The main countries exporting and importing gas, Russia’s place in this market. State of the gas industry in the world

It is impossible to overestimate the role of natural gas, which is in great demand and is declining catastrophically, given global consumption volumes. The United States and Russia have become leaders in gas production in the world, constantly competing for primacy and having hundreds of deposits of this wealth on their territories.

The annual production of shale gas in these two countries accounts for 40% of global volumes. The United States has practically abandoned imported gas and is actively developing its territories, converting some gas production facilities for export purposes.

The instability of the global gas market, an increase in its exports by other countries and, as a result, a decrease in prices, forces Russia to cancel long-term contracts for gas supply, constantly make concessions on prices to importing countries and develop new fields with less intensity.

The extraction of this raw material, although at a slower pace, is carried out in Qatar, Iran, Northern Administrative Okrug, Algeria and other countries.

The trend towards increasing gas production, which began in the mid-20th century, has increased tenfold in our time. This is due to the increase in aviation, road, sea transport, development chemical industry, the demand for electrical energy resources has increased tenfold. The possibility in the near future to convert a number of vehicles (including most cars) to relatively inexpensive gas fuel has increased its global production several times over the past eight years, and has occupied the minds of scientists with the discovery of new deposits, forms of accumulation and methods of gas production.

Data on gas production of conglomerate states vary. Each country keeps its own statistics, which are summarized for the year and published in print media. According to reports from statistical agencies, over the past few years the United States has increased gas production from shale deposits fourfold, surpassing Russia, and has no intention of slowing down.

It is possible to record only data on gas sold and actually consumed in the country; costs and utilization coefficients associated with production (losses when gas is released into the atmosphere, combustion during the production process, etc.) are not taken into account. The utilization coefficient is greater, the more more degree development of the gas production industry.

By 2030, shale gas reserves (for which conventional deep well drilling is used) will be at critical levels in many countries. According to scientists, global reserves of this fuel are decreasing exponentially every year, and production rates predict depletion of the resource in 50-70 years. The issue of production of hydrate and mine methane gas is becoming relevant. Both varieties are currently just beginning to enter the field of study. Their production involves the construction of new drilling rigs and the development of new methods for purifying gas from impurities.

Gas is the safest fuel in terms of its impact on environmental situation. When burned, it produces fewer harmful volatile compounds than from the combustion of other types of fuel. The main danger threatening humanity with an increase in gas production is a reduction in the species number of animals due to deforestation in the territories of gas fields, as well as erosion processes occurring under the influence of drilling wells.

Statistical overview of the leading countries in gas production in the world

	Volume share of production, billion cubic meters. m.	Percentage of production among leading countries	The largest deposits	Territorial location	Total reserves trillion cubic meters m.
			Gulf Coast
			Urengoyskoe, Bovanenskoe	Western and Eastern Siberia
			South Pars	Persian Gulf
			North Pars	Persian Gulf
			Rainbow Lake	Newfoundland Islands
				Southwest China
Norway			Troll West	North Sea
Saudi Arabia				Eastern part of the Northern Administrative District
			HassiRmel	North Africa
Turkmenistan			Galkynysh	Southeast of Turkmenistan

1. USA - production volume has increased 4 times over the past three years and is trending upward. Due to this, they almost completely stopped importing gas into their territories. Main deposit:

• Gulf Coast Basin Mining occurs in the rocky mountain regions of eastern Texas and southern Arkansas. The depth of the gas is more than 3 kilometers.

Russia - the main deposits are located in Western Siberia and the Far East, they are unique in size, often associated with oil fields (gas is a by-product of oil production). Leaders among deposits:

• Urengoy field - Western Siberia - third largest in the world - reserves - 4.5 trillion. cube m., more than a thousand wells. Today, it is possible to extract gas only from very deep layers of sediments.
• Markovskoye field - Eastern Siberia - 2.4 trillion. cube m.
• Bovanenskoye field - Yamal Peninsula - 3.2 trillion. cube m., despite the recent development period and small volume of production, is considered very promising.
• Ust-Vilyuiskoye field - Far East - 1.5 trillion. cube m.

Russia is the main gas exporting state in the world, and it has advantages over other producers due to two methods of supplying raw materials: by sea (gas is transported in liquid form) and by gas pipeline.

Gulf countries

Development is carried out on the territory of the Persian Gulf, which is divided into 2 parts by a tectonic fault. Both deposits are of different ages of origin and are isolated from each other.

1. Iran - South Pars, - northern part of the bay.
2. Qatar - North Pars, - South part bay.
3. North Administrative Okrug - Gavar - eastern part of the Persian Gulf. The depth of occurrence depends on the rock of the gas-bearing layer and ranges from 1 to 3 km.

Raw materials in large quantities exported to most European countries.

1. Canada - the main reserves are located in the northern province of the island of Newfoundland, covering part of the Appalachian mountains - several gas deposits. Most of the produced gas is exported to the USA.

• Rainbow Lake is the southern part of the Canadian state.

China - largest deposit is being developed in the southwestern part of China, in the Sichuan depression, which is located in a mountainous area. 50% of the extracted fuel goes to meet their needs

• - Dazhou is one of the administrative centers in Sichuan Province. Active importer of fuel - about 25 billion. cube m per year.

Norway - ranks second among European countries in the production of blue fuel - the Norwegian region of the North Sea is being developed at an extremely fast pace.

• - Troll-West - occurrence of fossil raw materials occurs at a depth of 400 meters, from at least three sources.

Algeria is one of the five largest exporters in the world, gas fields are separated from oil fields. The gas is pure in chemical composition (includes a minimum amount of impurities).

• -Hassi-Rmel - location - northern Algeria.

Turkmenistan has gigantic deposits. Actively exports gas fuel to Europe.

• Galkynysh - location - southeast of Turkmenistan, includes three large deposits.

"GAZInform" Authors: Yu.N. Kuznichenkov "NEOLANT West" Over the past 20 years, the share of natural gas in the global energy balance has increased from 19% to 24%. According to the forecasts of a number of experts, it will continue to gradually increase to 26–28% by 2020 and 30% by 2050. However, it must be taken into account that the scale and structure of energy resource consumption in the global economy undergo significant changes over time under the influence of supply and demand. Demand shapes supply Among the factors of demand for natural gas, the determining ones are the pace of development of the world economy and its energy-intensive industries - the electric power industry, the chemical industry, the metallurgical industry and some others. Demand is also influenced by the consumption of the service sector, the public sector and households, and in these segments of the economy there is a multidirectional impact of many factors. On the one hand, new energy-saving technologies and products appearing on the market reduce the demand for natural gas, and on the other hand, an increase in the energy availability of the service sector, the public sector and households leads to its growth. Structural shifts in energy consumption towards an increase in the share of natural gas are also associated with changes in the supply of energy resources. Along with traditional energy sources (oil, gas, coal), in recent years, wide range non-traditional types of energy such as coal bed methane, associated oil and shale gases. In 2010, gas consumption in North America and Europe came very close to the record levels of previous years. Of course, in many cases, cold weather helped gas producers, but main reason growth is still the economic recovery and the demand for gas as a fuel in the short and long term. The Asian market is leading the recovery in gas consumption after the financial crisis. The main consumers of gas are the industrialized countries of Europe, America and Asia: approximately 70% comes from these regions. Forecasts show that the greatest growth in gas consumption is expected in the Asia-Pacific and Middle East markets - 3-4% per year. In contrast, market growth in North America and Europe is forecast to be the smallest at approximately 0.4-0.8% per year. For Russia, gas is the main fuel: its share in primary energy consumption is 55.2%, which is very high by world standards: in any case, among developed countries, no one else has such a high share of gas in the fuel balance, including those not deprived of gas powers such as the UK (where the share of gas is 40%), the Netherlands (38%), Canada (27%), the USA (26%) and Norway (only 9%, due to the dominance of hydropower). In general, 75% of the global LNG market is the market of Asia-Pacific countries. First of all, it should be noted that, unlike the oil market, which can rightfully be called global, gas markets have a fairly clear regional character. We can speak with confidence about the American, European and Asian international markets, about the domestic market of Russia and the CIS countries. regional features and circumstances, but the generally accepted gas price that is used as a reference when entering into financial contracts is the price that is used on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX). Its official name is Henry Hub Natural Gas. The price for this contract is based on supplies from the Henry Hub gas storage facility in Louisiana. It is also worth noting that a single global natural gas market as such has not yet been formed. The main obstacles to the creation of a global gas system are related to the long distances of gas supplies and the high share of transport infrastructure in the economic indicators of natural gas. Thus, in the cost of natural gas supplied to Western Europe from Norway, the share of trunk and distribution networks accounts for up to 70% of all costs. With comparable transportation capacities, the transport part of the cost of gas, due to its lower flow density, turns out to be almost twice as high as that of oil. Because of this feature, the price in different regions is not the same. Global natural gas prices are rising due to increasing demand from Japan after an earthquake in the country led to the suspension of 11 nuclear reactors. In Britain, gas contracts for the supply of gas rose in price by 7.4% - to 74 pence per therm. There has not been such a sharp jump since November 2008. In New York, April gas contracts rose in price by 3.8% to $4.037. per million Btu. After the earthquake and tsunami in Japan, demand for energy increased, which led to an increase in spot gas prices. Japan is the world's largest consumer of LNG. The country accounted for almost 35% of total gas imports in 2009. Russia sells gas almost exclusively under long-term contracts (for a period of up to 30 years or more, with strictly defined volumes). And for quite a long time there was no alternative to this mechanism - at least in Europe. However, Europe is now purchasing increasingly large volumes on the spot market (a market with immediate delivery of goods and virtually no volume restrictions). Trading through the spot market does not allow the producer to plan production volumes and profit margins. This situation is especially dangerous today, when gas producers are busy developing Eastern Siberia and the ocean shelves. The cost of production is rising, and before investing in new deposits, the producer must be sure that he will be guaranteed sales for certain volumes over time. Gas prices for 1990-2009, million dollars. USA Gas prices for 1990-2009, million. dollars USA It is clear that the spot market, unlike the market for long-term contracts, cannot provide such guarantees. The consequence of this is a reduction in work in hard-to-reach gas-bearing areas. Infatuation with the spot market could harm Europe's energy security. On the other hand, consumers can also be understood. Last year, prices under long-term contracts were 100-200 US dollars higher than spot prices. There is another factor in the growing interest of consumers in the spot market - the development of the liquefied gas market and the reduction of overhead costs in its production. Under these conditions, Russian gas suppliers will have to recognize the competitive LNG market as a marker for gas prices. Soon, 15% of Russian gas will be supplied at prices linked to the spot market. Forecast of gas market conditions When discussing the prospects for gas in the global energy balance, it can be noted that gas is regaining its position today and will remain there for several decades. There will be a transition from the oil balance to the gas balance. At the same time, almost all experts note that the gas market will undergo very serious changes in the near future. Liquefied and shale gases will play a major role. Analyzing recent patent applications, we can come to the following conclusion: “If patents turn into technologies in 15 years, then energy consumption in the traditional sector will increase by 9%, alternative energy by 12%, and liquefied natural gas (LNG) by by 30%” (2008 was taken as the starting point). Large-scale investments made during a period of high gas prices made it possible to bring additional volumes of LNG to the world market: supply growth in 2009 was 16%. According to BP forecasts, LNG production could almost double by 2020, reaching 476 billion cubic meters. CERA (Cambridge Energy Research Associates) estimates that the share of LNG in the European market could grow from 11% in 2008 to 36% by 2035. The entry of shale gas into the global balance will have a serious impact on Russian gas companies. Projects for the construction of gas liquefaction facilities in Yamal and the Shtokman field provide for the supply of up to 80% of liquefied gas to the United States. But now forecasts for gas imports to America have undergone a significant correction; gas from Yamal and Shtokman may not be in demand, or its price will be lower than the forecast values. It should be noted that a number of experts doubt that shale gas will play such a significant role in global hydrocarbon markets. In particular, the formation of shale gas deposits requires a rare combination of natural conditions. This means that there may not be so many of these deposits in the world. And those that exist are “short-lived.” Already in the first year, the production volume at the well drops by 70%, and after 10-12 years the well will cease to operate. Shale gas will not be on the market in significant quantities for long. This means that the liquefied gas industry in Russia needs to be developed. Growing global demand for natural gas By 2035, demand for gas will amount to 5.132 trillion cubic meters. versus 3.1 trillion cubic meters for 2008. More than 80% of this growth will come from countries outside the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. By 2035, the demand for natural gas will be equal to that of the European Union. Demand comparable to Chinese demand will appear in the Middle East. According to IEA estimates, Russia will become the largest producer of natural gas by 2035 (881 billion cubic meters compared to 662 billion cubic meters in 2010). Gas consumption in the Russian Federation will amount to 528 billion cubic meters. by 2035 (453 billion in 2010). In 2035, more than 90% of gas in Russia will be produced from traditional sources. Globally, about 40% of demand by 2035 will be met by gas supplies from unconventional sources, the IEA believes. At the same time, it is now time for Russian gas to change. Thus, gross gas production in Russia is last year fell by 12.4%, including Gazprom reducing production by 16%. This has not been seen in Russia for a quarter of a century. The crisis contraction of demand on world markets, in European markets in particular, does not explain everything, because gas production in the United States grew last year. The main reason is fundamental changes in global gas markets. In recent years, it has become clear that the stability of gas supplies and prices, based on long-term contracts, does not allow the energy sector to effectively adapt to changes in the global economy, and the gas business is too dependent on geopolitical issues. The most important and until recently still more separate than connected to each other, the US and EU markets began to noticeably change their configuration, and the interdependence between them began to grow. New gas products are entering the market and transport routes are changing. Gas transportation patterns are also changing rapidly. Supplies via gas pipelines are being replaced by LNG tanker shipments. If previously the main geopolitical problems of the gas complex were disagreements with transit countries on the prices of transit and pipeline gas sold for domestic consumption of these countries, now, when spot LNG supplies can influence contract prices and the terms of the contract themselves, geopolitical relationships have acquired a more complex dimension . That is, the old market - the seller's market - is a thing of the past. For the first time in decades, European gas imports fell, and gas purchases from pipelines decreased. Gazprom's gas supplies to the EU in the first quarter of 2010 decreased by 39%. The share of the Russian concern in the EU market fell by 4-5%, which is explained by the energy saving policy pursued by the EU, as well as the emergence of new sources of natural gas on the world market. Where will the “swing” swing? The “consumer-producer” swing in natural gas trade has now shifted towards the consumer; the producer’s task is to adequately respond to the new conditions of the gas market, fully engage in it and restore the export energy potential of our country. To do this, it is necessary, first of all, to recognize that self-regulation operates even in this seemingly naturally monopolistic market. Finally, changes in global gas markets require a fundamental revision of Russia's energy policy. After all, the possibilities for extensive development and mechanical distribution of structures and traditional technologies of the fuel and energy complex to all new deposits and areas of consumption are decreasing. There needs to be an emphasis on mastering new technologies, requiring more active partnerships with Western companies. And gas itself is turning from a monopoly product into a global market product, and therefore investment policy should become an instrument of cooperation with neighboring countries and consumer countries. A serious change in the balance of supply and demand will inevitably affect prices. An example of this is the United States, where since the beginning of active shale gas production, its price has tripled, falling almost to its own cost - from approximately $212 per thousand cubic meters to $70. “The sharp increase in gas production has already led to a collapse in prices to historical lows, making the development of many fields economically unattractive,” Tatyana Mitrova, head of the “World Energy” department at the Energy Center of the Skolkovo Business School, told DW. Today, the shale business in the United States is mainly carried out by small independent companies. The fall in average gas prices and the difficulty of production often affect the profitability of their business. However, many companies continue to drill. “Total shale gas production in the United States is growing, which means there is economic sense in this,” notes Tatyana Mitrova. Mike Wood, responding to a question from DW, added that "not all companies in the US are able to maintain profitability, but this is a natural Darwinian process." The market, he said, is still in flux, but prices are likely to remain low. For Europe, naturally, it did not go unnoticed that gas prices in the United States are almost six times lower than the price it pays under long-term contracts to Gazprom (at the end of the year, the average price will reach $415 per thousand cubic meters). Hence - and active search opportunities for diversification of imports, and pressure on the Russian monopolist - both through the courts and through regulatory bodies, such as the Antimonopoly Committee of the European Commission. Gazprom is still looking at the shale race with condescending detachment. At the beginning of this year, the company’s deputy chairman of the board, Alexander Medvedev, said: “In Russia, we are putting shale gas production on the back burner and, perhaps, in 50-70 years we will return to it again.” According to him, Gazprom's traditional reserves are ten times more effective than the development of shale gas reserves. Meanwhile, by refusing to participate in shale projects, the company risks simultaneously losing its existing sales market. The actual failure of the Shtokman project was a serious wake-up call. “The first result of the “shale revolution” for Russia is the transition of North America from an energy-deficient to an energy-rich state,” explains Skolkovo expert Tatyana Mitrova. “Accordingly, the need for projects focused on supplying LNG to the American market has disappeared, and Shtokman is the most striking example of this.” According to her, shale gas will inevitably lead to increased competition in export markets. http://www..php?ID=1388

Over the past 20 years, the share of natural gas in the global energy balance has increased from 19% to 24%. According to the forecasts of a number of experts, it will continue to gradually increase to 26–28% by 2020 and 30% by 2050.

However, it must be taken into account that the scale and structure of energy resource consumption in the global economy undergo significant changes over time under the influence of supply and demand.

Demand creates supply

Among the factors of demand for natural gas, the determining ones are the pace of development of the world economy and its energy-intensive industries - electric power, chemical industry, metallurgical industry and some others. Demand is also influenced by the consumption of the service sector, the public sector and households, and in these segments of the economy there is a multidirectional impact of many factors. On the one hand, new energy-saving technologies and products appearing on the market reduce the demand for natural gas, and on the other hand, an increase in the energy availability of the service sector, the public sector and households leads to its growth.

Structural shifts in energy consumption towards an increase in the share of natural gas are also associated with changes in the supply of energy resources. Along with traditional energy sources (oil, gas, coal), in recent years a wide range of non-traditional types of energy such as coal bed methane, associated oil and shale gases have appeared on the market.

In 2010, gas consumption in North America and Europe came very close to the record levels of previous years. Of course, in many cases, cold weather helped gas producers, but the main reason for growth is still the economic recovery and the demand for gas as a fuel in the short and long term. The Asian market is leading the recovery in gas consumption after the financial crisis.

The main consumers of gas are the industrialized countries of Europe, America and Asia: approximately 70% comes from these regions. Forecasts show that the greatest growth in gas consumption is expected in the Asia-Pacific and Middle East markets - 3-4% per year. In contrast, market growth in North America and Europe is forecast to be the smallest at approximately 0.4-0.8% per year.

For Russia, gas is the main fuel: its share in primary energy consumption is 55.2%, which is very high by world standards: in any case, among developed countries, no one else has such a high share of gas in the fuel balance, including those not deprived of gas powers such as the UK (where the share of gas is 40%), the Netherlands (38%), Canada (27%), the USA (26%) and Norway (only 9%, due to the dominance of hydropower).

Largest natural gas consuming countries, billion cubic meters m.

	Largest natural gas consuming countries, billion cubic meters m.

However, against the backdrop of countries such as Iran, where gas also provides 55% of all primary energy, or Algeria, where its share is 60%, Russia looks quite organic. And if you compare it with the UAE, Qatar, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan or Belarus, then it is generally impossible to say that everything in Russia is heated with gas.

Nevertheless, gas consumption in Russia is gigantic. Suffice it to say that it is equal to the consumption of Germany, France, Italy, Japan, China and India combined. Russia annually burns and processes 420 billion cubic meters of gas, second only to the United States in this indicator.

Exporters and importers

The natural gas market essentially consists of two markets: the pipeline gas market and the liquefied natural gas (LNG) market. The main gas exporters are five regions, and the main gas importers are six to seven countries.

The main and largest exporter of pipeline gas is currently Russia, which provides more than 36% of world exports. Five countries (Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia and Algeria) supply more than 94% of natural gas to the world market. On the other hand, five other countries (USA, Belgium, France, Germany and Italy) import about 72% of the gas supplied to the world market.

In the LNG market, the main exporters are Qatar, Algeria, Indonesia and Malaysia, Australia and Russia, providing 71% of global exports. At the same time, only two countries - Japan and South Korea - import 71% of LNG supplied to the market. In general, 75% of the global LNG market is the market of Asia-Pacific countries. First of all, it should be noted that, unlike the oil market, which can rightfully be called global, gas markets have a fairly clear regional character. We can speak with confidence about the American, European and Asian international markets, about the domestic market of Russia and the CIS countries.

World natural gas trade, billion cubic meters m.

	World natural gas trade, billion cubic meters m.

Dynamics of world gas prices

World natural gas prices vary depending on regional characteristics and circumstances, but the generally accepted gas price that is used as a reference in financial contracts is the price that is used on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX). Its official name is Henry Hub Natural Gas. The price for this contract is based on supplies from the Henry Hub gas storage facility in Louisiana.

It is also worth noting that a single global natural gas market as such has not yet been formed. The main obstacles to the creation of a global gas system are related to the long distances of gas supplies and the high share of transport infrastructure in the economic indicators of natural gas. Thus, in the cost of natural gas supplied to Western Europe from Norway, the share of trunk and distribution networks accounts for up to 70% of all costs. With comparable transportation capacities, the transport part of the cost of gas, due to its lower flow density, turns out to be almost twice as high as that of oil. Because of this feature, the price in different regions is not the same.

Global natural gas prices are rising due to increasing demand from Japan after an earthquake in the country led to the suspension of 11 nuclear reactors.

In Britain, gas contracts for the supply of gas rose in price by 7.4% - to 74 pence per therm. There has not been such a sharp jump since November 2008. In New York, April gas contracts rose in price by 3.8% to $4.037. per million Btu.

After the earthquake and tsunami in Japan, demand for energy increased, which led to an increase in spot gas prices. Japan is the world's largest consumer of LNG. The country accounted for almost 35% of total gas imports in 2009.

Russia sells gas almost exclusively under long-term contracts (for a period of up to 30 years or more, with strictly defined volumes). And for quite a long time there was no alternative to this mechanism - at least in Europe. However, Europe is now purchasing increasingly large volumes on the spot market (a market with immediate delivery of goods and virtually no volume restrictions).

Trading through the spot market does not allow the producer to plan production volumes and profit margins. This situation is especially dangerous today, when gas producers are busy developing Eastern Siberia and the ocean shelves. The cost of production is rising, and before investing in new deposits, the producer must be sure that he will be guaranteed sales for certain volumes over time.

	It is clear that the spot market, unlike the market for long-term contracts, cannot provide such guarantees. The consequence of this is a reduction in work in hard-to-reach gas-bearing areas. Infatuation with the spot market could harm Europe's energy security. On the other hand, consumers can also be understood. Last year, prices under long-term contracts were 100-200 US dollars higher than spot prices. There is another factor in the growing interest of consumers in the spot market - the development of the liquefied gas market and the reduction of overhead costs in its production. Under these conditions, Russian gas suppliers will have to recognize the competitive LNG market as a marker for gas prices. Soon, 15% of Russian gas will be supplied at prices linked to the spot market. Gas market forecast When discussing the prospects for gas in the global energy balance, it can be noted that gas is currently regaining its position and will remain there for several decades. There will be a transition from the oil balance to the gas balance. At the same time, almost all experts note that the gas market will undergo very serious changes in the near future. Liquefied and shale gases will play a major role. Analyzing recent patent applications, we can come to the following conclusion: “If patents turn into technologies in 15 years, then energy consumption in the traditional sector will increase by 9%, alternative energy by 12%, and liquefied natural gas (LNG) by by 30%” (2008 was taken as the starting point). Large-scale investments made during a period of high gas prices made it possible to bring additional volumes of LNG to the world market: supply growth in 2009 was 16%. According to BP forecasts, LNG production could almost double by 2020, reaching 476 billion cubic meters. CERA (Cambridge Energy Research Associates) estimates that the share of LNG in the European market could grow from 11% in 2008 to 36% by 2035. The entry of shale gas into the global balance will have a serious impact on Russian gas companies. Projects for the construction of gas liquefaction facilities in Yamal and the Shtokman field provide for the supply of up to 80% of liquefied gas to the United States. But now forecasts for gas imports to America have undergone a significant correction; gas from Yamal and Shtokman may not be in demand, or its price will be lower than the forecast values. It should be noted that a number of experts doubt that shale gas will play such a significant role in global hydrocarbon markets. In particular, the formation of shale gas deposits requires a rare combination of natural conditions. This means that there may not be so many of these deposits in the world. And those that exist are “short-lived.” Already in the first year, the production volume at the well drops by 70%, and after 10-12 years the well will cease to operate. Shale gas will not be on the market in significant quantities for long. This means that the liquefied gas industry in Russia needs to be developed. Growing global demand for natural gas By 2035, gas demand will amount to 5.132 trillion cubic meters. versus 3.1 trillion cubic meters for 2008. More than 80% of this growth will come from countries outside the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. By 2035, the demand for natural gas will be equal to that of the European Union. Demand comparable to Chinese demand will appear in the Middle East. According to IEA estimates, Russia will become the largest producer of natural gas by 2035 (881 billion cubic meters compared to 662 billion cubic meters in 2010). Gas consumption in the Russian Federation will amount to 528 billion cubic meters. by 2035 (453 billion in 2010). In 2035, more than 90% of gas in Russia will be produced from traditional sources. Globally, about 40% of demand by 2035 will be met by gas supplies from unconventional sources, the IEA believes. At the same time, it is now time for Russian gas to change. Thus, gross gas production in Russia fell by 12.4% last year, including Gazprom reducing production by 16%. This has not been seen in Russia for a quarter of a century. The crisis contraction of demand on world markets, in European markets in particular, does not explain everything, because gas production in the United States grew last year. The main reason is fundamental changes in global gas markets. In recent years, it has become clear that the stability of gas supplies and prices, based on long-term contracts, does not allow the energy sector to effectively adapt to changes in the global economy, and the gas business is too dependent on geopolitical issues. The most important and until recently still more separate than connected to each other, the US and EU markets began to noticeably change their configuration, and the interdependence between them began to grow. New gas products are entering the market and transport routes are changing. Gas transportation patterns are also changing rapidly. Supplies via gas pipelines are being replaced by LNG tanker shipments. If previously the main geopolitical problems of the gas complex were disagreements with transit countries on the prices of transit and pipeline gas sold for domestic consumption of these countries, now, when spot LNG supplies can influence contract prices and the terms of the contract themselves, geopolitical relationships have acquired a more complex dimension . That is, the old market - the seller's market - is a thing of the past. For the first time in decades, European gas imports fell, and gas purchases from pipelines decreased. Gazprom's gas supplies to the EU in the first quarter of 2010 decreased by 39%. The share of the Russian concern in the EU market fell by 4-5%, which is explained by the energy saving policy pursued by the EU, as well as the emergence of new sources of natural gas on the world market. Where will the “swing” swing? The “consumer-producer” swing in natural gas trade has now shifted towards the consumer; the producer’s task is to adequately respond to the new conditions of the gas market, fully engage in it and restore the export energy potential of our country. To do this, it is necessary, first of all, to recognize that self-regulation operates even in this seemingly naturally monopolistic market. Finally, changes in global gas markets require a fundamental revision of Russia's energy policy. After all, the possibilities for extensive development and mechanical distribution of structures and traditional technologies of the fuel and energy complex to all new deposits and areas of consumption are decreasing. There needs to be an emphasis on mastering new technologies, requiring more active partnerships with Western companies. And gas itself is turning from a monopoly product into a global market product, and therefore investment policy should become an instrument of cooperation with neighboring countries and consumer countries. A serious change in the balance of supply and demand will inevitably affect prices. An example of this is the United States, where since the beginning of active shale gas production, its price has tripled, falling almost to its own cost - from approximately $212 per thousand cubic meters to $70. “The sharp increase in gas production has already led to a collapse in prices to historical lows, making the development of many fields economically unattractive,” Tatyana Mitrova, head of the “World Energy” department at the Energy Center of the Skolkovo Business School, told DW. Today, the shale business in the United States is mainly carried out by small independent companies. The fall in average gas prices and the difficulty of production often affect the profitability of their business. However, many companies continue to drill. “Total shale gas production in the United States is growing, which means there is economic sense in this,” notes Tatyana Mitrova. Mike Wood, responding to a question from DW, added that "not all companies in the US are able to maintain profitability, but this is a natural Darwinian process." The market, he said, is still in flux, but prices are likely to remain low. For Europe, naturally, it did not go unnoticed that gas prices in the United States are almost six times lower than the price it pays under long-term contracts to Gazprom (at the end of the year, the average price will reach $415 per thousand cubic meters). Hence the active search for opportunities to diversify imports, and pressure on the Russian monopolist - both through the courts and through regulatory bodies, such as, for example, the Antimonopoly Committee of the European Commission. Gazprom is still looking at the shale race with condescending detachment. At the beginning of this year, the company’s deputy chairman of the board, Alexander Medvedev, said: “In Russia, we are putting shale gas production on the back burner and, perhaps, in 50-70 years we will return to it again.” According to him, Gazprom's traditional reserves are ten times more effective than the development of shale gas reserves. Meanwhile, by refusing to participate in shale projects, the company risks simultaneously losing its existing sales market. The actual failure of the Shtokman project was a serious wake-up call. “The first result of the “shale revolution” for Russia is the transition of North America from an energy-deficient to an energy-rich state,” explains Skolkovo expert Tatyana Mitrova. “Accordingly, the need for projects focused on supplying LNG to the American market has disappeared, and Shtokman is the most striking example of this.” According to her, shale gas will inevitably lead to increased competition in export markets.

Natural gas is the cheapest and most environmentally friendly fuel. The leader in world gas production is Russia, where the huge Western Siberia basin is located. The largest gas producing country is the USA, followed by Canada, Turkmenistan, the Netherlands, and the UK. Unlike oil-producing countries, the main gas-producing countries are the developed countries of Europe and North America. In terms of natural gas reserves, two regions are distinguished: the CIS (western Siberia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) and the Middle East (Iran). The main gas exporters are Russia, which supplies gas to Eastern and Western Europe; Canada and Mexico, which supply gas to the United States; the Netherlands and Norway, supplying gas to Western Europe; Algeria, which supplies gas to Western Europe and the United States; Indonesia, Middle Eastern countries, Australia exporting gas to Japan. Gas transportation is provided in two ways: through main gas pipelines and using gas tankers when transporting liquefied gas.

The first place in natural gas production is occupied by the United States of America (about 20% of the gas produced in the world), followed by Russia with some margin (17.6%). However, due to the depletion of natural gas reserves in the United States, its production is trending downward. A significant level of gas production remains in Canada, Iran, and Norway, but their total share in global gas production does not exceed 14%.

The dynamics of actual gas production are characterized only by those volumes that enter the main gas pipelines. This is the so-called commercial production, which differs from gross production by the amount of various losses (associated gas, gas used for injection into an oil-bearing formation, flared or released into the air, and other losses). In a number of countries, gas production indicators, in addition to natural gas, include associated petroleum gas, therefore, in particular for Russia, gas production indicators published by domestic statistics bodies do not coincide with international statistics.

The ratio of marketable production to gross production, characterizing the degree of losses during production, is called the utilization coefficient. In industrialized countries this figure increased from 68% in the 50s to 86% in the 90s, while in developing countries it generally does not exceed 45%. The efficiency of natural gas production in different regions differs significantly, indicating a gap in the levels of technology used. In Western Europe, for example, the recycling rate is 89%, in North America - 80%, in Latin America - 66%, in Africa - 38%.

The main countries are exporters and importers of gas.

Main gas flows.

The largest share in terms of natural gas consumption, as well as in terms of its production, remains for North America- 32%, in which the United States was and remains the world's largest consumer of this type of fuel (600-650 billion m3 per year).

The share of foreign European countries in gas consumption is 21.1%, among countries

the following stand out: Germany - 80 billion m3, Great Britain - 90 billion m3.

The share of foreign Asian countries in gas consumption is 19% (Indonesia, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, and Iran stand out).

Countries with economies in transition - 22.4% (CIS countries, China).

Latin America's share of global natural gas consumption is relatively small - 3.9%.

Those. From all that has been said, it is clear that the main importers of gas are Foreign Europe, USA and Japan, and the main exporters are the CIS countries (Russia, Turkmenistan), Foreign Europe (Netherlands, Norway), Foreign Asia(Malaysia, Indonesia, UAE), Africa (Algeria), as well as Canada.

Export-import operations with natural gas are carried out in two ways: through main gas pipelines (75%) and using sea transport in liquefied form (25%). Main gas pipelines serve intracontinental trade (Canada - USA; Netherlands, Norway - others European countries; Russia - countries of Eastern and Western Europe).

In some cases, gas pipelines carry out interregional and intercontinental trade (Africa - Western Europe).

Russia was and continues to be largest exporter natural gas (200 billion m3 per year).

Unlike oil, it is too early to talk about the world market for PG. It would be more correct to talk about several regional markets.

In the international trade of liquefied gas in the world economy, two main gas transportation systems have emerged - the system of the Asia-Pacific region - the most powerful and extensive, providing more than 10% of all world export-import supplies of liquefied natural gas (LNG).

The Asia-Pacific region (the leading exporting country is Indonesia) supplies gas to Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan.

The African-Western European gas transportation system (leading exporting countries are Algeria, Libya, Nigeria) supplies gas to France, Spain, and Belgium.

export import gas market

Currently, global gas production covers a fifth of electricity production resources. And also modern industry consumes more than 30% of the produced minerals.

Geographical location of gas deposits

Surface gas seeps are confined to mountainous areas. The release of fossil fuels to the surface occurs in the form of both small bubbles and huge fountains. On water-soaked soil it is easy to notice such small manifestations. Large emissions create mud volcanoes up to several hundred meters.

Before the industrialization of the world, surface gas outlets were quite sufficient. With the increase in gas consumption, there was a need to look for deposits and drill wells. The largest proven reserves of such a valuable mineral are located all over the world.

Since gas is a sedimentary mineral, its deposits should be looked for in mountainous areas, at the bottom of seas and oceans, or in places where seas were located in ancient times.

The first place in terms of gas volumes is occupied by the South Pars/North oil and gas field, which is located in the Persian Gulf. South Pars is under the jurisdiction of Iran, and North Pars is under the jurisdiction of Qatar. Surprisingly huge deposits, despite their very close proximity, are separate deposits of different ages. Their total volume is estimated at 28 trillion cubic meters of gas.

Next on the list in terms of reserves is the Urengoy oil and gas condensate field, located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Russian Federation. The explored reserves of this giant field amounted to 16 trillion cubic meters. Now these deposits are within 10.2 trillion cubic meters.

The third field is Haynesville, located in the USA. Its volume is 7 trillion m3.

Gas production areas in the world

Largest reserves natural fuel are located in several locations:

• Alaska;
• Gulf of Mexico (United States of America);
• Far East of Russia and the region of western Siberia;
• shelves of the Barents and Kara seas;
• continental shelves of Latin America;
• south of Turkmenistan;
• Arabian Peninsula and Iran;
• waters of the North Sea;
• Canadian provinces;
• China.

Leading countries in gas production

About twenty deposits contain the majority of natural resource reserves - about 1,200 billion cubic meters. Several countries produce gas.

Country No. 1

Russian Federation. Blue fuel resources are about 32.6 trillion cubic meters. Russia owns nine of the world's largest gas reserves. The gas industry is the backbone of the Russian economy. More than 60% of reserves are in deposits in Western Siberia, the Volga region, the North Caucasus and the Urals. Gas production – 642.917 billion m3 per year.

Country No. 2

Iran. Gas resources amount to 34 trillion cubic meters, which is almost a fifth of the world's reserves. Gas production (212.796 billion m3 per year) is concentrated in the northern region of the state and on the shelf of the Persian Gulf. International sanctions negatively affected the country's gas industry. Their abolition in 2016 makes it possible to again increase gas production volumes, which makes Iran Russia’s closest competitor in natural fuel production.

The map shows a gas field in Iran

State No. 3

Qatar. Fuel resources – 24.5 trillion cubic meters. The country relatively recently joined the leading exporters of blue fuel. Gas production, amounting to 174.057 billion m3 per year, its processing and supply to international markets began in 1995–1997. Liquefied gas is produced only in the city of Ras Laffan. More than 80% of the extracted minerals are exported.

Country No. 4

Turkmenistan. Gas deposit reserves amount to 17.5 trillion cubic meters. Gas production occurs in the country’s only field – Galkynysh. Most of the minerals are supplied to the European market. In 2006, the state was included in the Nabucco project - gas supplies through a pipeline from the Asian region directly to Europe. But due to regular conflicts in each of the proposed participating countries, the implementation of the project was delayed. In 2013, Nabucco was closed without being built. The Trans-Adriatic gas pipeline has become a priority.

State No. 5

USA. Natural gas reserves amount to 9.8 trillion cubic meters. Gas production occurs in four states of the state: Texas, Oklahoma, Wyoming and Colorado - 729,529. Blue fuel is also extracted from the depths of the continental shelf, but its share in the country’s total volumes is small – only 5%. Gas production is carried out by private companies.

The leaders in natural fuel production are:

• ExxonMobil
• Chevron
• Phillips 66

State No. 6

Saudi Arabia. Deposits of blue fuel are estimated at 8,200 billion cubic meters. OPEC leading country. The Saudi Arabian Oil Company (or Saudi Aramco) is the only national gas producer in Saudi Arabia. Gas production occurs in 70 fields - this is 102.380 billion m3 per year. The largest of them is Tukhman, located in the Rub al-Khali desert, whose reserves are estimated at 1 billion m3.

State No. 7

United Arab Emirates. Explored reserves of blue fuel amount to 6,100 billion cubic meters. The main volumes lie in the emirate of Abu Dhabi (5600 billion m3). The world's largest gas reservoir, Khuff, is also installed in Abu Dhabi. The remaining hydrocarbon deposits are distributed in the emirates of Sharjah (283 thousand million m3), Dubai (113 thousand million m3), and Ras Al Khaimah (34 thousand million m3).

Gas production only slightly exceeds the state's own needs. used in the UAE for electricity production and in the oil industry. The demand for blue fuel is constantly growing due to the constant increase in production rates in industry.

From oil fields“Nizhny Zakum”, “Bunduk” and “Um-Shaif” are produced by the ADGAS plant. Also this company engages in the export of natural gas. To solve problems with gas production, the Dolphin project was created. Dolphin is a network of gas pipelines connecting the UAE and Qatar.

Country No. 8

Venezuela. Reserves amount to 5,600 billion cubic meters of natural gas, which is almost 3% of world reserves. The main volumes are associated gas with oil. Together with foreign companies, it develops offshore gas fields. Participating in these projects:

• Rosneft.
• Gazprom.
• Lukoil (RF).
• CNOOC Ltd (PRC).
• Sonatrach (Algeria).
• Petronas (Malaysia).

Country No. 9

Nigeria. Approximate fuel reserves are 5100 billion m3. The country is a member of OPEC and produces the largest volumes of gas in Africa. The gas industry is the backbone of the country's economy - more than 90% of the foreign exchange earnings of the Nigerian budget. Moreover, despite high incomes, the state is very poor due to corruption, poorly developed infrastructure and a weak economy based only on the gas industry.

Country No. 10

Algeria. Explored mineral deposits amount to 4,500 billion cubic meters. After the 90s In the 20th century, thanks to increased investment, proven reserves doubled. The largest deposit is Hass-Rmel, followed by Gurd-Nus, Nezla, Wend-Numkr. Algerian gas is of high quality, minimum quantity impurities and is not associated with oil. Hydrocarbon production at 83,296 per year.

Country No. 11

Norway. Three quarters of Western European deposits are identified in the North Sea. Volumes are expected to be 765 billion cubic meters. And also mineral deposits of about 47,700 billion cubic meters were found at the North Pole. Norwegian companies were among the first to extract gas using floating drilling rigs.

Country No. 12

Canada. Most of the gas produced is exported - 88.29 thousand million m3, and 62.75 thousand million m3 is consumed by the country itself. The largest deposits are recorded in the provinces of British Columbia and Alberta, as well as on the shelf of the eastern part of the continent near Newfoundland. The main foreign consumer of Canadian hydrocarbons is the United States. At the moment, the states are connected by a gas pipeline.

State No. 13

China. China is one of the leaders in gas production. Most of the volume is consumed by the state itself. Only blue fuel is supplied to international markets. Chinese gas deposits are located in the South China Sea - the Yacheng field, the reserve volume is 350 billion cubic meters. On land, the largest deposit is recorded in the Tarim Basin, whose proven reserves amount to 500 billion cubic meters.

Video: The entire chain of natural gas production and treatment

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education vocational education

RUSSIAN ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY named after G.V. PLEKHANOV

(REU)Omsk Institute (branch)

TEST

on the topic of: Analysis of gas exports and imports

by discipline: international trade

majoring in Commerce

student (s) Balan Elena Valerievna

course, correspondence course

Product description

Bibliography

Main countries exporting and importing gas, Russia’s place in this market

Natural gas is the cheapest and most environmentally friendly fuel. The leader in world gas production is Russia, where the huge Western Siberia basin is located. The largest gas producing country is the USA, followed by Canada, Turkmenistan, the Netherlands, and the UK. Unlike oil-producing countries, the main gas-producing countries are the developed countries of Europe and North America. In terms of natural gas reserves, two regions are distinguished: the CIS (western Siberia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) and the Middle East (Iran). The main gas exporters are Russia, which supplies gas to Eastern and Western Europe; Canada and Mexico, which supply gas to the United States; the Netherlands and Norway, supplying gas to Western Europe; Algeria, which supplies gas to Western Europe and the United States; Indonesia, Middle Eastern countries, Australia exporting gas to Japan. Gas transportation is provided in two ways: through main gas pipelines and using gas tankers when transporting liquefied gas.

The first place in natural gas production is occupied by the United States of America (about 20% of the gas produced in the world), followed by Russia with some margin (17.6%). However, due to the depletion of natural gas reserves in the United States, its production is trending downward. A significant level of gas production remains in Canada, Iran, and Norway, but their total share in global gas production does not exceed 14%.

The dynamics of actual gas production are characterized only by those volumes that enter the main gas pipelines. This is the so-called commercial production, which differs from gross production by the amount of various losses (associated gas, gas used for injection into an oil-bearing formation, flared or released into the air, and other losses). In a number of countries, gas production indicators, in addition to natural gas, include associated petroleum gas, therefore, in particular for Russia, gas production indicators published by domestic statistics bodies do not coincide with international statistics.

The ratio of marketable production to gross production, characterizing the degree of losses during production, is called the utilization coefficient. In industrialized countries this figure increased from 68% in the 50s to 86% in the 90s, while in developing countries it generally does not exceed 45%. The efficiency of natural gas production in different regions differs significantly, indicating a gap in the levels of technology used. In Western Europe, for example, the recycling rate is 89%, in North America - 80%, in Latin America - 66%, in Africa - 38%.

The main countries are exporters and importers of gas.

Main gas flows.

The largest share in terms of natural gas consumption, as well as in terms of the size of its production, remains with North America - 32%, in which the United States was and remains the world's largest consumer of this type of fuel (600-650 billion m3 per year).

The share of foreign European countries in gas consumption is 21.1%, among countries

the following stand out: Germany - 80 billion m3, Great Britain - 90 billion m3.

The share of foreign Asian countries in gas consumption is 19% (Indonesia, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, and Iran stand out).

Countries with economies in transition - 22.4% (CIS countries, China).

Latin America's share of global natural gas consumption is relatively small - 3.9%.

Those. From all that has been said, it is clear that the main importers of gas are Foreign Europe, the USA and Japan, and the main exporters are the CIS countries (Russia, Turkmenistan), Foreign Europe (Netherlands, Norway), Foreign Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia, UAE), Africa ( Algeria), as well as Canada.

Export-import operations with natural gas are carried out in two ways: through main gas pipelines (75%) and using sea transport in liquefied form (25%). Main gas pipelines serve inland trade (Canada - USA; the Netherlands, Norway - other European countries; Russia - countries of Eastern and Western Europe).

In some cases, gas pipelines carry out interregional and intercontinental trade (Africa - Western Europe).

Russia has been and continues to be the largest exporter of natural gas (200 billion m3 per year).

Unlike oil, it is too early to talk about the world market for PG. It would be more correct to talk about several regional markets.

In the international trade of liquefied gas in the world economy, two main gas transportation systems have emerged - the system of the Asia-Pacific region - the most powerful and extensive, providing more than 10% of all world export-import supplies of liquefied natural gas (LNG).

The Asia-Pacific region (the leading exporting country is Indonesia) supplies gas to Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Taiwan.

The African-Western European gas transportation system (leading exporting countries are Algeria, Libya, Nigeria) supplies gas to France, Spain, and Belgium.

export import gas market

Main trends in the global gas market

Due to population growth and the growth of the global economy, there is a constant increase in demand for energy and especially natural gas. Moreover, due to the fact that natural gas will gradually replace oil and coal, the share of natural gas in the structure of energy consumption will increase every year. The level of natural gas production will be one of the main factors influencing the cost of energy resources in the world.

Currently, the world produces about 3 trillion. cubic meters of gas per year. Moreover, almost 70% of this gas production is provided by the USA, Russia, EEC countries, Canada, Iran, Qatar, and Norway.

The situation with gas production in these countries will have an impact significant influence for the entire gas market. Russia produces over 600 billion cubic meters of gas per year. Currently, the main natural gas fields, which have been supplying natural gas for export over the past 30 years, are in the final stage of exploitation. These fields include the main gas fields of Russia - Urengoyskoye and Yamburgskoye.

Maintaining the current level of natural gas production in Russia and its possible growth will be mainly associated with the development of new fields located on the Yamal Peninsula, as well as fields located in the Barents Sea. The Yamal Peninsula has gigantic reserves of natural gas; according to recent estimates, their volume exceeds 16 trillion. cubic meters. However, the Arctic climate conditions on the Yamal Peninsula are among the most difficult in the world. It should be especially noted that the terrain in this area is swampy, and drilling operations are possible only in winter, when the swamps freeze. The Yamal region is a sparsely populated region of Russia, so workers will need to be transported from other regions of Russia on a rotational basis. In addition, Yamal is located three thousand kilometers from the nearest natural gas markets. All this leads to the fact that the development of deposits in this region is extremely expensive.

One of the largest projects in the Barents Sea is considered to be the development project for the Shtokman field, located in the sea 600 km from the coast at depths of up to 300 meters. Gas production from this field is an extremely complex technological task that no one in the world has ever accomplished before. Suffice it to say that electricity cannot be supplied to the mining site from the shore, and delivery of work shifts 600 km by helicopter cannot be ensured. In addition, gas production at this field is planned to be carried out in arctic conditions. The Arctic climate and severe storm conditions pose serious challenges for personnel and technological equipment. Under these conditions, the cost of the work being carried out increases significantly and the time required for construction and installation work is reduced, and the process of their implementation also becomes more complicated.

New projects in gas production will require gigantic investments from the main gas producing company in Russia, Gazprom. The development of the Shtokman field alone will require investments exceeding $30 billion. The increase in gas production costs will not allow for a strong reduction in the price of gas exported to Europe, which will apparently lead to a reduction in the company's share in the European gas market.

The strategic goals for the development of the gas industry are:

stable, uninterrupted and cost-effective satisfaction of domestic and external gas demand;

development of a unified gas supply system and its expansion to the east of Russia, strengthening the integration of the country's regions on this basis;

improvement organizational structure gas industry in order to improve the economic results of its activities and the formation of a liberalized gas market;

ensuring stable revenues to the revenue side of the consolidated budget of Russia in accordance with the importance of the energy sector in the formation of gross domestic product and exports at a given time stage of state energy policy.

The progress of implementation of the Energy Strategy of Russia for the period until 2020 in this area is characterized as follows.

The largest Zapolyarnoye field in the Nadym-Pur-Tazovsky district of the Tyumen region was put into operation, gas production began at the offshore fields of the Sakhalin-1 and Sakhalin-2 projects.

Construction of new gas pipeline systems is underway. The Yamal - Europe gas pipeline was completed, the Blue Stream gas pipeline was built, a liquefied natural gas plant was put into operation on Sakhalin Island, construction of the Nord Stream and "Nord Stream" gas pipelines began. Northern regions Tyumen region - Torzhok", decisions were made to begin construction of the Caspian gas pipeline and the South Stream gas pipeline.

Active work is being carried out to gasify Russian regions and build regional gas transportation and gas distribution infrastructure.

The process of gradual controlled liberalization of the domestic gas market has been launched through the creation of an electronic trading platform operating using exchange technologies, on which about 10 billion cubic meters have already been sold. m of gas.

When considering the prospects for the development of the gas industry, it is necessary to take into account the following trends:

depletion of the main gas fields of the Nadym-Pur-Tazovsky district of the Tyumen region and, consequently, the need to develop new gas production centers on the Yamal Peninsula, the continental shelf of the Arctic seas, in Eastern Siberia and the Far East;

increasing the share of hard-to-recover reserves (low-pressure gas) in the structure of the mineral resource base of the gas industry;

rising prices for natural gas production and transportation;

development of technology for the production and transportation of liquefied natural gas.

The main problems in this area include:

the presence of infrastructure restrictions in the field of pipeline gas transportation;

high transit risks of gas exports to Europe;

insufficient level of development of the gas processing and gas chemical industries;

low regulated gas prices on the domestic market and insufficient liberalization of the gas market in the country.

To achieve the strategic goals of development of the gas industry, it is necessary to solve the following main tasks:

compensation for the decline in gas production volumes at old fields in the Nadym-Pur-Tazovsky district of the Tyumen region (Yamburgskoye, Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye) through the commissioning of new fields in remote areas with more difficult climatic and mining-geological conditions, as well as the creation of appropriate gas transportation infrastructure to ensure gas supplies to the domestic market and diversify its export supplies;

intensification of geological exploration work to ensure expanded reproduction of the industry's mineral resource base in the main gas producing regions and on the continental shelf of the Russian Federation, as well as for the development of gas fields of regional and local importance;

timely renewal of equipment and pipes of the gas transmission system, eliminating its reduction bandwidth, as well as further construction of regional trunk and gas distribution infrastructure;

development of production and export of liquefied natural gas;

development of the gas processing and gas chemical industry with the aim of rational use of valuable fractions of hydrocarbon raw materials and associated petroleum gas;

demonopolization of the gas market, creation of a competitive environment and establishment of non-discriminatory rules for access to its infrastructure for all participants.

At the same time, a further increase in gas production, which requires significant investments in the creation of production capacities and the development of infrastructure for gas transportation, entails the need to increase domestic gas prices. The introduction of market principles for pricing gas supplied to the domestic market will help eliminate the current deformation in the ratio of prices for interchangeable types of fuel (gas, coal, fuel oil), reduce the share of gas in the consumption of fuel and energy resources and diversify the fuel and energy balance in the direction of increasing the share coal and non-fuel resources, as well as bringing the structure of the fuel and energy balance closer to the structure of geological reserves of raw materials in the Russian Federation and, ultimately, increasing the level of energy security of the country.

Gas production will develop both in traditional gas producing areas, the main of which is Western Siberia, and in the European north of Russia, the Yamal Peninsula, in the new oil and gas provinces of Eastern Siberia and Far East, as well as in the Caspian region.

The main gas producing region of the country for the considered future remains the Yamalo-Nenets autonomous region. In the period until 2010, compensation for the decline in gas production will be ensured mainly through the development of new fields in the Nadym-Pur-Tazovsky district of the Tyumen region and the horizons and areas of already developed fields prepared for development.

At the same time, to maintain production at fields at a late stage of development, new technological solutions and significant additional funds to achieve high gas recovery rates.

In the period after 2010, the projected volumes of gas production are planned to be achieved through the development of fields on the Yamal Peninsula, the continental shelf of the Arctic seas, including the Shtokman field, in the waters of the Ob and Taz Bays, as well as in Eastern Siberia and the Far East.

Within the Yamal Peninsula, 26 fields have been discovered, the proven gas reserves of which amount to 10.4 trillion. cube m. In the next 25 years, total capital investments in the development of fields on the Yamal Peninsula (Bovanenkovskoye, Kharasaveyskoye and others) will be required in the amount of 166 to 198 billion US dollars. The start of gas production is scheduled for the end of the first stage of implementation of this Strategy, bringing it to 185 - 220 billion cubic meters. m by 2030.

Gas deposits brought into development in Western Siberia will contain wet gas and condensate. To utilize and transport such gas, the gas processing industry will be widely developed.

Gas production in the regions of Eastern Siberia and the Far East will be developed on the basis of the Kovykta gas condensate field in the Irkutsk region, the Chayandinskoye oil and gas condensate field in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), hydrocarbon fields in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, as well as offshore fields on Sakhalin Island and in the Western Kamchatka sector Pacific Ocean. The development of gas fields in Eastern Siberia, characterized by a high helium content (from 0.15 to 1 percent), will require the development of the helium industry, including the construction of a number of large gas processing plants and underground storage facilities for helium concentrate.

Gas imports from Central Asian countries, mainly to neighboring countries, will develop steadily. Import volumes will be formed depending on the economic situation in foreign gas markets and the state of the fuel and energy balance of Russia.

Gas exports, carried out primarily on the basis of long-term contracts, will allow maintaining the required volume of supplies from Russia to the European market with a multiple increase in supplies to east direction(China, Japan, Republic of Korea). At the same time, Russian gas producing companies will actively participate in the development of gas fields in other countries (Algeria, Iran, Central Asian countries and others) and the construction of new interregional gas pipelines, in particular in South Asia, as well as coordinate their export policy with these countries.

The development of the gas market in the Russian Federation will be built on the basis of providing all gas producing companies with equal business conditions. It is envisaged that the gas production and sales sectors will operate on the basis of market relations while maintaining state regulation in the field of gas transportation. At the same time, the procedure for non-discriminatory access of market entities to gas transportation systems will be ensured. different levels and the same specific tariffs for gas transportation.

After 2011, there will be a gradual transition to the application of market principles of gas pricing through the expansion of the unregulated market segment and the formation of market prices for gas, taking into account the payback of its production and transportation, consumer properties, supply and demand, as well as the necessary investments for the development of the gas industry.

Gasification of urban and rural areas will continue settlements.

A wide network of underground gas storage facilities will be created as close as possible to consumers, the volumes of which will correspond to the seasonal and daily unevenness of gas consumption, including supplying power plants with the real demand for electricity.

Gas use will increase as motor fuel with the corresponding development of its market.

At the same time, in order to reduce pressure on the country’s economy in the context of an inevitable increase in domestic gas prices, the state will use non-price instruments to support investment activity in the gas sector (tax, credit, budget and others), and will also regulate the upper limit on gas prices for the population.

In the context of a sharp drop in world prices for hydrocarbons and (or) crisis situations in the global financial market, the state will provide support to gas companies by providing state guarantees for investments in the development of the complex, refinancing borrowings and optimizing taxation.

Energy saving in the gas industry will be carried out in the following main areas:

in gas production - reducing gas consumption for technological needs, optimizing the operating mode of technological facilities, improving gas control and accounting, as well as increasing gas recovery from formations;

in gas transportation - reconstruction of gas transportation facilities and systematic organization of technological operating modes of main gas pipelines, reduction of gas losses, introduction of automated control systems and telemechanics, improvement of the technical condition of gas pumping units, introduction of highly efficient gas turbine drives for gas pumping units with a high efficiency, as well as expanding the use of gas pumping units with adjustable electric drive;

in gas processing - increasing the degree of heat recovery from process flows, increasing the efficiency of thermal units using gas fuel, as well as optimization and automation technological processes;

in underground gas storage - optimization of the gas buffer volume, reduction of reservoir gas losses and the use of non-industrial gases (nitrogen, flue gases and others) as a buffer volume.

At the first stage of implementation of this Strategy, the Russian gas industry will meet the domestic and export needs of the Russian economy for natural gas mainly through the exploitation of existing fields and the commissioning of new fields in the Nadym-Pur-Tazovsky district of the Tyumen region. At the same time, active work will be carried out to prepare and bring into operation new gas fields of the Yamal Peninsula, Eastern Siberia, the Far East and the continental shelf of the Arctic seas

Features of the state regulation of export-import in Russia regarding gas supply. Basic documents that guide exporters-importers

Regulation of exports and imports through quotas and licensing.

Export and import quotas are quantitative and cost restrictions on import and export, introduced for a certain period of time for individual goods, countries, groups of countries. In international trade, quotas are applied in cases where economic and political conditions require it. Or the state of payment relations. This is used as a regulator of Supply and Demand in the domestic market. Can serve as a response to discriminatory actions of foreign trading partners. Tariff quotas are known in a number of countries. Within the value or quantity of imported goods subject to customs duties. In the Russian Federation, the modern procedure for quotas and licensing of foreign economic activity is established by the Russian Law “On State Regulation of Foreign Economic Activity”. Export and import in our country is carried out without quantitative restrictions. These restrictions are introduced only in exceptional cases. The right to import or export quota goods must be confirmed by a license. LICENSE - an official document that authorizes export and import operations within the specified period. Narcotic drugs and highly toxic substances are subject to quotas when exporting or importing. Ethyl alcohol, vodka, gunpowder, and explosives are subject to import quotas. Carbide and goods containing gems and metals, amber.

Licenses are issued for each type of product; in accordance with the customs code, licenses are:

ONE-TIME - issued for export and import under 1 contract, for a period of up to 12 months. Starting from the date of issue.

GENERAL - issued for each type of export or import product, indicating its quantity and cost. The basis for issuing such a license is a corresponding government decision.

Customs and tariff regulation of foreign economic activity is associated with the application of export and import tariffs, which are included in common system customs payments.

Customs duty is a mandatory fee collected by customs authorities when importing or exporting any goods. In this case, goods are understood as any movable property, including heat. Every country in the world has customs tariffs. Duties in almost all countries are divided into: high, medium, low. Particularly high duties of up to 150% or more are established in developing countries. Russia is subject to average duty rates. In order to protect the economic interests of the Russian Federation and imported goods, they may temporarily apply special types duties:

Special - are introduced in case of import of goods into Russia in quantities and under conditions that threaten to cause damage to Russian producers. Or, in case of discrimination, infringing on the interests of the Russian Federation.

Compensatory - are introduced in the case of import into Russia of goods in the production of which subsidies were directly or indirectly applied.

Anti-demonoleasing - are introduced in case of import of goods into Russia at prices lower than their nominal value.

Product description

Natural gas is a natural mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons, in which methane predominates (80-97%). It is formed in the bowels of the earth during the slow anaerobic (without access of air) decomposition of organic substances.

Natural gas is a mineral resource. Often is associated gas during oil production. Natural gas in reservoir conditions (conditions of occurrence in the bowels of the earth) is in a gaseous state - in the form of separate accumulations (gas deposits) or in the form of a gas cap of oil and gas fields, or in a dissolved state in oil or water. Natural gas also exists in the form of natural gas hydrates in the oceans and permafrost zones of continents.

Natural gases They consist predominantly of saturated hydrocarbons, but they also contain hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. Gases produced from pure gas fields consist mainly of methane. Gas and oil in the earth's thickness fill the voids of porous rocks, and with large accumulations of them, industrial development and exploitation of the deposits is advisable. The pressure in the formation depends on its depth. Almost every ten meters of depth, the pressure in the formation increases by 0.1 MPa (1 kgf/cm2).

Natural gas is a highly efficient energy carrier and valuable chemical raw material. It has a number of advantages compared to other types of fuel and raw materials:

the cost of natural gas production is significantly lower than other types of fuel; labor productivity during its extraction is higher than during the extraction of oil and coal;

the absence of carbon monoxide in natural gases prevents the possibility of poisoning people due to gas leaks;

with gas heating of cities and towns, the air basin is much less polluted; - when operating on natural gas, it is possible to automate combustion processes and achieve high efficiency;

high temperatures during combustion (more than 2000° C) and specific heat combustion make it possible to effectively use natural gas as an energy and technological fuel.

Natural gas as an industrial fuel has the following technological advantages:

minimal excess air is required during combustion;

contains the least amount of harmful mechanical and chemical impurities, which ensures the consistency of the combustion process;

when burning gas, it is possible to provide more precise temperature control than when burning other types of fuel, this allows you to save fuel; gas burners can be located anywhere in the furnace, which improves heat transfer processes and ensures stable temperature conditions;

when using gas, there are no losses from mechanical failure of fuel;

the shape of the gas flame is relatively easy to adjust, which allows, if necessary, to quickly provide a high degree of heating in the right place.

At the same time, gas fuel also has some negative properties. Mixtures consisting of a certain amount of gas and air are fire and explosive. When a fire source or a highly heated body is introduced into such mixtures, they ignite (explode). Combustion of gaseous fuel is possible only in the presence of air, which contains oxygen, and the process of combustion (explosion) occurs at certain ratios of gas and air.

The heat of the combustion reaction is released instantly, the gas combustion products heat up and, expanding, create increased pressure in the volume where they were located. A sharp increase in pressure during gas combustion in a limited volume (room, furnace, gas pipeline) causes the destructive effect of an explosion.

During explosions of a gas-air mixture in pipes with a large diameter and length, cases may occur when the speed of flame propagation exceeds the speed of sound. In this case, an increase in pressure is observed to approximately 8 MPa (80 kgf/cm2). This explosive ignition is called detonation. Detonation is explained by the occurrence and action shock waves in a flammable environment.

Natural gases are not poisonous, but when the concentration of methane in the air reaches 10% or more, suffocation is possible due to a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the air. Flammable gases pose a significant fire hazard; They are themselves highly flammable, and their combustion may cause burns or ignite other flammable materials.

Amount of customs duties for gas export-import

Export customs duties are established on energy resources - gas, oil, petroleum products, as well as on metals, timber and some other goods. The purpose of these duties is to curb the export of raw materials and replenish budget revenues. On the territory of Russia in 2012, the main volume of export customs duties (91.3%) was formed by oil and petroleum products. The structure of Russian exports from year to year traditionally remains raw materials, with a share of finished products very insignificant. However, export duties are not among the most effective instruments of foreign trade. If they serve as a limiter when exporting raw materials, then when exporting manufactured products they serve as a brake. For example, products of the chemical complex and forest products should be exempted from the additional tax burden. Due to the abolition of duties, the profitability of these enterprises will increase, and it will be possible to modernize production.

Types of transport and distribution patterns traditionally used to move gas

To transport gas in a liquefied state, special tankers are used - gas carriers.

These are special ships on which gas is transported in a liquefied state under certain thermobaric conditions. Thus, to transport gas using this method, it is necessary to extend a gas pipeline to the seashore, build a liquefying gas plant on the shore, a port for tankers, and the tankers themselves. This type of transport is considered economically feasible when the distance of the liquefied gas consumer is more than 3000 km.

In the field of network gas, suppliers are strictly tied to consumers through pipelines. And supply prices are determined by long-term contracts. Approximately the same relations have developed today in the LNG sector. About 90% of LNG is also sold on the basis of long-term contracts.

Accompanying documents for gas shipment

List of documents for concluding a gas supply agreement

1. Letter addressed to general director, endorsed by the head of the regional department

Buyer's guarantee that the reserve fuel facility (RFF) is ready for operation. If there is no RTX, a letter stating that there are no claims in the event of an emergency stop of gas supply.

Technical conditions for connection to the gas distribution network and supporting documents on execution technical specifications.

An act on determining the boundaries of the division of ownership of gas networks and equipment with the attachment of a gas supply diagram for the facility in the case of gas transportation through networks owned by third parties.

Application for gas supply using the form

Certificate "On state registration legal entity" (OGRN).

Certificate "On registration with the tax authority" (TIN/KPP).

Information mail State Committee RB on statistics (statistics codes).

Extract from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities as of the last reporting date.

Charter of a legal entity.

Bank certificate confirming the existence of a current account.

A copy of the passport (page with photo and place of registration) - for individuals and individual entrepreneurs.

Certificate "On state registration of rights" for a gas consuming facility.

A copy of a document confirming the authority of the person signing the agreement (decision of a meeting of company participants, order appointing a manager, power of attorney).

A card with sample signatures of the head of the enterprise and authorized persons who will sign documents, gas acceptance and transfer acts, inspection reports of gas metering units, reconciliation acts.

Consent to the processing of personal data - for individuals and individual entrepreneurs

Sample contract for gas supply

Gas supply agreement

AGREEMENT N ___

gas supplies

___________________________________ "__"_________ ____G.

(indicate the place of conclusion of the contract)

We refer to__ hereinafter as the “Supplier”, represented by _________________________________________, acting ___ on the basis of _____________________________________________, on the one hand, and ___________________________________________________________, hereinafter referred to as the “Buyer”, represented by ________________________, acting ___ on the basis of ______________________, on the other hand, together referred to as the “Parties” ", have entered into this Agreement as follows:

Bodies with which interaction is necessary when exporting - importing

The authorities with which you need to cooperate when exporting and importing are customs authorities

The import and export of goods across the border of the Russian Federation entails the obligation of the person to place the goods under one of the customs regimes. A person has the right to choose any customs regime at any time or change it to another, but this must occur in accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Any placement of goods under the regime is only with the permission of the customs authority (permit, resolution on declaration, etc.). The day the goods are placed under the regime is the day the goods are released by the customs authority. If the goods are placed under a customs regime that provides for exemption from duties or the removal of restrictions, then the customs authority has the right to demand the provision of security for the payment of customs duties, the provision of an obligation to re-export temporarily imported goods or other guarantees.

Department of Energy

Ministry natural resources and ecology

Ministry of Industry and Trade

Ministry of Economic Development

Federal Antimonopoly Service

Federal Customs Service

Federal Tariff Service

Bibliography

1. #"justify">2. Review of the oil and gas production and oil refining industry of the Russian Federation and the market for shares of industry enterprises // Business-Neft. - 2010. - No. 37

3. Narzikulov R. Oil, gas and foreign policy of Russia // Financial news. - 2009

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