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Geniuses. Brilliant people

Names and surnames of brilliant people of all times

Genius(lat. genius) – the highest degree of giftedness and versatility.

There is an opinion that a genius accounts for 1% of inspiration, and the remaining 99% is hard work until he sweats. And this is true. Hard work is an integral part of great things. scientific discoveries, brilliant works of art, creations of music, painting and architecture.

Brilliant people and their creations remain for centuries.

Traits of a genius person– a clear mind, excellent memory, extensive knowledge, creative activity, poetic imagination, literary gift, thirst for knowledge, courage of thought, heroic enthusiasm, understanding of the world and man.

The labyrinths of the movement of brilliant thought have not yet been solved by anyone. Geniuses amaze with a very high level of creativity, exceptional, superhuman abilities– in memorizing data, in solving mathematical problems, in instantly capturing connections between phenomena invisible to others.

Developed through persistent and prolonged effort, the abilities of a genius show limitless possibilities human mind.

There is a famous saying that genius burns on the fire of sex hormones. The constant high creative tension in which a genius lives inevitably subjugates his lifestyle, behavior and daily routine. A genius lives in the world of ideas, not in the material world.

The thoughts and ideas of brilliant people were always ahead of their time; extraordinary courage was needed in overthrowing dogmas and authorities, existing for centuries. Many brilliant people paid with their lives for their innovative ideas. And only after some time it became clear that the genius was right. He saw what others did not see.

Genius has different shapes And different levels . Below we provide list of brilliant people. Of course, it is not complete and can be continued.

Names and surnames of brilliant people of all times (list)

Agrippa (Henry Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim)– occultist

Anaxagoras- ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, founder of the Athenian philosophical school

Aristotle– philosopher

Aristophanes– playwright

Archimedes– mechanic, physicist, mathematician, engineer

Honore de Balzac- writer

Bacon Francis– philosopher, historian, politician

Bacon, Roger- philosopher and naturalist

Bach Johann Sebastian– composer

Beethoven Ludwig vann– composer

Berdyaev Nikolay Alexandrovich– philosopher

Bor Nils– physicist

Bruno Giordano- scientist, monk

Voltaire- poet, prose writer, satirist, tragedian, historian, publicist

Galileo Galilei– astronomer, mechanic, thinker

Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich– philosopher

Goethe Johann– poet, statesman, naturalist, thinker

Herodotus– Greek traveler, geographer, father of history

Gogol Nikolay Vasilievich- writer

Hoffmann Ernst Theodor Amadeus– writer, composer, artist

Gumilev Lev Nikolaevich– historian-ethnologist, archaeologist, orientalist, writer

Dante Alighieri- poet, theologian, politician

Rene Descartes– philosopher, mathematician, mechanic, physicist, physiologist

Democritus– philosopher

Euclid– mathematician, physicist

Zhirinovsky Vladimir Volfovich- statesman

Kant Immanuel– philosopher

Copernicus Nicholas– astronomer, mathematician, mechanic, economist

Cuvier Georges Leopold- naturalist, naturalist

Leonardo da Vinci– painter, sculptor, architect, scientist (naturalist), inventor, writer

Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm– philosopher, logician, mathematician, mechanic, physicist, lawyer, historian, diplomat, inventor, linguist

Lermontov Mikhail Yurievich- poet, prose writer, playwright

Lobachevsky Nikolai Ivanovich– mathematician

Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilievich– natural scientist, encyclopedist, chemist, physicist, astronomer, instrument maker, geographer, metallurgist, geologist, poet, artist, historian

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier– chemist, naturalist

Alexander Macedonian- conqueror-commander

Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich– encyclopedist scientist, chemist, physicist, metrologist, economist, technologist, geologist, meteorologist, oil worker, teacher, aeronaut, instrument maker

Michelangelo– sculptor, painter, architect

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart– composer, virtuoso performer

Marcus Aurelius- statesman, philosopher

Napoleon I Bonaparte- commander and statesman

Nietzsche Friedrich– thinker, philosopher, philologist, composer, poet

Nostradamus Michel de– astrologer, doctor, pharmacist, alchemist, fortune teller

Newton Isaac– physicist, mathematician, mechanic, astronomer

Pascal Blaise– mathematician, mechanic, physicist, writer, philosopher

Pericles- statesman, speaker, commander

Pythagoras– philosopher, mathematician, mystic, creator of the religious and philosophical school of the Pythagoreans

Claudius Ptolemy– Greek geographer, cartographer, mathematician, astronomer

Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich- poet, playwright, prose writer

Rafael Santi– painter, graphic artist, architect

Socrates- thinker, philosopher

Stolypin, Pyotr Arkadyevich (1862 – 1911)– Russian statesman, prime minister

Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich- great Russian commander, military theorist, national hero Russia

Tesla Nikola– inventor in the field of electrical and radio engineering, engineer, physicist

Titian– painter

Freud Sigmund– psychologist, psychiatrist, neurologist

Gaius Julius Caesar– commander, statesman, writer

Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich– composer, conductor, teacher, musical and public figure

Shakespeare William- poet and playwright

Einstein, Albert– theoretical physicist, one of the founders of modern theoretical physics

Aesop- Ancient Greek poet and fabulist

Aeschylus- Ancient Greek playwright, father of European tragedy

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Geniuses. Brilliant people. Names and surnames of brilliant people of all times

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William James Sidis was born on April 1, 1898 in New York. He was the son of Jewish emigrants from the territory of Ukraine. His parents were outstanding specialists in their fields: Boris Sidis taught psychology at Harvard University and was one of the most significant US psychiatrists and psychologists of his time; Sarah graduated from Boston Medical University in 1897, but gave up her career to raise William.

His parents wanted to make W. J. Sidis a genius using their own educational methods, for which they were criticized. At the age of 18 months, he was reading the New York Times. At the age of 6, William consciously became an atheist. Before his eighth birthday, he wrote four books. His IQ was estimated to be between 250 and 300 (the highest recorded IQ in history).

At the age of 11, W. J. Sidis entered Harvard. Areas of knowledge on which Sidis's work remains include American history, cosmology and psychology. Sidis was a collector of railway tickets and was immersed in the study of transport systems. Under the pseudonym "Frank Falupa," he wrote a treatise on railroad tickets, in which he identified ways to increase bandwidth transport network, which are only now beginning to find recognition. In 1930, he received a patent for a permanent perpetual calendar that took leap years into account.

Sidis knew about 40 languages ​​(according to other sources - 200) and translated fluently from one to another. Sidis also created artificial language, which he called Vendergood in his second book, entitled "Book of Vendergood", which he wrote at the age of eight. The language is mostly based on Latin and Greek, but it was also based on German, French and other Romance languages.

Sidis was socially passive. IN at a young age he decided to give up sex and devote his life to intellectual development. His interests manifested themselves in rather exotic forms. He wrote a study on alternative history USA. He spent his adult life working as a simple accountant, wearing traditional rural clothing, and quitting his job as soon as his genius was discovered. Trying to live unnoticed, he hid from journalists.

Sidis died of an intracerebral hemorrhage in 1944, at the age of 46, in Boston.

W. J. Sidis is considered by some biographers to be the most gifted person on Earth. Here are the biographical moments that gave rise to this opinion:

• William learned to write by the end of his first year.
• In his fourth year of life, he read Homer in the original.
• At the age of six he studied Aristotelian logic.
• Between 4 and 8 years old he wrote 4 books, including one monograph on anatomy.
• At the age of seven he passed the Harvard Medical School exam in anatomy.
• By the age of 8, William knew 8 languages ​​- English, Latin, Greek, Russian, Hebrew, French, German and one more, which he invented himself.
• IN mature life William was fluent in 40 languages, and, according to some authors, this number reached 200.
• At the age of 11, Sidis entered Harvard University and soon lectured at the Harvard Mathematical Club.
• He graduated from Harvard with honors at age 16.

American electrochemical engineer Libb Sims conducted a study and decided to rank the smartest people in the world of all time.

Sims was the first to compile a list of people that included dozens of people with an IQ level of over 200. Anything over 130 is extremely high, but it should be noted that IQ tests are a highly controversial measure of ranking human abilities. Later, the American ranked everyone according to their inclinations in some area. The list that rightfully deserves the title of genius.

Not wanting geniuses to be excluded from his list, the calculation was carried out using special formulas. Libb Sims created his own ranking of the most smart people in the world based on the Cox methodology, which people undergo every 10 years, and then these indicators are averaged. Afterwards, the indicators are checked for errors and corrected. The rating was compiled based on the main achievements of geniuses and correlation with the IQ test.

Of course, this list is extremely subjective, and at times it seems to have been compiled. However, we found it to be logical enough to accept as true.

1. John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill was a 19th-century political philosopher and member of the British Parliament. As a student of the philosopher Jeremy Bentham, Mill defended the ideas of utilitarianism and criticized unlimited government control. His IQ score ranges from 180-200 different measures.

His 1859 essay “On Liberty,” in which he argues that liberty is a fundamental human right, sparked controversy for its unqualified endorsement of individuality and free speech.

1. Christopher Hirata

Christopher Hirata is a child prodigy who became an astrophysicist with Christopher Hirata having an IQ of 225. He rose to fame at the age of 13, becoming the youngest winner in the 1996 International Physics Olympiad. A year later he entered the California Institute of Technology.

At age 16, Hirata worked with NASA on a project to colonize Mars, and at age 22, he received a doctorate in physics from Princeton. He is a professor of physics and astronomy at Ohio State University.

1. Emanuel Swedenborg

Emanuel Swedenborg was an 18th century scientist and theologian. His IQ is variously estimated to range from 165 to 210. Emanuel Swedenborg is known for his enormous contributions in the field of natural sciences. Swedenborg, having achieved his spiritual awakening in his 50s, published what is now his most famous work - the description afterlife called "Heaven and Hell". This robot was highly valued after the death of the scientist and is highly valued among philosophers and mystics. Swedenborg claimed that he could visit heaven and hell of his own free will and that his ideas about spirituality, God, and Christ came to him in dreams and visions.

1. Ettore Majorana

Ettore Majorana was an Italian theoretical physicist who studied the masses of neutrinos, electrically neutral subatomic particles that are created in nuclear reactions. His IQ score ranges from 183 to 200 according to various estimates.

He became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Naples one year before his mysterious disappearance during a boat ride from Palermo to Naples. His body was not found.

The Majorana equation and Majorana fermions were named after him, and in 2006, the Majorana Prize in Theoretical Physics was created in his memory.

1. Voltaire

François Marie Arouet, better known by his pseudonym Voltaire, was born in Paris in 1694. According to various estimates, his IQ ranges from 190 to 200. He was one of the greatest writers and philosophers of France, known for his satirical genius and not being afraid to criticize the nobles of his country.

Throughout his life, Voltaire vigorously defended the distinction between natural science and philosophy. Many of his critical works were directed against established philosophers such as Leibniz, Malebranchu, and Descartes, according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

1. William Shakespeare

Born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. Shakespeare made his living as an actor and playwright in London. In 1597, 15 of his plays were published, including Richard II, Henry VI and Much Ado About Nothing.

1. Nikola Tesla

Born during a thunderstorm in 1856, Nikola Tesla went on to invent Tesla coils and alternating current machines. His IQ score ranges from 160 to 310 according to various estimates. He became famous for his bitter rivalry with Thomas Edison throughout his life, and many of his projects were financed by JPMorgan, who later became his business partner.

In 1900, Morgan invested $150,000 in Tesla's Wardenclyffe Tower, a transatlantic wireless communication system that Tesla never completed. The Serbian physicist died penniless in a New York hotel room in 1943.

1. Leonard Euler

Leonhard Euler was a Swiss mathematician and physicist. Born in 1707 and educated in Basel. Euler spent most of his career in St. Petersburg and Berlin. His IQ score ranges from 180 to 200 according to various estimates.

Euler was one of the founders of pure mathematics and further development studying integral calculus. He is the author mathematical work“Introduction to Infinitesimal Analysis”, and full meeting his works amounted to about 90 volumes. He had a legendary memory and could read the entire Aeneid word for word.

1. Galileo Galilei

Galileo was an Italian naturalist, astronomer, and mathematician, born around 1564. He developed such scientific concepts, like circular inertia and the law of falling bodies. His estimated IQ by various methods ranges from 180 to 200.

His discoveries with the telescope undermined the foundations laid by Aristotle in cosmology, in particular his conclusions that Venus goes through phases like the Moon and that Jupiter has four moons orbiting it.

Towards the end of his life, the Church condemned him as a heretic for his literary activity and the heliocentric model of the Universe.

1. Carl Gauss

Considered the greatest German mathematician of the 19th century. Carl Gauss was a child prodigy who made major contributions to number theory, algebra, statistics and mathematics. His IQ, according to various estimates, ranges from 250 to 300.

His works were especially influential in the study of electromagnetism. He refused to publish it until it was absolutely perfect.

1. Thomas Young

Thomas Young was an English physician and physicist whose invaluable contributions to physiology led to many important discoveries in human anatomy. His IQ ranges from 185 to 200 according to various estimates. He was also an Egyptologist who helped decipher the Rosetta Stone.

One of his most important discoveries was that the human eye's eyelid changes shape to focus on objects at different distances, which eventually led him to determine the cause of astigmatism. He was also the first to study how the eye perceives colors.

1. William Sidis

William Sidis (the inspiration for the film Good Will Hunting) was an American prodigy whose IQ scores range from 200 to 300 according to various assessments. At the age of 2, Sidis was reading The New York Times and typed letters on a typewriter - in English and French.

He was accepted into Harvard at age 9, but the university would not allow him to attend due to his “emotional immaturity.” Instead, he took part in Tufts until Harvard finally let him in when he turned there at 11.

Reporters followed him everywhere and he eventually became a recluse, moving from town to town under different names to avoid attention. He died at the age of 46 from a massive stroke.

1. Gottfried Leibniz

Gottfried Leibniz was a German philosopher and logician who is perhaps best known for creating differential and integral calculus. His IQ ranges from 182 to 205 according to various estimates.

In 1676, Leibniz founded a new formulation of the laws of motion known as dynamics, substituting kinetic energy to maintain movement.

He made major contributions to the philosophy of language with his work on necessary conditional truths, possible worlds, and the principle of sufficient reason.

1. Nicolaus Copernicus

Copernicus was a Polish mathematician and astronomer who discovered the heliocentric model of the Universe - in which the sun, not the Earth, is the center of our planet. solar system. Made a revolution in space exploration. His IQ score ranges from 160 to 200.

His book "On Rotation" celestial spheres”, was banned by the church after he died in 1543. The book remained on the list of prohibited reading materials for almost three centuries thereafter.

1. Rudolf Clausius

Rudolf Clausius was a German physicist and mathematician. He became famous for formulating the second law of thermodynamics. His IQ score ranges from 190 to 205 according to various estimates.

Clausius made thermodynamics a science, he introduced the term "entropy", and developed the kinetic theory of gases. He was also one of the first scientists to propose that molecules are composed of constantly changing atoms, which later formed the basis of the theory of electrolytic dissociation (the breakdown of molecules into charged atoms or ions).

1. James Maxwell

James Maxwell – Scottish mathematician and physicist who is best known for developing classical theory electromagnetic radiation. His IQ score ranges from 190 to 205 according to various estimates.

Maxwell is credited with laying the foundations of quantum theory. He was revered by many, including Einstein. When Einstein was asked if he stood on the shoulders of Newton, he replied: “No, I stand on the shoulders of Maxwell.”

1. Isaac Newton

His most famous law universal gravity, English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton played an important role in scientific revolution 17th century. His IQ score is between 190 and 200. His work, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, is considered the most influential book in physics, and perhaps in all of science. Although some of his assumptions were eventually disproven, Newton's universal principles of gravity had no analogue in science at the time.

1. Leonardo da Vinci

Painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer – Leonardo da Vinci was perhaps the most diversely talented person in history. His IQ score ranges from 180 to 220 according to various estimates.

He is one of the most famous painters in history and is revered for his technological innovations such as aircraft, armored car, concentrating solar energy, and adding machines. Da Vinci was a chronic procrastinator, although several of his projects were never completed during his lifetime.

1. Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein is a German-born theoretical physicist whose IQ scores have been estimated to range from 205 to 225. He is famous for his discovery of the mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been called the most famous equation. in the world.

Einstein formulated the principle of relativity and tried to disprove quantum theory until his death. One died in 1955 at the age of 76.

1. Johann Goethe

Goethe was a German polymath who founded the science of human chemistry and developed one of the earliest theories of evolution. His IQ ranged from 210 to 225 according to various estimates.

He is considered one of the greatest figures in Western literature, with his 1808 poetic drama Faust still widely read and studied even today.

"People of genius"

Man's intellectual abilities have given him tools, technologies, scientific achievements, and works of art.

A society was formed that built modern civilization as a building that one can be proud of; brilliant people played a special role in this construction, without whom the world would look different.

UNDISPUTED GENIUS

The Shakespearean Canon includes 39 plays bearing the signature of the great playwright. Despite some doubts among scientists about their authenticity, the whole world recognizes Shakespeare as the author of these masterpieces. His works tell about the eternal: life and death, love and hatred, revenge and forgiveness, good and evil. Centuries before Freud and Jung, Shakespeare was an excellent student of human psychology, using his knowledge and talent to write comedies, tragedies and dramas, accurately expressing human feelings and experiences through poetry. William Shakespeare is considered to have the greatest poetic gift, having a huge influence on the minds of mankind.

It is impossible to ignore Aristotle’s contribution to the treasury of the intellectual capital of mankind. A follower of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great showed the right path to his capable student. Aristotle's genius as a versatile scientist and philosopher is beyond doubt. He did much more than dozens of generations of philosophers before and after him, bringing together the truth scattered throughout the world. Aristotle identified many laws of the universe that science still uses today.

He created formal logic and syllogistics. The “first philosophy” - metaphysics - contains the doctrine of the basic principles of being: possibility and implementation, form and matter, efficient cause and purpose. The philosopher wavered between materialism and idealism, seeing harmony in the world. He defined the source of movement and changeable existence - the eternal and motionless mind, nous (prime mover). He identified the stages of nature: inorganic world, plant, animal, human. He noted the main principle of ethics - reasonable behavior, moderation. He said that man is a social being, identified the best forms of state for humanity - monarchy, moderate democracy, aristocracy, as well as the worst - tyranny, oligarchy, ochlocracy. The influence of Aristotle's works spread not only to the entire Christian world, but, thanks to the works of Ibn Rushd, to Islam.

The ancient Greek mathematician Euclid made a huge contribution to the construction of civilization. 300 years before the birth of Jesus Christ, Euclid published his general work - “Principia” (includes 15 books), containing the foundations of ancient mathematics, elementary geometry, number theory, the general theory of relations and the method of determining areas and volumes, the theory of limits.

“Principia” remained the main textbook of geometry for all scientists of the world until the 19th century. For more than two thousand years, the greatest minds on the planet, including Albert Einstein, have drawn inspiration from the writings of Euclid, allowing progress to proceed with the greatest efficiency for all humanity.

PHYSICISTS AND LYRICS

Two different scientists worked independently on the development of differential and integral calculations of infinitesimal quantities.

Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was known as a secretive, stubborn and uncommunicative person. But his colleague, the German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716), was a dandy who had acquaintances in the widest circles of society. He was considered the face of intellectual bohemia throughout Europe, and was the founder and president of the Brandenburg Scientific Society. The discord between the two great scientists began with a dispute about who became the first creator of differential and integral calculus.

Leibniz used integral calculus as early as 1675, but published the results of his work only in 1684. Newton developed both differential and integral methods of calculus in 1666, used them in his main work, “The Law of Universal Gravitation,” but also did not publish it until 1693.

At first, both scientists did not even raise the issue of primacy in this field, but then they quarreled violently, becoming enemies. Let historians sort out this dispute, but advanced engineering solutions and the development of physics without the discovery of two scientists are simply unthinkable.

By the way, Isaac Newton discovered the “Law of Universal Gravitation” not thanks to the fall of an apple, but solely through his knowledge of the laws of ballistic trajectories, the orbits of the Moon and other planets and stars. Newton's works became the basis for the development of mathematical principles of natural philosophy, which made it possible to make a giant leap in physics.

Although Albert Einstein did not like quantum mechanics, its role in the development of modern sciences cannot be underestimated. Quantum (or wave) mechanics is a theory that establishes the method of description and laws of motion of microparticles in given external fields - one of the main sections of quantum theory. Quantum mechanics made it possible for the first time to describe the structure of atoms and understand their spectra, to establish the nature chemical bond, explain periodic table elements. Dozens of scientists contributed to the treasury of this science: Rutherford, Bohr, Planck, Schrödinger, Pauli, Heisenberg, Dirac, Feynman, Gell-Mann and others. The development of quantum mechanics took several decades, but it will serve humans for millennia.

Perhaps the most controversial and most controversial scientific work- Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Opponents are ready to fight to the point of blood, defending their point of view. But let's clarify the first thing: Darwin never claimed that man descended from apes, he only assumed that they had a common ancestor. And second: Darwin only pointed to the possible evolution of man in the past. Towards the end of his life, the scientist expressed doubt about the biblical version of the creation of the world (Universe). And when his 10-year-old daughter died in 1851, he stopped attending church.

The most powerful and strong foundation stone modern science contributed, there is no doubt, by Albert Einstein. Like Newton, he considered himself to be an outside observer, a contemplator. He repeatedly stated that humanity made him feel sad and deeply disappointed, considering the secrets of nature more important and interesting. His genius brought science to greater heights high level development.

His theory of relativity brought him worldwide recognition and popularity, but not Nobel Prize, which he received for other work - on theoretical physics and for the discovery of the laws of the photoelectric effect. When asked “where is your laboratory,” he responded by showing his pen and saying, “Here.”

For opening new horizons in the world of music, the musicians themselves put the name of the unsurpassed Richard Wagner (1813-1883) first on the list of geniuses. His talent at one time had a seismic effect on the public. The newspapers were full of headlines: “reformer of opera,” “revolutionary in the field of harmony and orchestration.” Most of his musical dramas are based on mystical and legendary plots. Until now, his tetralogy “The Ring of the Nibelungs” - “Das Rheingold”, “Walkyrie”, “Siegfried”, “Twilight of the Gods” - has not left the stage of the best opera houses.

Whether we like it or not, it is the composer Richard Wagner who is recognized by experts as the most influential and revolutionary creator of music in our entire history.