Interethnic conflict. Causes of interethnic conflicts

Examples of such events were given to many peoples at a very significant cost. The bloody world wars of the twentieth century will long be remembered in every corner of the globe. Modern society, it would seem, opposes any military actions and conflicts; its development is based on liberal ideas, healthy competition and world globalization. However, in reality everything is somewhat different. The number of conflicts on national and religious grounds is only increasing every year, and everyone is involved in the cycle of such battles. more participants, which leads to a gradual expansion of the scope of the problem.

The discrepancy between national interests, territorial claims, negative perceptions of each other by the parties - all this creates interethnic conflicts.

Examples of such situations are covered in political news with enviable consistency.

It is a type of social conflict, which is based on many factors and contradictions, usually ethnosocial, political, national and state.

The causes of national conflicts, if we look at them in more detail, are in many ways very similar:

• Fight for resources. Depletion and uneven distribution natural resources providing the most often leads to inciting disputes and strife.
• Population growth in conditions of closed territory, uneven level of quality of life, mass forced
• Terrorism as a phenomenon requiring tough measures and, as a consequence, escalation

Religious differences

The international ones, which will be given below, relate primarily to the largest power of the twentieth century - Soviet Union. Many contradictions arose between the union republics, especially in the Caucasus region. A similar situation persists after the former received components Soviet countries have sovereign status. Since the collapse of the USSR, more than one hundred and fifty different conflicts have been registered in Chechnya, Abkhazia, and Transnistria.

The presence of those deprived within sovereign country directly forms the basis of the concept of “interethnic conflicts,” examples of which are becoming more and more common. This is the Gagauz conflict in Moldova, the Abkhaz and Ossetian conflict in Georgia. Usually, with such contradictions, the population within the country is divided into indigenous and non-indigenous, which leads to an even sharper aggravation of the situation.

Examples of religious conflicts are no less common. The most striking of them is the fight against infidels in numerous Islamic countries and regions (Afghanistan, Chechnya, etc.). Similar conflicts are typical for the African continent; the fierce struggle between Muslim authorities and representatives of other faiths has claimed more than two million lives, and wars on the holy land between Muslims and Jews have lasted for decades.

The same sad list includes conflicts in Kosovo between Serbs and Albanians, and the struggle for the independence of Tibet.

There are several theories that explain the causes of interethnic conflicts based on the study of experience accumulated in various regions of the world. Varying in scale, social significance, origin, “age”, tension, interethnic conflicts have one “ultimate nature” that contributes to ethnic mobilization. Their deep roots are violation of the rights of one or another ethnic group, lack of justice and equality in interethnic relations.

The immediate causes of ethnic conflict may be territorial, economic, political, social, psychological and other contradictions. A frequent occurrence of a conflict is the presence of several causes. It should also be noted that the subjective factor plays a crucial role in the emergence of a conflict and significantly complicates its course and resolution. It is the subjective factor that makes interethnic conflict explosive and intense.

Interethnic conflict influenced by the religious factor takes on a special coloration. Analysis of conflicts gives reason to believe that the role of the religious factor in ideological support is very large and quite often acts as a direct guide in clashes between conflicting parties.

The basis of interethnic conflicts are the problems and contradictions that arise in the process of relations between ethnic groups. In a multinational state, any issue, no matter what it concerns - economics, politics, culture - invariably acquires a national expression. The emergence of interethnic conflicts and their severity largely depend on the form of construction of many nation state, her national policy.

One of the main causes of interethnic conflicts is the territorial problem, territorial disputes. The essence of the problem usually lies in the fact that as a result of numerous population migrations, conquests and other geopolitical processes, the territory of settlement of an ethnic group in the past has repeatedly changed, and the boundaries of the state have changed. In this regard, territorial claims arise, and as arguments, a statement is put forward about the belonging of a particular territory to a certain ethnic group in the past. Moreover, the time from which the ethnicity of the disputed territory is counted is chosen by the parties arbitrarily, depending on the goals of the disputing parties. Due to their complexity and subjectivity, territorial disputes are the most complex and practically insoluble.

Political causes of conflicts are associated with ethno-territorial problems. It's about, first of all, about the problem of creating independent territorial-state entities by ethnic groups. Most of the ethnic groups on the planet do not have their own independent national-state entities. As the economy and culture of ethnic groups develop, and their ethnic self-awareness grows, movements arise among them with the goal of creating an independent national state. Such a movement usually occurs if an ethnic group at some stage in its history already had statehood and subsequently lost it. Political causes of conflicts also arise when there is a restriction or deprivation of part of a group (and even entire peoples) of political and personal rights and freedoms on the basis of national (ethnic) affiliation. The division of ethnic groups into “indigenous” and “non-indigenous”, “titular” and “non-titular” also gives rise to political and legal inequality, and, therefore, can be the cause of interethnic conflicts.

Diverse economic reasons ethnic conflicts. First of all, this is the struggle of ethnic groups for the possession of material resources and property, among which the most valuable are land and mineral resources. The essence of the conflict comes down to the fact that each of the conflicting parties seeks to justify its “natural” right to use land and natural resources. Interethnic conflict may be the result of deprivation of ethnic peripheral groups, uneven development, uneven modernization of the “core” and the ethnonational “periphery” in a multinational multiethnic state. In these cases, economic inequality between different ethnic groups, perceived as collective ethno-national disadvantage, becomes the reason for the formation and manifestation of ethnic solidarity.

Ethnic conflicts can arise due to social reasons, social tension. More often this happens in conditions of a crisis in society, when the preconditions for socio-political confrontation and conflicts arise, including on ethnic grounds. Similar conflicts are observed in multi-ethnic states when social heterogeneity develops in the extraterritorial aspect. And then the problems of social insecurity, unemployment, ethnodemography and others acquire a visibly expressed ethnic character. In prestigious types of activities, competition arises between titular and non-titular ethnic groups. It also happens when an ethnic conflict can become in an efficient way“draining” of a social explosion into the mainstream of interethnic confrontation.

Another cause of ethnic conflicts may be ethnocultural, including linguistic, problems. When the ethnocultural needs of a particular ethnic group are not met, conditions for learning and using their native language are not provided, or even linguistic chauvinism is clearly manifested, this leads to interethnic tension and potential conflict. It should be noted, however, that we are not talking about “purely” ethnocultural problems; social interests are visible behind them. Thus, giving state status to the language of only the titular nation in a multi-ethnic state infringes on the importance of the languages ​​of other ethnic groups and becomes a means to occupy key positions in society, i.e. provides representatives of the titular nation with certain privileges.

Socio-psychological factors play an important role in the formation of interethnic tension. Ethnic tension as a mass mental state is based on emotional infection, mental suggestion and imitation. National grievances and injustices persist in historical memory for a particularly long time. Interethnic tension is also characterized by such a mental state as mass neuroticism. This condition is characterized by increased emotional arousal, causing various negative experiences: anxiety, restlessness, irritability, confusion, despair. Relationships between “friends and strangers” are even more sharply polarized: one’s own ethnic group is assessed more positively, and strangers – more negatively. Psychological tension can be created by ethnic problems - real and imaginary - based on rumors, false information, provocations.

Of course, ethnic conflicts are caused not only by the reasons noted above. Analyzing ethnic conflicts in post-Soviet space, it is possible to identify reasons of a very diverse nature. If we combine these reasons into several groups, we get the following picture:

socio-economic– inequality in living standards, unemployment, different quantitative representation in prestigious professions;

administrative-political– hierarchy of peoples (union, autonomous republics, autonomous regions and districts), representation in government bodies, the entry of one form of national statehood into another;

cultural and linguistic– insufficient attention to national culture and language from the point of view of non-Russian peoples, displacement by the Russian language national languages from public life;

ethnodemographic and ethnomigration– a rapid change in the ratio of the numbers of contacting ethnic groups due to migration and differences in the level of natural population growth;

ethnoterritorial– discrepancy between state or administrative borders and the boundaries of people’s settlements, arbitrary redrawing of inter-republican borders, unjustified transfer of territories;

confessional– not only the multi-ethnicity of national republics and regions, but also the multi-confessional nature of the population, overlapping and intertwining with each other;

historical– the influence of past relationships between peoples (not only peaceful, but also conflict, unequal, war, etc.).

In conflict situations, the contradictions that exist between communities of people consolidated on an ethnic basis are exposed. However, not every conflict involves the entire ethnic group; it may be a part of it, a group that experiences the contradictions leading to the conflict. Thus, most ethno-territorial disputes are on behalf of political elites, governments, movements. And such disputes do not always involve significant groups of a particular ethnic group.

Interethnic conflict

Interethnic conflict- a conflict between representatives of ethnic communities usually living in close proximity in a state.

Causes and stages of development

Although most interethnic conflicts are based on completely rational reasons, the basis for their emergence is the very concepts of ethnicity, ethnic culture and ethnic identity, the division into “friends and foes” based on nationality. This does not require direct contact between representatives of certain nationalities - opinions about certain ethnic groups can be formed in absentia (through means mass media etc.).

The conflict enters the “explicit phase” after the beginning of the establishment of ethno-social relations, when the comparison of “us” and “strangers” begins in terms of social status, level of income, education, etc. Corruption arises (patronage to representatives of one’s own nationality, “compatriotism” and nepotism) . The conflict begins to take on economic and political overtones - access to certain resources begins to be determined by nationality. When certain factors are combined, changing this order becomes possible only by force, which is what is happening.

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Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution higher vocational education

State University management

Department of State and municipal government

Test

by discipline « Social anthropology »

on the topic: " Interethnic conflicts».

Completed:

Student of the State Medical University group 3–3

Stenina Maria

Checked:

D.I.N., professor Taisaev K.U.

Moscow 2009

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………2

2. Causes and factors of interethnic conflicts………………...3

3. Forms of interethnic conflicts…………………………….5

4. Ways to resolve interethnic conflicts……………………….6

5. Conclusion……………………………………………………………...9

6. List of references……………………………………...11

INTRODUCTION

A multinational environment is a typical feature and condition of life modern man. Peoples not only coexist, but also actively interact with each other. Almost everything modern states multinational. All capitals of the world are multinational, major cities, and even villages. And that is precisely why, today more than ever, you need to be correct and attentive both in words and in actions. Otherwise, you can find yourself involved in completely unexpected and unreasonable vicissitudes, and sometimes even in a clearly formed interethnic conflict.

Interethnic conflict- this is a complication of relations between nations and peoples up to direct military action. As a rule, interethnic conflicts can occur at two levels of interethnic relations. Thus, one of them is associated with interpersonal and family relations, while the other is implemented through the interaction of federal constitutional and legal bodies and subjects of the Federation, political parties and movements.

REASONS AND FACTORS OF INTERNATIONAL

CONFLICTS

Interethnic conflicts as a social phenomenon there is a clash of interests different levels and content, and is a manifestation of complex deep processes in relations between individual ethnic communities, groups of people, occurring under the influence of many socio-economic, political, historical, psychological, territorial, separatist, linguistic, cultural, religious and other factors.

Factors influencing interethnic conflicts:

1. national composition of the conflict region (its likelihood is higher in mixed regions);

2. type of settlement (the probability is higher in big city);

3. age (extreme poles: “older-young” give a higher likelihood of conflict);

4. social status(the likelihood of conflict is higher in the presence of marginalized people);

5. level of education (the roots of the conflict are nested in the masses of a low level of education, however, it should be remembered that its ideologists are always individual representatives of the intelligentsia);

6. Political Views(conflicts are much higher among radicals).

Whatever the reasons, interethnic conflicts lead to massive violations of laws and citizens' rights. Objective reasons for the exacerbation of interethnic tension may be:

firstly, the consequences of serious deformations in national policy, the dissatisfaction that has accumulated over many decades, spilling out under conditions of glasnost and democratization;

secondly, the result of a serious deterioration in the economic situation in the country, which also gives rise to discontent and hostility among various segments of the population, and these negative sentiments are channeled, first of all, in the sphere of interethnic relations;

thirdly, a consequence of the ossified structure government system, weakening the foundations on which the free federation was created Soviet peoples.

Subjective factors are also important.

Interethnic conflicts due to the cause and nature of their origin can be:

● socio-economic (unemployment, delays and non-payment of wages, social benefits, which do not allow the majority of citizens to satisfy the necessary needs, the monopoly of representatives of one of the ethnic groups in any service sector or industry national economy, etc.);

● cultural and linguistic (related to the protection, revival and development of the native language, national culture and guaranteed rights of national minorities);

● ethnodemographic (relatively rapid change in the population ratio, i.e. an increase in the proportion of newcomers, of other ethnicities due to the migration of internally displaced persons and refugees);

●ethno-territorial-status (non-coincidence of state or administrative borders with the boundaries of settlement of peoples, demands of small nations to expand or acquire a new status);

● historical (relationships in the past – wars, past relations of politics "domination – subordination", deportations and associated negative aspects of historical memory, etc.);

● interreligious and interconfessional (including differences in the level of the modern religious population);

● separatist (demand to create their own independent statehood or reunification with a neighboring “mother” or related state from a cultural and historical point of view).

Reason any thoughtless or deliberately provocative statements by politicians, national leaders, representatives of the clergy, the media, domestic incidents, cases of

Conflicts over national values, the most important life attitudes in the sphere of interethnic relations are among the most difficult to resolve; it is here that the problem of ensuring and protecting the civil, socio-cultural rights of individuals, representatives of certain ethnic groups.

According to A.G. Zdravomyslova, And source of conflict is the measure and form of distribution of power and positions available in the hierarchy of power and management structures.

FORMS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS

There are civilized and uncivilized forms of interethnic conflicts:

a) local wars (civil, separatist);

b) mass riots accompanied by violence, gross and numerous violations of individual rights and freedoms;

c) religious fundamentalism.

Depending on the motives (reasons), characteristics of the subjective composition, interethnic conflicts can be presented as follows:

1) national-territorial conflicts. In many cases, these conflicts contain attempts to resolve the problems of the “historical homeland” (original territories of residence or reunification of different ethnic communities);

2) conflicts related to the desire of national minorities to realize the right to self-determination;

3) conflicts, the source of which is the desire of deported peoples to restore their rights;

4) conflicts based on the clash of ruling national elites in economic and political spheres;

5) conflicts related to discrimination against any nation, ethnic group, violation of its rights or the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of its representatives;

6) conflicts caused by belonging (on a national basis) to different religious communities, movements, i.e. on confessional grounds;

7) conflicts based on divergences and clashes of national values ​​(legal, linguistic, cultural, etc.)1.

The importance of researching and preventing conflicts on an ethnic and interethnic basis is also evidenced by the following figures: according to some unofficial sources, in the period from 1991 to 1999, the number of deaths in interethnic conflicts in the post-Soviet space amounted to more than one million people.

WAYS TO SOLUTION INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS

Interethnic conflicts are one of those types of conflicts for which it is impossible to find a standard approach or solution, since each of them has its own peculiarity, basis. World experience shows that such situations are best resolved only through peaceful means. So the most famous of them include:

1. deconsolidation (separation) of the forces involved in the conflict, which, as a rule, is achieved through a system of measures that make it possible to cut off (for example, by discrediting in the eyes of the public) the most radical elements or groups and support forces prone to compromise and negotiations.

2. interruption of the conflict- a method that allows you to expand the effect of pragmatic approaches to its regulation, and as a result of which the emotional background of the conflict changes and the intensity of passions decreases.

3. negotiation process- a method for which there are special rules. In order to achieve success in it, pragmatization of negotiations is necessary, which consists of dividing global goal for a series of sequential tasks. Usually the parties are ready to conclude agreements on vital needs, for which a truce is established: for the burial of the dead, the exchange of prisoners. Then they move on to the most relevant economic ones, social issues. Political issues, especially those having symbolic meaning, put off and decide last. Negotiations should be conducted in such a way that each side strives to find satisfactory solutions not only for itself, but also for the partner. As conflict experts say, it is necessary to change the “win-lose” model to the “ win-win" Each step in the negotiation process should be documented.

4. participation in negotiations of intermediaries or mediators. In particular difficult situations confirmation of the legality of the agreements is given by the participation of representatives international organizations.

Conflict resolution- this is always a complex process bordering on art. It is much more important to prevent developments that lead to conflicts. The sum of efforts in this direction is defined as conflict prevention. In the process of their regulation, ethnosociologists and political scientists act as experts to identify and test hypotheses about the causes of the conflict, to assess “ driving forces", mass participation of groups in one or another scenario, to assess the consequences of decisions made

CONCLUSION

A conflict is always a confrontation between two (or more) parties, bringing with it nothing but discomfort. This phenomenon usually does not pass away, but with each subsequent time it becomes widespread. The same principle applies to interethnic conflict. Of all types of conflicts, it is truly one of the largest. Since, as time passes, the number of people taking part in it only increases, discontent increases, and the amount of damage and losses only becomes more impressive.

Having done great job over the abstract, I was once again convinced and came to the conclusion that:

1) interethnic conflict is an undesirable and extremely destructive phenomenon in the life of society, which is a kind of brake in solving problems in the social life of people of different nationalities.

2) The basis of interethnic conflict lies in both objective and subjective contradictions.

3) It is extremely difficult to extinguish a conflict that has broken out; it can last for months or years; fade, then flare up with renewed vigor.

4) The negative consequences of interethnic conflicts are not limited to direct losses. Since mass movements of migrants occur, which significantly changes the quantitative composition of the population.

Also, the consequences of conflicts include unemployment among young people, land shortage, lumpenization (a socially regressive phenomenon characteristic, as a rule, of a catastrophic society and consisting in complete loss people from social life and the simultaneous formation of a vast “social bottom”, consisting of disadvantaged, impoverished sections of the population.) a significant part of the population.

5) It is extremely difficult to avoid interethnic conflict, since within each nation there are always groups interested in establishing their nation and at the same time grossly violating the principles of justice, equality of rights, and sovereignty of others. True, in some countries such groups often determine the main direction of interethnic relations; in others, they always receive a decisive rebuff. Now thinkers and progressive politicians are actively searching for ways out of numerous modern ethnic crises. The leading part of the world community has realized and recognized the value humanistic approach to ethnic problems. Its essence lies in the voluntary search for consent, in the renunciation of national violence in all its types and forms, and secondly, in the consistent development of democracy. Legal principles in the life of society. Ensuring individual rights and freedoms, regardless of nationality, is a condition for the freedom of any people.

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

1. Babakov V.G. Interethnic contradictions and conflicts in Russia” // Social and Political Journal. 1994, No. 8, pp. 16-30

2. Zdravomyslov A.G. Sociology of conflict. M., 1997, pp. 90-92.

3. Tutinas E.V. Individual rights and interethnic conflicts. Monograph. Rostov-on-Don, Regional Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2000, p.20

4. Zdravomyslov A.G. Interethnic conflicts in Russia // Social Sciences and Modernity. 1996, No. 2, pp. 153-164

6. D. ist. D., professor, K.U. Taisaev: course of lectures on social anthropology.

In recent years, more than 40 armed conflicts have blazed in various parts of the world: in Yugoslavia, Angola, Somalia, Georgia, Armenia, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, the North Caucasus region of Russia and others. The vast majority of conflicts are of an interethnic nature. They were deployed on the territory of one or several countries, often turning into full-scale modern warfare. Many of them were complicated by religious and clan contradictions. Some last for centuries, such as the Middle Eastern conflict between Jews and Arabs, and the Transcaucasian conflict between Armenians and Turks. The root causes of ongoing conflicts are often erased by time, disappearing into the subconscious and are expressed in inexplicable, almost pathological national intolerance. The immediate causes of periodically renewed clashes are usually immediate “injustices”. By putting this word in quotation marks, I mean that in most interethnic conflicts, a fair solution for all warring parties does not objectively exist, since each is guided by its own truth, its own historical periods, events, and facts.

So conflict situations in countries formed on the territory former USSR, due to many reasons. For example, such as:

• 1) political (centralism and unitarism of power, repression and conquest of peoples),
• 2) economic (economic crisis, unemployment, impoverishment),
• 3) socio-psychological (interethnic communication barriers, negative forms of national self-affirmation, open nationalism),
• 4) territorial and many others.

A conflict situation in most cases develops as a resultant component of a complex of causes and conditions. Conflict arises when international comparisons occur objectively, and not rarely subjectively; when in the psychology of peoples; when the solution to many problems is seen only in national self-affirmation. (Belarus, Ukraine)

There are always conflicting people (groups) in such cases. National political forces striving for power and property cleverly use spontaneous discontent. By fueling it, they present themselves as defenders of the nation. And although it has long been known that nationalism and ethnocratism are hopeless and destructive, they, as a rule, do not seem so to the rebellious people. On the contrary, it is ethnocratism and nationalism that become the most understandable, closest and unifying ideology. The unity of language, customs, traditions, and faith unites people instantly. After all, what could be easier than to have a common object of negation and to internalize a common “ideology of falsehood”, in the name of which this object should be rejected? To say, for example, that for all the misfortunes of the world - and above all of every soul - Jews, Germans, Arabs, blacks, gypsies, Vietnamese or Czechs are to blame. And there will always be a sufficient number of Vietnamese, Hungarians, Czechs, gypsies, or Jews whose actions can illustrate the idea that they are to blame for everything.

Communist ideology, based on repression, kept national conflicts at the level of isolated manifestations. The wind of freedom that blew during the period of perestroika, although it suggested changes for the better, was at the same time a significant condition for interethnic instability. Therefore, the first manifestations of democracy, market economy and sovereignization became the key to the formation of nationalist, adventurist, extremist and criminal forces.

When studying the causes of some interethnic conflicts on the territory of the USSR, one may not find serious national circumstances. The latter can be painted in the national “color” of political, social, economic, environmental and other problems. Nationalism in this case is an accompanying component that functions as a social “glue”. The latter, in the minds of the conflicting parties, can completely replace the essence of the problem. They may forget about it to some extent, but remember: ours are strangers. In such a psychological atmosphere, the generally accepted centuries-old laws of human society are replaced by “national justice,” and bloody reprisals against strangers become sacred revenge, which is not perceived as criminal. The behavior of one side, according to the law of mirror reflection, is instantly reproduced by the other. And so they both enter into a fierce battle with each other, which, according to the “funnel” principle, draws in ever wider masses of like-minded people. In such a cycle, the right and the wrong disappear, and only the poor on both sides remain.

Showdowns in spontaneous ethnic clashes may be limited to mass riots, committing serious crimes against personality, property, public order, and in politically and ideologically organized ones - lead to full-scale armed battles. This is how everything is done under the guise of sacred revenge. What harms another nation. Mutual destruction continues until general insanity. New rounds of violence are becoming more and more brutal. They are stimulated by the victims just suffered, new grievances and targeted propaganda of open and secret forces interested in inciting a conflict, used for personal criminal purposes as a mechanism for increasing intolerance and hatred.

When an interethnic conflict arises within one state, judging by the bitter experience of countries. Formed on the territory of the former USSR, there are two options for the behavior of the official authorities. First: the authorities, maintaining a balance, remain above the conflict, trying to extinguish the conflict that has arisen, like this, with permissible forces and means. For example, this was done by the Russian authorities in the conflict between the North Ossetians and the Ingush. Second: the authorities themselves are drawn into the conflict by advocating the preservation territorial integrity countries or on the side of the titular people, as was observed in Azeybarjan in the conflict between Azerbaijanis and Armenians, in Georgia in the conflict between Georgians and South Ossetians, between Georgians and Abkhazians. Eventually they were drawn into similar situations. Russian authorities in Chechnya.

A serious barrier to keeping the conflict at a peaceful level is the absence of appropriate groups trying to resolve interethnic contradictions by force. In such cases, the parties refrain from acute situations that could serve as serious reasons for violence. Similar forms of interethnic conflict are still observed in Estonia, Latvia, and Kazakhstan between the titular nations and the Russian-speaking population, which maintains civilized behavior in the face of constant violation of their rights by nationalist-minded authorities