Problems of society in the modern world. Global problems of humanity: example, solutions

1. Why did the shares of oil and gas in the structure of consumed fuel sharply increase (Fig. 23)?

Fuel is a combustible substance that produces thermal energy when burned. Main component of these substances is carbon.

By origin, fuel is divided into natural (oil, coal, natural gas, oil shale, peat, wood) and artificial (coke, motor fuel, generator gases, etc.); By state of aggregation- into solid, liquid and gaseous.

The main characteristic of fuel is the heat of combustion. To compare different types of fuel and total accounting of its reserves, an accounting unit has been adopted - standard fuel. Its lower calorific value is 29.3 MJ/kg (7000 kcal/kg). For ease of dust transfer, thermal coefficients have been introduced.

Table 11 Maximum calorific value, MJ/kg or m3 Thermal coefficient Stone Brown coal Natural 32.7 and above Peat Oil shale

As can be seen from Table 11, oil and gas are the most efficient sources of energy, therefore, when large deposits of these types of fuel were discovered, they easily took leading positions in the fuel and energy balance.

2. What are the features of the location of the coal mining industry (Fig. 25)?

The leading factor in the location of the coal mining industry is the raw material factor, so its enterprises are located directly in the areas of coal basins. Coal mining in Russian Federation in 2003 amounted to 277 million tons, 71% of which came from coal(Table 12). Most of the coal (68%) is mined by open pit mining.

3. Why is the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin developing in Siberia, and not the Tunguska (Fig. 25)?

The Tunguska basin is located in an underdeveloped, sparsely populated area at a considerable distance from the main consumers. Difficulties in transporting and mining coal from the Tunguska Basin leave this rich resource virtually untouched.

The Kansk-Achinsk basin is located in a densely populated and economically developed part Eastern Siberia, where its main consumers are located. In addition, coal from this basin, thanks to open-pit mining, is the cheapest in Russia in terms of cost.

4. Name and show on the map the largest oil fields (Fig. 26).

The majority (90%) of all Russian oil is produced in three oil and gas provinces:

— West Siberian (70%) — Samoturskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Nizhnevartovskoye, Surgutskoye, Shaimskoye, Megionskoye and other fields;

Volga-Ural - Romashkinskoye, Almetyevskoye, Buguruslanskoye (Tatarstan), Shkapovskoye, Tuymazinskoye, Ishimbayevskoye, Arslanskoye (Bashkiria), Mukhanovskoye (Samara region), Yarinskoye (Perm region) fields;

— Timan-Pechorskaya — Ukhtinskoye, Usinskoye, Tekubskoye, Yargenskoye, Pashinskoye, Vozeiskoye fields.

The oldest oil-producing region in Russia is North Caucasus(fields of Chechnya, Dagestan, Stavropol and Krasnodar region). Here is the most high quality oil, but also the highest degree of field depletion (up to 80%). For comparison: the degree of depletion of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province is 50%, and the West Siberian province is 33%.

Currently, intensive work is underway to prepare for exploitation of offshore fields (on the islands of Kolguev and Sakhalin) and to search for new ones. Geological exploration work is 78% related to the search for new oil and gas fields. Several new promising fields have been discovered in the Lena-Vilyui depression, Kamchatka, Chukotka, Khabarovsk Territory and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

5. What are the features of the location of enterprises in the oil production and oil refining industries? Match the picture with the population density map. Draw conclusions (Fig. 26).

The oil industry is associated with the location of oil and gas bearing areas, i.e., with sources of raw materials.

The oil refining industry, thanks to convenient transportation through oil pipelines, gravitates more towards the consumer and therefore its geography coincides with densely populated regions.

Russia is one of the largest exporters of coal to the world market. Traditional buyers are European countries (Great Britain, Finland, Slovakia, Romania, etc.) and Asia (Japan, Turkey). And l CIS countries - Ukraine.

The largest coal basin in Russia in terms of production is Kuzbass. It accounts for more than 40% of all production. This is where the most different types coal, including coking and anthracite.

Kuzbass coal is supplied to various regions of the country. Despite the distance from world markets, this basin is the most major exporter Russian coal.

The Kansk-Achinsk basin produces the cheapest, but low-calorie coal, which, combined with the distance from world markets, makes its transportation ineffective, and it can spontaneously combust. Therefore, KATEK coal is used mainly locally to produce electricity at powerful state district power plants.

Due to its high price, Pechora coal is not competitive on the world market; it is used at the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant.

The South Yakut basin, where anthracite high-calorie coals are mined by open-pit mining (the largest open-pit mine is Neryungrinsky), exports coal to Japan.

7. What problems do you think exist in our country due to the concentration of fuel resources in the east, and consumers in the west of Russia?

The remoteness of consumers from the places of extraction of fuel resources requires significant costs for the delivery of the latter - the development of railways, the construction of specialized pipelines. Transporting fuel over long distances significantly increases its cost for the consumer.

Another problem is organizing the extraction of these resources in areas with harsh climatic conditions and poor infrastructure. This requires taking special measures to attract the population: various benefits, higher salaries, etc.

8. Why do some types of fuel lose their leading positions to other types over time? To construct a more complete answer, use Figure 3 (Kondratieff cycles).

In the Kondratiev cycle table there is no special column - types of fuel. However, based on the key factor and core of the technological cycle, you can reconstruct the picture of the change in fuel types.

In the first cycle, the use of fuel as an energy source is minimal. In the second, the main type of fuel is coal. In the third, any type of fuel can be used, in the fourth, oil. In the fifth cycle, with the development of high technologies and huge energy needs, everything higher value acquires nuclear energy.

9. Compare, using textbook maps, the geography of three branches of the fuel industry: oil, gas, coal. Which of these industries is the most concentrated and which is the most dispersed? Identify the types of economic regions with different combinations of fuel resources: a) all three types are present; b) one type; c) none.

The geography of fuel (as, indeed, any other types) resources is determined by the peculiarities of the tectonic structure of the territory.

The coal industry is more dispersed than the oil or gas industry. The bulk of coal deposits are located at a considerable distance from world markets, and only high quality coal and low production costs (in some coal basins) allow Russian raw materials to withstand competition. Coal deposits have long been the basis for the formation of large industrial regions with developed energy, metallurgy and chemical industries.

Compared to the coal industry, the oil industry is the most concentrated. Oil fields are closer to the consumer. About 65% of oil is produced in Western Siberia, approximately 25% of production occurs in the Volga-Ural region. Transportation of oil is much cheaper than coal, so its processing is carried out in areas of consumption.

The geography of the gas industry basically coincides with the location of the oil industry. 90% of Russian gas is produced in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Western Siberia).

To highlight the types of economic regions, continue to fill out the table

Table 13 Economic region Deposits Type of area oil Central V) Central Chernozem

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With the development of mankind and under the influence latest technologies New problems appear that people had not even thought about before.

They accumulate and over time begin to destroy modern society spiritually and physically. Every person has heard about world problems modern society such as mineral depletion, greenhouse effect, overpopulation and deterioration of the ecological state of our planet. In addition to global difficulties, any citizen can be affected, or is already affected, by social, moral, economic and political problems. One of them can be attributed various kinds dependencies. Deterioration in living standards, job loss and absence cash many lead to stress and depression. People want to forget and try to film nervous tension alcohol or drugs. However we're talking about not only about bad habits, alcohol abuse or taking narcotic drugs. Modern society, like a virus, has been struck by dependence on loans, computers and the Internet, as well as drugs imposed by advertising. At the same time, from some modern problems It’s better to get rid of them or not have them at all; all that remains is to adapt to others. After all, some of them are ordinary difficulties that can be overcome and gain invaluable life experience.

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The most common problems in society

Social inequality. There have always been rich and poor citizens. However, now there is a huge gap between these segments of the population: some people have bank accounts with fabulous sums, others do not even have enough money to buy meat. According to income level, society can be divided into three groups:

• Rich people (presidents, kings, politicians, cultural and artistic figures, big businessmen)
• Middle class (employees, doctors, teachers, lawyers)
• Poor people (unskilled workers, beggars, unemployed)

Market instability in modern world has led to a significant portion of citizens living below the poverty line. As a result, society becomes criminalized: robbery, robbery, fraud. However, in the absence of strong social inequality, the number of crimes is much lower.

Credit bondage. Intrusive advertising slogans calling for take now and pay later are firmly entrenched in people's minds. Some people sign without looking loan agreement, so they don’t know the dangers of quick loans. Financial illiteracy does not allow one to assess one’s own solvency. Such citizens have several loans that they cannot repay on time. TO interest rate penalties are added, which can become even greater than the debt.

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Alcoholism and drug addiction. These diseases are a dangerous social problem. The main reasons why people drink: general instability, unemployment and poverty. Drugs are usually used out of curiosity or for company with friends. Taking these substances leads to moral degradation personality, destroys the body and causes fatal diseases. Alcoholics and drug addicts often give birth to sick children. Antisocial behavior becomes the norm for such citizens. Under the influence of alcohol and drugs, they commit various crimes, which negatively affects the life of society.

A departure from traditional family values. The family provides each person with the necessary psychological support. However, in modern society there is a departure from the traditional family, which is associated with the promotion of homosexual relationships, so popular in Western countries. And the legalization of same-sex marriage in some states is destroying historically established gender roles. After all, back in the Stone Age, a man was the main breadwinner, and a woman was the keeper of the hearth.

Forced illnesses and medications. Drug manufacturers need unhealthy people, because the more sick people, the better the product sells. In order for the pharmaceutical business to generate stable income, illnesses are imposed on citizens and a stir is created. For example, the recent mass hysteria around bird and swine flu was accompanied by daily media reports about new victims of the disease. The world began to panic. People began to buy all kinds of medicines, vitamins, and gauze bandages, which increased in price five to six times. This is how the pharmaceutical industry constantly makes huge profits. At the same time, some medications do not cure, but only eliminate symptoms, while others are addictive and only help if taken regularly. If a person stops taking them, the symptoms return. Therefore, citizens are unlikely to ever be offered truly effective medicines.

Virtual world. Most children with early age have free access to a computer. They spend a lot of time in virtual world and move away from reality: they don’t want to go out, communicate with peers, and have difficulty doing homework. Even during the holidays, schoolchildren are rarely seen on the streets. Sitting at computers, children can no longer do without a world of illusions in which they feel safe and comfortable. Computer addiction is an emerging problem in the modern world.

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Terrorist attacks. Serious social problem are terrorist attacks V different parts land. Hostage-taking, shootings, explosions in subways and airports, bombings of planes and trains kill millions human lives. Terrorism can be global, such as ISIS and Al-Qaeda. These groups want to acquire weapons of mass destruction, so they use global funds to achieve your goal. Operating all over the world, they organize terrorist attacks in different countries with numerous victims. Terrorists can also be individuals who are dissatisfied with the policies of their state, for example, the Norwegian nationalist Breivik. Both types are heinous crimes that result in the death of innocent people. It is impossible to predict a terrorist attack, and absolutely anyone can become its random victim.

Military conflicts and interference in the affairs of other states. In Ukraine, Western countries staged a coup d'état, which they paid for in advance and provided information and political support. After which the United States and the EU ordered to go to war against the residents of Donbass who did not want to submit to the Ukrainian authorities. At the same time Western countries, who love to shout about human rights, remained silent in this situation. And the United States financially helped Kyiv and supplied military equipment. When Russia provided assistance to Donbass with weapons and food, it was instantly criticized by the West and accused of interfering in the affairs of Ukraine. At the same time, there was an opportunity to agree on a truce, but Kyiv, at the suggestion of the United States and the EU, chose war. Residents of Donbass became victims of political games. Thousands of people lived prosperously and suddenly lost everything, left without a roof over their heads. This is not an isolated case; the United States has repeatedly intervened in the affairs of the Middle East and other countries.

1. Which of the achievements of mankind in the 20th century do you consider the most significant? Justify your answer.

Answer: I consider the invention of the Internet to be the most significant achievement of the 20th century, since it allows humanity as a whole to develop no longer in the technogenic world, but in the digital information world. In my opinion, this is a person’s step into the future.

2. Explain why the progress of human society is accompanied by an increase and aggravation of global problems of its development?

Answer: a prerequisite for the existence of human progress in at the moment are monetary and credit relationships, which at this stage of development of human society have a huge need for energy resources. That is, whoever has these resources sets the tone in the general “disco”. The aggravation of global problems is the result of the struggle for this influence.

3. What problems of our time are called global? Why do you think?

Answer: Among the global problems of our time, the following can be distinguished: terrorism, lack of education of 1/3 of the world's population, growing danger environmental disaster, humanitarian crises in Africa, energy problem.

In my opinion, all these problems exist due to incorrect prioritization and, as a result, ineffective allocation of resources.

4. Why is the threat of the spread and use of nuclear weapons so dangerous in our time? What measures, in your opinion, can this threat be mitigated or eliminated?

Answer: because nuclear weapons is a weapon mass destruction, which has the ability to erase millions of people and entire cities from the earth in an instant, not to mention environmental consequences, which can put an end to the existence of humans as a species.

Ban and forget in an international format, under the threat of strict sanctions measures.

5. Which of the global problems of our time do you consider the most difficult and dangerous for life on Earth? Give reasons to support your conclusion.

Answer: I think the most dangerous problem of humanity environmental problems. Man is part of the Earth's Biosphere; a detrimental influence on the Earth's Biosphere will certainly affect human life, and this influence can be fatal.

6. Do you think the problem of use has been solved in our time? scientific achievements only for peaceful purposes? What does her decision depend on?

Answer: In our time, the problem of using scientific achievements has not been solved. Its decision largely depends on international relations Superpowers and their domestic and foreign policies.

7. How do you understand the term “sustainable and safe development”?

Answer: This is development that combines the steady improvement of economic and social conditions of life with the long-term preservation of the natural foundations of this life.

8. How to activate international cooperation can affect the improvement or deterioration of the situation in the world?

Answer: the intensification of international relations in any case affects the situation in the world, the question is the following: what will this activation be aimed at, if the solution global issues and problems, then it is positive, but if there are attempts to seize certain resources, then it is negative. I also think that inaction in international relations will have a negative impact.

9. What events in the history of the late XX - beginning of the XXI centuries could you call the events of the century? Why?

Answer: if you miss the creation of the Internet, then I can call the collapse Soviet Union and the creation of the European Union, as well as the launch of the Andron Collider.

Because the first two events influenced the well-being of humanity as a whole, not to mention the change in spheres of influence in the world, and the launch of a project such as the Andron Collider will open up new development prospects for humanity, such as a quantum computer.

10. What do you think are the prospects for human civilization in the 21st century?

Answer: I think that everything depends on the person himself, I do not exclude the possibility of almost complete self-destruction of humanity nearby possible problems, I also do not rule out the transition of humanity to new stage technological development, perhaps it will be the cybernization of man (the combination of man and computer).

Global problems humanity affect our planet as a whole. Therefore, all peoples and states are engaged in solving them. This term appeared in the late 60s of the XX century. Currently, there is a special scientific branch that studies and solves global problems of humanity. It is called global studies.

Scientific specialists from various fields work in this area: biologists, soil scientists, chemists, physicists, and geologists. And this is no coincidence, because the global problems of humanity are complex in nature and their emergence does not depend on any one factor. On the contrary, it is very important to take into account the economic, political, and social changes taking place in the world. Life on the planet in the future depends on how correctly the modern global problems of humanity are solved.

You need to know: some of them have existed for a long time, others, quite “young”, are associated with the fact that people began to negatively impact the world around us. Because of this, for example, environmental problems of mankind have arisen. They can be called the main difficulties of modern society. Although the problem of environmental pollution itself appeared a long time ago. All varieties interact with each other. Often one problem provokes another.

Sometimes it happens that global problems of humanity can be solved and completely gotten rid of them. First of all, this concerns epidemics that threatened the lives of people all over the planet and led to their mass death, but then they were stopped, for example, with the help of an invented vaccine. At the same time, completely new problems appear that were previously unknown to society, or existing ones grow to a global level, for example, depletion of the ozone layer. The cause of their occurrence is human activity. The problem of environmental pollution allows us to see this very clearly. But in other cases, the tendency of people to influence the misfortunes that happen to them and threaten their existence is clearly visible. So, what problems of humanity that have planetary significance exist?

Environmental disaster

It is caused by daily environmental pollution and depletion of earth and water reserves. All these factors together can accelerate the onset of environmental disaster. Man considers himself the king of nature, but at the same time does not strive to preserve it in its original form. This is also hampered by the industrialization that is taking place at a fast pace. Negatively affecting its habitat, humanity destroys it and does not think about it. It is not for nothing that pollution standards have been developed and are regularly exceeded. As a result, humanity's environmental problems may become irreversible. To avoid this, we must pay attention to the preservation of flora and fauna, and try to preserve the biosphere of our planet. And for this it is necessary to make production and other human activities more environmentally friendly so that the impact on the environment is less aggressive.

Demographic problem

The world's population is growing rapidly. And although the “population explosion” has already subsided, the problem still remains. The food situation is worsening natural resources. Their stocks are decreasing. At the same time, it increases negative impact on environment, it is impossible to cope with unemployment and poverty. Difficulties arise with education and healthcare. The UN has taken upon itself the solution to global problems of this nature. The organization created a special plan. One of its points is the family planning program.

Disarmament

After creation nuclear bomb, the population tries to avoid the consequences of its use. For this purpose, non-aggression and disarmament treaties are signed between countries. Laws are being adopted to ban nuclear arsenals and stop the arms trade. The presidents of leading states hope in this way to avoid the outbreak of the Third World War, as a result of which, as they suspect, all life on Earth could be destroyed.

Food problem

In some countries, the population is experiencing food shortages. Residents of Africa and other third countries of the world suffer especially from hunger. To solve this problem, two options have been created. The first is aimed at ensuring that pastures, fields, and fishing areas gradually increase their area. If you follow the second option, you should not increase the territory, but increase the productivity of existing ones. For this purpose they are developing the latest biotechnologies, methods of land reclamation, mechanization. High-yielding plant varieties are being created.

Health

Despite active development medicine, the emergence of new vaccines and drugs, humanity continues to get sick. Moreover, many diseases threaten the lives of the population. Therefore, in our time, the development of treatment methods is actively underway. Modern substances are created in laboratories for effective immunization of the population. Unfortunately, the most dangerous diseases of the 21st century - oncology and AIDS - remain incurable.

Ocean problem

IN lately this resource is not only actively researched, but also used for the needs of humanity. Experience shows that it can provide food, natural resources, and energy. The ocean is a trade route that helps restore communication between countries. At the same time, its reserves are used unevenly, and military operations are ongoing on its surface. In addition, it serves as a base for the disposal of waste, including radioactive waste. Humanity is obliged to preserve the riches of the World Ocean, avoid pollution, and rationally use its gifts.

Space exploration

This space belongs to all humanity, which means that all peoples must use their scientific and technical potential to explore it. For deep space exploration, special programs are created that use all modern achievements in this area.

People know that if these problems do not go away, the planet may die. But why do many people not want to do anything, hoping that everything will disappear and “dissolve” by itself? Although, in truth, such inaction is better than the active destruction of nature, pollution of forests, water bodies, destruction of animals and plants, especially rare species.

It is impossible to understand the behavior of such people. It would not hurt them to think about the fact that their children and grandchildren will have to live, if, of course, it is still possible, on a dying planet. You shouldn’t count on anyone being able to rid the world of difficulties in just one minute. short time. Global problems of humanity can only be solved together if all of humanity makes an effort. The threat of destruction in the near future should not be frightening. It is best if it can stimulate the potential inherent in each of us.

Don’t think that it’s difficult to cope with the world’s problems alone. This makes it seem like it is useless to act, and thoughts of powerlessness in the face of difficulties appear. The point is to join forces and help at least your city prosper. Solve small problems of your habitat. And when every person on Earth begins to have such responsibility towards themselves and their country, large-scale, global problems will also be solved.