The moon is visible in the evening like a crescent. Night problems - For bread and freedom! 32 am - Night problems

In mid-latitudes, the Sun always rises in the eastern part of the sky, gradually rises above the horizon, reaches its highest position in the sky at noon, then begins to descend towards the horizon and sets in the western part of the sky. In the Northern Hemisphere, this movement occurs from left to right, and in the Southern Hemisphere, from right to left. An observer in the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth will see the Sun in the south, and an observer in the Southern Hemisphere will see the Sun in the north. The daily path of the Sun in the sky is symmetrical relative to the north-south direction.

2. Can the Sun be observed at its zenith in Belarus? Why?

The sun is observed at its zenith in a belt limited by the following interval geographical latitude: $-23°27" \le φ \le 23°27".$ Belarus is located further north, so the Sun cannot be observed at its zenith in our country.

3. Why does the Moon always face the Earth with the same side?

The Moon completes a full orbit around the Earth in 27.3 days. (sidereal month). And in the same time it makes one revolution around its axis, so the same hemisphere of the Moon always faces the Earth.

4. What is the difference between the sidereal and synodic months? What causes their different durations?

A synodic month is the period of time between two successive phases of the same name (for example, new moons), and it lasts 29.5 days.

A sidereal month is the period of the Moon's orbit around the Earth relative to the stars, and it lasts 27.3 days.

Various durations These months are due to the fact that the Earth does not rest in one place, but moves in its orbit. Therefore, in order for the previous configuration to be repeated and the synodic month to end, the Moon has to travel a greater distance in its orbit than to complete the sidereal month.

5. What is meant by the lunar phase? Describe the phases of the moon.

The lunar phase is the part of the lunar disk visible in sunlight.

Let's look at the phases of the moon, starting with new moon. This phase occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth and faces us with its dark side. The Moon is not visible at all from Earth. After one or two days, a narrow bright crescent appears in the western sky and continues to grow. "young" Moon. In 7 days the entire right half of the lunar disk will be visible - the first quarter phase. Then the phase increases, and 14-15 days after the new moon, the Moon comes into opposition with the Sun. Its phase becomes complete, comes full moon. Sun rays illuminate the entire lunar hemisphere facing the Earth. After the full moon, the Moon gradually approaches the Sun from the west and is illuminated by it from the left. In about a week it comes last quarter phase. Then the new moon comes again...

6. The crescent of the Moon is convex to the right and close to the horizon. Which side of the horizon is it on?

The moon is observed in the western part of the horizon.

7. Why do solar and lunar eclipses occur?

As they move along their orbits, the Earth and Moon from time to time line up with the Sun. If the Moon is close to the plane of the Earth's orbit, an eclipse occurs. When the Moon comes between the Earth and the Sun, it happens solar eclipse, and when the Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon, a lunar eclipse occurs.

8. Describe total, partial and annular solar eclipses.

Passing between the Sun and the Earth, the small Moon cannot completely obscure the Earth. The solar disk will be completely closed only to observers located inside the cone of the lunar shadow, the maximum diameter of which on the Earth's surface does not exceed 270 km. Only from here, from this relatively narrow area earth's surface where the shadow of the Moon falls will be visible total solar eclipse. In the same place where the penumbra of the Moon falls, inside the so-called lunar penumbra cone, it will be visible partial solar eclipse. If at the time of the eclipse the Moon, moving along its elliptical orbit, is located at a significant distance from the Earth, then the visible disk of the Moon will be too small to completely cover the Sun. Then a shining rim of the solar disk will be observed around the dark disk of the Moon. This - annular eclipse.

02:32 am - Night problems

According to practical astronomy, lungs. For those who have forgotten physics, just use common sense.

1. As is known, in mid-latitudes there are mnemonic rules for determining the phase of the moon, for example, in Russian these are the Growing Moon and the Aging Moon (with the convexity of the sickle to the right and left, respectively).

Do these rules work in the middle latitudes of the southern hemisphere, or are some others needed there?

2. Many people saw on a tropical night (more precisely, near the equator) the crescent moon convex downward (“boat”). Which moon does it correspond to - growing or aging? Is there a sickle with a convex upwards (“bridge”)?

3. How can you tell if you see a sickle close to the equator whether it is growing or aging?

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2. There is no bridge, but I didn’t know the explanation for this fact until I read (and realized) that the moon’s orbit is approximately equatorial. Those. when viewed from the equator, the shaded part, the complement to the crescent, will always be “on top.”

3. It seems somehow tricky in the way the internal contour of the sickle is arranged (which is part of an ellipse, not a circle), I’ll think about it some more, perhaps.

if we were transported to Southern Hemisphere, then we turned upside down relative to the current state and the moon
This means that everything will be the other way around. about left and right.

3. It is visible in the morning or in the evening.

By the way, we live on the 40th parallel, that is, still quite far from the equator, and the moon is already close to the boat. But there is no bridge, I can testify :)

As an illustration - from my photographs:

Moon in the evening over El Hierra - the westernmost island of the Canary archipelago, March 2010.

And this is the dark Moon covering the Sun - a partial solar eclipse in Warsaw on January 4, 2011.

Early morning moon over a mountain shelter on the outskirts of Szklarska Poreba in the Polish Sudetes, January 2011.

A partial solar eclipse, it’s better to say (as is customary).

I thought about whether to specify in the questions that the sickle does not mean from an eclipse, but I decided not to complicate it.

Thanks for the photo.

2. There is no bridge, because the sun is below (below the horizon).

1. No, of course. The rule needs to be inverted.
2. It can be during the day if the Sun and Moon are visible at the same time.
3. Stretch your spatial imagination, imagine what it would look like in mid-latitudes northern hemisphere and use rule 1 :)

2. Apparently, it will still not be visible to the naked eye.

Of course, digital photography is not proof. But I have seen the day Moon with the naked eye many times.

I've seen it many times too.

This is not quite the same, because the feast of the sickle-“bridge” Sun will be (1) strictly above the Moon (closer to the zenith) (2) close to each other (a sickle, not a “half-loaf”, as in your photo).

With this combination, I don’t really believe what will be visible.

If we allow not only sickles, but also any “loaves”, then at the equator a situation is quite possible when the Sun has just set in the west, and the Moon is in the east, say, about 45 degrees above the horizon. Then we will see the “loaf”, bitten off from the bottom by about a third of the disk.

in mid-latitudes I saw the Moon quite often during the day - usually in the summer in the late afternoon or early morning. I haven't been in the tropics long enough to collect statistics and say whether it is visible there or not.

Basically, since it gets dark very quickly in the tropics, and the Moon is only visible when the Sun is low on the horizon, the interval when the Moon is visible is very short.

See reply to Nick Sakwa next.

It seems to me that the bridge should be visible in the mountainous area. If the Sun is at the horizon and the light only breaks through a small valley between two mountains, then the Moon will already be visible (probably). Or, for example, if you are in a deep crater, surrounded on all sides high mountains-- the Moon can be seen above as a bridge.

1) The rule “growing - old” does not work in southern latitudes, it’s the other way around there.
2) The boat can be either growing or aging. The bridge, contrary to what previous speakers have said, does happen. It occurs in the first quarter phase of the afternoon, when the Sun has not yet set and is leaning towards the west, and the Moon has already risen in the east. It's hard to see - the Sun is blocking the young Moon. But you can see it if you try. In the last quarter - symmetrically. The aging Moon has not yet set and is leaning towards the west, and the Sun has already risen in the east.
3) The phase of the Moon is always convex towards the Sun, since it is the Sun that illuminates it. If the Moon is east of the Sun (including one that has already set), it is growing, if it is to the west (including one that has not yet risen), it is aging. And if at midnight, it means around the full moon. It does not depend on the hemisphere.

I propose a super task at the end.
First solution 1, 2, 3.
1. For simplicity, let the observer be at the north/south pole, and the orbit of the moon and the equator of the Earth lie in the ecliptic plane. Then the Moon's journey from new moon to full moon and further to new moon looks like the Moon moving away from the Sun and then approaching the Sun on the other side, all in the plane of the horizon.
It is known about the Aging Moon that its crescent is turned like the letter C.
But it is obvious that the crescent of the Moon is convexly turned towards the Sun.
So, with north pole The path of the luminaries in the horizon plane can be depicted as follows:

after the new moon______________________before the new moon
) ☼___________________________________☼ (

Then with south pole everything will be upside down, the sickle will be in the other direction.

2. Let us again assume for simplicity that the orbit of the Moon and the Earth’s equator are in the ecliptic plane. Then, in the sky of the equator, the Moon will rise every day in the east, pass through the zenith and set in the west. If it is a sickle, it is convexly facing the Sun. If the Moon rises before the Sun, it will be a boat at sunrise and a bridge at sunset; if after the Sun, vice versa. From the figure for question 1 it is clear that after the new moon, if viewed from the north pole, the Moon is to the left of the Sun, so that with the visible movement of the luminaries from east to west, the Sun overtakes the Moon: it runs away from the Moon in the days after the new moon, and catches up with the Moon on the other side in the days before the next new moon. This means that after the new moon, for an observer at the equator, the Sun will rise, then the sickle-bridge; At sunset the Sun will set, then the crescent boat.

Here are all 4 variants of the sickle in the equatorial sky:
boat:
after sunset (=in the west) - in the days after the new moon (=waxing moon)
before sunrise (=in the east) - in the days before the new moon (=aging Moon)
bridge - in the two remaining combinations:
after sunrise (=in the east) - in the days after the new moon (=waxing moon)
before sunset (=in the west) - in the days before the new moon (=aging
The last two combinations are not night, but daytime. This means that only the boat is visible at night, namely after sunset - on the days of the Moon's growth, before sunrise - on the days of the Moon's aging. The bridge is visible only after sunrise or before sunset.

3. The answer happened in the previous paragraph.

Super task.
Sometimes the lunisolar tides reinforce each other with the greatest precision (and earthquakes occur more often during this period). How to determine these periods by observing the inclination of the crescent in the northern hemisphere? Hint: Now abandon the assumption that the Earth's equator and the Moon's orbit lie in the ecliptic plane.

As you know, the Moon does not emit light, but only reflects it. And therefore, only that side of it that is illuminated by the Sun is always visible in the sky. This side is called the day side. Moving across the sky from the west to the east, the Moon over the course of the month catches up and overtakes the Sun. A change is taking place relative position Moon, Earth and Sun. In this case, the sun's rays change the angle of incidence on the lunar surface and therefore the part of the Moon visible from the Earth changes. The movement of the Moon across the sky is usually divided into phases directly related to its modification: new moon, new moon, first quarter, full moon and last quarter.

Moon observations

The Moon is a celestial body of spherical shape. That is why, when it is partially illuminated by sunlight from the side, the appearance of a “sickle” appears. By the way, by the illuminated side of the Moon you can always determine in which direction the Sun is located, even if it is hidden behind the horizon.

The duration of the complete change of all lunar phases is usually called a synodic month and ranges from 29.25 to 29.83 Earth solar days. The length of the synodic month varies due to the elliptical shape of the lunar orbit.

During the new moon, the Moon's disk is completely invisible in the night sky, since at this time it is located as close as possible to the Sun and at the same time faces the Earth with its night side.

Next comes the new moon phase. During this period of time, the Moon becomes visible in the night sky in the form of a narrow crescent for the first time in the synodic month and can be observed at dusk a few minutes before it sets.

Next comes the first quarter. This is the phase in which exactly half of its visible part is illuminated, as in the last quarter. The only difference is that in the first quarter the proportion of the illuminated part at this moment increases.

The full moon is the phase in which the lunar disk is clearly and completely visible. During the full moon, for several hours you can observe the so-called opposition effect, in which the brightness of the lunar disk noticeably increases, while its size remains the same. This phenomenon is explained quite simply: for an earthly observer, at this moment all shadows on the surface of the Moon disappear.

There are also phases of increasing, decreasing and old moon. All of them are characterized by a very narrow crescent of the Moon with a grayish-ash color typical for these phases.

From all of the above we can conclude that, in fact, nothing obscures the Moon. The angle of its illumination by the sun's rays simply changes.

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Rituals for the full moon and waxing moon

Everyone knows that the success of an enterprise depends not only on the presence of all necessary conditions and the psychological attunement of people who are ready to get down to business. Success also depends on the right moment chosen to implement the business. The ancients always focused on position celestial bodies before starting any business. In particular, they paid attention to the phase of the moon.

You will need

- astrological magazines and websites;
- observing the moon.

Instructions

Take a look at. This will be the most reliable way to determine the phase of the moon. Typically, such calendars can be found on special websites or in the news (see the “Weather” section). Various publications for gardeners can also help. The moon helps gardeners choose the right day to plant flowers, vegetables or trees. It is believed that trees are best placed on the Moon, because this way they will grow faster.

Use a method familiar to everyone from childhood. Determine the phase of the moon using the finger method. "Substitute" forefinger to the crescent. If the resulting figure forms the letter “P” (a crescent moon acts as the “arm”), then the Moon is growing. If the crescent is turned in the other direction and resembles the letter “C,” it means that the Moon is waning. This method is suitable if you need to determine right now whether the Moon is waning or not, but there is no opportunity to turn to the Internet or any magazine: in front of you is only the sky and crescent.

Do not start new things during the waning moon. The position of the night star affects the daily activities of any person much more than the position of the Sun. Whenever you are about to undertake any serious undertaking, pay attention to the phase of the moon. Choose the moment when it is growing. But at the same time, there are situations in which the waning Moon is favorable. “Underground” vegetables grow better, operations are also resolved favorably, and all household chores go well.

Analyze the dreams you have at the stage when the Moon is waning. You may dream about things that need to be completed. Pay attention to such dreams, use them as a guide for yourself. On the waning moon, you often have very emotional dreams, imbued with a lyrical mood. This lunar phase provokes active work nervous system. It is during this half of the month that a person (through feelings and emotions) comes to decisions and answers that he could not find before, with the help of reason.

Video on the topic

note

Take care of your body's health, taking into account lunar phases. There are 4 of them. Carefully study the features of each to achieve the best healing effect.

Helpful advice

Pay attention to the meaning of lunar days; each of them is favorable for a certain type of activity.

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All about the lunar calendar
Which moon is waxing or waning?

Moon - natural satellite Earth, the radius of which is approximately a quarter of the Earth's. At night, we see its disk, illuminated differently by the Sun, which is invisible at this time. The degree of illumination depends on the relative positions of the Earth, Moon and Sun. In total, there are four degrees of illumination, which are called “phases”.

The cycle of lunar phases repeats itself after about 30 days - more precisely, from 29.25 to 29.83 days. The illumination line - the terminator - moves smoothly along the surface of the Earth's natural satellite, but it is customary to distinguish only four positions, referring to all intermediate options to one of them. Therefore, it is believed that during each cycle there are four lunar phases, which are also called “quarters”. Determine which phase the Moon is in this moment, you can visually - there are simple mnemonic rules for this.

Each new cycle begins with a new moon - western edge On the first day of the visible disk, a very narrow illuminated crescent is visible, and with each subsequent day its width increases. During this first phase of the cycle, as well as in the second that follows, the Moon is called waxing. If we conventionally draw a visible sickle vertical line, you get “P” - the first in “”. When the visible crescent of the natural satellite grows to half the disk at its widest part, the first phase will end and the second will begin - this happens in approximately 7.5 days. The second phase - or the second quarter - lasts the same amount of time and by the end of it the entire visible disk of the Earth's satellite turns out to be luminous. On the last day of the second phase, the full moon comes, and the natural satellite most justifies the “night luminary”.

The next two quarters of the Moon are called “waning” or “aging”. During this period, her luminous area every night more and more resembles the letter “C” - the first in the word “aging”. The process occurs in the reverse order - the width of the illuminated part of the disk decreases every night, and when only half of it remains, the third phase will end and the last one will begin. At the end of the fourth quarter, the Moon faces the Earth with its unlit side.

Video on the topic

The moon, or the month, as it is popularly called, has always attracted people, beckoned with its mystery, and it and its ability to change size and shape have been given mystical meaning. The different phases of the moon have their significance in astrology, magic, religion, and science.

Being a night luminary, the Moon actually does not shine, and this was proven many centuries ago. What a person sees in the sky at night is the reflection of the sun's rays from its surface. As the Moon moves in space relative to the Earth and the Sun, it changes its shape, going from waxing to waning. Each of the three phases of visibility and glow of the Moon in astronomy and astrology corresponds to a calendar value lunar day. In mysticism and magic, these phases have their own names; they correspond to the rituals and beliefs permitted in a given period. Scientists from various fields did not ignore the lunar phases, and they all interpreted its changes as the angle in which it is visible from the Earth.

How to determine the “age” of a month

Almost every person is fascinated by the night sky illuminated by the Moon, and he watches with interest the changes in the outlines of this night star, but not everyone knows what phase the Moon is in at the moment and even has no idea about the “new month”.

There are many interpretations of this expression regarding the Moon. But, in essence, it means that the night star is just beginning to emerge from the shadow of the planet Earth, and only a small part of its surface is accessible to the rays of the Sun. During this period, only a thin semicircular strip with pointed edges facing left, in the shape of a semicircle from the letter P, can be observed from the Earth.

In religious terms, the new month symbolizes the beginning of a new period. The phase of the new month, according to church canons, is most successful for baptism, wedding, tonsure as a monk and taking vows.

In different astrological calendars The new month promotes growth and formation, and it is during this period that it is best to change something in your life, for example, your place of work or residence. Even those carried out during the waxing Moon phase will bring greatest benefit, and plant seeds planted in the soil will sprout vigorously, which will bring a large harvest.

In magic, during the birth of the month and its growth, various rituals are performed, spells for love spells and improvement are read on the young moon financial situation, perform other magical actions.

Other meanings of the expression “new moon”

The growing Moon is very popular not only among astrologers, fans of black or white magic and ministers of religion, but also among lyrical poets. One can find many examples among the works of the classics, where a lover compared himself or the object of his passion with the new moon, or where someone suffering from unrequited love shared his sorrows with the emerging Moon.

In the common people, this epithet was awarded to beloved children, young talents on whom great hopes were pinned; this was the name given to unusually beautiful young men and women.

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