Choleric people are what they are. Positive and negative sides

Everyone wants to have a well-paid job that will not be a burden, but a joy. And sometimes the salary seems to be good, and the working conditions are quite tolerable, and even the team is surprisingly friendly and welcoming, but the work does not bring satisfaction. What's the matter? It turns out that the whole problem is natural character person, his individual characteristics, which affect the course of various mental processes, – we are talking about temperament. Today, psychologists are increasingly conducting research on the relationship between temperament and profession.

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Choleric temperament and profession

1. Business qualities

Choleric workers compare favorably with other types of temperament in that they are the least susceptible to stress. Even if they have a tense situation at work, they very quickly regain their strength and are eager to fight again. Most often, choleric people are excellent leaders, so they can easily and effectively manage any processes - they make the best, albeit strict, bosses.

Those professions that require intense energy and increased concentration are suitable for them:

TV reporter, artist, commodity expert, diplomat, supplier, journalist, entrepreneur, pilot, surgeon, dispatcher, trainer, driver, manager, director, builder, cook, geologist, investigator, electrician.

Choleric temperament and a profession that requires monotonous and monotonous work are incompatible: energetic and impetuous choleric people will simply wither away from it:

librarian, accountant, florist.

4. Famous choleric people

Among the famous choleric people who reached nai great success in life, the following people can be distinguished:

Peter I, A.V. Suvorov, A.S. Pushkin, D.I. Mendeleev.

Phlegmatic temperament and choice of profession

1. Business qualities

The main feature of phlegmatic people, which makes them the most powerful, is slowness. In situations that arise at work stressful situations only phlegmatic people are able to completely calmly analyze the current situation and make the right decision. They “swing” for a long time, but the assigned task will be completed perfectly. However, more or better than that, what is required of them, they will not do.

Phlegmatic people are most productive in monotonous and monotonous work, the exact sciences:

mechanic, agricultural worker, electrician, engineer, general practitioner, agronomist, driver, economist, botanist, physicist, astronomer, mathematician.

3. Contraindicated professions

A phlegmatic temperament and the choice of a profession that will require a bright, public life is an erroneous combination that will ultimately torment the measured and quiet phlegmatic person. The following professions are strictly contraindicated for him:

surgeon, manager, artist, television reporter, conductor, businessman.

4. Famous phlegmatic people

Many of the phlegmatic people achieved great success and became famous with their regularity and slowness:

I. A. Krylov, I. Newton, M. I. Kutuzov.

Profession by temperament for sanguine people

1. Business qualities

A sanguine person is born to occupy leadership positions. They make the most pleasant and sincere bosses. This is always a very prudent person who knows how to persuade and win over. The only thing that can cause them a stupor is some technical issues in which they are not at all strong.

manager, waiter, doctor, teacher, psychologist, organizer, educator, salesman, industrial engineer.

3. Contraindicated professions

Monotonous and conveyor work, which will require constant attention, is clearly not for sanguine people. So some professions can be immediately excluded:

weaver, clerk, accountant, watchmaker, radio assembler, bibliographer, archivist, restorer.

4. Famous sanguine people

History knows the names of the following famous sanguine people, to whom their chosen profession by temperament brought fame and worldwide fame:

N. Bonaparte, A. I. Herzen, P. Beaumarchais.

Melancholic temperament and profession

1. Business qualities

Melancholic people like to work alone. These people are very emotional and sensitive, and therefore easily pick up on subtleties in the behavior of people around them. They are perfectly capable of feeling art, music, literature. They are observant. Melancholic people become depressed at the slightest failure, they are very anxious and are often sad and sad for no reason.

Melancholic people need to choose professions that will provide them with a calm and safe environment that does not require them to frequently change activities or quickly react:

teacher, artist, fashion designer, designer, composer, writer, geologist, veterinarian, agronomist, livestock specialist, accountant, turner, mechanic, radio mechanic.

3. Contraindicated professions

Melancholic temperament and choice of profession that will require constant communication with people will be a wrong option. The delicate nervous organization of melancholic people will not withstand the stress of such professions as:

doctor (especially a surgeon), rescuer, pilot, dispatcher.

- this is an individual property of a person, which to the greatest extent depends on his innate, natural psychophysiological qualities. Temperament is an individual characteristic of a person in terms of the characteristics of his mental activity, such as intensity, speed, pace of mental processes.

Typically, three areas of manifestation of temperament are distinguished: the level of general activity, characteristics of the motor sphere and the level of emotionality.

General activity determined by the intensity of human interaction with environment- natural and social. There are two extremes here. One type of people is distinguished by its clearly expressed lethargy and passivity, and the other by its high activity and speed in action. Representatives of other temperaments are located between these two poles.

Motor or motor activity expressed in the speed and sharpness of movements, in the tempo of speech, as well as in external mobility or, conversely, slowness, talkativeness or silence.

Emotionality - expressed in the speed of change emotional states, sensitivity to emotional influences, sensitivity.

Since antiquity, temperament has always been associated with the physiological characteristics of the human body. Hippocrates(V century BC) described four types of temperament, determined by the fluid that supposedly predominates in the body: sanguine(from lat. sanguis- blood), choleric(from Greek chole- bile), phlegmatic(from Greek phlegma- mucus) and melancholic(from Greek melainachole- black bile). Hippocrates understood temperaments in a purely physiological sense.

In the 18th century Four psychological types were compared with the Hippocratic types of temperament, which marked the beginning of a psychological line in the study of temperaments. Common everyday ideas about temperaments at present are not much different from the ideas of the 18th century: choleric temperament is associated with irritability, sanguine with cheerfulness, phlegmatic with calmness, and melancholic with sadness and vulnerability.

In modern psychology, temperament is defined as constant and stable natural personality traits that determine the dynamics of mental activity, regardless of its content.

The properties of temperament include extraversion and introversion, the pace of reactions, plasticity and rigidity.

Extraversion-introversion- temperament characteristics introduced K. Jung - determine the dependence of a person’s reaction and activity on external impressions arising in this moment(extrovert), or from the internal mental processes and states of a person (introvert). Extroverts include sanguine and choleric, and introverts include phlegmatic and melancholic.

Reaction rate characterizes the speed of mental processes and reactions (speed of mind, rate of speech, dynamics of gestures). The rate of reactions is increased in choleric people, sanguine people and well-rested melancholic people and decreased in phlegmatic people and tired melancholic people. People with a fast pace of reactions and low sensitivity (sanguine and choleric) do not notice. that others (phlegmatic and melancholic) do not have time to follow the course of their thoughts, and on the basis of this they make completely unfounded conclusions about their mental abilities, which can cause direct damage to relationships between people, in particular business relationships.

Inactivity - the degree of involuntary reactions to external and internal influences and irritations (critical remark, offensive word, harsh tone. external influence). These are automated defense and orientation reactions. High reactivity in choleric and sanguine people, low in phlegmatic people.

Activity— characterizes the expression of a person’s energy potential, with which a person overcomes obstacles and achieves goals. Activity is expressed in perseverance, focus, concentration and is the main quality of temperament that contributes to achieving the goal. A phlegmatic person is most active, although due to low reactivity he gets involved in work more slowly. A phlegmatic person is highly active and is not in danger of overwork. In a choleric person, high activity is combined with reactivity. Sanguine people are quite active, but if the activity is monotonous, they may lose interest in it. Melancholic people are characterized by low activity.

The ratio of reactivity and activity determines what causes to a greater extent human activity depends on: random external or internal circumstances - mood, random events, or from goals, intentions, beliefs.

Plasticity and rigidity indicate how easily and flexibly a person adapts to external influences (plasticity) or how inert his behavior is (rigidity). The highest plasticity is in sanguine people, rigidity characterizes phlegmatic people, choleric people and melancholic people.

Emotional excitability reflects the threshold of the minimum impact necessary for the occurrence of an emotional reaction and the speed of its development. Emotional excitability is increased in sanguine, choleric and melancholic people, and decreased in phlegmatic people.

A peculiar combination of activity, determined by the intensity and volume of human interaction with the environment - physical and social, and the degree of severity of emotional reactions, determines individual characteristics temperament, i.e. "dynamic aspects" of behavior. Researchers remain confident that the dynamic properties of behavior have a certain physiological basis, i.e. are determined by certain features of the functioning of physiological structures, but what these structures and features are is currently unknown. One thing is clear that temperament, being innate, is the basis of most personality properties, including its character. Temperament is the sensual basis of character. Transforming in the process of character formation, the properties of temperament turn into character traits, the content of which is associated with the orientation of the individual’s psyche.

Temperaments and their characteristics

Phlegmatic person unhurried, unperturbed, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy in the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He shows perseverance and perseverance in his work, remaining calm and balanced. He is productive at work, compensating for his slowness with diligence.

Choleric - fast, passionate, impetuous, but completely unbalanced, with sharply changing moods with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. A choleric person, getting carried away, carelessly wastes his strength and quickly becomes exhausted.

Sanguine - a lively, hot, active person, with frequent changes of mood and impressions, with a quick reaction to all the events happening around him, quite easily coming to terms with his failures and troubles. Sanguine people usually have expressive facial expressions. He is very productive at work when he is interested, becoming very excited about it; if the work is not interesting, he is indifferent to it, he becomes bored.

Melancholic - a person who is easily vulnerable, prone to constantly experiencing various events, he reacts little to external factors. He cannot restrain his asthenic experiences by force of will; he is overly impressionable and easily emotionally vulnerable.

Every temperament can be found both positive and negative properties. Good upbringing, control and self-control makes it possible to manifest: a melancholic person, as an impressionable person with deep experiences and emotions; a phlegmatic person, as a self-possessed person without hasty decisions; a sanguine person, as a highly responsive person for any work; a choleric person, as a passionate, frantic and active person in work.

Negative properties of temperament can manifest themselves as follows: in a melancholic person - isolation and shyness; a phlegmatic person has indifference to people, dryness; in a sanguine person - superficiality, scatteredness. impermanence; choleric person has hasty decisions.

As already noted, there are four main types of temperament: sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic (Fig. 1, Table 1).

Sanguine temperament

I. P. Pavlov gives the following description of the characteristics of the sanguine temperament: “A sanguine person is an ardent, very productive figure, but only when he has a lot of interesting things to do, that is, constant excitement. When there is no such thing, he becomes bored and lethargic.”

A sanguine person is distinguished by easy adaptability to changing living conditions, increased contact with people around him, and sociability. The feelings of a sanguine person arise easily and quickly change, his stereotypes are quite flexible, conditioned reflexes fasten in place. In a new environment, he does not feel constrained, is capable of quickly switching attention and changing types of activities, and is emotionally stable. People with a sanguine temperament are most suited to activities that require quick reactions, significant effort, and distributed attention.

Choleric temperament

“The choleric type,” notes I. P. Pavlov, “is clearly a fighting type, perky, easily and quickly irritated.” “Being carried away by some task, he puts too much pressure on his resources and strength and in the end he breaks down, becomes more exhausted than he should, he works himself to the point that everything is unbearable for him.”

Choleric people are characterized by increased emotional reactivity, fast pace and sharpness in movements. Increased excitability of choleric patients with unfavorable conditions can become the basis for hot temper and even aggressiveness.

Rice. 1. Reactions of people with different temperaments in the same situation (drawing by X. Bidstrup)

Table 1. Types of temperament and the corresponding mental properties of a person

Mental properties	The pitchforks of temperament and the corresponding properties of higher nervous activity
	sanguine	choleric	phlegmatic	melancholic
Speed		Very high	Slow
		Very big
Extroversion/introversion	Extrovert	Extrovert	Introvert	Introvert
Plasticity/rigidity	Plastic	Plastic	Rigid	Rigid
Excitability	Moderate
Expression	Moderate	Increased	Reduced	Increased
Sustainability	Stable	Unstable	Very stable	Very unstable

With appropriate motivation, a choleric person is able to overcome significant difficulties, devoting himself to work with great passion. It is characterized by sudden changes in mood. A person with a choleric temperament achieves the greatest effectiveness in activities that require increased reactivity and significant simultaneous effort.

Phlegmatic temperament

“A phlegmatic person is a calm, always even, persistent and persistent worker of life.”

The reactions of a phlegmatic person are somewhat slow, the mood is stable. The emotional sphere is outwardly little expressed. In difficult life situations, a phlegmatic person remains quite calm and self-possessed; he does not allow impulsive, impetuous movements, since his processes of inhibition always balance the processes of excitation. Correctly calculating his strength, a phlegmatic person shows great persistence in seeing things through to the end. His switching of attention and activity is somewhat slow. His stereotypes are inactive, and his behavior in some cases is not flexible enough. A phlegmatic person achieves the greatest success in those activities that require uniform effort, perseverance, stability of attention and great patience.

Melancholic temperament

“The melancholic temperament is clearly an inhibitory type of nervous system. For a melancholic person, obviously, every phenomenon of life becomes an agent inhibiting him, since he does not believe in anything, does not hope for anything, sees and expects only the bad and dangerous in everything.”

A melancholic person is characterized by increased vulnerability and a tendency to experience deep emotions (sometimes even for minor reasons). His feelings arise easily, are poorly contained, and are outwardly clearly expressed. Strong external influences hinder his activities. He is introverted - busy with his own experiences, withdrawn, refrains from contact with strangers, avoids new surroundings. Under certain living conditions, he easily develops shyness, timidity, indecisiveness and even cowardice. In a favorable stable environment, a melancholic person can achieve significant success in activities that require increased sensitivity, reactivity, quick learner, observation.

Holler temperament is a strong but unbalanced type of the higher nervous system.

The most striking feature of the colorist is his explosive nature and problems with controlling emotions. It is impulsive, active, active man. However, excitation processes predominate during inhibition.

A choleric person has to “hide” a lot or not express aggression if he is experiencing this for nothing or anyone.

He is hot and impatient and usually leaves quickly.

This happens faster before the irritant disappears.

It is not advisable to join people in the hospital with heated disagreements in which he expands widely and tries to prove his justice. The sooner he succumbs to it, the sooner he will recover and return to correct behavior.

Despite their irritability, these people are very strong and easily overcome all obstacles.

They are recognized by their decisive walk and sharp, exciting movements. Sometimes people remind you of the stretched line that can break it at any time.

People in the world

Friends find chicks easily, but not as much for socializing as for a crowd. They need a team where they take on the role of leader and parade master.

Choleric is very jealous of his leadership, does not tolerate many rivals and those who do not agree with his opinion.

He likes to control his environment and establish his own attitude and values. It is difficult to be his friend, but those who receive his sincere affection can expect a true and strong friendship.

These people are confident, ambitious and sometimes in love with themselves. Choleric people are not difficult and do not detract from their merits. On the contrary, they are often convinced of their exceptionalism and have an overvalued self-image.

Relationships with the opposite sex

In relationships with the opposite sex, cholera shows all those unpleasant properties that are found in communication with others.

In the midst of anger, many may separate the attitudes in which they usually try to communicate with them. It is impossible to have such a partner in life, but if you try to bring it (or pretend that it is given to him), the necklace will make a good family man.

Representatives of this temperament are very sensitive to connections with blood. They provide strong support to their spouses and good teachers to their children.

Work rhythm in patients with cholera

As workers, kolerični people play an important role in their ability to quickly recuperate and be hardworking. The ability to work is unstable and depends on many factors.

Characteristics and Characteristics of Cholera: Women, Men and Children

But if it's truly mesmerizing, it could change the mountains. When agitated, this person can survive the night without feeling uncomfortable. By the way, cholera people usually need less sleep, as representatives of other types of temperament.

When the flame is wasted and interest in work fades, a person quickly cools down to his activity and continues to function officially, without a “spark.”

Parenting

Children's children begin to worry about their parents from the moment they are born.

These children, even as infants, do not sleep very well. If you want to bathe such a child, you have to carry him for hours.

These children are like little pandas. They literally grow by anchoring their parents' necks like a tree trunk.

A child of holy temperament cascades, scandal around and without.

It has many requirements that must be met.

If his cripples are not in a hurry, the child will still be hysterical and hysterical. But Choleric's husband cannot be simply hysterical. He is capable of showing deepest feelings towards his family members and is very sensitive to gentle healing.

Parents must take care of their child's upbringing.

Lack of attention in the future can lead to uncontrolled aggression and cruelty. Failure to hold anything down for a long time will result in the chicken not finishing one thing.

If you focus your child's aggression on in the right direction in time, you can get a great athlete out of him. And the work of care and attention will help you achieve your goals in adulthood.

Advantages and disadvantages

Choleric, a characteristic temperament that briefly corresponds to two words: strong and impulsive, has its advantages and disadvantages.

The undeniable advantages of cholera can be attributed to: boiling energy and the ability to give the head a favorite company.

The ability to lead people with them, to impress them with your ideas is another big plus of this temperament. A choleric person is born a leader and initiator of new ideas.

People of this nature are characterized by increased resistance to stress and the ability to quickly make quick decisions.

It is necessary to take into account obvious shortcomings: aggression, speed and irritability.

Difficult to communicate and support friendly relations with collegial people.

The Reds run out of effort and are unable to figure out their strengths rather than quickly depleting your energy.

If you are chosen as a friend or as a companion in the life of a characteristic temperamental temperament, be tolerant and ignore sudden mood changes.

Accept as reality that you will have to constantly make concessions, prepare your cruelty and agree with the world around you.

This is an extrovert

Temperament type: Choleric

Cholerics are bright, energetic, extremely emotional (to the point of explosion) people. They are always the center of attention, actively gesticulate, and talk loudly.

Choleric is one of the four types temperament. You can read more about temperament and its types in a special article - “What is temperament”, and in this material We will take a closer look at the choleric person.

Cholerics are active, impetuous people who devote themselves to their work with passion, but they can also easily and emotionally give it up. They can overcome difficulties, but they are also unstable and can change their mood very quickly.

Qualities

A person does not have only one pure temperament, but if choleric is the dominant type, then the person has the following qualities:

• A born leader.
• An active participant in debates, always has a personal opinion.
• Independent, self-sufficient. Can easily be a loner.
• Passionate, impulsive. The matter is easily given up and explodes with indignation.
• Swift. He is always active and wants to achieve positive results in everything he does.
• Nervous.

  Phlegmatic, melancholic, sanguine, choleric - types of temperament

  It can suddenly change your mood to the completely opposite one.

• Fast response and excellent absorption of information.
• Frequent gesticulation and undisguised facial expressions. For a choleric person, everything can be “read by the face”; it is difficult for him to cope with facial expressions and gestures.
• With experience, they can hide and suppress their emotions in order to make informed decisions.

Appearance

Surprisingly, most people with the same dominant temperament are similar. If we talk about choleric people, then these are thin people with well-developed, but long and thin arms and legs, a pointed chin, a “bird” nose, a smooth forehead and an oval face shape.

Choleric child

If your child reacts very violently to everything around him, actively participate in various noisy and active games. These are restless children. They also quite often express their dissatisfaction.

Choleric children have restless sleep, and they do not always fall asleep well due to overexcitation.

Choleric at work

Cholerics cannot stand routine and monotonous work. Such people should work in positions where there is freedom of action, but it is better not to give choleric people work that is accompanied by tension and where perseverance is necessary.

Cholerics are often bosses. This is good for the company, but not for the employees. These are effective managers who can make a company or department work with a bang, but they are tyrants and despots, and it is useless to argue with them.

If a choleric person is interested in the work, and there will be a bonus from the result, expect the maximum effect.

Often choleric people choose the path of the military or go into politics.

Among the famous choleric people we can highlight: A.S. Pushkina, D.I. Mendeleev, Peter I and A.V. Suvorov. A pronounced choleric person of our time - V.F. Zhirinovsky.

Emotional activity is the ease with which emotions become the motivating force of action. A low level of emotional activity is typical for sanguine and phlegmatic people. High – for choleric and melancholic people. Cholerics and melancholics are impressionable, but cholerics are impulsive, melancholics are not. Choleric people experience rapid changes in emotional states, while melancholic people do not.

The combination of general, motor and emotional activity characterizes a person’s temperament.

If we evaluate the given psychological characteristics of temperament, we will see that each of them has both good and bad properties. Thus, a sanguine person is emotional and has good performance, but his motives are unstable, and his attention is also unstable. A melancholic person is characterized by less efficiency and greater anxiety, but he is a sensitive person, usually cautious and prudent. Consequently, there are no “bad” or “good” temperaments - each temperament is good in some conditions and bad in others. It also does not determine the social value of a person - a person’s inclinations, worldview and beliefs, and the content of his interests do not depend on temperament.

It should be noted that temperament does not determine a person’s abilities and talent. Great abilities can occur equally often in any temperament.

Among outstanding people of the past there are people with very different temperaments: A.V. Suvorov and A.I. Herzen were sanguine, Peter 1 and I.P. Pavlov – choleric, N.V. Gogol and P.I. Tchaikovsky – melancholic, and M.I. Kutuzov and I.A. Krylov - phlegmatic.

Among the outstanding talents in any field of activity you can find people with different temperaments. If we take, for example, the largest Russian writers, then in A.S. Pushkin we can note bright features of choleric character, in A.I. Herzen - sanguine, in I.V. Gogol, Sergei Yesenin and V.A. Zhukovsky - melancholic , in I.A. Krylov and I.A. Goncharov - phlegmatic. Two great commanders - A.V. Suvorov and M.I. Kutuzov - form a sharp contrast from the point of view of temperament. Suvorov was a typical choleric person, while Kutuzov exhibited traits characteristic of a phlegmatic temperament, for example, slowness of movements, calmness, composure. From famous people choleric people were Salvador Dali, Peter the Great, and Vasily Chapaev. Of the current politicians, Vladimir Zhirinovsky is almost a “pure” choleric person.

Almost “pure” sanguine people were the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, Vladimir Lenin, Louis Pasteur, Marie Sklodowska-Curie,

melancholics - Nikolai Gumilyov, Elvis Presley, Nicholas II.

The group of “pure” phlegmatic people includes Galileo Galilei, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (inventor of the microscope), academician Lyubishchev, Karl Baer (founder of embryology), and philosopher Emmanuel Kant. Of the living politicians, the leader of the Communist Party Gennady Zyuganov is almost a “pure” phlegmatic.

Giordano Bruno can be described as sanguine; Darwin, of course, was phlegmatic - his methodical nature, consistency, and perseverance in science are widely known. But at the same time, discoveries and scientific conclusions did not come easily to him. Darwin admitted that he had a weak memory. It is interesting that in his personal life he was moderate, economical, humble person. Chopin is a typical melancholic: his doubts, mental anxiety, the highest sensitivity is reflected in the music. It is no coincidence that the famous “Funeral March” belongs to his pen... Nadson (the whole timbre of his work speaks about this) and, obviously, Levitan (remember his vulnerability) were distinguished by melancholy traits.
It must be assumed that N.V. Gogol belonged to the weak type of higher nervous activity. In particular, the burning of the manuscript of the second volume " Dead souls", depression, suspiciousness that developed in him last years life, is a consequence of a psychasthenic obsessive state. Outwardly, this manifested itself in an explosion of religiosity. I. P. Pavlov was truly right when he noted: “The weak need religion.” We may be objected to with the words of Stendhal: “Choleric people are the temperament of outstanding people.” Yes, this typological group deserves a separate discussion - there is indeed evidence of the correctness of the thoughts of the author of “Red and Black”. In particular, Peter the Great, Marat, and Napoleon were typical choleric people. Let us recall at least the restless energy of Peter during the Battle of Poltava, in the swamps near the Neva, where “a window to Europe was being cut.”

And among our contemporaries - outstanding athletes, cosmonauts, statesmen– we see people who differ significantly in temperament. In the same way, people of the same type of temperament can be both progressive and conservative.

Each temperament has its own advantages and disadvantages. Thus, with good upbringing and self-control, a sanguine person is characterized by responsiveness, a phlegmatic person - endurance and self-control, a choleric person - activity, passion in work, a melancholic person - impressionability. The disadvantages of temperament are: in a sanguine person - superficiality, scatteredness; in a phlegmatic person – indifference to others, “dryness”; in a melancholic person - isolation, shyness; a choleric person has impulsiveness.

It should be borne in mind that in life it is clear expressed types temperaments are not so common; usually a person is characterized by one or another combination of them. The manifestation of temperaments is more clearly expressed in young people; with age it becomes less bright and muted, as a person’s behavior is increasingly regulated by character traits.

Chapter 3. Temperaments of famous personalities

3.1. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

Until now, we have considered Napoleon as a public, statesman and world figure, the great French emperor. There is no doubt that in all these types of activity Napoleon was a genius, and, moreover, a genius of the first degree. What was Napoleon like as a person?

As a child, while at school, Napoleon was distinguished by a tendency to solitude, secrecy, isolation, some peculiar manifestations of character and sharp nervousness. At school, Napoleon was distinguished by his love of work, perseverance and capricious behavior.

Napoleon sincerely and unhypocritically loved his family and helped them with all his might throughout his life, he loved children very much; often played with them and listened to the harshest remarks from them. Napoleon was tireless. He could sit all day long on a horse, as well as in an office chair. His mind was all-encompassing. Napoleon slept very little, 4-6 hours, and went to bed at 10 o'clock, but, in addition, in his free moments he had the ability to sleep whenever and wherever for several minutes. When he woke up, he instantly regained consciousness. Napoleon was a very emotional, passionate person. He loved his homeland infinitely and was ready to sacrifice everything for it. Napoleon was always active, a lively person, striving for frequent changes of impressions, and quickly and easily navigated unfamiliar surroundings.

Based on the above, we can say that by temperament Napoleon is a typical sanguine person.

3.2. V. V. Zhirinovsky

Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky amazes everyone with his character and temperament. Vladimir Volfovich - very bright man, which is simply impossible to forget. This raises his status and makes him one of the most popular politicians today.

The main feature of Zhirinovsky is his constant state of extreme anxiety and excitement, extreme dissatisfaction with everything he sees and thinks about, extreme irritability, and sputtering with saliva for any reason. In the conversation there is alternate juggling and balancing act with facts from extreme demagoguery and from theoretical knowledge. The whole conversation is based on emotional self-excitation and self-pumping. Zhirinovsky often swings one arm. During a conversation, he can shout sharply and immediately return to calm intonations.

Zhirinovsky rarely shows genuine interest in anything other than his own personality, and suffers complete absence diligence and endurance. He is superficial, cannot force himself to exert himself for a long time, is easily distracted, and scattered. His spiritual interests are shallow, and work that requires perseverance, accuracy and thoroughness thereby produces a repulsive effect on him. Of course, one cannot expect moral stability from him: being a frivolous person, he is not capable of deep experiences, is capricious in his affections and usually does not get involved. strong relationships with people. The sense of duty is alien to him, and he loves only himself. His most fatal feature is his inability to control his imagination. With his passion for drawing, for showing off dust, he is completely unable to fight the temptation to use for this purpose the easily emerging, rich in detail and lushly decorated images of his imagination. Hence his irresistible and often colossal harm passion for lies. He lies artistically, masterfully, getting carried away by his lies and almost forgetting that it is a lie. Often he lies completely senselessly, without any reason, just to show off something, to capture the imagination of his interlocutor with something. Most often, of course, his inventions concern his own personality.

3.3. A.S. PUSHKIN

According to contemporaries, Pushkin’s character was passionate, quick-tempered, and impetuous. He loved card game, was passionate and sought strong sensations, especially in his youth.

The poet's mind was angry and mocking, nevertheless, everyone who knew Pushkin considered him an exemplary friend. In society, the poet attracted people with his courteous address, and if he became friends with someone, he always showed friendly feelings.

Very sensitive to his pedigree, selfish, Pushkin was constantly offended by those people who did not recognize him as a secular person. If he was the center of attention, if there was an ordinary conversation that did not touch the sensitive strings of the poet, then he seemed to be an even, cheerful, witty interlocutor, shining, like his father and uncle, with a cascade of jokes, witticisms, intelligent and paradoxical reasoning. But as soon as someone offended the poet, laughed at him, or simply did not pay enough attention to him, Pushkin changed dramatically. Acrimony and disdain were evident in his subsequent attitude towards the person. The poor fellow who angered him was bombarded with sarcastic or derogatory epigrams. Pushkin, who loved to laugh and make fun of those around him, could not stand the same from others.

Pushkin's psyche was already unstable from childhood. He could easily move from fun to extreme irritation, and, conversely, after a sweet and witty conversation, attack the offender with a sharp attack, leading to a duel.

Duels accompanied Pushkin throughout his life. His nervous character, wild passions and enormous pride did not stop him from danger. The poet was constantly cocky, not heeding the advice of his friends, not interested in the enemy’s ability to shoot, and not really valuing his own life. From this behavior of Pushkin one can draw a conclusion about the restless, impetuous nature of a genius who does not find in himself the center of gravity between the opposites of that mental dualism that is characteristic of man.

Based on all known information about the poet’s behavior and his main character traits, we can conclude that, from the point of view of a psychoanalyst, the poet’s character was of a clearly expressed hysterical type.

The hysterical character, as many psychoanalysts note, is characterized by pronounced pride, which, moreover, is, as it were, the key to the character itself. No less than pride, the hysterical character is characterized by a feeling of deep resentment, which was also noted by all the poet’s friends and contemporaries. Any word the poet did not like caused an explosion of indignation and extreme discontent in him. Sometimes the grievances and simply insults were real. Pushkin experienced all this sharply, pursued his offender, not leaving him without punishment.

Based on all the above facts, we can conclude that Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is a sanguine person in combination with choleric temperamental traits.

conclusion

So, to summarize the above, I would like to note once again that psychologists have been and are studying temperament different countries. The methods of studying it are rather conventional and not always objective, but work in this direction is being carried out and is bearing fruit. Many theories have been put forward regarding the nature of temperament and methods for studying it. The methods, as mentioned above, include laboratory, complex, natural methods of studying temperament and the observation method.

Temperament is a set of properties that characterize the dynamic features of the course of mental processes and human behavior, their strength, speed, occurrence, cessation and change. The properties of temperament can only be classified conditionally among the actual personal qualities of a person; they rather constitute his individual characteristics, since they are mainly biologically determined and innate. Nevertheless, temperament has a significant influence on the formation of a person’s character and behavior, sometimes determines his actions, his individuality, therefore it is impossible to completely separate temperament from personality. It acts as a connecting link between the body, personality and cognitive processes.

Various points of view have been expressed about the nature of temperament, starting with Hippocrates and Galen, who identified 4 types of temperament (these types have almost invariably survived to this day and are used in the research of modern psychologists). Based on these studies, the study of temperament continues today.

In my work, I tried to illuminate the physiological basis of temperament, give a psychological description of temperaments, reveal the connection between temperament and personality, exploring the basic types of temperaments using the example of well-known ones historical figures. The process of studying this topic was very interesting for me. It was interesting to study psychological portraits famous writers, poets, artists, politicians, great commanders. I learned many of their habits, by appearance a person’s behavior, speech, facial expressions, and gestures she was able to determine the temperament herself, but, of course, not always accurately. For example, if a person is fussy, does not like slowness, he is attracted to everything new, he cannot sit in one place, most likely he is choleric, if his behavior in society emphasizes indifference to others, he is phlegmatic.

Short description

The purpose of this work is to consider such a property of a person’s personality as temperament, to analyze the types of temperaments using the example of famous historical figures.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to find out what temperament is, how the concept of “temperament” differs from the concept of “character”,
consider the teachings of psychologists about temperament, consider the physiological characteristics of temperament, identify how the type of temperament affects the socio-political, creative and other activities of a person.

Table of contents

Introduction
Chapter 1. Temperament as a personality trait
1.1. THE CONCEPT OF “TEMPERAMENT”, History of the formation of temperament
1.2. A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE TEACHINGS ABOUT TEMPERAMENT.
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF TEMPERAMENT.
Chapter 2. Classification of temperament types
2.1. characteristics of temperament types
2.2. INFLUENCE OF TEMPERAMENT ON PERSONALITY.
CHAPTER 3. Temperaments of famous personalities
3.1. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
3.2. V. V. Zhirinovsky
3.3. A. S. PUSHKIN
Conclusion
Bibliography

Today, many people study their temperament and are interested in the characteristics of other characters. Choleric is one of four possible temperaments, which is characterized by phenomenal speed of mental reactions. A choleric person is not inclined to think about something for a long time, especially since he is not inclined to analyze current events. He is used to rushing forward through life at great speed, sometimes not noticing the feelings and moods of those around him.

It is worth remembering that it is extremely rare that the properties of a particular temperament are found in life in pure form. Most often it occurs mixed type temperament when significant characteristics unite with each other and find expression among specific people. Let's consider the most important characteristics choleric

Attitude to life

A striking feature of a choleric person is a certain irrepressibility. The choleric person himself is very active and prefers to act passionately and recklessly. He is susceptible to various impressions, strives for novelty and permanent shift impressions. For the most part, a choleric person takes life lightly and does not take anything seriously. He seems to be playing with fate and therefore enthusiastically embarks on dangerous adventures. Adventure beckons him, calling him along. The choleric person joyfully experiences everything that opens up to his gaze: he is an innovator and always strives forward. He goes through life as if all the most interesting things are happening now. The choleric person is not inclined to put off important matters and is not ready to endure various inconveniences, even if they are necessary for further success. A choleric person generally spreads himself too thin, so he is unable to concentrate on one task and finish the job he has started. This type of temperament is quite confident in himself and his abilities, but he tends to underestimate those around him, often considering them slow and unintelligent. Often a choleric person shows aggressiveness, he has a lot of energy, but he does not know how to use it correctly and usefully for the benefit even of himself.

Attitude towards yourself and others

In society, a choleric person tends to take on leadership positions. He is a leader by nature, and therefore cannot obey anyone. He needs to decide everything himself. He often justifies his own shortcomings by the unworthy behavior of other people, believes that he is right and therefore other people should definitely listen to him. In many cases he exhibits extreme self-confidence and can become a rather harsh dictator. He loves power and strives to have it.

Emotional condition

Choleric is a strong but unbalanced type. The emotions of a choleric person are constantly changing, one state replaces another. He doesn't stay on anything for long. This characteristic of temperament allows him to see the approach several steps ahead. dangerous situation, so he can prepare for troubles and meet them fully armed. Cholerics are not inclined to calculate steps several steps ahead, but they do it on the fly. The choleric person sees the big picture as a whole, but does not notice the particulars. It is difficult for him to delve into details, imagine some particulars and analyze the current situation. It is much easier for a choleric person to perform some action again than to strain and try to understand other people. He has little developed sensitivity towards those who are nearby. For the most part, he thinks and cares only about his own well-being.

Thus, a choleric person is a type of temperament that is not inclined to care about the future. He lives one day at a time and tries to get all kinds of benefits from life. Its main characteristics are determination, courage, toughness, firmness, and stunning speed of reaction. Such a person will not disappear anywhere and will quickly be able to adapt to any situation.