Gregorian calendar. Is the transition to the Gregorian calendar in Russia good or bad?
Different ways calendar chronology. A new style of time calculation was introduced by the Council of People's Commissars - the government Soviet Russia January 24, 1918 "The Decree on the introduction of Russian Republic Western European calendar".
The decree was intended to promote “the establishment in Russia of the same cultural peoples calculation of time". Indeed, since 1582, when throughout Europe the Julian calendar, in accordance with the recommendations of astronomers, was replaced by the Gregorian, the Russian calendar turned out to differ from the calendars of civilized states by 13 days.
The fact is that the new European calendar was born through the efforts of the Pope, but the Russian Orthodox clergy had no authority or decree from the Catholic Pope, and they rejected the innovation. So they lived for more than 300 years: in Europe New year, in Russia still December 19th.
The decree of the Council of People's Commissars (abbreviation of the Council of People's Commissars) dated January 24, 1918, ordered February 1, 1918 to be considered February 14th (in parentheses, we note that, according to many years of observations, the Russian orthodox calendar, that is, “Old style”, is more consistent with the climate of the European part Russian Federation. For example, on March 1, when according to the old style it is still deep February, there is no smell of spring, and relative warming begins in mid-March or its first days according to the old style).
Not everyone liked the new style
However, not only Russia resisted the establishment of the Catholic count of days; in Greece, the “New Style” was legalized in 1924, Turkey - 1926, Egypt - 1928. At the same time, it is not heard that the Greeks or Egyptians celebrated two holidays, as in Russia: New Year and Old New Year, that is, New Year according to the old style.
It is interesting that the introduction of the Gregorian calendar was accepted without enthusiasm in those European countries ah, where the leading religion was Protestantism. So in England they switched to a new account of time only in 1752, in Sweden - a year later, in 1753.
Julian calendar
It was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC. Started on January 1st. The year had 365 days. A year number divisible by 4 was considered a leap year. One day was added to it - February 29. The difference between the calendar of Julius Caesar and the calendar of Pope Gregory is that the first has a leap year every fourth year without exception, while the second has leap years only those years that are divisible by four, but not divisible by a hundred. As a result, the difference between Julian and Gregorian calendars gradually increases and, for example, in 2101 An Orthodox xmas will be celebrated not on January 7, but on January 8.
The converter converts dates to the Gregorian and Julian calendars and calculates the Julian date; for the Julian calendar, the Latin and Roman versions are displayed.
Notes
- Gregorian calendar(“new style”) introduced in 1582 AD. e. Pope Gregory XIII, so that the day spring equinox corresponded to a specific day (March 21). Earlier dates are converted using standard rules for Gregorian leap years. Conversion up to 2400g is possible.
- Julian calendar(“old style”) introduced in 46 BC. e. Julius Caesar and totaled 365 days; Every third year was a leap year. This error was corrected by Emperor Augustus: from 8 BC. e. and until 8 AD e. Additional days of leap years were skipped. Earlier dates are converted using standard rules for Julian leap years.
- Roman version The Julian calendar was introduced around 750 BC. e. Due to the fact that the number of days in Roman calendar year changed, dates before 8 AD. e. are not accurate and are presented for demonstration purposes. The chronology was carried out from the founding of Rome ( ab Urbe condita) - 753/754 BC e. Dates before 753 BC e. not calculated.
- Month names Roman calendar are agreed modifiers (adjectives) with a noun mensis'month':
- Days of the month determined by the phases of the moon. IN different months The Kalends, Nones and Ides fell on different dates:
The first days of the month are determined by counting the days from the upcoming Nons, after the Nons - from the Ides, after the Ides - from the upcoming Kalends. The preposition is used ante‘before’ c accusative case(accusatīvus):
a. d. XI Kal. Sept. (short form);
ante diem undecĭmum Kalendas Septembres (full form).
The ordinal number agrees with the form diem, that is, put in the accusative case singular masculine (accusatīvus singulāris masculīnum). Thus, the numerals take the following forms:
tertium decimum |
|
quartum decimum |
|
quintum decimum |
|
septimum decimum |
|
If the day falls on the Kalends, Nones or Ides, then the name of this day (Kalendae, Nonae, Idūs) and the name of the month are put in the instrumental case plural female(ablatīvus plurālis feminīnum), for example:
The day immediately preceding the Kalends, Nones or Idams is designated by the word pridie(‘the day before’) with the feminine accusative plural (accusatīvus plurālis feminīnum):
Thus, month adjectives can take the following forms:
Form acc. pl. f |
Form abl. pl. f |
|
|---|---|---|
- Julian date is the number of days that have passed since noon on January 1, 4713 BC. e. This date is arbitrary and was chosen only for coordination various systems chronology.
The Roman calendar was one of the least accurate. At first, it generally had 304 days and included only 10 months, starting from the first month of spring (Martius) and ending with the onset of winter (December - the “tenth” month); In winter there was simply no keeping track of time. King Numa Pompilius is credited with introducing two winter months(januarium and februarium). The additional month - Mercedonius - was inserted by the pontiffs at their own discretion, quite arbitrarily and in accordance with various momentary interests. In 46 BC. e. Julius Caesar carried out a calendar reform based on the developments of the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes, using the Egyptian solar calendar as a basis.
In order to correct the accumulated errors, he, by his power as the great pontiff, inserted in the transitional year, in addition to Mercedonius, two additional months between November and December; and from January 1, 45, a Julian year of 365 days was established, with leap years every 4 years. In this case, an extra day was inserted between February 23 and 24, as before Mercedonia; and since, according to the Roman calculation system, the day of February 24 was called “the sixth (sextus) from the Kalends of March,” then the intercalary day was called “twice the sixth (bis sextus) from the Kalends of March” and the year, accordingly, annus bissextus - hence, through the Greek language, our word "leap year". At the same time, the month of Quintilius was renamed in honor of Caesar (to Julius).
In the 4th-6th centuries, in most Christian countries, unified Easter tables were established, based on the Julian calendar; Thus, the Julian calendar spread to the entire Christian world. In these tables, March 21 was taken as the day of the vernal equinox.
However, as the error accumulated (1 day in 128 years), the discrepancy between the astronomical vernal equinox and the calendar one became more and more obvious, and many Catholic Europe they believed that it could no longer be ignored. This was noted by the 13th-century Castilian king Alfonso X the Wise; in the next century, the Byzantine scientist Nikephoros Gregoras even proposed a calendar reform. In reality, such a reform was carried out by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582, based on the project of the mathematician and physician Luigi Lilio. in 1582: the next day after October 4th came October 15th. Secondly, a new, more exact rule O leap year.
Julian calendar was developed by a group of Alexandrian astronomers led by Sosigenes and introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. uh..
The Julian calendar was based on the chronology culture of Ancient Egypt. In Ancient Rus', the calendar was known as the “Peacemaking Circle”, “Church Circle” and “Great Indiction”.
The year according to the Julian calendar begins on January 1, since it was on this day from 153 BC. e. the newly elected consuls took office. In the Julian calendar normal year consists of 365 days and is divided into 12 months. Once every 4 years, a leap year is declared, to which one day is added - February 29 (previously, a similar system was adopted in the zodiac calendar according to Dionysius). Thus, the Julian year has an average length of 365.25 days, which differs by 11 minutes from the tropical year.
The Julian calendar is usually called the old style.
The calendar was based on static monthly holidays. The first holiday with which the month began was the Kalends. The next holiday, falling on the 7th (in March, May, July and October) and on the 5th of other months, was Nones. The third holiday, falling on the 15th (in March, May, July and October) and the 13th of other months, was the Ides.
Replacement by the Gregorian calendar
IN Catholic countries The Julian calendar, by decree of Pope Gregory XIII, was replaced by the Gregorian calendar in 1582: the next day after October 4 was October 15. Protestant countries abandoned the Julian calendar gradually, throughout the 17th-18th centuries (the last were Great Britain from 1752 and Sweden). In Russia, the Gregorian calendar has been used since 1918 (it is usually called the new style), in Orthodox Greece - since 1923.
In the Julian calendar, a year was a leap year if it ended in 00.325 AD. The Council of Nicaea established this calendar for all Christian countries. 325 g day of the vernal equinox.
Gregorian calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII on October 4, 1582 to replace the old Julian calendar: the next day after Thursday, October 4, became Friday, October 15 (there are no days from October 5 to October 14, 1582 in the Gregorian calendar).
In the Gregorian calendar, the length of the tropical year is taken to be 365.2425 days. The duration of a non-leap year is 365 days, a leap year is 366.
Story
The reason for the adoption of the new calendar was the shift in the day of the vernal equinox, by which the date of Easter was determined. Before Gregory XIII, Popes Paul III and Pius IV tried to implement the project, but they did not achieve success. The preparation of the reform, at the direction of Gregory XIII, was carried out by astronomers Christopher Clavius and Luigi Lilio (aka Aloysius Lilius). The results of their work were recorded in a papal bull, named after the first line of the Latin. Inter gravissimas (“Among the most important”).
Firstly, new calendar Immediately at the time of acceptance, I shifted the current date by 10 days due to accumulated errors.
Secondly, a new, more precise rule about leap years began to apply.
A year is a leap year, that is, it contains 366 days if:
Its number is divisible by 4 and not divisible by 100 or
His number is divisible by 400.
Thus, over time, the Julian and Gregorian calendars diverge more and more: by 1 day per century, if the number of the previous century is not divisible by 4. The Gregorian calendar reflects the true state of affairs much more accurately than the Julian. It gives a much better approximation of the tropical year.
In 1583, Gregory XIII sent an embassy to Patriarch Jeremiah II of Constantinople with a proposal to switch to a new calendar. At the end of 1583, at a council in Constantinople, the proposal was rejected as not complying with the canonical rules for celebrating Easter.
In Russia, the Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1918 by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars, according to which in 1918 January 31 was followed by February 14.
Since 1923, most local Orthodox churches, with the exception of the Russian, Jerusalem, Georgian, Serbian and Athos, have adopted the New Julian calendar, similar to the Gregorian, which coincides with it until the year 2800. It was also formally introduced by Patriarch Tikhon for use in the Russian Orthodox Church on October 15, 1923. However, this innovation, although it was accepted by almost all Moscow parishes, generally caused disagreement in the Church, so already on November 8, 1923, Patriarch Tikhon ordered “the universal and mandatory introduction of the new style into church use to be temporarily postponed.” Thus, the new style was in effect in the Russian Orthodox Church for only 24 days.
In 1948, at the Moscow Conference of Orthodox Churches, it was decided that Easter, as well as all movable holidays, should be calculated according to the Alexandrian Paschal (Julian calendar), and non-movable ones according to the calendar by which people live. Local Church. The Finnish Orthodox Church celebrates Easter according to the Gregorian calendar.
On the threshold new years When one year follows another, we don’t even think about what style we live by. Surely many of us remember from history lessons that once there was a different calendar, later people switched to a new one and began to live according to a new one style.
Let's talk about how these two calendars differ: Julian and Gregorian .
The history of the creation of the Julian and Gregorian calendars
To make time calculations, people came up with a chronology system, which was based on the periodicity of movement celestial bodies, so it was created calendar.
Word "calendar" came from Latin word calendarium, which means "debt book". This is due to the fact that debtors paid their debt on the day Kalends, the first days of each month were called, they coincided with new moon.
Yes, y ancient romans every month had 30 days, or rather, 29 days, 12 hours and 44 minutes. At first this calendar contained ten months, hence, by the way, the name of our last month of the year - December(from Latin decem– tenth). All months were named after Roman gods.
But, starting from the 3rd century BC, in ancient world a different calendar was used, based on a four-year calendar lunisolar cycle, it gave an error in the solar year of one day. Used in Egypt solar calendar, compiled on the basis of observations of the Sun and Sirius. The year according to it was three hundred sixty-five days. It consisted of twelve months of thirty days every.
It was this calendar that became the basis Julian calendar. It is named after the emperor Guy Julius Caesar and was introduced into 45 BC. The beginning of the year according to this calendar began 1st of January.
 |
Gaius Julius Caesar (100 BC - 44 BC)
Lasted Julian calendar more than sixteen centuries, until 1582 G. Pope Gregory XIII didn't offer new system chronology. The reason for the adoption of the new calendar was the gradual shift in relation to the Julian calendar of the day of the vernal equinox, by which the date of Easter was determined, as well as the discrepancy between the Easter full moons and the astronomical ones. The head of the Catholic Church believed that it was necessary to determine the exact calculation of the celebration of Easter so that it would fall on a Sunday, and also return the vernal equinox to the date of March 21.
 |
|
Pope Gregory XIII (1502-1585) |
However, in 1583 year Council of Eastern Patriarchs in Constantinople did not accept the new calendar, since it contradicted the basic rule by which the day of celebration of Christian Easter is determined: in some years, Christian Easter would come earlier than the Jewish one, which was not allowed by the canons of the church.
However, most European countries followed the call of Pope Gregory XIII and switched to a new style chronology.
The transition to the Gregorian calendar entailed the following changes :
1. to correct accumulated errors, the new calendar immediately shifted the current date by 10 days at the time of adoption;
2. a new, more precise rule about leap years came into force - a leap year, that is, contains 366 days, if:
The year number is a multiple of 400 (1600, 2000, 2400);
The year number is a multiple of 4 and not a multiple of 100 (... 1892, 1896, 1904, 1908...);
3. The rules for calculating Christian (namely Catholic) Easter have changed.
The difference between the dates of the Julian and Gregorian calendars increases by three days every 400 years.
History of chronology in Russia
In Rus', before Epiphany, the new year began in March, but since the 10th century, the New Year began to be celebrated in September, in Byzantine church calendar. However, people, accustomed to the centuries-old tradition, continued to celebrate the New Year with the awakening of nature - in the spring. While the king Ivan III V 1492 year did not issue a decree stating that the New Year was officially postponed to beginning of autumn. But this did not help, and the Russian people celebrated two new years: in spring and autumn.
Tsar Peter the First, striving for everything European, December 19, 1699 year issued a decree that the Russian people, together with Europeans, celebrate the New Year 1st of January.
 |
But, at the same time, in Russia it still remained valid Julian calendar, received from Byzantium with baptism.
February 14, 1918, after the coup, all of Russia switched to a new style, now the secular state began to live according to Gregorian calendar. Later, in 1923 year, the new authorities tried to transfer the church to a new calendar, however To His Holiness the Patriarch Tikhon managed to preserve traditions.
Today Julian and Gregorian calendars continue to exist together. Julian calendar enjoy Georgian, Jerusalem, Serbian and Russian churches, whereas Catholics and Protestants are guided by Gregorian.
Humanity has been using chronology since ancient times. Take, for example, the famous Mayan circle, which made a lot of noise in 2012. Measuring day by day, the pages of the calendar take weeks, months and years away. Almost all countries of the world today live according to the generally accepted Gregorian calendar, however long years was state-owned Julian. What is the difference between them, and why is the latter now used only by the Orthodox Church?
Julian calendar
The ancient Romans counted the days by lunar phases. This simple calendar had 10 months named after the gods. The Egyptians had the usual modern chronology: 365 days, 12 months of 30 days. In 46 BC. emperor Ancient Rome Gaius Julius Caesar ordered leading astronomers to create a new calendar. The solar year with its 365 days and 6 hours was taken as a model, and the starting date was January 1. New way The calculation of days was then, in fact, called a calendar, from the Roman word “calends” - this was the name given to the first days of each month when interest on debts was paid. In honor of the ancient Roman commander and politician, in order to immortalize his name in the history of a grandiose invention, one of the months was called July.
After the assassination of the emperor, the Roman priests became a little confused and declared every third year to be a leap year to equalize the six-hour shift. The calendar was finally aligned under Emperor Octavian Augustus. And his contribution was recorded with a new name for the month - August.
From Julian to Gregorian
For centuries Julian calendar states lived. It was also used by Christians during the First Ecumenical Council, when the date for the celebration of Easter was approved. Interestingly, this day is celebrated differently each year depending on the first full moon after the spring equinox and the Jewish Passover. This rule could only be changed under pain of anathema, but in 1582 the head catholic church Pope Gregory XIII took a risk. The reform was successful: the new calendar, called the Gregorian, was more accurate and returned the equinox to March 21. The hierarchs of the Orthodox Church condemned the innovation: it turned out that the Jewish Easter happened later than the Christian Easter. This was not allowed by the canons of the Eastern tradition, and another point appeared in the discrepancies between Catholics and Orthodox.
Calculation of chronology in Rus'
In 1492, the New Year in Rus' began to be celebrated according to church tradition on September 1, although previously the New Year began simultaneously with spring and was considered “from the creation of the world.” Emperor Peter I established that received from Byzantium Julian calendar in the territory Russian Empire is valid, but the New Year was now celebrated without fail on January 1. The Bolsheviks transferred the country to Gregorian calendar, according to which all of Europe has long lived. It is interesting that in this way that February became the most short month in the history of chronology: February 1, 1918 became February 14.
WITH Julian to Gregorian calendar Greece officially passed in 1924, followed by Turkey, and in 1928 Egypt. In our time, according to the Julian chronology, only a few live orthodox churches- Russian, Georgian, Serbian, Polish, Jerusalem, as well as eastern - Coptic, Ethiopian and Greek Catholic. Therefore, there are discrepancies in the celebration of Christmas: Catholics celebrate the birthday of Christ on December 25, and in the Orthodox tradition this holiday falls on January 7. The same is with secular holidays - which confuses foreigners, is celebrated on January 14 as a tribute to the previous calendar. However, it doesn’t matter who lives by which calendar: the main thing is not to waste precious days.
Kaluga region, Borovsky district, Petrovo village
Welcome to ! On January 6, 2019, the magic of Christmas Eve will envelop the entire park, and its visitors will find themselves in a real winter's tale!
All guests of the park will enjoy an exciting thematic program park: interactive excursions, craft master classes, street games with mischievous buffoons.
Enjoy the winter views of ETNOMIR and the holiday atmosphere!
Similar articles
The best amulets against the evil eye and damage Amulet against the evil eye with hands for children
How to read the Psalter correctly
Delicious dishes with sausages
A glimpse of Bella. Romantic chronicle. A glimpse of genius. Messerer about Akhmadulina Boris Messerer glimpse of Bella romantic chronicle
I dreamed that I was sailing on a boat on the river
How to cook beef entrecote in a frying pan
About the company Foreign language courses at Moscow State University
Which city and why became the main one in Ancient Mesopotamia?
Why Bukhsoft Online is better than a regular accounting program!
Which year is a leap year and how to calculate it