in museums.
2. Regulations on the procedure and conditions for access to museum objects and museum collections are approved by the head of the museum, taking into account the requirements established by paragraphs 3-11 of these Regulations, and are brought to the attention of citizens by these organizations by posting information on the official websites of organizations in the information and communication network " Internet".
3. Citizens’ access to museum objects and museum collections, including those located in museum repositories and information about them, is realized through:
1) educational and educational events;
2) presentation to society of museum objects and museum collections through public display, reproduction in printed publications, on electronic and other types of media, posting information about museum objects and museum collections on the Internet information and telecommunications network;
3) publication and dissemination of information containing information about the activities of the organization in the field of storage, study and public presentation of cultural property, taking into account information constituting a state secret or relating to other restricted access information protected in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
4) publication of the results of scientific research work, taking into account information constituting a state secret or relating to other restricted access information protected in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
4. Access to museum objects and museum collections included in the Museum Fund and located in the exhibition premises is organized at hours most convenient for visitors, including in the evening, on weekends and holidays.
5. The organization of visitor access to the exhibition premises, the placement of museum objects and museum collections included in the Museum Fund is carried out in compliance with the requirements for lighting and humidity of premises established by the Uniform Rules, taking into account the thematic content of the exhibition, the number of visitors who can be in the room at the same time indoors.
6. To organize and ensure citizens’ access to museum objects and museum collections, the museum posts the following information on the museum’s official website on the Internet:
1) full and abbreviated name of the organization;
2) the address of the location of the organization and its structural divisions that exhibit museum objects and museum collections included in the Museum Fund;
3) telephone number of the organization’s help desk;
4) address Email organizations;
5) information about the organization’s work schedule;
6) regulations on the procedure and conditions for access to museum objects and museum collections;
7) a list of services provided by the organization, the procedure for their provision, the cost of services, the availability of benefits;
8) calendar plans for events, including events with persons under eighteen years of age and people with disabilities;
9) the procedure for familiarizing disabled people with museum objects and museum collections;
10) the results of scientific research work related to the storage, study and public presentation of cultural property, taking into account information constituting a state secret or relating to other restricted access information protected in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
7. Access of a person performing research work on the storage, study and public presentation of cultural property to the museum to work with museum objects and museum collections, in the archive and library of the museum is carried out on the basis of an application from the head legal entity, in which a person performs research work.
8. The application specified in paragraph 7 of these Regulations is submitted to the head of the museum.
The statement states:
1) last name, first name, patronymic (if available), academic degree (if available), scientific title (if available), citizenship (nationality) of the person performing research work;
2) the topic and timing of the research work;
3) scientific tasks that are set for the researcher;
4) what museum objects and museum collections, archival documents are expected to be familiarized with by the person performing the research work;
6) the need to reproduce museum objects and museum collections based on the results of research work (on paper, in electronic form);
7) the date by which a report on the results of research work will be submitted to the museum;
8) the conditions under which the museum can use the results of research work.
9. The head of the museum, within ten working days, makes a decision on the possibility of access for a person performing research work to museum objects and museum collections.
The grounds for refusal to satisfy the application specified in paragraph 7 of these Regulations are:
1) the absence in the application of the information provided for in paragraph 66 of these Regulations;
2) unsatisfactory state of preservation of museum objects and museum collections, confirmed by the minutes of the meeting of the restoration council;
3) restoration work is being carried out in relation to museum objects and museum collections on the date of filing the application;
4) the location of a museum object for restoration outside the museum, indicating the details of the contract for restoration work in relation to museum objects and museum collections;
5) finding museum objects and museum collections on temporary (permanent) exhibition in other organizations;
6) information about a museum object and a museum collection constitutes a state secret or belongs to other restricted access information protected in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
If a decision is made to refuse to satisfy the application specified in paragraph 7 of these Regulations, the head of the museum, within ten working days, notifies the organization to which the application was sent in writing, indicating the reasons for the refusal to satisfy the application.
If a museum object and museum collection are on temporary (permanent) exhibition in other organizations, the museum’s notification indicates the planned timing of the return of museum objects and museum collections to the museum.
In the event of an unsatisfactory state of preservation of museum objects and museum collections, the notification indicates the details of the minutes of the meeting of the restoration council and informs when the restoration of the museum object and museum collection will be carried out. If the restoration of a museum object and museum collection is not planned within three years from the date of the decision by the head of the museum to refuse to satisfy the application, then the admission of the person carrying out scientific research work to museum objects and museum collections is carried out by the museum in agreement with federal executive body in the field of culture.
10. Admission of a person performing research work to museum objects and museum collections is issued by order of the head of the museum, which indicates:
1) the procedure for organizing the work of a person performing research work with museum objects and museum collections;
2) last name, first name and patronymic (if any) of the museum employee who is responsible for interaction with the person performing research work;
3) the conditions for mentioning the museum and the conditions for reproducing museum objects and museum collections, information about which was used in the course of research work;
4) period of research work;
11. Access to museum objects and museum collections, information about which constitutes a state or other secret protected by law, is carried out in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on state secrets or other restricted access information protected in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Reference to the order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation
dated ___ _______ 2016 N ___ "On approval of the Regulations on organizing citizens' access to museum objects and museum collections located in museums"
1. Order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation dated ___ _______ 2016 N ___ “On approval of the Regulations on organizing citizens’ access to museum objects and museum collections located in museums” (hereinafter referred to as the Order) was issued in order to implement part 7 of article 35 of the Federal Law dated May 26, 1996 N54-FZ "On the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation and museums in the Russian Federation."
Item legal regulation Order - relations related to the organization of citizens' access to museum objects and museum collections located in museums.
The preparation and publication of the Order are aimed at increasing citizens' access to museum objects and museum collections, including those located in museum depositories.
The order approves a provision providing for citizens' access to museum objects and museum collections, including those located in museum repositories and information about them.
The order does not require the invalidation, suspension, amendment or adoption of other departmental regulatory legal acts.
2. In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 25, 2012 N 851 “On the procedure for disclosure by federal executive authorities of information on the preparation of draft regulatory legal acts and the results of their public discussion” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2012, N36, Art. 4902; N52 Art. 7507; 2014 N32, Art. 4502; 2015, N6, Art. 965, N31, Art. 4692) The order was posted on the official website regulation.gov.ru from ___ to ___ for public discussion and independent anti-corruption examination.
The Ministry of Culture of Russia did not receive comments and suggestions within the specified time frame.
In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 26, 2010 N 96 “On approval of the Rules for conducting anti-corruption examination of regulatory legal acts and draft regulatory legal acts” (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2010, N10, Art. 1084; 2012, N52, Art. 7507 ; 2013, N13, Art. 1575, N48, Art. 6278; 2015, N6, Art. 965, N30, Art. 4604) The order for the purpose of conducting an independent anti-corruption examination was posted on the official website regulation.gov.ru from ___ to ___ .
Expert comments were not received by the Russian Ministry of Culture within the specified time frame.
3. When preparing the Order of the Ministry of Culture of Russia, the following legislative acts were used:
Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1994, N32, Art. 3301);
Federal Law of May 26, 1996 N54-FZ “On the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation and Museums in the Russian Federation” (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1996, N22, Art. 2591; 2003, N2, Art. 167; 2007, N27, Art. .3213; 2010, N19, art. 2291; 2011, N9, art. 1206; 2014, N49 (part VI), art. 6928).
4. Responsible for state registration with the Ministry of Justice of Russia - head of the department of the Museum Fund of the Department cultural heritage Chechel Natalya Vasilievna tel. 8 495 6291010 (ext. 1498).
| Director of Regulatory Affairs department |
N.V.Romashova |
Document overview
A draft regulation has been developed on organizing citizens' access to museum objects and collections located in museums.
Thus, citizens’ access to such objects and collections and information about them will occur, in particular, through educational and educational activities; presenting museum objects and collections to the public through public display, reproduction in printed publications, on electronic and other types of media, and posting information about them on the Internet.
Access to museum objects and collections located in the exhibition premises will be organized at hours most convenient for visitors (in the evening, on weekends and holidays).
To ensure citizens' access to museum objects and collections, the museum will post relevant information on the official website (name of the organization, address of its location, telephone number of its help desk).
The admission of a person performing research work to museum objects and collections will be issued by order of the head of the museum.
REGULATIONS ABOUT THE MUSEUM OF COSSACKS, ETHNOGRAPHY AND CULTURE OF THE AZOV REGION SSC RAS
1. General Provisions
1.1. The museum is a research, cultural and educational structural unit of the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences - the founder of the museum, designed to conduct research work on a comprehensive study of the settlements of the Don Delta and the development of academic science in the South of Russia; collect, store, study and exhibit monuments of material and spiritual culture; popularize the scientific achievements of the center and its subordinate structures among the population and employees of the organization; help improve professional qualifications scientific personnel in terms of developing problem-solving skills, improving the image of a professional scientist.
1.2. The founder of the Museum is the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
1.3. The official name of the Museum: Museum of Cossacks, Ethnography and Culture of the Azov Region.
1.4. Museum location: 346770, Rostov region, Azov district, village. Kagalnik, st. Beregovaya, 58 a.
1.5. The management of the Museum is carried out by the head, appointed and dismissed by order of the Chairman of the SSC RAS - the founding organization.
1.6. The Museum in its activities is guided by Federal laws, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, acts of the President and Government of the Russian Federation, regulatory legal acts RAS, the Charter of the SSC RAS - founder, orders of the chairman of the SSC RAS, these Regulations on the museum, regarding the accounting and storage of funds - the Federal Law on the Museum Fund of the Russian Federation and museums of the Russian Federation, the Instructions for the accounting and storage of museum funds and other documents defining the activities museums in the Russian Federation.
1.7. Museum like structural subdivision SSC RAS is financed from the funds of the founder of the Federal State budgetary institution science of the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The remuneration of full-time employees is established by the staffing schedule. The material and technical support of the museum is provided for in the annual cost estimate, which is drawn up by the head of the museum in agreement with the head of the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the founding organization.
1.8. To provide material support for its activities, the Museum uses the property assigned to it: premises, furniture, equipment, inventory.
1.9. The museum conducts office work in accordance with the nomenclature of cases approved by the office of the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the founding organization.
1.10. The regulations on the Museum and its structure, as well as changes and additions made to them, are approved by the chairman of the founding organization.
1.11. Reorganization (transformation, separation, affiliation, division) or liquidation of the Museum is carried out by decision of the founding organization and on the basis of the relevant order.
2. Goals and objectives of the Museum
2.1. The main goal of the Museum’s activities is the most complete representation and disclosure, with the help of museum collections, of the history of the development of academic science in the South of Russia in the post-Soviet period, the historically established ethnographic originality of the culture of the population of the Don Delta in the natural-economic and socio-historical context.
2.2. The main objectives of the Museum are:
- documenting the activities of the SSC RAS in the region by identifying, collecting, studying and storing museum objects; documenting the professional achievements of employees of the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences and scientific departments subordinate to the center; organization of cultural, educational, methodological, informational and other activities related to the Museum, permitted by law;
- organization of long-term stationary observations of the forms of existence and processes of transformation of the traditional culture of fishermen of the Don Delta;
- collecting a collection of ethnographic and historical artifacts that characterize the uniqueness of the everyday and festive life of the population of the Don Delta;
- collection of literary and archival material, samples of fishing vehicles, fishing gear, navigational instruments and other types of exhibits, personal property of the indigenous inhabitants of the study area to replenish the Museum’s funds;
- setting up experiments in line with testing and developing methods of oral historical and ethnolinguistic research;
- processing, systematization of stored and incoming exhibits and materials, maintaining their records;
- creation and updating of permanent and temporary exhibitions, organization and holding of exhibitions, excursions, lectures on the Museum’s profile;
- preparing responses to requests on the ethnoculture of the Don Delta and the history of academic science in the South of Russia within the framework of the information and data from historical and literary sources available in the Museum;
- publication of books, brochures and other information media on the subject of the collection and the profile of the Museum.
3. Accounting and ensuring the safety of the Museum’s funds
3.1. The museum fund consists of the following collections:
a) collections of artifacts on the topics “Traditional water and fishing vehicles Don Delta", "Fishing Tools", "Fish Processing Tools", "Kitchen and Table Utensils", "Trade Equipment", "Cutting and Sewing: Tools, Samples", "House Construction Traditions: Tools, Construction Materials, samples of construction techniques", "Interior items", "Cossacks of the Lower Don", "Witnesses of the era of upheavals: weapons and household items of the Civil and Patriotic Wars"; "Traditional spiritual culture: objects of Christian worship, inventory of folk rituals"; " Soviet culture villages: 1930-1980s";
b) collections of original documents and photographic materials;
c) a digital database, including audio, photo and video materials of current field research, digitized copies of documents and photographic materials stored by the population and a thematic selection of published sources and research.
3.2. The museum fund belongs to the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
3.3. The accounting of museum objects in the Museum’s collection is carried out separately for the main and scientific-auxiliary funds:
- accounting of museum items from the main fund is carried out in the inventory book of the Museum;
- accounting of scientific and auxiliary materials is carried out in the book of accounting of scientific and auxiliary funds.
3.4. The head of the Museum is responsible for the safety of the Museum's funds.
4. Structure of the Museum
4.1. The museum consists of the following divisions: research, office, exhibition, fund and archive.
4.2. Structure and staffing table The museum is approved by the head of the founding organization.
4.3. The Museum's full-time employee is the manager, who also serves as the chief custodian of the collections.
4.4. The head of the Museum is appointed by order of the Chairman of the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
4.5. The functions of specialists in exhibition work, desk processing of collections and archives, and guides are performed by employees of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science of the Institute of Socio-Economic and Humanitarian Research of the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISEGI SSC RAS) and the Coastal Scientific Expedition Base "Kagalnik" SSC RAS on conditions for combining responsibilities.
5. Rights of the Museum
5.1. The museum has the right to maintain working contacts with museums in its region, Russia, foreign countries and press organs, participate in scientific and practical conferences, seminars, round tables on the profile of the Museum.
5.2. The museum is eligible for additional funding through donations.
5.3. To ensure its office work, the Museum takes advantage of the opportunities provided by the office of the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
6. Responsibilities of the Museum
6.1. The head of the Museum bears full responsibility for the quality and timeliness of fulfillment of the tasks assigned by these Regulations to the Museum, as well as for its property.
6.2. The degree of responsibility of Museum employees is established by job descriptions.
7. Museum opening hours
7.1. The Museum conducts excursions based on requests submitted in advance and agreed with the head of the Museum.
7.2. Entrance to the Museum is carried out on the basis of the Instructions for access and intra-facility regime, approved by the Chairman of the SSC RAS, and an application for an excursion.
CHAPTER 1. Relationship between the museum and society: historical aspect
1.1. The emergence of the museum: from individual motivation to public interests
1.2. The formation of the ideology of “public service”
1.3. Forming a community of museum professionals
1.4. Building public support for museums
1.5. National and international trends in the relationship between the museum and society in the 20th century.
CHAPTER 2. Semantic and structural aspects of interaction between the museum and society
2.1. The meanings of the museum as a reflection of public understanding of the essence and structure of the museum
2.2. The role of the museum in "public culture"
CHAPTER 3. Characteristics and prospects of relations between the museum and society.
3.1. Functions of the museum as the basis for interaction between the museum and society
3.2. Areas of interaction between museum and society
3.3. Improving ways of interaction between museums and society 174 CONCLUSION 192 REFERENCES 198 APPENDICES
Introduction of the dissertation (part of the abstract) on the topic “Interaction between the museum and society as a sociocultural problem”
Changes happening in all areas public life Russia since the mid-1980s. had a significant impact on the development of the country's culture. The processes of transformation of people's worldview and worldview in connection with the collapse of the socialist system and ideology, revaluation of values and the search for new guidelines have raised the problem of society's attitude to cultural heritage quite acutely.
The museum has not remained aloof from the changes taking place, although today it is increasingly difficult to apply an institutional approach to it and consider it in isolation from other areas of socio-cultural activity, from public opinion and support, which are a necessary condition for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, reproduction creative potential and development of cultural life. Global processes integration, urbanization and migration tear many people away from their “soil”, from family and “small homeland”, from immediate culture traditional society. Restoring people's connection with their past, their inheritance cultural traditions previous eras, the transfer of cultural experience to subsequent generations is unthinkable without active participation museums. The museum is one of the most important institutions in the sociocultural sphere, based on the principles of preserving and disseminating cultural values. Due to its nature, the museum shows some constancy in relation to the resources concentrated in it, carries a “protective” meaning, and can serve as a stabilizing factor in the life of society, fulfilling its original responsibilities of preserving and updating the achievements of the material and spiritual culture of society. However, it is precisely this quality of the museum that is ambivalent for him, and the ability to “stabilize” the values of society can be perceived as a “brake,” and the museum as unnecessary ballast in the form of a warehouse of obsolete things, on the way to “progress” and “development.” The dialectic of the existence of a museum in society, which has given rise to ambiguous relationships and some problems of interaction, reinforced by the dynamics of modern transformations, has aroused scientific interest in the problem under study.
The emergence of a new cultural model in our country has led to a disruption in the well-functioning system of interactions between the museum and society. The change in the dynamics of interest in museums is recorded in government statistics and is reflected in the transformation of the country’s museum network and in the lack of funding for museums. These processes occur simultaneously with the improvement of museum practice, the diversified search of museums both in the field of establishing effective contacts with the museum public and other groups of society. The current situation required an understanding of the problem of interaction between the museum and society, taking into account the changing modern socio-cultural environment.
The relevance of the problem of organizing a person’s relationship with his social and cultural heritage in order to ensure the effectiveness of mutual contacts determined the nature of the study, the hypothesis of which was based on the idea of the museum as a special system that was formed in accordance with the needs of the sociocultural environment, is a consequence and a necessary condition social development. Interactions between the museum and society are built in the context of a single sociocultural environment on the basis of the museum performing functions at various levels aimed at ensuring the continuity of the transmission of values.
The purpose of the study is to study the interactions between the museum and society in the sociocultural aspect. In accordance with the purpose of the study, the following tasks were set, the sequential resolution of which determined the structure of the work: h
Justification of the legitimacy of cultural and systemic approaches to the study of the research problem;
Disclosure of the historical aspect of relations between the museum and society;
Typological characteristics of the main groups of society in relation to the museum and the study of the museum team as a specific group of society;
Analysis of the specifics and structure of the museum as an object of public perception;
Studying the system of museum functions, which are the basis for the interaction between the museum and society;
Typological characteristics of the spheres of interaction between the museum and society; determination of progressive technologies and optimal ways of cultural communication in museum activities based on the developed model of interaction between the museum and society
The practice of domestic and foreign museums has shown the insufficiency of what was generally accepted until the mid-1980s. looking at the problem, first of all, as a problem of relations between the museum and visitors. Therefore, the object of research in the dissertation is the museum as a sociocultural phenomenon, a system connected at many levels with its environment, and a specific society as one of the hypostases of the sociocultural environment. The subject of research, in this case, turns out to be the processes and relationships that develop during the interaction of man and society with the museum.
To solve the assigned problems, various groups of sources were involved.
1. Unpublished sources stored in the current archives of the Committee for Culture of the Administration of St. Petersburg and museums that form the basis of the research. These sources are mainly statistical and record-keeping in nature.
2. Results of a survey conducted by a dissertation student among museum workers in 1997-1999.
3. Guides, catalogues, reference books, information in periodicals, reflecting certain aspects of the relationship between the museum and society.
4. Theoretical and historical studies characterizing various aspects of interaction between the museum and society, publications of a methodological nature, published by large museums and research institutions (Proceedings of the USSR Center for International Research, Collections of scientific works of the Research Institute of Museology and Research Institute of Culture, etc.); legislative sources and instructional documentation characterizing the relationship between the museum and society at various stages of social development.
The main base of the study was the museums of St. Petersburg: various types: mass (All-Russian Museum of A.S. Pushkin, etc.), scientific (State Museum of the Arctic and Antarctic), educational (Museum of Tank Forces of the Leningrad and Volkhov Fronts, secondary school No. 111 (MTB)); profiles: artistic - State Russian Museum (SRM); literary - VMP; historical - Museum of the history of the revolutionary-democratic movement of the 1880-1890s. Admiralteysky district of St. Petersburg (MIRDD); natural science - GMAA, technical - Museum of the St. Petersburg Metro (MSPbM); complex - gallery "Petropol", Summer garden and Summer Palace-Museum of Peter I (LD); forms: personal - “Petropol”; corporate - MSPbM; public - State Russian Museum, etc.; h scale: “large” (VMP, GRM) and “small” (MIRDD, MSPbM); status and significance: national, “a particularly valuable object of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation” - State Russian Museum; All-Russian - VMP; urban - LD; municipal - MIRDD; departmental - SMPbM; school - MTB; private - the Petropol Museum-Gallery - and in accordance with this level of administrative subordination.
The basis for the comparative analysis was some other museums of St. Petersburg, which in their totality and systemic unity make it possible to consider the diverse aspects of the subject of research and analyze general processes. At the same time, a comparative analysis was carried out using literature on museums in countries such as Australia, Great Britain, Ireland, Canada and the USA. The chronological boundaries of the study range from the time of the emergence of public museums, that is, museums in the modern sense of the word, and, accordingly, the formation of the relationship between the museum and society, to the 1990s.
From the very beginning, the need to operationalize the concepts of theme was obvious. Considering the growing dialogue in the processes of contemporary perception of the world, the concept of “interaction” in the culture of the late 20th century. acquires a significant semantic load. Interaction is a system of two-way connections, as a result of which changes on one side inevitably lead to some changes on the other. Thus, the problem of interaction between a museum and society can be presented as a problem of dialectical connections between two phenomena, the solution of which is seen through dialogue.
Taking into account all the diversity of interpretations and definitions of the museum, as well as the specifics of their types and profiles, the dissertation attempted to explore the museum in the aspect of its interactions with society, not as some specific form of organizing social relations in the field of art (art museum), historical memory (historical, memorial museum), natural history (natural science museums), etc., but as a generic phenomenon. The understanding of the museum emphasizes those features that give museums around the world similarity and allow them to be distinguished from non-museums, while most researchers identify the specifics of a separate type of modern museum (museum certain type, profile, subordination, etc.). The museum acts as an emergent system1 that organizes a person’s relationship with his objectified cultural heritage.
The study characterizes various historical and cultural forms of the museum in their relationship with society as an integral, self-developing system connected by human activity in its various manifestations. Society is presented as a social component of the sociocultural environment surrounding the museum system. Often, experts pay attention only to the relationship between the museum and part of society: the museum public. It seems that a holistic view of the problem can provide consideration of the entire set of relationships.
In our approach to understanding culture, we adhere to the position of E.S. Markaryan, who argued that culture “is a function of society” (182, p. 66), a way of human existence and activity.
External environment - required space and the background against which and with the direct participation of which the functioning of the system develops, a set of various (macro- and micro-) conditions of life and behavior. The realities of a museum’s existence cannot be limited to the social or cultural environment as an external entity for a given system, with which the museum is connected by a network of communications (as defined by V. G. Afanasyev: 20, p. 31). Therefore, the dissertation widely uses the concept of “sociocultural” (both in relation to the environment and other concepts related to being in this environment), which is considered as integrity and unity, the initial syncresis of the social and cultural, regardless of the existing analytical operational division. Continuously influencing the system, changes in the sociocultural environment force the museum to rebuild, perceive or neutralize these influences, and serve as a constant source of development.
1 A system that has properties different from the sum of the properties of its elements (N. Luhmann’s term: 476)
Regarding the degree of development of the topic, we note that the topic of interaction between the museum and society within the framework of sociocultural issues as a whole has not yet been examined, although the history of this problem goes back to the era of the formation and development of public museums (post-reform times in Russia). The first attempts to understand the place and role of the museum in the life of society and culture date back to this time. In the works of N.F. Fedorov (360-363) at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, for the first time, a holistic philosophical understanding of the museum is given and the question of its moral and life-building significance in the existence of society and culture is raised. In the 1920s P.A. addresses the question of the meaning of the museum. Florensky (369) and A.B. Bakushinsky (23), interpreting the issues of the existence of a museum in culture in different ways.
After the 1920s the tradition of philosophical understanding of the museum phenomenon in our country is interrupted by long time and has only resumed in the last decade. In the majority modern research the authors choose the institutional form of the museum to embody their thoughts about some aspect of reality, often concerning the relationship between the museum and society. Recently, a number of attempts have been made to holistically comprehend the art museum and the relationships that develop around it, using an aesthetic approach (E.V. Volkova (45-47), N.G. Makarova (175)). L.Ya. Petrunina (268-270) conducts a cultural analysis of the social foundations of the museum institution as a regulator of certain relationships that develop in the sphere of artistic life.
In 1976, I. Bestuzhev-Lada and M. Ozernaya made an interesting attempt to present the museum as an integral education in the field of culture, to identify the general cultural functions of the museum and to define its mission in society (553: 1976, no. 9, pp. 6-10). This relatively small journal publication gave impetus to the development of cultural studies in the field of museum affairs (M.S. Kagan (118), A.S. Kuzmin and E.E. Kuzmina (150), N.A. Nikishin
240-242), E.H. Popova (284) and others). A number of researchers, using the theory of communication as a universal heuristic principle, consider the museum and various aspects of its activities in the context of cultural communication, trying to transfer this theory to the methodological level of museology (M.B. Gnedovsky (62-69), V.Yu. Dukelsky ( 87-89), I.V. Iksanova (106-108), T.P. Kalugina (122-124), S.V. Pshenichnaya (300), partly D.A. Ravikovich (303-305) and others) . V.Yu. Dukelsky, in particular, in search of methodological foundations, moves away from the communication approach towards “museum historicism” and conceptualizes the museum as a special system of accumulation, development and reproduction of historical knowledge.
The problem of interaction between the museum and society is reflected in issues related to the functions of the museum, and the role of museums in general, as well as certain types of museums, in society in the process of their historical development (E.V. Vanslova (42), A.B. Zaks ( 91-94), Y.P. Pishchulin (271-276), D.A. Ravikovich (301-306), A.M. Razgon (307-311); discussion on the social functions of the museum in the Scientific Research Institute of Culture in 1989 (342, 343) etc.).
It should also be noted that works of a museum-sociological nature are mainly related to the practice of art museums. These studies build on a tradition of studying the museum viewer as a “consumer of art” that dates back to sociological research in the 1920s. (104, 138) (B.I. Agafoshina (4), A.I. Aksenova (6), T. Gavryuseva (55), T.I. Galich (56-58), G. Krasilina (144), V .I. Laidmäe (157), L.Ya. Pegrunina (268-270), V.P. Selivanov (226, 325, 333) and others (278, 326)). The lack of studies of museum visitors of other profiles was filled in the late 1970s. large-scale study of the Research Institute of Culture "Museum and Visitor" (audience of local history museums) (7, 8, 223, 271, 272), in 1978-1983. - a comprehensive study of museum-reserves (161, 188, 263, 273, 274), and in the mid-1980s. - a study to study the attitude of the population of large cities to the museum (154, 188, 378). Over the past 5 years, no such major studies have been conducted, although the audience of museums, according to selective studies sociological research, has undergone changes (13, 18, 59, 96, 109, 127, 199, 217-219, 267, 291, 329, 337, 344, 381,382, 383).
The range of issues related to the understanding of the museum as an institution with great educational potential has been developed in most detail. They were staged primarily within the framework of the theory of cultural and educational work and had a psychological and pedagogical orientation, manifested in the development of specific methods of educational activities for museums of various types and profiles (L.I. Ageeva (5), Z.A. Bonami (33- 36), E.G. Vanslova (42), M.Sh. Dominov (143), N.P. Loschilin (169), G.M. (237), L.M. Shlyakhtina (389-390), M.Yukhnevich (397-398), etc.)
Due to the commonality of approaches, this block of work is directly adjacent to others related to the activities of public museums, museums within the KSK, rural museums, eco-museums, and also generally related to the role of the public in the life and activities of museums (I.T. Bulany and I. G. Yavtushenko (41), A.I. Golyshev (71), A.U. Zelenko (97), M.A. Kazarina (121), V.M. -141), A.Z. Krein (147), A.K. Lomunova (162), G.M. Lugovaya (170), V.G. Lurie (171-173), N.A. Nikishin (239-242), T. O. Razmustova (312), A.E. Seinensky (332), V.E. Tumakov (355), V.A. Shlyakhin (388) and others (209, 232, 317, 318)). Recently, the number of such publications has increased. Works have also appeared that consider the problem of the place of the museum in the system of functioning of cultural heritage (G.M. Birzhenyuk and A.P. Markov (32), T.N. Kurakina (156), A.Ya. Flier (368)), the role of the museum in the formation of territorial recreational systems in interaction with tourism (E.V. Seredina (335), P.M. Shulgin), in the sphere of social production in a new socio-economic system of relations, as a factor in the cultural and economic development of the region (R.V. Almeev (10), G.P. Butikov (39-40), etc.)
The dissertation analyzes a fairly representative body of English-language literature (publications from Australia, Great Britain, the USA, materials from international professional meetings published on English language, museum pages on the INTERNET). In addition to the publications of foreign authors translated into Russian, some of the most significant works for the problem under study in other languages (German, Polish, French, Czech: See Nos. 425, 429, 442, 447, 463, 475, 476, 492, 518, 522, 531).
Foreign museological literature has long and fruitfully developed a range of issues devoted to the relationship between the museum and society. The most famous are the books by J. Bazin (409), A. Wittlin (546, 547, etc.), K. Hudson (458-462), which historically substantiate the ideology of the “public service” of the museum. The historical aspects of the formation of museums and museum audiences are also considered by English and American historians of leisure P. Bailey, H. Cunningham, J. Oltik (404). In the West, research into various aspects of relations between museums and society, unlike in our country, has never been interrupted. They date back to the work of J. Cotton Dana (1920s) (427). From this time on, public research became widespread; the museum was considered in the dual system of culture (mass and high), the problems of museum management and museum policy were regularly reviewed (J.K. Dana (427), J. Dewey (431), B.I. Zhilman (441), L.V. Coleman and W. Lippman (420, 421), L. Rial (522)). Since the pre-war years, English-language studies have revealed a tradition of perceiving the museum as a means of out-of-school education and upbringing of a person throughout his life. (L.W. Coleman (420, 421), H.M. Mathon-Howarth (482), G. Talboys (533), I. Finley (440), etc. (494, 497-499, 501, 503) ). As in Russian literature, serious attention is paid here to the problems of the art museum and its public, the aesthetic role of the museum in the education of society (P. Bourdieu and P. S. Abbey (413), D. Cameron (125, 126), Duncan Carol (434 , 435), J. Coolidge (423), P. di Maggio (513), A. Parbel, S. Weil (544), etc.).
One of the emerging international trends in the study of museum contacts and its influence on audiences is the theory of museum communication, prominent representatives of which were V. Danilov (428), D. Cameron (125, 126), M. Kovach (468), I. Maroevich (480-481), E. Orna (510), D. Porter (286, 519), Y. Romeder, 3. Stransky (345, 346, 531), J. Thompson (478), M. Uldall (66) and others (299, 347, 348, 541). The application of communication theory to the study of museum problems largely intersects with the semiotic approach in the study of certain aspects of museum activity: the sign nature of museum communication, emanating from the sign nature of the object; exposition as text; problems of perception and understanding (W. Gludzinski (442), P. McManus (485), S. Pierce (507, 515, 516), 3. Stransky (345, 346, 531), E. Taborski (532), E. Hooper-Greenhill (449-453)).
There are specific studies devoted to the problems of the effectiveness of museums, combining methods of sociology and marketing in studying public opinion and developing strategies for working with various categories of the public (D. Carol (434), R. Loomis (474), F. McLean (484), S. . Ranyard (524), etc.).
In recent years, interesting monographs and collections have been published that present the museum in line with a broad cultural approach, considering it among others. public institutions(law, art, market) in a certain socio-economic context (for example, C. Bunn (407), S. Weil (543-544), M. Suggitt (236), D. Horn (455457)), as a means of ensuring understanding, dialogue between peoples and cultures (I. Karp and S.D. Lavin (465, 466, 470, 471; see also 439, 500), and even how necessary condition realization of a citizen of modern society (T.
Bennett (412, 499; Museum Association of Canada (422, 491, 537, 548), etc.). There are attempts to critically examine the museum phenomenon and cultural heritage in general in the context of post-industrial civilization. This trend can be traced in Great Britain and is quite clearly expressed in the work of R. Hewisson (448) (See also: 464, 472, 477, 488, 529). A lot of research is devoted to public and private support for museums, issues of financing and museum marketing (S. Weil (544), Higgins Buffle (514), Dag Bjorken (426), S. Ranyard (236, 544), etc.). Quite important for our topic is the identification in foreign museology of such areas as museum professionalism, the museum profession as a type of public service, professional ethics in relation to museum collections and the public, which receive insufficient attention in domestic studies (R. Ambjornsson (405), J. Burkow (416), N. Cossons (424), T. Sola (528), S. Tiver (534 ), S. Horie (452)).
The complex nature of the problem of relationships and mutual influences between the museum and society requires the development and use of special methods that would allow us to study the problem in its entirety. The basis methodological techniques, used in the dissertation, are based on the methodological principles of the systems approach developed by M.G. and P.K. Anokhin (15, 16), V.G. Afanasyev (20, 21), I.V. Iksanova (106-108), M.S. Kagan (116-120), A.S. Kuzmin (151), E.S. Markaryan (182-186), A.I. Pelipenko and I.G. Yakovenko (265), O.V. Poskonina (289-290), V.I. Svidersky (331), A.I. Uemov (356, 357); N. Luhmann (476), T. Parsons (11), I.R. Prigogine and G. Nikolis (243, 294), etc. The goals and subject of the dissertation work predetermined the need to focus on the functional direction, aimed at studying the museum system in interactions with the environment and other systems. When developing this aspect, the research of philosophers and cultural scientists B.G. was of fundamental importance. Ananyeva (12), A.I. Arnoldova (17), E.L. Ballera (26)
MM. Bakhtin (27), I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada (29), B.C. Biblera (30-31), A.S. Voronchikhina (52), I.S. Gurevich (76-78), S.N. Ikonnikova (195-197), M.S. Kagan (116-120), G.S. Knabe (132), D.S. Likhacheva (159), Yu.M. Lotman (163168), S.T. Makhlina (189-190), M.K. Petrova (216), E.V. Sokolov (340), A. Toffler (535), A.I. Flier (368), in which culture is viewed as a dialogical phenomenon, as a system of interactions.
A significant role in the study of the museum as the most important cultural phenomenon was played by an appeal to information theory and the concept of cultural communication, including provisions on specific museum communication (Z.A. Bonami (33-36), M.B. Gnedovsky (62-69), D. B. Dondurey (84, 85), V.Yu. Dukelsky (87-89), I.V. Iksanova (106-108), T.P. Kalugina (122-124), N.A. I.L. Savransky (327), A.B. Sokolov (339), J1.M. Shlyakhtina (389-390); Mol (205-206), S. Pierce (507, 515, 516), 3. Stransky (345, 346, 531), D. Horn (455-457), E. Hooper-Greenhill (449-453), etc. .). Understanding the features of museum exploration of reality, the author turned to the results of research by E.V. Volkova (45-47), A.A. Voronina (51), V.Yu. Dukelsky (89), L.Ya. Petrunina (268-270); A. Gregorova (72-73, 446), W. Gludzinski (442), 3. Stranski (345, 346, 531), E. Taborski (532), K. Hudson (458-462), K. Schreiner (394 -395) and other prominent culturologists and museologists. The research methodology was based on the use of general scientific principles (the idea of continuity in development, the principle of ascent from the abstract to the concrete, the principle of unity of the historical and logical). Wherein Special attention was given to specific approaches of a general scientific and cultural nature.
The complexity of the object and subject of research predetermined the need to use both general and special research methods. At the first stage, the research methodology included a comprehensive study of the history and theory of the issue, analysis of documents, scientific publications, periodicals, and methodological materials.
When studying the diversity of contacts between the museum and society in the museums that form the basis of the study, methods of observation and comparison, familiarization with the practice of museums and museum documentation were used. Determining the main functional dependencies and areas of interaction between the museum and society required turning to methods system analysis and systems modeling. In order to confirm the reliability of some provisions, sociological methods were used (participant observation, questioning, interviewing experts, conversations with managers, museum employees, and visitors). Based on the Museum of IRDD 1880-1890s. Since 1998, experimental work has been carried out to implement some of the research recommendations.
The scientific novelty of the work consists in consistent application a systematic approach to research, which makes it possible to develop little developed aspects of the theory in domestic museology. The starting points on which the study was oriented allowed us to move away from formalized management ideas about the museum-institution and to re-present the museum as an open system of society. An attempt is presented to translate museology data to the level of general scientific theory - a systems approach; Thus, for museology, this work represents an entry into a new area of knowledge. General theoretical museum concepts have recently been developed mainly through aesthetic, institutional issues, information and communication theory. this work adds to them a systematic consideration of the object.
In the course of the study, the functions of the museum are examined at several levels, since they are defined as the basis for the interaction between the museum and society. As a result, a different system of museum functions from those previously proposed is substantiated, allowing a more accurate reflection of the connections and relationships between the museum and society.
When studying the interaction of a museum with its environment, the situation of the formation of relations around a special cultural phenomenon is concretized, in which the museum acts as a specific transmitter and generator of sociocultural experience. On the basis of these relationships, a typological description of the main levels of interaction and the main groups of society that fall into one or another sphere of interaction with the museum is built.
The work pays attention to the characteristics of the museum team as a specific community that represents the museum within a broader social context.
The practical significance of the study is that, based on the analysis of the functioning of museums, the main trends in the development of ways and forms of interaction between the museum and society are demonstrated, the most effective forms and methods of museum activities, optimal ways of communication. The provisions of the study can be used when teaching a course in museology and theoretical courses for museum specialists. It is also possible to use the work as a support in the spiritual and practical activities of the museum team in order to develop professional self-awareness, as well as to argue for museum concepts, development plans and preparation of museum programs for organizing relations with society.
Certain provisions and conclusions of the dissertation research were presented in reports at All-Russian postgraduate conferences (April, 1995-1997, St. Petersburg State Academy of Culture), at a scientific seminar of the Department of Museum Studies (May, 1998, St. Petersburg State Academy of Culture), in the preparation of practical classes in the course “Fundamentals of Museum Studies” for students Leningrad Regional College of Culture (March-June 1999), as well as in published works and practical activities on the basis of the Museum of the History of the Revolutionary Democratic Movement of the 1880-1890s. St. Petersburg.
The structure of the dissertation is determined by the goals and logic of the research and consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and applications.
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Conclusion.
In this dissertation research, an attempt was made to systematically consider the social and cultural problem of interaction between the museum and society. The methodology used in the study made it possible, to a certain extent, to solve the problems posed at the initial stage of the study:
1) the legitimacy of cultural and systemic approaches to the study of the problem of interaction between a museum and society as the interaction of diverse systems within a single socio-cultural environment is substantiated;
2) a review was carried out of the historical and social determinism of the museum and its connections with the environment within the framework of the system of relations “museum - culture - society”;
3) the formation is traced and a typological description of the main groups of the community in relation to the museum is given; special attention is paid to the study of museum professionals as a special group of society;
4) the main structures of public perception of museums are identified and problems of interaction are outlined;
5) a multi-level analysis of the functions of the museum was undertaken;
6) the typological characteristics of the spheres of interaction between the museum and society have been determined;
7) advanced technologies and currently optimal ways of interaction between the museum and society are outlined.
Thus, the main goal was achieved and the research hypothesis was confirmed that a full study of the relationship between the museum and society is possible only with their systematic consideration, when the museum is studied as a socio-cultural phenomenon in the fullness of contacts with society and various socio-cultural groups. The interaction of the museum with society is determined both by the structure of the museum phenomenon, and by the needs of society in museums, and by a person’s museum attitude to reality.
The results obtained during the study allowed us to draw the following conclusions:
1. The study of any complex phenomenon requires the use of adequate methods. Integrity and complexity are the properties of a museum that combines multidirectional characteristics: storage and use of non-renewable resources. The complexity of the subject of research - the interaction of the museum and society - entailed the need to turn to a systems approach.
At the same time, the museum is an open developing system, differentiated from the surrounding sociocultural environment, in which society and culture combine their efforts, forming cultural ways of objectification public relations. Subsystems of society interact with the subsystem of the museum within a single sociocultural environment. Therefore, the question of functions that reveal the interdependencies of various systems is so important.
2. A systemic-historical approach to the problem of interaction identifies the main sociocultural prerequisites for the formation of a museum. Due to the increasing complexity of the social structure of society and its culture, social, economic, political and other forms of differentiation, the development of human cultural needs in the process of its historical development, the museum gradually began to open to the general public. The gradual expansion of contacts between the museum and society, the democratization of the museum audience led to the orientation of museums towards the ideology of “public service”.
3. The long period of institutionalization of the museum took place in conditions of interaction between three main social groups: owners of museum valuables, the public and specialists - “museum professionals”. The peculiarities of the relations of these groups left their mark on the specifics historical forms museum: 1) personal; 2) corporate; 3) state (public). The latter, today’s leading form of the museum, brings out the entire society as the owner of cultural values, turning the formula of interaction between the three groups into the following: “society - the public - museum workers”, in which the public plays an increasingly important role, being the link between the museum and society, and museum workers form a fairly organized museum community.
4. As a result of the analysis of the definitions of the museum, the understanding of the museum by various authors, museum workers and experts, an attempt was presented to isolate the essential characteristics of the museum as a socially significant phenomenon. This is: a) a meaningful collection of objectified ideas and values; b) a special subject-spatial environment for representing these values; c) the noted “museum situation” of contact with these values.
In a museum such a thing is possible necessary for a person the experience of communion with a “different” existence that is not included in the orbit of his own life experience. In this, the museum is similar to a school and university, introducing the achievements of mankind, knowledge of nature and society, providing sensory experience and versatile knowledge. In this, a museum is similar to a temple, providing universal unity, introducing people to supersensible experience, to other worlds.
Introduction to the “other” occurs through the “interiors” of someone else’s activity, an ambiguous, different perception of the world. An appeal to a museum is an appeal to a special niche of comprehension of the world, knowledge of the “other”. It is irreplaceable, but different people need it to different degrees. That's why practical problem attracting a wide audience may never find a solution.
5. The museum performs functions at various levels: intrasystemic, systemic (museum itself) and metasystemic - sociocultural functions. The main functions of a museum (documentation, modeling, interpretive communication) are quite stable and are based on a value-based, museum-like attitude to reality. Only the types of human activities necessary to perform these functions, associated with changes in the socio-cultural environment of the museum, change. The sociocultural functions of the museum, both global and personal, are carried out by the museum thanks to the meanings that public consciousness attaches to the museum at this stage of development and are largely shared by other sociocultural institutions.
6. The museum’s fulfillment of its main functions predetermined the formation of spheres of interaction between the museum and society, each of which has its own time focus and specific characteristics. Conventionally, they are called the spheres of “tradition,” “modernity,” and “innovation.” In each area, the relationship between the museum and society is of a special nature, due to which specific methods and forms of their contacts are developed. In order to harmonize the connections of the museum with its sociocultural environment, it is necessary to pay equal attention to all areas of interaction between the museum and society.
7. The starting point for improving all activities and all contacts of the museum is the acquisition by the museum of self-awareness and the ability to self-describe as a system different from others with its own developmental characteristics. In practical activities, this is expressed in the need for timely understanding of the goals and objectives, the “mission” of the museum and the concept of its development, its place in the metasystem, potentials and opportunities, the development of program documents and strategic plans, and assessment of the results achieved, the unity of the museum team in this activity. It is equally important for a museum to study its environment in order to respond in a timely manner to social and cultural changes and the ability to manage relations with society. The museum is only one way of transmitting human experience, and in this process it inevitably interacts with other channels of cultural continuity. Due to this, the museum is experiencing both an expansion of contacts with society and an enrichment of the museum’s sphere of form-creation, methodological and technical-technological arsenal. In order to find its “niche” in the conditions of a pluralistic, “patchwork” culture of post-Soviet society, a fairly high density of the market for cultural services, each museum must decide on its target community, to which it is most needed and interesting, and on which it most depends , without renouncing publicity and accessibility and serving as a forum for dialogue between cultures.
Summing up the results of the dissertation research, the author hopes that some of his observations and conclusions can be used by museological theory and practice to improve museum work and will be reflected in subsequent studies of the issues of interaction between the museum and society.
It should be noted that the proposed study in no way claims to provide an unambiguous and exhaustive coverage of such a complex and multifaceted problem as the problem of interaction between the museum and society. Due to the rather broad formulation of the research problem, which requires the coordinated efforts of a whole team of specialists to be resolved: cultural scientists, sociologists, museologists, psychologists, teachers, politicians, and the limited capabilities of the individual researcher, it is obvious that various aspects of the problem require further development.
Outlining possible prospects for studying this issue, the author believes that museology has yet to fully comprehend the multifaceted material accumulated by museum practice, as well as the practice of working with museums of other sociocultural institutions. Problems of relations between the museum and the community and the study of the public image of the museum require a comprehensive study. In-depth theoretical analysis requires the question of studying the specifics of the museum team. Of particular scientific and practical interest is the development of problems: the relationship between the museum and society regarding the acquisition of museum funds in conditions of market relations; ensuring inter-museum cooperation; cooperation of various museums, cultural institutions, education, public organizations, authorities and management and other interested parties on a local scale in order to resolve pressing issues in the life of the local community; "public relations" in the museum; conducting marketing and some other public research. However, these problems are beyond the scope of this study.
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