Catullus is not a single one among women, analysis. Guy Valery Catullus

Platonova N.S.

Teacher of Russian language and literature

Municipal educational institution "Gymnasium No. 1"

9th grade “Valery Catullus. Lyrics.

V. Catullus. Lyrics

Lesson-lecture.

Progress of the lesson.

The concept of "ancient lyrics".
Kai Valery Catullus is a poet of the “Golden Age”.
The similarity of the lyrics of Catullus with the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin.
His lyrics are a response to all phenomena of life, especially personal ones.
Innovation of Catullus's lyrics.

Teacher's word.

When we say “ancient lyrics,” we mean the lyrics of two not only different, but also very various peoples- Greeks and Romans. Roman poetry is directly dependent on Greek, but it is not a continuation or a copy: Roman poetry has many of its own national features. The unification of Greek and Roman lyrics into a single concept of “ancient” lyrics is justified by the common culture of the Mediterranean, that is, to a greater extent, of new Europe.

Lyrics ancient Rome more visible than the Greek one. The major poets of this period are presented with enviable completeness. In addition, the development of Roman poetry proceeded in stages that were more clearly perceptible.

Greece was filled with the spirit of music. Without the lyre or flute, lyric poetry did not exist for several centuries.

The Roman people were not musical. The Romans did not have their own Homer. Roman poetry developed from imitation of its Greek predecessors. But, having no legitimate ancestors, she was able to reach a height worthy of a great people.

The flowering of Roman lyric poetry roughly coincides with the reign of Augustus. This period is usually called the “golden age” of Roman poetry: it was during these years that the most famous poets wrote - Virgil, Horace, Ovid. But our modern perception is ready to expect preference for the poet who worked on the eve of the “golden age” - Caius Valery Catullus.

Valery Catullus, who lived in the 1st half of the 1st century BC (87-85 BC), was like Cicero, but in the words of Tyutchev, “caught by the night of Rome,” that is, the change of the republican system to autocracy. Originally from Verona. Died in Rome. Thanks to his father's connections, he gained access to the Roman nobility. This is the first Latin lyric poet.

Having settled into the metropolitan atmosphere of Rome, Catullus soon became the center of a small but gifted circle of peers. The poems addressed to Licinius Calvus and other friends involuntarily bring to mind Pushkin’s relationship with his lyceum comrades. In general, in the temperament and many features of Catullus’s lyrics, similarities with our great poet are noticeable.

When Caesar crossed the Rubicon and approached the Eternal City, the Republican Catullus greeted him with a defiant epigram:

The last thing I want is to please you, Caesar, - I don’t even want to know whether you are black or white.

In this epigram and other verses that angrily sarcastically sarcastically Caesar's comrades-in-arms, there is not only the political position of the young poet, but also a manifestation of his character. Catullus brought simplicity and straightforwardness from Verona. Subsequently, the attacks against Caesar were mercifully forgiven. It is difficult to decide whether Caesar disdained the poet’s barbs or feared his caustic tongue, but the fact is that he got away with Catullus’s poetic insolence.

The real element of lyricism is its immediate feeling, response to all phenomena of life, especially personal. This is natural, since it was a time when attention began to focus on the individual, the human. Everything was reflected in light, sometimes rude, often causticly satirical “trinkets,” as their young author liked to call his poems. The poet was young. He suffered early death, he died from a cause unknown to us, barely turning 30 years of age. Perhaps the exhausting life that Catullus led once in Rome was to blame - let us remember what example of debauchery Caesar himself set in his young years. But perhaps the reason for the rapid loss of strength was also unhappy, painful love.

The poems addressed to Lesbia reflect all the vicissitudes of his love, about which it is even difficult to say whether it was mutual, and if so, whether it was given. The name Lesbia is a poetic pseudonym for Claudia.

Lesbia belonged to a wealthy family, but she herself gradually slipped into indiscriminate debauchery, and this brought deep suffering to the free poet, but essentially chaste. The cycle of poems addressed to or related to Lesbia has caused many imitations. Lesbia cheats on Catullus, and he brands her with poems full of deep pain and evil mockery.

Let him be friends with his male dogs,

Let three hundred embrace them at once,

Not loving anyone with my soul, but destroying everyone’s liver.

May my love be quickly forgotten!

It was her fault that my passion died,

Like a flower in the meadows, a passing plow

Wounded to death!

(Translated by A. Fet)

There is a reading of other poems about Lesbia. This is “No, not one among women can boast of such a thing,”

“And I hate her and love her”, “Exhausted Catullus, leave your nonsense”, etc.

The poet turns to the gods, begging them to heal him from this painful passion, similar to serious illness. He tries to analyze his state of mind in epigrams:

I hate loving. Is this possible, you ask.

I don’t know myself, but that’s how I feel and pray.

(translation by N.V. Vulikh)

Elegy To Allius, in which the poet writes about the death of his brother and his love for Lesbia. These two topics seem to be intertwined. The brother died immediately after the wedding near Troy. The mention of Troy evokes bitter feelings in the poet’s soul, since it is there that the grave of his deceased brother is located. Having described his grief caused by a bereavement, the poet again returns to the theme of love for Lesbia.

This kind of composition, when individual episodes are associated with a certain sequence and are, as it were, enclosed in a certain frame, is called a “frame.”

Catullus can be called an "innovator." He was the first to use the “sapphic line” in Latin. He introduced other meters, new to Roman poetry: the eleven-syllable verse of Peleg and the lame iambic of Hippocrates. The Greek lyrics of Catullus were not a subject of blind imitation - given his talent, he had no need to imitate anyone - but a poetic school.

During the acute period social struggle, when the old worldview and the old major genres, epic and tragedy, are experiencing an acute crisis, interest in the personal is growing, intimate world experiences, to a person’s individuality.

Catullus is at the mercy of these trends, he paves new paths for Roman lyric poetry. He liberated Roman poetry from old traditions and pushed the boundaries.

Homework assignment.

Answer questions in writing.

How do you imagine a poet?
Why are the lyrics of Catullus and his fate interesting to you?
What epithet would you give to Catullus? (bitter, exhausted, possessed)
Are his poems alive to you?
Learn the verse by heart.

Literature.

V. Catullus Lyrics.
Uch. "Ancient literature".

Book “Monologues and dialogues”, vol. 1, 1962-74.

Guy Valery Catullus. A word about the poet.

“No, not one among women...”, “No, don’t expect to earn affection...”. Love as an expression of deep feelings, spiritual ups and downs of a young Roman. Chastity, conciseness and careful verification of feelings by reason, Pushkin as a translator of Catullus (“To the boy”)

Horace. A word about the poet.

“I erected a monument...” Poetic creativity in the system of human existence. The idea of poetic merit is the introduction of the Romans to the Greek lyricists. Traditions of the Horatian ode in the works of Derzhavin and Pushkin.

Dante Apighieri. A word about the poet.

"The Divine Comedy"(fragments). The plurality of meanings of the poem: literal (depiction of the afterlife), allegorical (movement of the idea of being from darkness to light, from suffering to joy, from error to truth, the idea of the ascent of the soul to spiritual heights through knowledge of the world), moral (the idea of reward in the afterlife for earthly deeds), mystical (intuitive comprehension of the divine idea through the perception of the beauty of poetry as a divine language, although created by earthly man, the mind of the poet). The universal philosophical character of the poem.

William Shakespeare. Brief information about the life and work of Shakespeare. Characteristics of Renaissance humanism.

"Hamlet"(review with reading of individual scenes at the teacher’s choice, for example: Hamlet’s monologues from scene five (act 1), scene one (act 3), scene four (act 4). “Hamlet” is “a play for all centuries” "(A. Anikst). The universal human significance of Shakespeare’s heroes. The image of Hamlet, a humanist of the Renaissance. Hamlet’s loneliness in his conflict with real world"shaken century". The tragedy of love between Hamlet and Ophelia. Philosophical depth of the tragedy "Hamlet". Hamlet as an eternal image of world literature. Shakespeare and Russian literature.

T e o r i a l l i t e r a t u r y. Tragedy as a dramatic genre (deepening the concept).

Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Brief information about the life and work of Goethe. Characteristics of the features of the Age of Enlightenment.

"Faust"(review with reading of individual scenes at the teacher’s choice, for example: “Prologue in Heaven”, “At the City Gate”, “Faust’s Cabinet”, “Garden”, “Night. The street in front of Gretchen's house", "Prison", Faustai's last monologue from the second part of the tragedy).

"Faust" is a philosophical tragedy of the Enlightenment. The plot and composition of the tragedy. The struggle between good and evil in the world driving force its development, the dynamics of life. Confrontation creative personality Faust and unbelief, the spirit of doubt of Mephistopheles. Faust's search for justice and the rational meaning of human life. “Prologue in Heaven” is the key to the main idea of the tragedy. The meaning of the contrast between Faust and Wagner, creativity and scholastic routine. The tragedy of love between Faust and Gretchen.

The final meaning of the great tragedy is “Only he is worthy of life and freedom who goes to battle for them every day.” Features of the genre of the tragedy "Faust": its combination of reality and elements of convention and fantasy. Faust as an eternal image of world literature. Goethe and Russian literature.

Translation of Adr. Piotrovsky

My darling tells me: I only want to be your wife,

Even Jupiter would wish for me in vain.

That's what he says. But what does a woman whisper to her lover in passion,

Write in the air and on fast-flowing water!

“No, not a single woman can boast of such a thing...”

Translation of Adr. Piotrovsky

No, not a single woman can boast of such a thing.

Devoted friendship, like I, Lesbia, was your friend.

Stronger than the bonds of love that once bound the two of us,

There have never been strong and binding bonds in the world.

Now my heart is broken. Jokingly you split it,

Lesbia! Passion and sadness broke my heart.

I won't be your friend, even if you became modest again,

But I can’t stop loving you, even if you’re a criminal!

“If it brings joy to a person to remember good deeds...”

Translation by S. Shervinsky

If o good deeds it is gratifying for a person to remember

In the conviction that he spent his life piously,

The saint never stained his faith when entering into agreements,

For the sake of deceiving people, I did not appeal to the gods in vain, -

It's waiting for you, for for many years, from this

There is much joy in ungrateful love, Catullus.

Everything good a person can say to another

Or do it to someone - you did everything and said.

What was entrusted to an unworthy soul was lost...

So why are you more tormented now?

If you don’t strengthen your soul, you won’t find consolation for yourself,

Driven by the wrath of the gods, will you not stop suffering?

Long love is difficult to stop with a sudden break,

It is truly difficult, but finally make up your mind!

This is your salvation, make up your mind, gather your will,

Conquer your passion, whether you have the strength or not.

Gods! You have pity, and people have shown it more than once

You are the last help even on your deathbed,

Take a look at me, the unlucky one, and if it’s clear

I have lived my life, tear the black disease out of me!

With numbness he penetrates my members deeply,

The best joys are driven away from my chest.

I don’t pray that she chooses me again

Or to be modest - it’s unthinkable for her,

If only I could be healed, if only I could throw off my dark illness.

Gods! I only ask this for my piety.

“I both hate her and love her...”

Translation by F. Petrovsky

I hate her and love her. “Why?” - you ask.

I don’t know myself, but that’s how I feel—and I’m languishing.

“Quinthia is famous for being beautiful...”

Translation of Adr. Piotrovsky

Quintia is famous for being beautiful. And I'll call her slim,

White and straight. I will praise everything in parts.

I won't just call her a beauty. Quintia has no charm,

There is no spark of fire in such a luxurious body.

Lesbia - that's who is beautiful! She deprived women

She combined all the women's magic in herself.

"Lesbia always scolds me..."

Translation of Adr. Piotrovsky

Lesbia always scolds me. Not silent for a moment

I'm ready to vouch - Lesbia loves me!

After all, it’s no different with me. I curse and scold her,

And I’m ready to guarantee that I love Lesbia very much!

“If a wish comes true beyond hope and measure...”

Translation of Adr. Piotrovsky

If a wish comes true beyond hope and measure,

The soul blesses the day with unparalleled happiness.

Blessed be the day, golden, precious, wonderful,

My dear lesbian, who returned my love.

Lesbia is with me again! What I didn’t expect has come true!

Oh, how magnificent life sparkles again!

Which person is happier than me? What else could I do?

Do I wish on earth? The heart is full to the brim!

“My life! Will happy love our…"

Translation of Adr. Piotrovsky

My life! Our love will be happy, so you said.

Let us be faithful to each other and never experience separation!

Great gods! Make sure she doesn't lie!

Let her the word goes pure from a pure soul!

May we live in peace and joy for many years to come,

The mutual union of friendship is inviolably preserved.

QUINT HORACE FLACCUS 673

ODES

“Glorious grandson, Maecenas...”

Translation by A. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky

To the Patron

Glorious grandson, Patron of the royal forefathers,

Oh, my joy, honor and refuge!

There are those for whom the highest happiness is -

Toss up the dust of the arena in an evasive run

Red-hot wheels: palm of victory

They are lifted up to the gods, the rulers of the world.

There are others who like the chosen one

To be the 674 crowd, ardent and windy.

This one is happy when from the Libyan field

He carefully gathered the harvest into the granaries;

And the one who is used to digging with a spade

Only father's allotment, even riches

You can’t lure all the kings of Pergamon into the sea

The ship can cut through the treacherous waves.

And the merchant, if he is, a furious storm

Frightened, he will begin to ardently praise

The world of native fields - again for repairs

We see the ship in fear of poverty.

There are others who, with a cup of wine, are a friend

I like to while away the day lying under a tree

Strawberry, in the shade of tender greenery,

Or at the spring of the reserved waters.

The camp attracts many, - the language is mixed

And horns, and trumpets, and hated

War to all mothers. Winter cold

Without fear, without thinking about my tender wife,

The hunter is still in the forest, has the doe smelled it?

A pack of faithful dogs, or a wild boar broke through the net.

But I am only ivy, the difference between the wise,

It brings me close to the heights, the grove is cool for me,

Where nymphs dance with satyrs,

Puts me above the crowd - if only Euterpe 675 would give me

Polyhymnia 676 also gave the flute to my hands

The lesbian lyre came to me to fix it.

If you count me among the lyre singers,

I will raise my proud head to the stars.

Catullus's poem "No, not a single woman can boast of such a thing..."
The textbook, translated by A. Piotrovsky, contains two poems by Catullus. The first is dedicated to love, the second to friendship.
Let's reread the first poem. Catullus writes that his attitude towards Lesbia combined both “devoted friendship” and love, like “strong and knitting ties.” The value and uniqueness for that time of the poet’s relationship to his beloved was precisely in the combination, in the unity of these two feelings.
The words “Now the heart is split” indicate that the feelings of friendship and love are in conflict with each other. Passionate attraction persists even after the poet learns about the woman’s unworthy behavior. But as a person deceived in his expectations, he cannot trust Lebsia, that is, feel her as his friend.
Men of the pre-Catullus era did not feel such a split, simply because they did not see a friend in a woman, so the question of two levels of relationships did not even arise. Catullus saw in a woman not only body beauty, the ability to bring physical satisfaction, but also spiritual beauty. Lesbia turned out to be unworthy of such treatment. With a feeling of spiritual suffering of this kind, Catullus introduces something new not only into poetry, but also into the formation of high human ethics.

Antique lyrics

The poetry of the Greeks and Romans also had different fates. Roman poetry was better off in subsequent centuries. In countries such as Italy or France, ancient Roman culture essentially never died out, even when Christianity triumphed and these flourishing, richly civilized areas were the scene of barbarian invasions. Even in the darkest years early Middle Ages she simmered in the monastery cells and was just waiting for the time when her works would again become daily bread philologists and poets.

The flowering of Roman lyric poetry roughly coincides with the reign of Augustus. This period is usually called the “golden age” of Roman poetry: it was during these years that the most famous poets wrote - Virgil, Horace, Ovid. But our modern perception is ready to give preference to the poet who worked only on the eve of the “golden age” - Caius Valery Catullus. http://www.proza.ru/2012/06/04/878

Work from the textbook - summary

Guy Valery Catullus(about 87-54 BC). Feelings and reason in the love lyrics of Catullus

Catullus, who lived in the first half of the 1st century BC. e., was, like Cicero, in the words of Tyutchev, “caught by the night of Rome,” that is, by the replacement of the republican system by autocracy. When Caesar crossed the Rubicon and approached the Eternal City, the Republican Catullus greeted him with a defiant epigram:
The last thing I want is to please you, Caesar, -
I don’t even want to know whether you are black or white.

Having settled into the metropolitan atmosphere of Rome, Catullus soon became the center of a small but gifted circle of peers. The poems addressed to Licinius Calvus and other friends involuntarily bring to mind Pushkin’s attitude towards his lyceum comrades. In general, in the temperament and many features of Catullus’s lyrics, similarities with our great poet are noticeable. http://www.proza.ru/2012/06/04/878

He played an important role in the neoteric circle. He wrote "scientific" epillia with mythological subjects.

But it was not the epillia that created the fame of Catullus, but his lyrical poems and epigrams. The poems are mainly related to his unhappy love for the famous beauty of Rome, Claudia.

Catullus devotes many poems to Clodia, first joyful, and then mournful and sometimes angry, because Clodia cheated on the poet. Catullus in his poems calls his beloved woman Lesbia, bringing her image closer to that. with Sappho. Catullus's love poems are sincere, they are touching in their content, and good in their form. The poet is delighted with the beauty of his beloved woman, he is intoxicated with her love. His passion is expressed especially well in the poem “Let’s live and love, O Lesbia...”:

Kiss me a hundred times, and a thousand, and again

Another up to a thousand, again up to a hundred, another hundred...

Let's mix up the score so that we don't know it,

So that the evil ones don’t envy you and me,

Finding out how many times I kissed you.

Everything that surrounds Lesbia is dear to Katilla. He sings the praises of her beloved sparrow, then writes a poem in connection with the death of this bird. When Lesbia-Claudia began to cheat on Catullus, the poet suffered deeply. But when she is with him again, the poet is delighted; although he says that passion still burns in him, there is no longer any respect for his beloved. Catullus scolds himself for his cowardice, for the fact that he cannot tear love out of his heart. In one of the poems he says to himself: “Poor Catullus, be no more a buffoon; when you see what has passed, consider it lost.”

I both hate and love. Why? Perhaps you should ask.

And I don’t understand, but, feeling it within myself, I suffer.

The poet managed to overcome his love.

She can’t wait for my old love,

The one who was killed by her own illness,

Like a flower on the edge of a field,

Cut by the plow.

Catullus has many poems addressed to friends: Licinius, Calvus, Caecilius, Septimius, etc. All of them are full of sincerity, warmth, and there is a lot of sweet humor in them.

He speaks out against Caesar with harsh epigrams. He condemns him for the fact that he, together with his minions, robs the provinces, spends the people's wealth on his own whims, and does not take into account the honor and rules of Roman citizens. Of Caesar's closest supporters, Catullus especially stigmatizes the head of military development.

Catullus sees that everyone is on Caesar's side more people. In addition, tuberculosis undermines the poet’s strength and he comes to the sad thought of the uselessness of his life.

In the field of civil lyricism, Catullus is a direct successor of the caustic iambs of Archilochus and the satyrs of Lucilius, but he went further than his teachers in poetic skill. His epigrams are concise in style, their structure and language are simple, there are many common words and even rude expletives. There are many diminutive words, which is typical for folklore speech. He designed the Roman epigram as a genre.

Answer questions in writing.

How do you imagine a poet?
Why are the lyrics of Catullus and his fate interesting to you?
What epithet would you give to Catullus?

The most talkative among the descendants of Remus (*),
Those who are and who were and those who will be
In the days to come, be healthy, Marcus Tullius,
And accept gratitude from Catullus.
Of the poets, he is the worst poet,
Like you, he is the best of intercessors (**).

Translation by A.I. Piotrovsky

(* Romulus and Remus are the legendary founders of Rome.** This epigram is directed against Cicero, who, having switched toside of Caesar, was for Catullus the speaker of the hostile camp. Catulluswittily parodies the pathetic style of Cicero's speeches, replete withepithets expressed by adjectives in superlatives. In hisa small epigram deliberately introduced five definitions expressedsuperlative adjectives: dissertissimus (most eloquent),maximus (greatest, in Russian translation this adjective is released), twotimes pessimus (worst) and optimus (best).)

Catullus’s poem “No, not a single woman can boast like that...” is dedicated to love.
Catullus writes that his attitude towards Lesbia combined both “devoted friendship” and love, like “strong and knitting ties.” The value and uniqueness for that time of the poet’s relationship to his beloved was precisely in the combination, in the unity of these two feelings.
The words “Now the heart is split” indicate that the feelings of friendship and love are in conflict with each other. Passionate attraction persists even after the poet learns about the woman’s unworthy behavior. But as a person deceived in his expectations, he cannot trust Lebsia, that is, feel her as his friend.
Men of the pre-Catullus era did not feel such a split because they did not see a friend in a woman, so the question of two levels of relationships did not even arise. Catullus saw in a woman not only the beauty of the body, the ability to bring physical satisfaction, but also spiritual beauty. Lesbia turned out to be unworthy of such treatment. With a feeling of spiritual suffering of this kind, Catullus introduces something new not only into poetry, but also into the formation of high human ethics.

http://www.gumfak.ru/zarub_html/bilet/bilet48.shtml

Horace "To Melpomene"

The theme of the poet and poetry is traditional, cross-cutting in European culture. The poet's monologue about himself is found in ancient poetry. Thus, Horace’s ode “To Melpomene” served as the basis for the poems of G.R. Derzhavin and A.S. Pushkin about the “monument”.

Its main aspects are the creative process, its purpose and meaning, the poet’s relationship with the reader, with the authorities, with himself.

Thus, among poets of different eras there was a tradition of lyrical depiction of a “miraculous” monument, as if summing up the result of creative activity. Today in class we will compare poems by M.V. Lomonosov, G.R. Derzhavina, A.S. Pushkin. Let's see how the theme of the poet and poetry develops in these works, how do the authors' positions in understanding this theme differ? Let's compare artistic media, with the help of which the point of view of poets is expressed.

Comparative analysis of poems by Horace, Derzhavin, Pushkin

Criteria	Horace "To Melpomene"	Derzhavin "Monument"	Pushkin "I erected a monument to myself..."
the main idea of the poem	the role of creativity and poetry in people's lives; what the poet creates makes him immortal	According to Derzhavin, the purpose of art and literature is to promote the spread of enlightenment and foster a love of beauty, correct vicious morals, and preach truth and justice.	The theme of the poet and poetry, the problem of poetic glory, poetic immortality: overcoming death through glory
vocabulary features	The solemnity of the sound is given by words of high style: I will erect, above, increase, fatherland, obstacle, etc., many words and expressions of Greco-Roman origin, from history and mythology: aquilon, Aufidas, Aeolian poems, muse, Delphic laurel, etc. (aquilon– northeast wind;Awfid- a river in Italy in the homeland of Horace;Aeolian poems– exemplary, ancient Greek;Alcean lyre– lyre of Alceus=Alcaeus, one of the best ancient Greek poets;muse- goddess, patroness of science and art;Delphic laurel– in the city of Delphi there was a temple of Apollo, the leader of the muses. Laurel was considered a sacred tree)	To add solemnity to poetic speech, the poet uses words of “high style” -brow, be proud, shout, dared, countlessetc.; various epithets - with a leisurely hand,cardiacsimplicity, meritfair, monument wonderful, eternal, thunder fleeting. Hyperbole and comparison at the same time -“It is higher than metals and harder than pyramids”. A monument is a creation left to descendants, so the comparison with pyramids and metal is clearly figurative, i.e. implying a figurative meaning. All this helps to confirm the idea of the importance of creativity, of immortality works of art	Epithets: monument not made by hands, soul in cherished lyre, in my cruel age, with the head rebellious; Metonymy: That I have good feelings lyre awakened... Synecdoche: And every tongue that is in it will call me, AND proud grandson Slavs and Finns, and now wild Tungus and friend of the steppes Kalmyk. Personification: By the command of God, O muse, be obedient... The choice of words and intonation are distinguished by solemnity and sublimity, thanks to Slavicisms:raised, with the head, corruption, drink, the tongue that is in it(i.e. people), commandand others. In terms of intonation, “Monument” represents a solemn speech by a national poet-citizen, asserting his right to historical immortality.
image of the monument		"wonderful, eternal" “harder than metals”, “higher than the pyramids”, “neither a whirlwind nor a fleeting thunder can break it”	"not made by hands" "he rose higher by the head of the rebellious pillar of Alexandria"
author's position	“...I was the first to bring together the song of Italy to the Aeolian voice...”Horace was proud of the fact that he brought “Aeolian poetry” (that is, Greek) “to Italy”: he was the first to translate Greek odes into Latin, introduced the tetrameter stanza of the Greek poet Alcaeus into Roman versification.	“...I was the first to dare in a funny Russian syllable To proclaim Felitsa’s virtues, Talk about God in simplicity of heart And speak the truth to kings with a smile..." The author reflects on the impact of poetry on contemporaries and descendants, on the poet’s right to the respect and love of his fellow citizens. He expresses confidence that his name will live in the hearts and memories of “countless peoples” inhabiting the space “from the White Waters to the Black Waters.” The poet connects his immortality with the “race of the Slavs,” that is, with the Russian people	“...I awakened good feelings with the lyre, That in my cruel age I glorified freedom And he called for mercy for the fallen.” The poet himself, through his work, erects during his lifetime a “monument not made by hands,” because he is the voice of the people, their prophet. The poet is proud that his poetry was free and called for freedom: “... in my cruel age I glorified freedom...”. Pushkin affirms the unity of national and personal ideals, he did not write for the sake of a “crown,” poetry is a selfless service in the name of humanity. The poet was convinced that the muse must strictly follow the truth, devotedly serve freedom, beauty, goodness and justice. This is the eternal and unchanging essence of truly folk art.
General conclusion, assessment	The poet connects poetic immortality with the glory of the state, affirming the citizenship of poetry.	Derzhavin’s “Monument” is a kind of “report” on the work done: on achievements in the “funny Russian style” and “educational” conversations with tsars about the truth.	Pushkin’s poem is cosmic in scale - it is addressed to the entire “sublunary world”, the poet’s posthumous glory is identified with eternal life: “No, all of me will not die, my soul is in the treasured lyre // My ashes will survive and will escape decay...”The contrast of the “cruel century” with Freedom, the call for mercy – these are the “ good feelings”, which Pushkin’s lyre awakens. Pushkin claims that he earned the right to immortality, to recognition and love of the people, firstly, by the high humanity of his creativity: “I awakened good feelings with the lyre; secondly, with his struggle for freedom: “in my cruel age I glorified freedom,” and in one of the versions of this line he called himself a follower of Radishchev: “following Radishchev, I glorified freedom”; thirdly, the defense of the Decembrists: “and he called for mercy for the fallen”

Resources used:

Anna Akhmatova about Dante

Dante Alighieri - life and work

Alighieri Dante

"The Divine Comedy" listen online

7 Secrets of Dante's Inferno

“The Comedy,” which became a “divine book” for posterity, is one of the greatest works of art the world knows. This is an encyclopedia of knowledge “moral, natural, philosophical, theological,” a grandiose synthesis of the feudal-Catholic worldview and an equally grandiose insight into the new culture unfolding at that time. The enormous poetic genius of the author set comedy above its era and made it a property of the centuries. http://royallib.ru/book/aligeri_dante/bogestvennaya_komediya_ill_dore.html

This is the "Divine Comedy". A unique poetic work, about which historians and critics, philosophers - and even adherents of a wide variety of mystical and esoteric teachings are still desperately arguing. What is this poem that still haunts dozens, hundreds of people? A kind of “guide” to the complex and to the beautiful world Christian mythology? An attempt to rationally comprehend from the point of view of Italian humanism something that is by definition irrational? Or, finally, just brilliant, poisonous and brilliant political satire? Doesn't matter. The main thing is that the words still sound like a call beyond the usual: " Earthly life Having walked halfway, I found myself in a dark forest..." http://royallib.ru/book/aligeri_dante/bogestvennaya_komediya.html

Keywords : soul, purification, ascent, abyss, hell, purgatory, symbolization, heaven, love, divine essence. http://lito.ru/text/65986

Central images: Beatrice is an image-symbol, an image is an idea; another image - living, reverent, real - the image of the poet’s homeland - Italy.Beatrice and Italy are two spectrums of the Comedy, its two main plans: the poet’s moral quest is inseparable from his dreams of the revival of his homeland.

Plot Dante's poems are typically medieval. This is an allegory depicting “walking through torment” - the path human soul from sin to righteousness, from the errors of earthly life to the truth of knowledge of God. (the epithet “divine” appeared later: it was given to the “comedy” by posterity, who thereby expressed their admiration for the poetic perfection of Dante’s immortal creation).

“Comedy” begins with a picture of a dense forest in which the poet gets lost. He was surrounded by wild beasts. The poet is in danger of death. And then suddenly an old man appears before him - the great Roman poet Virgil. He was sent by Beatrice, whose soul lives in heaven.Virgil invites Dante to follow him and leads him through the afterlife. They pass through hell and purgatory, where they see the torment of condemned sinners, and rise to the gates of heaven, where Virgil leaves Dante. He is replaced by Beatrice. She leads Dante further, through the heavenly spheres, where they behold the bliss of the righteous in heaven. Rising higher and higher, they reach the divine throne, where the image of God himself appears to the poet.

The forest thicket in which the poet got lost is allegory life catastrophes and moral failures of man.

Predatory beasts are disastrous human passions.

Virgil is earthly wisdom that guides a person to goodness.

Beatrice is divine wisdom, which leads to moral purification and comprehension of truth. The path to a person’s spiritual rebirth lies through his awareness of his sinfulness (journeys through hell) and the atonement of these sins (path through purgatory), after which the soul, cleansed of filth, goes to heaven.

Composition of the poem based on complex mystical game numbers 3, 7, 10 and their combinations. The poet gives a special touch to the magic of these numbers, secret meaning. Dante attaches the greatest importance to the number 3, which forms the basis of the entire compositional scheme of the Comedy. (The poem is divided into three parts: “Hell”, “Purgatory”, “Paradise”. Each part contains thirty-three songs (in total, together with the first, introductory one, one hundred songs). The principle of ternary division is also maintained in verse size: “Comedy” written in terzina - a three-line stanza.

Most impressive description of hell for followers of Christianity is given in the immortal “Divine Comedy” by Dante Alighieri.

Hell, as described by Dante, is located in a huge deep funnel, the bottom of which reaches the center of the earth. On the walls of the funnel there are nine tiers, nine circles of hell, in each of which sinners of a certain kind languish.
In the very first upper circle they serve their sentences unbaptized babies and virtuous non-Christians, whose fault is that for various reasons they failed to follow the teachings of Jesus.
In this circle Dante met many prominent figures antiquity, who died LONG BEFORE the appearance of Jesus Christ on Earth and, naturally, therefore could not become Christians.
The second circle of Hell contains voluptuous people.
The third circle is the refuge of gluttons.
The fourth circle is a place for misers and spendthrifts.
In the fifth circle of Hell there is a fetid Stygian swamp, in which angry people are executed.
The sixth circle is a place of torture for heretics, for those who denied the existence of God.
In the seventh circle, violence in all its manifestations is punished.
The eighth circle is the place of execution of deceivers.
The ninth is the lowest circle of Hell. Here those who committed the most terrible sin are tormented - they deceived those who trusted them. http://delayreferat.ru/news.php?readmore=90

AThe second seeks to enlighten people with the entire experience of history and give them knowledge of living reality in order to call for the struggle to change it. History, embodied in human destinies, comes to life under the pen of Dante. The poet populated the kingdom of the dead with countless crowds of shadows, but he gave them flesh, blood, human passions, and inhabitants the afterlife became indistinguishable from those who live on earth,like all the chroniclers of his time, Dante does not yet separate history from myth, fact from fiction. Next to his contemporaries, he depicts in the poem historical figures, heroes of biblical legends or literary works. But the abundance of historical and legendary material does not distract the poet from his plan - to show real move Italian life. Dante is convinced that the images of “those about whom there is a rumor” will serve as an impressive example, make his thoughts clear, and better convey to the reader the intent of the poem.The accuracy of facts, the power of “generalization, the breath of genuine life, seen, experienced, suffered, made the poem an invaluable monument, according to which even today historians study the era of Dante.The poet wants everyone to know what he is striving for in politics. He persistently and persistently leads the reader to the thought: only political unity can save Italy. This idea is served by the entire artistic structure of the poem, all the power of its realistic images, all its complex symbols and allegories, which, along with the philosophical, also carry a deep political meaning.