Designation of parts of speech in Russian. What are parts of speech

A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions: who? What? (person, book). They differ by gender and vary by cases and numbers. There are animate (worker) and inanimate (TVs).

Adjectives

An adjective is a part of speech that denotes an attribute of an object and answers the questions: which one? which? which? which? Changes by gender, number and case. It differs from the sacrament in that it has no signs of voice, aspect or tense.

Qualitative adjectives denote an unrelated property of the object itself, which can manifest itself with different intensities: white, fast, old. Have short forms and degrees of comparison: white, faster, oldest, oldest.
Relative adjectives denote a property of an object through its relationship to another object or action: door, iron, inflatable, measuring.
Possessive adjectives indicate who owns the object they define: fathers, sisters, foxes.

Numerals

Numeral is a part of speech that means:

number of items; answers the question how much? (cardinal numbers): two, fourteen, one hundred twenty-five;
order of objects when counting; answers the question which? (ordinal numbers): second, fourteenth, one hundred and twenty-fifth;
Among the cardinal numerals, a group of collective numerals stands out, denoting the number of objects as one whole: two, three, four, five, six, seven, nine, ten, both, both.

Pronouns

A pronoun is a part of speech that indicates a person, object or sign, but does not name them. Pronouns are divided into:

Personal: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they.
Reflexive: yourself.
Possessives: mine, ours, yours, yours, yours.
Interrogative-relative: who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many.
Demonstratives: this, that, such, such, so much.
Determinatives: himself, most, all (all, everything, all), everyone, each, any, other.
Negative: no one, nothing, no, no one's, no one, no one, nothing.
Indefinite: someone, something, some, some, several, someone, something, some, any, something, etc.

Verbs

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state and answers the questions: what to do? what does it do? what did you do? what will it do? It has signs of aspect, voice, person, number, tense, mood and gender (in the past tense, in the subjunctive mood).

Verb forms:

Infinitive – indefinite form verb without signs of person, number, tense, voice, mood and gender: run, sleep, read.
A participle is an unconjugated verb form that denotes an action or state as a sign of an object that can change over time. Changes by gender, number and case; has signs of voice, aspect and tense - this differs from an adjective.
The active participle denotes an action that is performed by the bearer of the attribute: a reading student, a blossoming garden.
The passive participle denotes a sign that arose as a result of the influence of someone (something) on the bearer of the sign: a thrown stone, wind-driven leaves.
A gerund is an unchangeable form of a verb that denotes an action as a sign of another action, for example: spoke, looking into the eyes; exhausted, sat down on a bench. It differs from the sacrament in that it does not change; has signs of type and voice.

Adverb

An adverb is an independent part of Russian speech, denoting a sign of an action, a sign of an object or a sign of another sign: gradually, competently, childishly, joyfully. The question that an adverb answers depends on what meaning it has. Most often, adverbs answer the questions: how? Where? Where? to what extent? where? When? For what? Why?

An adverb is an unchangeable part of speech. It cannot be declined, conjugated, or otherwise coordinated with other words. Based on this, the adverb does not and cannot have an ending.

Prepositions

A preposition is an auxiliary part of our speech that expresses semantic connections between nouns, numerals and pronouns and other words in sentences or phrases: went to school, climbed a mountain, ran down the street, approached my father.

Prepositions in the Russian language, like other auxiliary parts of speech, do not change and always remain in the form in which they exist: in the middle, in half, on, with. Also, prepositions are not parts of the sentence, but when parsing sentences, prepositions are emphasized together with the member of the sentence to which they relate: After a short hesitation, the animal approached me (after hesitation - circumstance, to me - circumstance).

Prepositions, conjunctions and particles are auxiliary (non-independent) parts of speech. Despite this, they have their own classification and are divided into certain types.

Unions

Conjunction is an official unchangeable part of speech that connects members of a sentence and/or parts complex sentence(to be distinguished from prepositions, which connect not syntactic units, but words).

Coordinating conjunctions: and, yes, a, but, or, either, too, also.
Subordinating conjunctions: when, before, while, that, so that, how, since, because, thanks to that, so, as if, as if, if, once, although, despite the fact that, in order to, not only ... but also..., not so much... as... etc.

Particle

Particles are function words that give additional semantic or emotional shades to sentences and individual words: no, not, any, -something, -that, -those, -sya (s), -ka, -de, but, whether, would, happen, yes, let, let, even, really, only , almost, just, at least, really, really, give, know, come on, well, they say, after all, well, as if, as if, exactly, as if, like, supposedly, tea, perhaps, maybe, just, exactly, almost, almost, or something, etc.

Bundle

A connective is a function word torn away from the paradigm of a pronoun or verb. Its functions include indicating the syntactic relationships between the components of a sentence. Connectives include the words this, the phrase this is, there are (and other forms of the verb to be), conjugated forms of the verbs to appear, to appear, to mean, to mean, to be called. Connectives are often omitted, and a dash is placed in their place in the sentence: Automobile– [is] not a luxury, but a means of transportation.

A connective is also considered a component of the universal logical structure of a sentence-judgment, expressing a predicative relationship between the subject and the attribute that characterizes it and forming a predicate together with the attribute; 2) a component of a compound nominal predicate expressing it grammatical meanings(tense, person, modality, etc.) and usually represented by the verb “to be” or its lexicalized equivalents - semi-linked verbs.

The parts of speech of the Russian language are divided into independent and auxiliary, and interjections are distinguished separately. Let's list the parts of speech, note their grammatical features, and create a summary table.

An adverb, a category of state, is an unchangeable part of speech. Preposition, conjunction, particle are auxiliary parts of speech and are unchangeable words. Participles and gerunds are special forms of the verb. The category of state has recently begun to be distinguished from adverbs, perhaps in your curriculum it is not being considered yet. Interjection is considered separately from independent and auxiliary parts of speech.

Grammatical features

Let's look at parts of speech from the point of view of their grammatical features.
Adverb, conjunction, preposition, particle do not change. In view of this, the initial form has not been determined for them, in morphological analyzes their immutability is noted. For the remaining parts of speech we list the meaning, initial forms, questions.

Part of speech	General value	Question	Initial form
Noun	Item	Who? What?	Nominative
Adjective	Item attribute	Which? Which? Which? Whose? Whose? Whose?
Numeral	Quantity	How many? Which?	Nominative
Pronoun	Indicates a sign or object	To whom? Whose? etc.	Nominative, singular
Verb	Item action	What to do? What to do?	Indeterminate form
Communion	Item attribute by action	Which? Which? What?	Nominative case, singular, masculine
Participle	Additional action	Doing what? What to do? How?	Infinitive

Considered as a type of adjective.

“The Experience of Historical Grammar” by F. I. Buslaev (1858)

The same number of parts of speech and their division into:

significant (independent): noun, adjective and verb, with the exception of the auxiliary, which is classified as function words;
auxiliary: pronoun, numeral, preposition, conjunction and adverb. An interjection has also been added to them.

“From notes on Russian grammar” by A. A. Potebnya (1874)

The author includes the verb, noun, adjective and adverb as significant parts (“lexical words”);
to service (“formal words”): conjunctions, prepositions, particles and auxiliary verbs;
pronouns are considered separately.

Course “Comparative Linguistics” by F. F. Fortunatov (1901-1902)

There is no traditional division of words into parts of speech and grammatical categories are distinguished according to formal characteristics:

full words: verbs, nouns, adjectives, infinitive, adverb, which are divided into conjugated, inflected and indeclinable;
partial words;
Interjections stand alone.

Scheme of A. M. Peshkovsky

Close to Fortunatovskaya:

the verb, noun, adjective, participle, adverb, gerund and infinitive are distinguished.
Peshkovsky does not distinguish pronouns and numerals into independent parts of speech,
function words are considered only in syntactic terms.

Scheme by A. A. Shakhmatov

Shakhmatov connected the doctrine of parts of speech with syntax and identified 14 parts of speech:

nominative: noun, adjective, verb and non-pronominal and non-numeral adverbs;
non-nominal: numeral, pronominal nouns, pronominal adjectives, pronominal adverbs;
auxiliary: preposition, connective, conjunction, prefix, particle;
separate interjection.

Classification by V. A. Bogoroditsky

Semantic and syntactic features prevail over morphological ones. Stand out:

words with an independent meaning: noun, verb, personal pronoun;
words with a lesser degree of independence: adjectives, numerals, demonstrative pronouns, participles, adverbs, gerunds;
words without their own meaning: prepositions and conjunctions;
interjections.

Scheme by L.V. Shcherba

Significant words: nouns, adjectives, adverbs, quantitative words, state category, verb;
function words: connectives, prepositions, conjunctions;
interjections.

Classification by V.V. Vinogradov

Parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun - in a state of decomposition, verb, adverb, category of state;
particles of speech: particles in the proper sense, connective particles, prepositions, conjunctions;
modal words;
interjections.

Article “On parts of speech in the Russian language” by M. V. Panov (1960)

nouns, verb, gerund, adjectives and adverbs;
numerals and pronouns are distributed among other parts of speech;
Outside the parts of speech system there are particles of speech and interjections.

Parts of speech distinguished in modern Russian language

Independent parts of speech

Functional parts of speech

Links

Parts of speech in Russian

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The modern doctrine of parts of speech has been formed over a long time and has traditions, knowledge of which is necessary for a correct understanding of the system of parts of speech and its development trends. Russian linguists made a great contribution to the development of the general theory of parts of speech, creating a grammatical doctrine that correctly reflects the system of morphological classes of words in the Russian language.

In Russian linguistics, the doctrine of parts of speech arose under the influence of ancient grammars. However, already in the first Russian grammars, ways to improve this teaching and the desire to more accurately reflect the characteristics of the Russian language are outlined. For the first time, using extensive material from the Russian language, parts of speech were subjected to in-depth analysis in “Russian Grammar” (1755) by M. V. Lomonosov. Lomonosov identified 8 parts of speech: name, pronoun, verb, participle, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection. His grammar examines in detail the most important morphological features of words of all named parts of speech.

OH. Vostokov, developing the teachings of M.V. Lomonosov, identified adjectives as an independent part of speech in “Russian Grammar” (1831) (in Lomonosov’s grammar they formed a single class of names with nouns). OH. Vostokov removed participles from parts of speech, which he considered as a special category of adjectives. In adjectives A.H. Vostokov distinguished 5 groups: qualitative, possessive, relative, numeral (quantitative and ordinal) and active adjectives, i.e. participles.

In the work of G.P. Pavsky’s “Philological Observations on the Composition of the Russian Language” (1841 -1842) contains valuable considerations about the grammatical nature of the verb, pronouns and other parts of speech. G. P. Pavsky substantiated the grammatical independence of numerals.

In the development of the doctrine of parts of speech, an important place is occupied by “The Experience of Historical Grammar of the Russian Language” (1858) by F. I. Buslaev, “From Notes on Russian Grammar” (vol. II, 1888) by A. A. Potebnya. Fairly criticizing F.I. Buslaev, who classified pronouns and numerals as function words, A.A. Potebnya deeply reveals the grammatical essence of these parts of speech.

A significant contribution to the study of parts of speech was made by F.F. Fortunatov, A.A. Shakhmatov, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherba, V.V. Vinogradov and others.

Based mainly on formal indicators, F. F. Fortunatov identified complete words (verbs, nouns, adjectives, infinitives, participles, adverbs, gerunds) as parts of speech, which he divided into conjugated, inflected and indeclinable, partial words (prepositions, conjunctions, connectives, particles, modal words), interjections.

All classes of words are characterized in detail in “Syntax of the Russian Language” (1941) by A. A. Shakhmatov, who believed that parts of speech manifest themselves only in syntax. He distinguished significant words (nouns, adjectives, verb, adverb), non-nominal words (pronouns, numerals, pronominal adverbs), function words (prepositions, conjunctions, particles, connectives, prefixes), interjections. In A. A. Shakhmatov’s system of parts of speech, the boundaries of adverbs are very broadly outlined. This part of speech includes modal words, state category words, and even individual interjections.

In clarifying the composition of parts of speech and developing the principles of their classification, great merit belongs to L. V. Shcherba. He outlined his views on parts of speech in the article “On Parts of Speech” (1928). When characterizing parts of speech, L. V. Shcherba took into account both lexical meanings and grammatical properties of words. Based on a set of lexical and grammatical indicators, he proposed separating state category words into a special part of speech. Here he included words like it’s impossible, it’s cold, it’s necessary, it’s a shame, which, in his opinion, are unlawfully included in adverbs. Unlike adverbs, they are not adjacent to the verb, they are the predicate of an impersonal sentence, and are combined into a special class of words and according to their meaning: they denote a state. According to L.V. Shcherba, independent part speech makes up and connective (be).

An extremely important role in the formation of modern ideas about parts of speech and the determination of their boundaries was played by the research of V. V. Vinogradov, especially his book “The Russian Language” (1947). Through the efforts of V.V. Vinogradov, a comprehensive approach to the distribution of words by parts of speech and to the characteristics of parts of speech has been established in modern linguistics. “The classification of words,” writes V.V. Vinogradov, “must be constructive. She cannot ignore any aspect of the word structure. But, of course, lexical and grammatical criteria... must play a decisive role. In the grammatical structure of words, morphological peculiarities are combined with syntactic ones into an organic unity. Morphological forms- these are settled syntactic forms. There is nothing in morphology that is not or was not previously in syntax and vocabulary."

V.V. Vinogradov identifies 4 main “grammatical-semantic categories of words”: 1) word-names (noun, adjective, numeral, verb, adverb, 1 category of state). They are accompanied by pronouns. The words of this group are “the main lexical and grammatical fund of speech.” They act as members of a sentence and can form a sentence; 2) connective words, i.e. function words (linking particles, prepositions, conjunctions). They are deprived of a nominative function, “their lexical meanings are identical to grammatical ones”; 3) modal words. They are also deprived of a nominative function, “do not express connections and relationships between the members of the sentence,” but denote “the modality of the message about reality”; 4) interjections.

In the book by V.V. Vinogradov, the category of state and modal words are included for the first time in the system of parts of speech and are thoroughly characterized as independent lexical and grammatical categories of words.

The theory of parts of speech by V.V. Vinogradov has become widespread in scientific grammars and university courses in the Russian language. Proponents of this theory gradually improve and develop it, attracting new data and introducing the necessary clarifications.

The history of the study of parts of speech goes back centuries. It is believed that the doctrine of parts of speech originated in the 5th century. BC e. in India. It was developed by the ancient Greeks and Romans.

European grammars relied on the works of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (IV century BC), who divided all words of the Greek language into 4 parts of speech: name, verb, member, conjunction, or connective.

In the II century. BC e. Alexandrian grammarians already distinguished 8 parts of speech: name, verb, participle, member, pronoun, preposition, adverb and conjunction. The same number of parts of speech were distinguished in Roman grammar (with the exception of a member missing in Latin; an interjection was added instead).

In the Middle Ages, the adjective was identified as an independent part of speech, and participles were included in the verb system.

Old Russian scribes relied on the works of the Greeks. This is reflected even in the name: the word “grammar” is of Greek origin, originally it meant “the art of writing and reading.”

Until the 18th century There were translated grammar manuals. The first Russian grammar was a work with the same name by M.V. Lomonosov (1755) (recall that the grammar of Meletius Smotritsky, published in 1619, was created on the material of the Church Slavonic language). M.V. Lomonosov identified 8 parts of speech: 1) name, 2) pronoun, 3) verb, 4) participle, 5) adverb, 6) preposition, 7) conjunction, 8) interjection. The name and verb are the main ones, the rest are auxiliary, or service, parts of speech. The grammar is based on the material of the commonly used Russian language.

OH. Vostokov in 1831 in “Russian Grammar” identified the adjective as an independent part of speech. He included participles (“active adjectives”), as well as numerals, into adjectives as an independent category.

G.P. singled out numerals as a special part of speech. Pavsky in the book “Philological Observations” (1841–1842). He was supported by A.A. Potebnya.

In “The Experience of Historical Grammar of the Russian Language” (1851) F.I. Buslaev divided parts of speech into significant (independent, full-valued) and auxiliary (non-significant). F.I. Buslaev to service units speech included pronouns and numerals. In total, he identified 9 parts of speech, including significant ones: noun, adjective, adverb, verb; auxiliary: pronoun, numeral, preposition and conjunction. The interjection is called a special part of speech. Based on the similarity of lexical semantics, the infinitive is classified as a verbal noun ( set sail - sail away).

The modern theory of parts of speech in Russian studies developed thanks to the works of A.A. Potebnya, A.M. Peshkovsky, A.A. Shakhmatova, L.V. Shcherby, V.V. Vinogradov and other scientists.

A talented researcher, profound scientist, Alexander Afanasyevich Potebnya (1835–1891) not only presented the system of parts of speech, but also painted a picture of the historical development of parts of speech. TO significant to words he assigns nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs. These are real words in which the lexical content is complicated by their grammatical meaning. Formal parts of speech include prepositions, conjunctions, particles and auxiliary verbs. In addition, there are material-formal parts of speech, which include pronouns and numerals. Special parts of speech A.A. Potebnya counted participles and infinitives. In his opinion, the primitive word did not belong to any part of speech: over time, a noun emerged from it, and an adjective from a noun. The change in the worldview of primitive people, who realized procedurality, led to the emergence of verbosity, the earliest form of which was the infinitive; then the indicative developed. Later other parts of speech appeared, but the role of the verb remained extremely high, because it was the center of the sentence.

Professor Alexander Matveevich Peshkovsky (1878–1933) believed that parts of speech are objective categories, and not a scientific fiction. The concept of parts of speech, although not presented systematically, is visible in the book “Russian Syntax in Scientific Coverage,” but it is presented differently in the first (1914) and second (1928) editions. In 1914 A.M. Peshkovsky named 7 parts of speech: noun, adjective, verb, participle, adverb, gerund, infinitive. In 1928, 4 universal categories were identified that exist in all languages: noun, adjective, verb, adverb. “Mixed” categories include participle, gerund, gerund, etc. For categories that do not fall into either the main parts of speech or the mixed ones, A.M. Peshkovsky includes pronoun, numeral, preposition, conjunction and interjection. Prepositions, conjunctions, particles, connectives and introductory words by A.M. Peshkovsky considers morphemes, rather than parts of speech, as “formless words”, auxiliary means of language. He also identifies a group of words that are not included in any part of speech and later received the name “stray” ( is, no, on, possible, necessary, impossible, sorry, take it etc.).

Academician Alexey Aleksandrovich Shakhmatov (1864–1920) wrote more than 150 works and paid a lot of attention to grammar. The general list includes A.A. Shakhmatova 14 parts of speech, of which 4 significant (noun, adjective, adverb, verb), 4 non-nominal (pronoun-noun, pronoun-adjective, pronominal adverb, numeral), 5 auxiliary (preposition, connective, particle, conjunction, prefix ) and one special part speeches (interjection).

Academician Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba (1880–1944) made a great contribution to the development of the theory of parts of speech. The main provisions were set out by him in the article “On parts of speech in the Russian language” (1828). Ideas expressed by L.V. Shcherboy cannot be assessed unambiguously. Lev Vladimirovich, like some other scientists, believed that it was difficult to create a classification of parts of speech that meets strict logical laws, so he emphasized the secondary importance of the classification point for parts of speech. In this regard, on the one hand, he admits that the same word turns out to be subsumed simultaneously under different categories (for example, participles, combining the characteristics of a verb and an adjective). On the other hand, a number of words do not fit into any category at all, as exemplified by the various types of introductory words, words Yes And No etc.

Is it possible to agree with the point of view according to which logical inconsistency, incompleteness and even contradiction are inevitable for the classification of parts of speech based on the meaning and grammatical features of words? We give a negative answer to this question. Classification can only be logical, based on compliance with the basic laws of logic. Otherwise, we turn into the natural scientist L. Hjelmslev ironically spoke about. In his opinion, someone who ignores the laws of logic is likened to a representative of natural sciences who would divide animals into four-legged animals, birds, horses, dogs, eagles and pigeons (Quoted from the book: Shcherbak A.M. On the linguistic nature of parts of speech // Questions of the theory of parts of speech. – L.: Nauka, 1968. – P. 229).

Thanks to L.V. Shcherba is that he saw lexico-grammatical classes of words in parts of speech, identified generalized lexico-grammatical meanings of significant parts of speech, and, along with traditional parts of speech, identified groups of words that had not been analyzed in detail before him. It's about first of all about words like cold, light, time, possible, necessary, hunting and others L.V. Shcherba writes: “Perhaps we are dealing here with a special condition category.

<…>The formal features of this category would be immutability, on the one hand, and use with a connective, on the other: first, it would differ from adjectives and verbs, and second, from adverbs. However, it doesn’t seem to me that this would be a bright and convincing category in the Russian language” (L.V. Shcherba. About parts of speech in the Russian language // L.V. Shcherba. Selected works on the Russian language. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1957 . – P. 74). A bold idea has been expressed, but it comes with caveats. The boundaries of this category are still unclear and blurred. However, in general, the teaching of L.V. Shcherba's work on parts of speech, although incomplete and somewhat nihilistic, stimulated further research in this area and prepared, to a certain extent, the ideas expressed by V.V. Vinogradov.

The classification of Academician Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov is one of the most substantiated and convincing. It divides all words into four grammatical-semantic (structural-semantic) categories of words: 1) parts of speech, including words-names that have a nominative function, forming the subject-semantic, lexical and grammatical foundation of speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs, adverbs, words of the state category; pronouns are also adjacent to them); 2) speech particles, that is, connective, function words (prepositions, conjunctions, actual particles, connectives); 3) modal words; 4) interjections.

This hierarchical division makes it possible to objectively assess the place of each fact in the system of other lexical and grammatical units.

Based on the achievements of linguistics, critically assessing the views of representatives of different directions of Russian grammatical thought, V.V. Vinogradov managed to determine the future of grammatical research for the coming decades. It is important to consider the consideration of hybrid phenomena, processes of transition in the system of parts of speech; identifying words of the state category as an independent part of speech and modal words as a separate structural-semantic category (for the first time in linguistics!). The book “Russian Language (Grammarical Doctrine of Words)” boldly and uniquely addresses many other issues, including the grammatical features of individual parts of speech (numerals, pronouns, etc.). To the pronouns V.V. Vinogradov includes a small group of words with a pronominal meaning, categorically correlative with nouns. He distributed the remaining pronouns into several parts of speech: adjectives, numerals, adverbs.

Published 1952–1954 the academic “Grammar of the Russian Language” (vol. 1) (then republished in 1960 almost without changes) relies heavily on the ideas expressed by V.V. Vinogradov (author of the “Morphology” section – V.A. Plotnikova). The grammar distinguishes ten parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, particle and interjection. Words that reflect reality in its objects, actions, qualities, properties are included in the significant parts of speech; words with the help of which relationships between phenomena of reality are expressed belong to particles - auxiliary parts of speech. A special place is given to interjections as words that do not name something, but only perform expressive functions in speech.

As we see, in this grammar modal words are not separated into an independent structural-semantic category and words of the state category are not called an independent part of speech, that is, the classification of V.V. Vinogradov is not fully represented in it. The following is said about the words of the state category in the “Russian Grammar”: “Closely associated with adverbs in lexical and morphological composition is a group of words that are used only as a predicate, mainly in impersonal sentences, for example: cold, warm, sad, ashamed, possible, impossible, sorry etc.<…>This group of words is defined as predicative adverbs, and by some Russian linguists it belongs to a special grammatical category - condition categories» [Grammar of the Russian language. – T. 1: Phonetics and morphology. – M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1953. – P. 40]. The category of state and modal words, according to the author, are not separate parts of speech, but “syntactic derivatives”. Words outside parts of speech Yes And No.

Schematic classification of V.V. Vinogradov can be represented as follows.

Table 1

Subsequently, the theory of parts of speech continued to attract the attention of scientists. A number of general monographs appeared (for example, A.N. Savchenko “Parts of speech and categories of thinking” in 1959, O.P. Sunika “General theory of parts of speech” in 1966, etc.), a number of articles, new textbooks .

The next stage was the publication in 1970 of “Grammar of the modern Russian literary language.” It set the task of theoretical understanding of accumulated knowledge, did not pretend to be a complete description and was a kind of intermediate stage in the preparation of the new academic “Russian Grammar”, which was published in 1980. The authors of the sections that described the parts of speech in “Russian Grammar” (1980), are N.S. Avilova, A.V. Bondarko, V.V. Lopatin, V.A. Plotnikova, I.S. Ulukhanov, N.Yu. Shvedova and others.

The “Russian Grammar” identifies 10 parts of speech: 6 significant, or full-valued, independent ones (noun, pronoun-noun, adjective, numeral, adverb, verb), three service ones (prepositions, conjunctions, particles) and interjections representing special group words that serve to express emotional attitudes and subjective assessments. “The first six parts of speech are significant (full-valued, or independent) words, that is, words that are lexically independent, naming objects and signs or pointing to them and capable of functioning as members of a sentence. Prepositions, conjunctions and particles are service, that is, lexically independent, words that serve to express various syntactic relations (prepositions and conjunctions), as well as to form analytical forms or to express the syntactic and modal meanings of a sentence (particle). Interjections constitute a special group of words: they don’t name anything and serve to express emotional attitudes and subjective assessments” [Russian Grammar – 1980, vol. 1, p. 457]. Schematically, the classification of Russian Grammar-80 can be presented as follows:

Table 2

As can be seen even from the enumeration of parts of speech, the grammar basically follows tradition, does not include words of state categories and modal words in the parts of speech, but distinguishes new part speeches - pronouns-nouns. The authors of this section relied on the well-known opinion of V.V. Vinogradov, who wrote: “With the exception of subject-personal pronouns, which make up a small grammatically isolated group, other categories of pronouns are scattered across different grammatical categories. They do not form an independent grammatical class” [Vinogradov V.V. Russian language: (grammatical doctrine of words). – M.: graduate School, 1972. – P. 256]. But, firstly, V.V. Vinogradov later revised his views on pronouns, although he did not leave written evidence of this; secondly, the modern level of development of linguistics makes it possible to more deeply and comprehensively evaluate the semantics and grammatical specificity of pronominal words and, on this basis, identify them as an independent part of speech; thirdly, it cannot be considered correct from the point of view of the laws of logic to separate nouns and pronouns-nouns in one row.

Russian Grammar-1980 is largely the same as the textbook for university students “Modern Russian Language”, edited by V.A. Beloshapkova, but it contains some additions and clarifications. The system of parts of speech is represented by nine positions: nouns, adjectives, numerals, adverbs, verbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, interjections. The following is said about pronouns: “In connection with the discussion of the issue of parts of speech in the Russian language, pronominal words were denied the status of a special part of speech. However, pronominal words, distributed among nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs, are characterized by some morphological features that distinguish them from the “typical representatives” of the corresponding parts of speech” [Modern Russian language. – M.: Higher. school, 1981. – P. 302]. The authors, not considering pronouns an independent part of speech, but distributing them into nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs, at the same time allocate for them chapter 6 “Pronominal words” (pp. 302–309), in which they consider the specifics of gender categories, numbers, cases of pronouns and types of their declension. The semantic specificity of pronominal vocabulary remains beyond the attention of the authors.

Textbook for students of pedagogical institutes “Modern Russian language” N.M. Shansky and A.N. Tikhonova (1981; 1988) most consistently develops the ideas of Academician V.V. Vinogradova. The authors identify the following parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verb, participle, gerund, adverb, state category, modal words, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, interjections, onomatopoeia. What is different from other modern grammars here is that, firstly, the so-called “new” parts of speech (state category and modal words) are highlighted; secondly, the status of part of speech is assigned to “hybrid words”: participles and gerunds. Schematically, this classification can be presented as follows.

Table 3

School grammar examines 10 parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, particle, interjection.

The publication of two books should be recognized as a great achievement of Russian studies: Russian language. Encyclopedia. – M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1979. – 432 pp.; Linguistic dictionary. – M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1990. – 685 p. They cover a wide range of language-related topics. Parts of speech are presented traditionally.

The last decade has been marked by an intensification of publishing activity in this area. We can name, for example, the following textbooks and teaching aids: Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. Vocabulary. Phraseology. Morphology. – M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, CheRo Publishing House, 1997. – 480 p.; Modern Russian language: Phonetics. Lexicology. Word formation. Morphology. Syntax / L.A. Novikov, L.G. Zubkova, V.V. Ivanov and others; Under general ed. L.A. Novikova. – St. Petersburg, 1999. – 864 p.; Kamynina A.A. Modern Russian language. Morphology. – M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1999. – 240 p. ; Modern Russian language: Theory. Analysis linguistic units: In 2 hours – Part 2: Morphology. Syntax / V.V. Babaytseva, N.A. Nikolina, L.D. Chesnokova and others. Ed. E.I. Dibrova. – M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2001. – 704 p.

The number and content of parts of speech are not the same in different grammars. It depends primarily on the delimitation criteria used by language researchers when distributing words into parts of speech.

The names of the main parts of speech came to Russian studies mainly from Greek and Latin. Let's give examples.

Name goes back to the Greek. onoma or Latin nomen. Subsequently, a common noun was identified ( nomen appellative) and proper name ( nomen proprium).

Pronoun is a tracing paper from the Greek. antonomia or Latin pronomen (instead of a name).

Term verb of late origin, before him (until the 18th century) the term was used speech(Greek rēma, Latin verbum).

Communion derived from Latin. participium“taken in part” (meaning that the participle took for itself part of the characteristics from the verb, the other from the adjective).

Adverb(Greek epirrema, lat. adverbum) is literally translated as “verb” (that is, existing with a verb).

Pretext – prodesis, praepositio(“placed in front”).

Union – syndesmos, conjunctio(“connecting”), first noted in Russian studies in the 17th century.

Interjection – lat. injection(“thrown between”).