After the rabies vaccination, the injection site turned red. Side effects of rabies vaccinations

It is one of the most serious infectious diseases existing in the world. It is caused by rhabdoviruses and is characterized by a steadily progressive course with damage to nerve cells. A distinctive feature of this pathology is the presence of various phobias, the most pronounced of which is the fear of water. Just at the thought of it, a person experiences attacks of painful spasms of the muscles of the larynx and pharynx, which are accompanied by psychomotor agitation and impaired consciousness. Ultimately, the rabies virus affects the entire nervous system, leading to the development of encephalomyelitis and ending in death.

Prevention of rabies

The rabies virus (orange in the image) infects nerve cells. The disease is characterized by a steadily progressive course with the development of various phobias in the patient.

Despite the fact that the causes of rabies are known, a cure that can cure patients has never been found. That's why special attention In medicine, attention is paid to issues of prevention, within the structure of which several areas can be distinguished; let’s consider them in more detail.

Fighting infection in nature

Under natural conditions, the virus constantly circulates among wild animals. This poses a danger to pets (cats, dogs), farm animals and directly to humans. Therefore, the first link of prevention is to influence the source of infection and reduce the overall incidence of rabies in nature. For this purpose the following is carried out:

• constant regulation of the number of wild animals, especially those that are potentially dangerous from this point of view (in Europe, these are primarily foxes);
• shooting of sick individuals;
• oral immunization (by applying rabies vaccine to attractive carriers, such as chicken heads, and then scattering them in forests).

Preventing disease in pets

An important component of rabies prevention is preventing the possibility of infection of domestic animals, since humans have the closest contact with them. For this purpose, introduced simple rules security:

• catching stray dogs and cats that can act as a reservoir of infection;
• timely identification and destruction of sick individuals;
• registration of pets and annual vaccinations;
• control over the transportation of livestock, cats and dogs;
• planned preventive vaccination of animals in farms unaffected by rabies.

Emergency measures for suspected rhabdovirus infection

All people bitten, scratched or slobbered by any animal are considered suspected of being infected with rabies. In these cases, you need to be on your guard, since even a seemingly healthy animal can be infected with the virus and excrete it in its saliva long before the main symptoms of the disease appear.

You should not neglect taking preventive measures, because only they save the life of an infected person. And most cases of the disease are associated precisely with late seeking medical help.

• Immediately after a bite (or as soon as possible), you must contact a medical institution at your place of residence.
• Such persons must necessarily have the wound treated by washing it with a soap solution and lubricating it with an alcohol solution of iodine.
• After this, the issue of introducing an anti-rabies vaccine is decided.

Rabies vaccination for humans

Vaccination is the only way to save the life of a person infected with rhabdovirus.

The rabies vaccine was invented back in the 19th century, but even today it remains the only way to save the life of a person infected with rhabdovirus. The main condition for its effectiveness is the timeliness and continuity of administration according to the schedule.

There is planned and emergency vaccine prevention of rabies. Vaccination is routinely carried out for persons at increased risk of infection, these include:

• people involved in catching stray dogs;
• hunters;
• foresters;
• veterinarians;
• laboratory workers exposed to the virus.

Emergency prophylaxis is carried out for all persons after being bitten by a wild or domestic animal. If the guilty animal is apparently healthy, then it is monitored for 10 days. And the victim begins a course of vaccination, which may be incomplete, provided that the animal is not sick. If a person is injured by a wild, suspicious or sick animal, vaccination is carried out in full.

The modern emergency prevention regimen includes 6 injections:

• the first is introduced on the day of treatment;
• the next one – on the 7th day;
• then - on days 14, 28;
• The last dose of the vaccine is administered to the body on the 90th day.

The vaccine is injected into the deltoid muscle of the shoulder or thigh at a dose of 2.5 IU. For this purpose, a purified inactivated rabies vaccine containing a weakened strain of the virus is used.

Additionally, along with the first vaccination, rabies immunoglobulin is used at a dose of 20 IU per kg of body weight. This helps protect the body from the virus before it produces its own antibodies and prevents the spread of infection along the nerve fibers.

If the victim was vaccinated according to the generally accepted scheme before the bite, then he is given the first three injections without the use of specific immunoglobulin.

It should be noted that after vaccination they may develop side effects most often in the form:

• local reactions in the area of ​​drug administration;
• post-vaccination.

However, the threat of these reactions cannot be compared with the immediate threat to life that this infection poses.

Treatment

All patients with rabies are hospitalized in a hospital. There is no specific and effective treatment for this infection; its progression inevitably leads to death. Therapeutic tactics are aimed at:

• relief of suffering;
• Creation optimal conditions for the patient (quiet, darkened room).

For this we use:

• and sleeping pills;
• anticonvulsants;
• analgesics;
• antipyretics;
• oxygen therapy, etc.

Which doctor should I contact?

If you suspect the possibility of rabies infection, you should immediately go to the emergency room or emergency room of a surgical hospital, or to an infectious diseases hospital. If the disease develops, supportive treatment is carried out in the infectious diseases department, and additional consultations with a neurologist and cardiologist are prescribed.

Conclusion

The effectiveness of emergency rabies prevention reaches 99%. In this case, the vaccine should be administered to all persons at high risk of infection, regardless of age, concomitant diseases and possible side effects. The latter are rare, but still possible, and are recorded in 0.02-0.03% of cases.

Health-saving channel, allergist-immunologist V.V. Kotsarenko talks about rabies vaccination:

More than 150 thousand people suffer from dog bites in Russia every year, and dozens of deaths from rabies are recorded.
An increase in cases of dog bites is recorded during the period June-September.

There are tens of times fewer victims of stray dog ​​bites than there are victims of owner dog bites.
The most dangerous dogs are fighting breeds (pit bulls, Rottweilers, German shepherd mixes, German shepherds, Dobermans, etc.)

Dog bites most often affect men, children aged 1-4 years, and children 10-13 years old.
Bites predominate in the leg area (in adults), in children in the head, face, and neck areas.

More than 15% of all dog bites are complicated by infection and the development of an inflammatory process.
For humans, the most common source of a fatal disease like rabies is sick dogs.

What are the consequences of a dog bite for a person?

First of all, this is infection of the wound and the development of a local purulent-inflammatory process, which happens in 15-20% of all bites. In addition, systemic infection and the development of sepsis (rare) are possible if the microorganism enters the human bloodstream.

Most often, wound infections are caused by the following microorganisms: pasteurella (40-50%), streptococci (35-45%), staphylococci (30-40%), and microbes that multiply in an oxygen-free environment Fusobacterium, Bacteriodes, etc. (20-30% ). In most cases, the microbial flora in an infected wound is mixed. All of the listed microorganisms are found in the dog’s mouth and, when bitten, enter the wound area.
The development of wound infection usually occurs 8-24 hours after the bite.

Symptoms of infection in the wound:
Local:

• Signs of inflammation - redness, swelling, pain
• Purulent discharge, sometimes with an unpleasant odor
• Enlargement of nearby lymph nodes

General symptoms:

• Increased body temperature
• Possible headache
• Mild malaise, weakness

It is possible to become infected with such dangerous diseases as tetanus and rabies.

What is rabies?

Rabies– the hardest infectious disease caused by a virus. Transmitted through the bites and saliva of sick animals. The disease is accompanied by damage to neurons in the spinal cord and brain. In the absence of timely treatment, it leads to death in 100% of cases.

Who can spread rabies?

1. The main sources of the rabies virus are wild animals:

• In Russia, 90% are foxes
• Raccoon dog
• Korsak
• Arctic fox (in the tundra zone)
• In recent years, rabies has been reported in beavers, ferrets, badgers, gray rats, martens, wild cats, moose, house mice, gray rats.
• Distributors of the disease can be: squirrels, muskrats, nutria, hamsters, bears, bats.

2. Pets, such as dogs, cats, small and cattle, etc., which usually become infected with rabies from wild animals.

The disease is not transmitted from person to person!

How does infection occur?

• When bitten by a sick animal
• If the saliva of a sick animal gets on mucous membranes or damaged skin

The saliva of a sick animal becomes infectious already 8-10 days before the onset of the disease!

Symptoms of rabies in a dog

Appearance:

• Excessive drooling and vomiting
• Strabismus
• Dropping of the lower jaw
• Hoarse and muffled barking
• I occasionally have seizures

Behavior:

• The animal is aggressive, excited
• Can unexpectedly attack a person
• Gnaws the ground and various objects

Mechanism of disease development

Through damaged areas of the skin or through mucous membranes, the virus penetrates into the nerve endings. Along which it moves at a speed of approximately 3 mm per hour to the spinal cord and brain. Having reached the structures of the brain, the virus penetrates neurons, where it begins to multiply. After which the virus moves in the opposite direction from the center to the periphery. The virus spreads throughout the body (salivary, lacrimal glands, kidneys, lungs, intestines, skeletal muscles etc.). The appearance of drooling, increased sweating, convulsive contractions of the respiratory and swallowing muscles is associated with damage to the structures of the central nervous system. Death occurs from damage to vital centers (vasomotor and respiratory).

In all cases, does a person develop rabies from the bite of a sick animal?

The likelihood of developing the disease depends on the location of the bite. So, with a bite on the neck or face, the disease occurs in 90% of cases, with bites on the arms (hands) - 60%, with bites on the shoulder or thigh in 23% of cases.

Symptoms of rabies in humans

On average, the disease develops 1-2 months after the bite, but the onset of the disease is possible 7 days and a year after the bite. The speed at which symptoms appear depends on the depth, extent of the bite and, most importantly, its location. The closer the bite is to the brain, the faster the disease develops. Symptoms of the disease develop most quickly after a bite to the head, face, neck and much later after bites to the lower extremities.
The disease is characterized by 3 main periods, which are characterized by certain symptoms.

1. Initial period or period of disease precursors(duration 1-3 days)

Symptoms:

• Pain and discomfort in the area of ​​the bite (which arise through long time after a bite on a healed wound)
• Possible increase in temperature
• Mental state disturbance (depression, irritability, isolation, refusal to eat, sleep disturbance, feelings of fear, melancholy, fear of death, anxiety).
• General malaise, headache

1. The period of the height of the disease or the period of excitation(duration 2-3 days)

Symptoms:

• During this period, attacks of excitement occur, which are accompanied by both mental and physical arousal. At the time of the attack, a person experiences muscle spasms, pharynx, larynx, diaphragm, facial muscles, pupils dilate, and there is a characteristic expression of horror on the face. During an attack, consciousness changes, hallucinations and delusions occur. The patient's breathing quickens, becomes uneven with deep noisy whistles, and breathing may stop at the height of the attack. The attacks last from several seconds to minutes, and their frequency increases over time.
• An attack can be triggered by an attempt to drink water (fear of water - hydrophobia), or a breath of air (aerophobia), a loud sound (acousticophobia), or bright light (photophobia).
• The patient has strong salivation, constantly spits saliva, and foam appears at the mouth. The occurrence of foam at the mouth is associated with a violation of the act of swallowing in combination with excessive salivation.
• The patient is very excited, screams, rushes about, is aggressive, can attack with fists, bite. Excessive emotional activity can last from 2-3 hours to 2-3 days.

1. Period of calm or imaginary improvement (duration 1-3 days)
   • Stopping seizures and agitation
   • Consciousness clears up
   • Death occurs from a block of the respiratory or vasomotor center.

Diagnosis of rabies

When making a diagnosis of rabies, one mainly relies on the symptoms of the disease and the history of its occurrence. However, it is possible to isolate the virus from saliva or cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, there is an analysis from an imprint of the cornea or a piece of skin on the back of the head, which allows us to identify the causative agent of the disease. The diagnosis is most accurately established posthumously, when specific inclusions in neurons (Babes-Negri bodies) are determined during an analysis of the patient’s brain.

Consequences of rabies

4 days after the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease, 50% of patients die, after 20 days 100% of patients die.

Prevention of rabies

Typically, prophylaxis is given to people who have high risk rabies infection (dog catchers, hunters, veterinarians, foresters, slaughterhouse workers). At the first stage of vaccination, 3 injections of 1 ml of vaccine are given (on the first day, on the 7th and on the 30th). Next vaccination in a year (1 injection). Then every 3 years, 1 injection.

Contraindications for preventive vaccination

• Pregnancy
• Allergic reactions to previous administration of this drug (rash, angioedema, etc.)
• Allergy to antibiotics
• Acute diseases (infectious and non-infectious nature), chronic diseases in exacerbation, vaccination should be carried out a month after recovery.

First aid for a dog bite

How to provide first aid to someone who has been bitten, a guide

What to do?	How?	For what?
1. Wash the wound	Wash the wound under running water and soap for at least 5 minutes (you can also use another detergent that dissolves fats)	The rabies virus dies in an alkaline environment, under the influence of disinfectants and fat solvents.
2. Treat the wound and its edges	It is necessary to use one of the antiseptics, agents that kill microbes and prevent their reproduction: Alcohol 70% 5% iodine solution Hydrogen peroxide Betadine Chlorhexidine Miramistin	Disinfection, prevention of infection and wound suppuration. Hydrogen peroxide can be poured into the wound cavity, which will have three positive effects at once: it will mechanically remove various contaminants that have entered the wound, stop bleeding and disinfect the wound.
The edges of the wound are not excised or sutured for the first three days after the bite. Prevention of secondary infection. Sutures are applied only for extensive wounds, to stop bleeding in blood vessels, and for cosmetic reasons (bites in the face).
4. Stop bleeding (if any)	Ways to temporarily stop bleeding: Application of a tourniquet Finger pressure of the vessel Maximum limb flexion Elevated limb position Pressure bandage See article - First aid for bleeding	Stop blood loss Gain time to provide specialized medical care Save a life
5. Apply a sterile bandage	If possible, use sterile material (bandages, napkins, gauze dressings, etc.).	Prevents further contamination of the wound and the entry of various microorganisms into it.
6. Administer rabies vaccine (the procedure is painless and free of charge)	Rabies immunoglobulin(injected around the wound and into the depth of the wound). Dose 40 IU/kg and 20 IU/kg. Always administered before the vaccine is administered. For special indications. Rabies vaccine (COCAV) Enter intramuscularly in the shoulder(deltoid muscle), for children under 5 years old - in the thigh (upper part of the anterior lateral surface). Do not inject into the gluteal region. There are 2 main vaccine administration regimens, which depend on the severity of the bite. The number of injections is no more than 6! Scheme: Day 0 – 1st injection (1ml) 3rd day (1ml) 7th day (1ml) Day 14 (1ml) 30th day (1ml) 90th day (1ml) Scheme: On the first day of treatment, immunoglobulin is administered before the vaccine is administered. And then 6 injections according to the above scheme. After the vaccine is administered, the patient requires observation for at least 30 minutes. Vaccination sites must have everyone necessary conditions to provide antishock treatment. After the course of treatment, a certificate is issued indicating the type and series of vaccines administered and with a mention of post-vaccination reactions. It is forbidden: Drink alcohol during the course of vaccinations and 6 months after overwork supercool overheat	Vaccine (COCAV) is a neutralized virus that promotes the development of immunity to the rabies virus. Possible adverse reactions (rare): redness, itching, swelling at the site of vaccine administration, enlarged lymph nodes (axillary, cervical), malaise, weakness, fever, headache. Immunoglobulin– is a protein that neutralizes the rabies virus. Possible side effects of immunoglobulin: anaphylactic shock, local allergic reaction (1-2 days after administration); serum sickness (usually 6-8 days after administration).
Some features of therapeutic vaccination: The number of injections depends on the information about the biting animal. Animals that attack a person should, if possible, be caught. The following categories of animals are subject to killing: wild, stray, unvaccinated, those who committed an unprovoked attack on a person, sick animals with symptoms of rabies. The brain of a killed animal is used to diagnose rabies. In areas where rabies is not common in domestic animals, apparently healthy dogs and cats should be isolated and observed for 10 days. If after the expiration of the period the animal does not get sick, then in this case the bitten person receives only the first 3 “rabies injections”. Vaccination is not carried out if the biting animal has been vaccinated, and the dog owner has all necessary documents confirming the vaccination of the animal. 2. In what cases is treatment using immunoglobulin carried out? Scheme 1 (without immunoglobulin): when a sick animal salivates on intact skin, when there is an abrasion, if there are single scratches or bites on the upper, lower extremities and torso (except for the genitals, face, head, fingers and toes). Scheme 2 (with immunoglobulin): in case of contact with saliva on mucous membranes, bites in the area of ​​the face, head, neck, genitals, fingers and toes, in case of deep bites regardless of the location of the bite, in case of bites of any nature inflicted by wild animals, rodents, flying mice. 3. If the person who received full course vaccines after a dog bite, was attacked again, but 1 year has not passed since the last injection. Then such a person will receive only 3 injections with the vaccine (on the 0th, 3rd and 7th day). 4. A child’s infancy or pregnancy is not a reason to refuse therapeutic vaccination. 5. Treatment is carried out regardless of how long it takes for the victim to seek help (possibly several months after the bite). 6. Vaccinations after a dog bite for children Vaccine doses and schedules are the same for children and adults For children under 5 years of age, the vaccine is administered into the thigh (upper part of the anterior lateral surface)

.

Dog bite prevention

• You should not approach a dog guarding its puppies.
• Do not suddenly disturb the dog if it is sleeping
• Don't touch your dog while he's eating.
• Respect the dog's territory (its place, etc.)
• Don't let your child touch an unfamiliar dog
• Don't leave your child alone with the dog

You won't surprise anyone with a stray dog ​​in the city. Especially in the spring, when it’s time for a “dog wedding.” Despite the fact that utility workers organize the capture of animals, many run away and hide. In addition, some of them are quite aggressive, and on occasion they can bite an adult or even a child. It is not a fact that the animal will be rabid, but in order to be sure of this, it needs to be observed for some time. And this is not always possible.

Therefore, to prevent such a dangerous and fatal disease without treatment as rabies, it is necessary to undergo a course of rabies vaccine. After all, just a decade ago they scared children, don’t touch the dog, they will give you 40 injections in the stomach! But what is the situation now?

After a bite and penetration of the virus into the blood, the disease does not manifest itself immediately. The incubation period lasts for 1–8 weeks. The closer the bite is to the face and to the center of the body, the faster rabies develops. Deep and ragged bites are also dangerous. A small bite or salivation of a wound on the extremities is more favorable for the prognosis. By the way, the majority of those bitten become infected with the virus (from 20 to 90%), but not all.

What to do if you are bitten?

Where are rabies injections given?

The first injection is given immediately after the patient’s initial visit. The second - on the 3rd day, the third - on the 7th, the fourth - on the 14th, the fifth - on the 30th, the last - on the 90th. Where are rabies injections given? Nowadays they are no longer given in the stomach; the injection is intramuscular; it can be done in the buttock or in the deltoid muscle of the shoulder. The number of injections depends on how dangerous the bite is. If it is small, located far from the face and body, and it is also possible to observe a sick animal, then perhaps the doctor will limit himself to prescribing three injections. In other conditions, all 6 injections are indicated.

Vaccination helps the body produce antibodies against the rabies virus. In parallel with this, during the first three days, ready-made anti-rabies immunoglobulin is additionally administered. When indicated, everyone is vaccinated, even pregnant women. Alcohol consumption is prohibited during the rabies vaccine injection.

When does a vaccine not help?

• Drinking alcohol.

skoraya-03.com

Where are rabies injections given?

You won't surprise anyone with a stray dog ​​in the city. Especially in the spring, when it’s time for a “dog wedding.” Despite the fact that utility workers organize the capture of animals, many run away and hide.

In addition, some of them are quite aggressive, and on occasion they can bite an adult or even a child. It is not a fact that the animal will be rabid, but in order to be sure of this, it needs to be observed for some time. And this is not always possible.

Rabies

To become infected with this disease, the virus must enter the bloodstream from a sick animal. As a rule, this occurs through a bite, since infected animals are not particularly friendly. Almost any animal, both domestic and wild, can get sick. These are cats, dogs, wolves, basement rats, and even bats. So infected foxes begin to come out of the forest towards people and come quite close, which is not typical wild beast.

Therefore, with bites and a fearful question about where rabies injections are given, people who, due to their professional duties, often communicate with animals, often turn to the doctor. These are rangers, veterinarians, trainers, hunters, slaughterhouse workers and those who catch stray animals, as well as residents of villages and towns located near the forest.

After a bite and penetration of the virus into the blood, the disease does not manifest itself immediately. The incubation period lasts for 1–8 weeks.

The closer the bite is to the face and to the center of the body, the faster rabies develops. Deep and ragged bites are also dangerous. A small bite or salivation of a wound on the extremities is more favorable for the prognosis.

By the way, the majority of those bitten become infected with the virus (from 20 to 90%), but not all.

What to do if you are bitten?

1. Wash the wound under running water and soap.

3. If the wound is severe, then you need to call an ambulance so that, in addition to the rabies vaccine, painkillers are administered, the bite is treated and an antiseptic bandage is applied.

4. If a pet is bitten, it is quarantined and observed. No walks or contact with other people or animals, only feeding. Over the next 10 days, a sick animal will begin to show aggressiveness, fear of hydrophobia, and then die.

Some sources advise not to inject until the animal is dead. But his illness can last for 10 days, and the incubation period in some cases lasts a week, and the vaccine is effective even before the first signs of rabies appear. If they appear before treatment, the prognosis worsens significantly.

Over the past decade, science has come a long way, and 40 injections in the stomach are no longer necessary. Six injections are enough to be sure that the virus is defeated.

The first injection is given immediately after the patient’s initial visit. The second - on the 3rd day, the third - on the 7th, the fourth - on the 14th, the fifth - on the 30th, the last - on the 90th. Where are rabies injections given? Nowadays they are no longer given in the stomach; the injection is intramuscular; it can be done in the buttock or in the deltoid muscle of the shoulder.

The number of injections depends on how dangerous the bite is. If it is small, located far from the face and body, and it is also possible to observe a sick animal, then perhaps the doctor will limit himself to prescribing three injections. In other conditions, all 6 injections are indicated.

Vaccination helps the body produce antibodies against the rabies virus. In parallel with this, during the first three days, ready-made anti-rabies immunoglobulin is additionally administered.

When indicated, everyone is vaccinated, even pregnant women. Alcohol consumption is prohibited during the rabies vaccine injection.

When does a vaccine not help?

There are cases when emergency preventive measures do not produce results. This:

• Acquired or congenital immunodeficiencies, including HIV infection.
• Taking medications that suppress the immune system (cytostatics, hormones).
• Failure to comply with the rules for storing the vaccine, as well as untimely administration, including through the fault of the patient.
• Drinking alcohol.

Now you know not only where rabies injections are given, but also how to behave in the event of an animal bite. Rabies is incurable, but with timely treatment at a medical facility, the disease can be prevented.

nasha-mamochka.ru

Bitten by a dog. What to do

Since ancient times, a dog has lived next to a person, shared shelter with him and played with his children. Can you doubt her loyalty and friendliness? If the animal is domestic, does not show aggression and is healthy, then no. What about other dogs that constantly live on the street? The street mongrel is a formidable enemy that defends its territory and itself. In this case, the bite is more a pattern than a surprise. Let's figure out what to do if a dog bites you.

Types of bites

Before understanding what needs to be done, it is important to understand the types of bites. Bites caused by dog ​​teeth are divided into two types:

• Puncture wounds – the depth exceeds the width of the damage. In this case, bleeding occurs at the site of injury, which requires immediate assistance. First of all, the bleeding is stopped, then the wounds are treated with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents, and a gauze bandage is applied over the injuries.
• Lacerations are caused by teeth sliding across the skin while applying pressure. This bite has noticeable damage to the skin and is more dangerous than a puncture bite. The skin may peel off or even be partially scalped. Most often the limbs are affected, both upper and lower. In situations with children, the most vulnerable place is the face and head. In most cases, stitches are required and treatment continues under the supervision of a specialist.

Symptoms of a dog bite

Bites can leave either a small wound or significant damage. In both cases, a person may face dangerous complications. As a rule, symptoms appear immediately:

• Wound infection. Already during the bite or after, there is a risk of infection. In this situation, the person begins to feel feverish and shiver. Body temperature rises. Skin The lymph nodes around the injury become red, swollen, and the lymph nodes become significantly enlarged.
• Bone fractures. Large dogs with powerful jaws can not only break, but also crush human bones. This especially applies to dogs of fighting breeds.
• Damage to muscle tissue and bleeding (both external and internal).
• Suppuration of wounds. Without timely assistance and care for the injury, very often pus begins to accumulate in the tissues.
• Infection with various infections - E. coli, ticks and, most dangerously, rabies.

In any case, after an animal attack, you must seek medical help. If a person has lost consciousness or feels feverish or is vomiting, then you should not hesitate, but immediately call an emergency ambulance. In this case we're talking about about such possible consequences, such as disability and even death.

Among the most dangerous consequences infection with rabies can be identified. This case is worth considering in more detail.

Signs of rabies in humans

As soon as the virus enters the body, an incubation period immediately begins, which on average lasts from 1 to 3 months. The further the site of infection is from the brain, the longer this period will be. There are three stages of the disease:

• Initial. Duration from 1 to 3 days. Even if the wound heals, the person begins to “feel” it, this may be a feeling of pain, burning, itching. The scar may become swollen, the temperature rises to 37°C and remains at this level. The person’s condition changes - he feels weak, upset stools and the urge to vomit occur. During the same period, he begins to be haunted by various hallucinations and a depressive state. Sleep is disturbed and nightmares appear.
• Excitation stage (2-3 days). Characterized by the development of hydrophobia, fear of water. The sight, and subsequently the sound, of water provokes spasms of the swallowing and respiratory muscles. The person develops convulsions and a feeling of overwhelming fear. The patient's gaze is focused at one point, the pupils dilate.
• Stage of paralysis (from 12 hours to 1 day). Outwardly, a person calms down, his functions of movement and feelings fade away. Body temperature rises to 42°C, blood pressure drops, and heart rate increases. A person dies due to paralysis of the heart muscle or respiratory organs.

Vaccinating a person against rabies

At the slightest suspicion of the disease, a person is vaccinated in the buttock or forearm. Of course, it does not consist of 40 mythical injections, but only six, which completely remove the virus. The vaccination schedule is as follows:

• it is initially placed on the day a person is admitted to a medical facility;
• then after three days;
• on the seventh day;
• two weeks later, on the 14th day;
• a month later, on the 30th day;
• three months later, on the 90th day.

Rabies vaccination is the only cure. In some cases, if after 10 days the dog is alive and well, then vaccination of the person is stopped.

When a vaccine may not help

For a healthy person before a dog bite, the vaccine is a 100% salvation. But there are a number of reasons when it may not work:

• congenital weakness of the immune system;
• long-term treatment with glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants;
• delayed vaccination;
• expired or improperly stored vaccine;
• missed procedures;
• drinking alcohol.

What to do after a dog bite

After being bitten by a dog (even one that has vaccinations), the victim needs help:

• First of all, you need to inspect the damage - determine the severity of the injury, whether bones, large vessels, or ligaments have been damaged.
• Before treatment, you need to stop the bleeding. If an artery is affected, then it is necessary to apply a tourniquet above the damaged area, but in the case of a vein being affected, a tight-fitting bandage will be sufficient.
• The bite is treated as follows: washed with boiled water with the addition of hydrogen peroxide; if there is no remedy, then soapy water will do; Afterwards, the wound is treated with an antiseptic - a weak solution of potassium permanganate or furacillin. The skin around the injury can be lubricated with iodine solution or brilliant green.
• The treated wound is covered with a gauze bandage, which should not be tightened too much without bleeding.

Often, such procedures are quite sufficient to avoid complications and achieve successful tissue healing.

Video on the topic

All severe injuries require examination by a traumatologist. Both puncture and laceration wounds can lead to significant complications. Most lacerations require stitches, and any facial wounds or bites to the head should also see a doctor.

If a child has been injured, often in addition to medical assistance, consultation with a psychologist will be required.

For minor injuries, you can treat the bite yourself, following the basic rules:

• Inspect and treat the wound daily.
• Do not wet the affected area.
• Replace the bandage with a new one every day.
• If minor discharge appears from the bitten area, you will need to rinse with an antiseptic solution (do not use hydrogen peroxide at this time), and then sprinkle the bite with talcum powder (you can use baby powder).
• Use ointment under the bandage if the wound is not wet and without discharge.

Among ointments, Synthomycin ointment and Balsamic Liniment according to Vishnevsky are highly effective for bites and other wounds. It is recommended to use Panthenol and Akutol sprays as an antiseptic.

If the damage is serious, then only a doctor can provide appropriate treatment. If the wound becomes infected, a course of antibiotics is prescribed.

If necessary emergency assistance An ambulance is called; in other situations, you can contact a therapist at the clinic or an infectious disease specialist right away.

Of course, a dog bite is unpleasant, and sometimes dangerous phenomenon. But the animal is not always to blame for such a phenomenon. Do not be careless and approach unknown dogs, try to stroke them, especially show aggression, as you can run into a “response”. In the event of an attack, the victim should be given first aid and taken to the clinic independently or called an ambulance.

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Bitten by a dog: symptoms, first aid, treatment, consequences

A dog is man's best friend. These four-legged creatures, fluffy and smooth-haired, tall and short, tailed and with cropped ears, protect people, save people, act as guides for people with visual impairments, and save them from depression.

But it also happens that an animal bites, and then many people do not know what to do in this situation, how to provide first aid, what the threat of such an unfriendly attitude is.

What are the consequences of a dog attack?

Regardless of whether the animal was bitten by a domestic or wild animal, in both cases there is a high probability of developing severe complications.

What can happen:

1. Heavy bleeding. Without timely assistance, a person may bleed to death and die. The risk of death increases if the artery is damaged. The possibility of internal bleeding due to extensive trauma cannot be ruled out. Danger this state is that there may be no symptoms immediately. After an animal attack, even in the absence of external bleeding, it is imperative to consult a doctor.
2. The entry of pathogenic infections into the wound, most often E. coli. Bacteria penetrate along with saliva; E. coli is always found on the mucous membranes of the animal’s mouth, posing a danger to human health. An infection can get into a wound from the outside, with particles of dust, earth, or dirty clothes. This happens in the absence of timely antiseptic treatment of the skin.
3. Psychological stupor. A dog bite causes a state of panic and fear in a person, especially in children. Often, one incident of attack can cause a strong fear of animals for life, which will manifest itself in attacks panic attacks.
4. Rabies infection is the most dangerous complication. The rabies virus is transmitted from an infected animal to humans through saliva. The highest risk of rabies infection is the bite of a wild dog or a domestic dog, in the absence of vaccinations. Without timely treatment, which involves the introduction of a special vaccine - an antidote, death inevitably occurs.

What to do when you are bitten by a dog?

First aid measures depend, first of all, on whether the bite was received from a vaccinated dog or from an animal that does not have the appropriate vaccination:

Vaccinated dog	Wild, domestic animal without vaccination
Stop bleeding by applying a tourniquet. In case of damage to the artery - above the bite site, in case of damage to the vein - apply a pressure bandage
· treating the wound with antiseptic drugs - hydrogen peroxide, Chlorhexidine; · applying a bandage (cotton swab, gauze, bandage soaked in antiseptic solutions, ointments); · daily treatment of the bite site with local spectrum drugs with a healing effect - Akutol, Panthenol.	· thoroughly wash the wound with soapy water, if possible using laundry soap (rinse for at least 15-20 minutes); · extracting animal saliva from a wound using a syringe with a cut off tip; · antiseptic treatment; · taking several antihistamine tablets; · Immediately go to the hospital.
· treating the edges of the bite site with an alcohol solution (do not pour it into the wound); · applying ice, frozen foods, wrapped in a towel or thick cloth, to the injured area to relieve severe swelling; · taking painkillers for severe pain; · in case of severe pain in the limb and lack of normal mobility, immobilize the limb by applying a splint (medical splint, sticks, wide boards) and immediately consult a doctor, as these signs indicate a possible fracture or crack in the bone.

Symptoms

If the bitten animal that has been vaccinated is a pet, and the owner is absolutely sure that it does not have pathogenic infections, in the absence of bleeding, fracture, damage to nerve roots, muscles and tendons, in the case of normal motor function and small or small wound sizes, further treatment can be carried out at home.

Whenever the following signs it is necessary to immediately transport the victim to a medical facility:

• rapid deterioration general condition health;
• lethargy, drowsiness and apathy;
• frequent, severe headaches;
• aches and pain in muscles and joints;
• increased body temperature;
• internal chills;
• fever;
• nausea;
• gagging;
• decreased visual acuity and hearing;
• hallucinations;
• abdominal pain;
• severe swelling at the site of the bite, which is not relieved by cold compresses and topical medications;
• convulsions;
• spasms.

These symptoms indicate complications such as infection in the wound, internal bleeding, or infection with the rabies virus.

It is worth considering that signs of rabies, a deadly disease, can appear within 12-48 hours and have an average, short-term intensity. Then they may disappear. But the pathogenic virus will begin to infect the central nervous system and that’s it internal organs at the end of the incubation period, which, on average, lasts from 30 to 90 days.

Although medical practice knows cases of a longer incubation period, up to a year. Considering the fact that the first signs of rabies are similar to food or toxic poisoning, and in the time that has passed, a person may forget about the incident with the dog; not everyone is in a hurry to seek medical help.

Is rabies dangerous for people?

Treatment of rabies

Only in the case where a person is attacked by a domestic dog that is regularly vaccinated, there is no need to worry about the risk of contracting rabies.

In all other cases, it is necessary to immediately go to the hospital, having first carried out initial treatment of the wound. Without medical tests, it is impossible to determine the presence of the virus. If the animal is wild and it is not possible to monitor it, the patient is immediately given a vaccine.

In the event of a pet attack, there are two ways to test for rabies. The first is radical, the dog will be euthanized, and the presence of the rabies virus will be examined based on the results of the biopsy obtained.

The second method is that the pet is sent to quarantine, where it is monitored for three days. If there are no behavioral abnormalities, the health status remains unchanged, which means the animal is not infected.

If rabies is confirmed, the patient is immediately injected with a special serum. Previously, for the treatment of a dangerous disease, a course of 40 injections was carried out in the abdominal area. Today, the rabies vaccine is a drug obtained by extracting from the blood of horses that have undergone hyperimmunization.

The medicine is injected into the wound and shoulder (deltoid muscle). The course of treatment with the vaccine includes 6 injections, they are given on day zero (the day of treatment at a medical institution), and then according to the scheme - on days 3 - 7 - 14 - 30 and exactly on day 90 after the first injection.

Rabies antidote is an emergency medicine. It has no contraindications; it is given to women during pregnancy and to small children.

During therapy and the next six months, it is strictly forbidden to drink alcohol.

What to do if bitten by a rat?

Wound treatment

Getting dirt into a wound can be no less dangerous than becoming infected with the rabies virus. Lack of proper and timely treatment of the bite site with antiseptics often causes blood poisoning and the development of gangrene of the limb, the only treatment for which is amputation. But there are also cases of gangrene that are so advanced that death is inevitable.

In most cases, medical attention is necessary for extensive, lacerations and arterial bleeding. In the hospital, the patient’s wounds will be treated thoroughly and stitches will be placed. If there was earth, clay or other dirt in the wound, anti-tetanus serum is injected.

For the purpose of destruction pathogenic microflora and to prevent infection, antibacterial therapy is carried out. As a rule, antibiotics of the penicillin group are prescribed. If the patient has allergic reactions to these drugs, Doxycycline or Metronidazole is used.

Preventive measures

People are bitten not only by wild animals, but also often by pets. In many cases, a bite can be received during active play with an animal.

Often dogs attack due to hunger, extreme thirst, or if a person behaves inappropriately, provoking the animal into aggression. How to protect yourself from attack in such situations?

Contact of young children with domestic and wild dogs should be limited. If a female has puppies, there is no need to take them in your arms from the first days. The animal will primarily view this as a threat and may attack its owner. If the animal is sleeping, it is not recommended to touch it. Vulnerability in a dream often leads to the fact that a dog may get scared from a sudden awakening and attack the offender.

Common cause A bite is an attempt by a person to separate fighting dogs. In this case, you can get multiple deep wounds and bone injuries that will be incompatible with life.

If you cannot avoid a bite, you must remember the rules of first aid. Human life sometimes depends on how correctly and quickly it is carried out. Even if the owner of a vaccinated dog is absolutely sure that he did not contract the rabies virus from the bite, and the wound is shallow, it is necessary to consult a doctor in any case.

After examination and medical tests, provided there is no threat to health, further treatment of the wound can be carried out at home, carefully following medical recommendations.

Vaccination is the only reliable way to avoid infecting our little brothers with rabies and other viral and bacterial infections. At the same time, pet owners should understand that immunization involves the introduction of inactivated or live viral strains into the body. In the first two to three days after the injection, dogs may experience complications after rabies vaccination and post-vaccination reactions. Therefore, to avoid the development of serious complications, carefully monitor the health of your four-legged friend in the first week.

- acute viral disease wild, domestic animals, which is characterized by severe complications in the functioning of the central nervous system. In dogs, hydrophobia most often occurs in violent forms, acutely, subacutely, and less often chronically.

The causative agent of the infection is a specific neurotropic virus (rhabdovirus family), which, after entering the body, migrates to the brain. Replication and reproduction occurs in the salivary glands.

The reservoir of infection in nature is predators, rodents, wild birds. dogs can be transmitted through contact, but only through a bite, since rhabdovirus is contained in the saliva of infected animals.

Important! Dogs of any breed and age suffer from hydrophobia. Unfortunately, an infectious disease in 100% of cases leads to the death of beloved pets. Effective treatment there is no cure for this infection. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, the animals are euthanized.

Rabies is a zoonotic disease. Poses a real danger to human life and health. The duration of the period is from four to six days to several weeks, months. Three to six days before the first symptoms appear in dogs, rhabdovirus appears in the saliva. During this period, the animal is a latent virus carrier.

Owners and dog breeders must not only be aware of this infection, but also take all necessary preventive measures to prevent infection. To protect your pet from contracting rabies, do not neglect preventive immunizations.

Preparing for rabies vaccination

Rabies vaccination is the only way to protect your pet from a deadly infection. For preventive vaccinations and revaccinations in veterinary medicine, domestic and foreign rabies mono-vaccines or complex vaccinations (polyvalent vaccines) containing inactivated (weakened) strains of the virus are used.

Your dog should be vaccinated against rabies:

• for breeding;
• planning to travel to another country, abroad;
• in regions unfavorable for this disease;
• if the pet participates in exhibitions, competitions, competitions.

It is imperative to vaccinate representatives of hunting breeds, since in the forest or while hunting, a dog can come into contact with or be bitten by a wild animal infected with rhabdovirus.

After vaccination approximately after 25-32 days, stable immunity against this infection is formed, specific protective anti-rabies antibodies are produced. The duration of active and passive biological protection is 12-36 months, depending on the drug used.

Puppies are vaccinated against rabies at three to four months or after the change of baby teeth. If the puppies have been vaccinated with a polyvaccine, they are vaccinated again after 21-27 days. Adult dogs are revaccinated annually or every three years, using the same veterinary preparation as for immunization. Your veterinarian will select the optimal vaccination schedule.

It is best to entrust the immunization procedure to a veterinarian, who will not only select a safe veterinary drug, but also monitor the condition pet after administration of an injectable drug.

Before a puppy or dog is vaccinated, a specialist must conduct a comprehensive visual examination and determine the animal’s health status. If there are no contraindications, the dog is vaccinated. A vaccination sticker is pasted into the veterinary passport or veterinary certificate, stamps are placed, and the date of vaccination is indicated.

After vaccination, do not allow your dog to come into contact with stray animals. It is best to withstand a two-week quarantine. Make sure your pet does not overheat or become hypothermic. Physical activity should be moderate. Do not bathe your dog for a week after vaccination.

Possible complications in dogs after rabies vaccination

As a rule, dogs tolerate vaccination well. Modern immunobiological drugs rarely cause side symptoms. But still, it should not be ruled out that after the introduction of the vaccine, even if the immunization was carried out according to all the rules, complications may arise in the dog, which can be conditionally classified into local and general.

Advice! A reaction to the vaccine may appear 15-25 minutes after administration of the veterinary drug or on the second or third day. It all depends on the individual physiological characteristics of the body. Therefore, after vaccination, owners should very carefully monitor the behavior and health of their beloved pet.

Possible complications in dogs after vaccination:

• allergies, skin rashes, itching;
• decreased general activity, lethargy, apathy;
• change in behavior;
• profuse salivation, lacrimation;
• swelling, the appearance of a lump, an abscess at the injection site;
• muscle spasms, convulsions, lack of coordination;
• vomiting, nausea, refusal to eat;
• involuntary urination;
• increase in general temperature.

In addition to the above symptoms, dogs experience other uncharacteristic symptoms. Maybe respiratory dysfunction, changes in heart rate. The most dangerous post-vaccination complication is anaphylactic shock. If emergency assistance is not provided, the dog dies due to suffocation.

Some dogs, especially high-breed and miniature breeds, may develop autoimmune diseases. The body in this condition is unable to resist infection. With chronic damage to the liver and kidneys, the chances of survival are minimal.

The intensity of side effects after immunization depends on age and physiological characteristics of the body. In puppies, the post-vaccination reaction is more pronounced than in adult pets.

Uncharacteristic symptoms that occur on the first day after vaccination can be explained by individual intolerance to the components of the vaccine, as well as if at the time of immunization the dog was weakened or already infected with pathogenic viruses and bacteria.

Can provoke a post-vaccination reaction expired vaccines. Therefore, if you vaccinate your dog yourself, carefully read the instructions for the drug and check the expiration date. Follow the rules of hygiene and safety when working with medications.

What to do if complications arise

Taking into account possible complications, after vaccination the veterinarian should observe the condition of the vaccinated animal for several minutes. Lethargy, apathy, and indigestion are a completely normal reaction to the vaccine. The pet's condition returns to normal within three to five days. If a clearly expressed uncharacteristic reaction is noticeable from the body, the dog will be provided with emergency medical care if necessary.

Acute allergic manifestations, anaphylactic shock develops within half an hour after the vaccine is administered. This condition can be caused by hypersensitivity of the body to the active substances of the drug.

Important! Allergic manifestations in dogs most often occur after repeated administration of the rabies vaccine. After the first vaccination, side effects may be mild.

To eliminate the allergic reaction, detoxification therapy is carried out, antihistamines and homeopathic drugs are prescribed (Engistol, Suprastin, Diphenhydramine, Diazolin). The dosage is calculated in proportion to weight. To normalize the general condition, IVs are placed. Saline solutions are administered intravenously.

If swelling or a small bump appears at the injection site, as a rule, swelling and redness disappear spontaneously within a month. If the dog retains its appetite, the animal is active, there is no reason to worry. In case of severe lameness, sarcoma formation, or abscess at the injection site, contact your veterinarian.

When the temperature rises, dogs are prescribed antipyretics. To normalize digestion, keep your pet on a hungry, semi-starved diet for 12-24 hours. You can give enzyme agents, probiotics, medicinal food.

If the dog’s condition progressively worsens, the pet feels unwell, we recommend urgently contacting a veterinarian. The veterinarian will prescribe therapy to normalize the general condition and select another effective veterinary drug for immunization against rabies.

How can you defeat rabies if effective methods for its treatment have not yet been developed? If infected, even the most expensive medications will not come to the rescue. The only proven way to protect yourself and your loved ones is to get vaccinated against rabies. But for vaccination to be effective, the list of recommendations must be followed.

In what cases is vaccination against rabies indicated for humans? Does it have the desired effect if the bite from an infected animal was several days ago? How many vaccinations against rabies are recommended for a person to prevent irreparable consequences? How does a person tolerate the rabies vaccine and what should be done to ensure it passes with minimal side effects? To these and many other questions we will try to answer in our article today.

Why is a rabies vaccination necessary?

Due to what circumstances did it become necessary to invent a rabies vaccine for humans?

• The deadly virus lives on all continents, it can be found in every corner of the globe, therefore absolutely everyone can get rabies.
• There is still no rabies virus effective method treatment, every patient faces inevitable death.
• It is difficult, or rather impossible, to predict how high the likelihood of contracting such a dangerous disease is. Today, more than one thousand cases of infection are recorded annually.

The rabies vaccine was first developed by French microbiologist Louis Pasteur in 1885. For a whole year he painstakingly worked to create a prophylactic drug that would not only prevent infection with the disease, but would also help the human body cope with the developing disease. Thanks to his work, already in 1886 it was possible to save more than one thousand human lives.

Indications for vaccination against the disease

Despite the fact that the serum was invented more than one century ago, today it remains the only proven method that protects against infection with a fatal disease.

Who should definitely get vaccinated?

Contraindications

According to the instructions for rabies vaccines, vaccinations are indicated for humans to prevent the disease and in emergency situations in case of an animal bite. These indications are generally known. But there are cases when a person cannot be injected with a vaccine. Why not, in what cases and when is there a high probability of complications?

An anti-rabies injection is the only manipulation in the world that is administered to a person if necessary, regardless of contraindications and the development of possible complications. Quite often, as a result of the procedure, a person experiences adverse reactions.

Due to these features, the vaccine can be prescribed even to pregnant women. In this case, it is possible to save the life of the mother, and, possibly, the developing child. Otherwise both will die.

The only contraindication to routine rabies vaccination is the person’s age - it begins at 16 years of age. But if a child under 16 is bitten by a dog, then vaccination is carried out no matter what.

Vaccination schedule

Is the vaccine dangerous for humans? No, but only if it is not only entered correctly, but also in a timely manner. It is generally accepted that if the vaccination is given later than two weeks from the moment of the bite, then it is practically ineffective. When active manifestations of the disease are already observed, it is no longer advisable to use it.

Which ones exist today? anti-rabies regimens for humans? Their main differences lie in the amount of vaccine for emergency and routine immunization.

How is routine rabies vaccination carried out?

• The first injection is administered.
• The next injection occurs on the seventh day.
• The last time is on the 30th day.
• Revaccination should be done after a year.

How long does the rabies vaccine last in the human body? — with planned regular manipulation, vaccine preparations protect for the next three years, so all subsequent injections of rabies serum are given at intervals of three years.

It is worth noting that just a few decades ago, during the existence of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the vaccine was unrefined, so injections were given at least 20 times in the abdominal area. Having this information, it was difficult to sign up for it and complete the entire preventive course. Today, emergency prevention of rabies is carried out in a more loyal way, and the frequency of vaccination is significantly less.

In case of emergency vaccination To treat an infected person, the drug is administered five times according to the following scheme:

• Immediately after infection.
• On the third day after the first administration.
• On the seventh day.
• Two weeks later, starting from the first injection.
• On day 30.

This is a standard emergency care scheme for an infected person. But sometimes in order to consolidate the result The sixth injection is also administered at the end of the third month, starting from the first administration of the drug.

Which area? human body Can I get injections for rabies? Today, drugs for this purpose are used exclusively intramuscularly. For children over 16 years of age and adults, the vaccine is administered to the deltoid muscle, that is, the outer contour of the shoulder.

A child is vaccinated against a fatal disease only in the hip area. Vaccination in the buttock area is prohibited. The amount of medication administered in children does not differ from adults.

Side effects

Can a person experience side effects after vaccination? It is worth noting that this manipulation is quite well tolerated by the human body, but even in this case, exceptions may arise, since a lot depends from following the rules of admission drug and from the human immune system.

What complications or negative reactions of the human body can there be to the rabies vaccine?

What are the most common body reactions after receiving a rabies vaccine? These are general and local reactions of the human body. Dizziness, headaches, sometimes body temperature rises, pain in the injection area. The most dangerous manifestations include disruption of the central nervous system and allergic reactions.

Is the rabies vaccine and alcohol compatible? Can I drink alcohol soon after vaccination? No, you can’t, this is one of the most significant prohibitions after vaccination. Doctors advise not to take alcoholic drinks even in minimum quantities, including beer.

But why can’t you drink alcohol after vaccination? This is due to the fact that alcohol significantly reduces the likelihood of a full immune response. Any drinks, which contain alcohol, like vaccines, temporarily lower the immune system and place a greater burden on the liver. Therefore, in order to form effective immunity protection, all conditions should be created so that the human body does not experience additional stress.

How long should you abstain from drinking alcohol? Some experts recommend abstaining from alcohol for 6 months, while some are convinced that not drinking for two months is enough.

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