1 use of the present perfect tense. Present Perfect Tense - Present Perfect Tense

There are 26 tenses in the English grammatical system. This is often the reason why difficulties arise in the process of studying it. After all, it is quite difficult for a Russian person, whose native language has only 3 tenses, to grasp the difference in the use of these categories.

The greatest difficulty for students learning English is the Present Perfect - the present perfect tense.

This difficult English. Present Perfect

The present perfect tense denotes an action that was performed in the past, but its result is associated with the present:

I have done my homework. I can go for a walk. - I did my homework. I can go for a walk ( homework completed, and as a result - the opportunity to go for a walk).

I have lost my key. I can't enter my flat. - I lost my keys. I can't enter the house.

Method of formation Present Perfect

My mum has just made a cake. - My mother has just made a pie.

Ann has already washed up. - When I arrived, Anya had already washed all the dishes.

We have had dinner today. - We already had lunch today.

IN colloquial speech instead of full form you can use the abbreviations ‘ve, ‘s:

I’ve arrived in Moscow today. - Today I arrived in Moscow.

He's lost his key. - He lost his keys.

To form negative forms, the particle not is added to the auxiliary verb:

He hasn’t prepared for English exam. - He did not prepare for the English language exam.

They haven't come home yet. - They haven't come home yet.

Interrogative form of the present perfect tense

For building general type questions in the Present Perfect tense category, the auxiliary verbs has/have are placed at the beginning of the sentence:

Have you ever been in Greece? -Have you ever been to Greece?

Has she graduated from the University this year? - She graduated from university this year?

To create a special question type, use the following word order:

1) question word;

3) subject;

4) adverb of time (if any), predicate, etc.

What has she just cooked? -What did she just cook?

Where have you walked this evening? -Where did you go this evening?

Correct or not?

As mentioned earlier, this tense category is created using a special form of the semantic verb. In English, there are regular verbs that form the simple past and present perfect tense by adding -ed endings, and irregular verbs. The Present Perfect is the tense in which their use is necessary.

But, unfortunately, this part of speech causes numerous difficulties for students. form temporary forms according to a special algorithm that defies any rules. In fact, they cannot be called exceptions, since there are more than a hundred of them in the English language.

An example of an irregular verb: go-went-gone (to go). The first word is an infinitive verb, the second is used to express the past tense (also called participle 2), and the third is used to express action in the present perfect tense. There is no specific way of forming the first or second participle. The only way out of this situation is cramming. There is nothing wrong with this, since basically all these verbs are “by ear”, they are quickly remembered and firmly embedded in speech.

Faithful companions

The following are used as accompanying adverbs of this tense:

Already - already:

I have already passed my exam. - I have already passed the exam.

Just - just now:

You have just won the prize! - You just won the main prize!

Ever - ever:

Have ever been to Milan? -Have you ever been to Milan? (this is how the verb "be" is expressed in the present perfect)

Before - before, earlier:

I have never met him before. - I've never met him before.

Yet - for now, yet, still:

I haven't been tired yet. - I'm not tired yet.

As can be seen from the examples, accompanying adverbs are placed after the auxiliary verb. The exception is the word “yet”.

Of course, accompanying adverbs will not be used in every specific case of the present perfect tense. But the presence of these words serves as a definite clue to recognizing a new temporary category.

Cases of use

As stated earlier, given time used to indicate the effectiveness of an action performed in the past. In addition, Present Perfect time is necessary in the following cases:

1. When talking about an action without specifying the time of its completion:

He has done all his work. - He did all his work.

2. When the action has completed, but the time period in which it was carried out has not yet ended.

Compare:

I have had breakfast this morning. - I had breakfast this morning. (The morning is not over yet).

I had breakfast this morning. - I had breakfast this morning (it’s evening now, the action is in the past).

3. The present perfect tense can be used to denote previous actions, for example:

I have taken on my coat before I went out. - I put on my coat before leaving the house.

Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous

To denote actions that began in the past and continue in the present, the Present Perfect is used. Offers:

I have lived there since 2000. - I have lived here since 2000.

She has worked here as a secretary for 5 years. - She has been working here as a secretary for 5 years.

In this case, the present perfect tense very closely overlaps with another tense category - Present Perfect Continuous. It is also necessary to denote actions that last from some point in the past to the present. A person, using this tense in speech, wants to show the process of an action, its duration.

I have been flying in the plane for 3 hours. - I’ve been flying on a plane for 3 hours (the process itself is indicated).

What is the difference between simple and truly complete?

The main difficulty in mastering this tense is that a Russian-speaking student often cannot grasp the difference between the past tense and the present perfect. To ensure that the choice between these tenses does not become a real dilemma and an endless obstacle to acquiring language skills, it is necessary to highlight specific cases of their use.

1. Present Perfect denotes the result, while Past simple indicates the completion of an action in the past, which is in no way connected with the present.

Compare:

I visited a museum a week ago. - I went to the museum a week ago.

I have just visited this museum! The exhibition is really worth seeing. - I just visited the museum. The exhibition is truly worth seeing.

If in the first case the action ended in the past and the sentence only states the fact of visiting the museum, then in the second case a direct connection with the present is shown - there is a result, that is, the person received pleasure from contemplating the paintings. In addition, in the first example a specific indication of time is given - a week ago, which is the main sign of the simple past tense.

2. If the question begins with the word when, then in this case the simple past will be used instead of the present perfect tense.

Compare:

Have you ever seen this girl? -Have you ever seen this girl (at all)?

When did you see this girl? - When did you see this girl (a specific period of time in the past is recognized)?

Is Perfect group tense necessary in colloquial speech?

Often, while memorizing huge tables with tenses, irregular verbs and other intricacies of the English language, many do not understand the meaning of such linguistic bells and whistles when hearing the everyday, simple speech of a foreigner. Indeed, residents of some countries have simplified English beyond recognition and have forgotten many tense forms and other grammatical phenomena. Therefore, the question arises: is it worth suffering and delving into all this if it is not useful?

It's worth it because it will definitely come in handy. After all, English is not only about communicating with a foreigner on Skype in a “broken” language. This:

foreign periodicals;
literary masterpieces of world famous authors - Dickens, Thackeray, Hardy;
the opportunity to work in serious foreign companies, enter prestigious universities, engage in tutoring, etc.

Thus, studying the grammatical features of the English language is simply necessary. After all, lexical units, like beads, are strung on the connecting threads of grammar.

Present Perfect is a complex phenomenon, but easy to understand for an assiduous student. In order for it to be firmly assimilated in the mind, it is necessary to perform appropriate exercises to develop grammatical skills, read as much classical literature in a foreign language as possible - after all, where else can one find an abundance of language forms? Actively use new grammatical material in your speech, if possible.

From the school desk, students are intimidated by the difficult to understand parts of English, which must be crammed, otherwise you will not communicate and understand the language even at a minimal level. In fact, the prim English have only three tenses, as in our great and mighty language: present, past and future. However, you should understand: each time has its own characteristics, in other words, types. In this article we will look at the present tense and its form Present Perfect Simple.

English present tense

The present tense in English has 4 types:

Present Perfect.
Present Simple.
Present Perfect Continuous.

Exercises usually help to reinforce the complexities of using these forms. It should be understood that these are not isolated rules, they have a certain system. The main thing in studying is to understand the essence of each tense, when it needs to be applied in practice in writing, and when in live conversation.

Time formula

Type nametemporary Present forms Perfect Simple is translated as "present perfect tense". The perfect form is one of the most used in communication by residents of England and America, although we hear it less often in the speech of the latter. This type of present tense is formed according to the following formula: auxiliary + main verb in 3rd form.

The third form for regular verbs is formed by adding and for irregular verbs there is its own form, which is usually given in dictionaries.

For example:

I have already cleaned my room. - “I have already cleaned my room” (the verb clean is correct).

He has already drunk his tea. - “He has already drunk his tea” (the verb drink is incorrect).

Thus, we can say that the present perfect tense is quite simple to form; the main thing is to know whether you are using the correct form of the verb or not.

The third part of the table in dictionary publications and textbooks contains the third form of the verb. For example: the verb be (translated as to be, to exist) has the following forms: be/was (were)/been.

Using the present perfect tense

Present Perfect Simple is used when it is necessary to express exactly the result of an action that has already been performed. With the help of this tense, attention is focused on the result and thus it is clear that the action has already been completed. We also use Simple when we talk about an action that happened in an unfinished period of time. Remember that the main thing for understanding the perfect is the connection with the present moment and the fact of completion of the action. For example: " I have already eaten watermelon." - I have already eaten melon. That is, we mean the result of the action itself, the actual result.

These two tense forms refer to the present tense, but have different meaning. Present Simple is used when talking about events that happen usually and every day. The main indicators for it are the following words: always (always), usually (usually), rarely (rarely), often (often). The Present Perfect expresses an action that has already been performed and has a certain result at the time of the speaker’s speech. Also, these two times have different formation formulas. The simple tense is used in live communication much more often than the perfect tense. He has many words - pointers, that is, words that directly say that it is necessary to use the perfect tense.

Difference between Present Perfect and Past Simple

When learning English, the question always arises of when to use the Present Perfect and when to use the Past Simple. It is necessary to understand the basic postulates of using these forms of time. The most important thing to remember: " Paste simple" - this is the past tense, it talks about those events that have already happened. "Present perfect" is the present tense, it talks about what was started earlier and has not yet been completed, or has ended, but has a relationship with today. Sometimes you can understand from the meaning of the text itself that it is the perfect that must be used. The tense should be chosen depending on what needs to be said to the speaker, based on the situation that has arisen.

Timing Rules

If the situation or time period in question has ended and has no connection with the present, then “Past Simple” should be used. Using Time Past Simple this may mean that the person is no longer able to carry out any action. If you don’t say in more detail in a conversation about the reason for choosing this time, then you might think that the person is no longer alive.

She always loved watching TV. - “She always loved watching TV” (meaning that she doesn’t watch TV anymore because she died).

She has always loved watching TV. - “She always loved watching TV” (she loved it before and still loves it).

Etymology of the word

The word perfect comes from Latin language and is translated as “completion”, and the meaning of “perfection”, in the sense of the absence of shortcomings, acquired much later. In fact, the word perfect acquired the meaning of “flawless” by expanding its previous meaning, because something created is completed when it no longer has flaws. Perfect tenses are so called because they refer to actions that are completed relative to the present tense. For example: “I ate the bread” is an action that is currently completed. However, not every use of the present tense perfect form associated with the idea of completion. In fact, the perfect form exists in many European languages, including in our Russian language.

English is not difficult. The rules are easy to remember and there are not many of them.

Not everything in a foreign language can be mastered the first time. This is especially true for grammar rules, of which there are many in English. More than once, students, in their quest to master a foreign language, have to return to the same topic and analyze it again and again. Today we propose to consider the aspect of the perfect present tense, and to do this not only from the theoretical side, but also in close tandem with practice. For each rule we give present perfect examples, which will act as a visual example. Thanks to the methodical development of structures, knowledge of the rules will be absorbed subconsciously; all that remains is to consolidate it with training exercises.

In order to understand the significance of this aspect, it is necessary to rethink the Russian approach to the tense system. In our speech, completed actions automatically refer to the past. In English, it is not the fact of completion that is important, but the relevance of the action. Therefore, the perfect can be in the past, in the present and in the future.

The present perfect tense includes those actions whose results are relevant at the moment. Accordingly, the events of this aspect:

were completed quite recently;
happened once, but the result appeared only now;
express everyday experience;
are long-term (started in the past, are happening now and will continue in the future).*

*The last paragraph uses verbs that cannot be used in meaning with the Perfect Continuous, or can be used equally in both tenses.

Let's move on to mastering meanings in practice, which the next section will help us with.

Present perfect example sentences

Predicates in this form are grammatical constructions consisting of two elements. Let us examine in detail each type of sentence in the present perfect.

Statement

Affirmative phrases that carry a positive result of an action are formed using the auxiliary have and the past participle. Moreover, the auxiliary verb has different shapes: for 3rd person unit (he, she, it) – has, for everyone else – have. Let us derive a generalized diagram.

Nick(1)has(2) bought(3)anewdressforme(4) - Nick bought me a new dress.

This is the basic form from which other types of utterances are derived. To practice it, we give examples 10 in the present perfect affirmative proposals with the translation.

They have finished theprojectA-20 thisweek– They completed the A-20 project this week.
I have used thiscomputersince2010 – I have been using this computer since 2010.
She has lived in England for three months –ShelivedVEngland 3months.
We have just cooked potatoes with vegetables –We just cooked potatoes and vegetables.
You have already been in Prague –YoualreadywereVPrague.
I have seen a koala in the local zoo three times. It has always slept – I saw a koala at the local zoo three times. SheAlwayssleeping.
They have owned this building since they bought it in 1999 –TheyownthisbuildingWiththosesince thenHowboughthisin 1999year.
He has always liked such films –To himAlwayslikedsuchmovies.
We have never flown byamilitaryplane– We have never flown on a military plane.
It is the first time she has painted someone's portrait –Shefirstdrewwhose-Thatportrait.

Please note that present perfect phrases are translated into Russian using both perfect verbs and imperfect constructions.

Negation

The particle not is responsible for the negative result of an action, as in all English aspects. Once it is added to the corresponding form of have, the affirmative statement turns into a negation.

Children(1) have not (2) done (3) their homework yet (4) – ChildrenmoreNotdonemyhomework.

Much more often, both in colloquial speech and in writing, the abbreviations haven’t/haven’t are used.

He hasn't been in Africa for five months –HeNotwasVAfrica 5months.
I haven 't feed mydogyet– I haven’t fed my dog yet.
We haven't packed our suitcases –WeNotpackedoursuitcases.
She hasn't been seen her best girlfriend for many years –SheNotsawmythe bestgirlfrienda lot ofyears.
You haven 't passed thisexam– You failed this exam.

Being derived from statements, negative sentences are not fraught with complexity. The only thing worth mentioning is that if the expression contains negative adverbs, then the second negation (not) is no longer placed, because There cannot be two negatives in a sentence in English!

She has never played football– She never played football.
She hasn't 't played footballthisweekShe didn't play football this week.

Keep this rule in mind when using negative adverbs.

Questions

To create a general question, you need to perform a syntactic rearrangement of the verb have, moving it to the beginning of the phrase.

Has(1) she (2) answered(3) all your questions already (4)? – ShealreadyansweredonAllyoursquestions?

Have you ever cooked a Caesar salad? –YouWhen-somedaypreparedsaladCaesar?
Have they gone to the city’s museum two times? –Did they go to the city museum twice?

Such questions can be answered using brief constructions Yes,shehas/wehave or No,shehasn't't/wehaven't. In place of she/we, any pronoun corresponding to the statement is inserted.

A more precise answer is required alternative questions, providing a choice of two specified options. Outwardly, they are similar to general questions, but they have an additional (alternative) part, attached by the conjunction or.

Have you been friends since 2004 or since 2005? –Yoube friendssince 2004of the yearorsince 2005?
Has she studied Japanese or Chinese for 7 years? –ShesevenyearsteachesJapaneselanguageorChineselanguage?

When using special question words, general proposals temporarily the present perfect changes its construction, skipping forward significant words.

Where has he bought such a dictionary? –WhereHeboughtsuchdictionary?
How long have we known each other? –How long have we known each other?
A separate type of special combinations is a question for the subject.
Who has written is it on the blackboard? –WhowroteThisonblackboard?
Who has just used mysmartphone? – Who just used my smartphone?

By the way, short phrases can be used to answer this question: Ihave,shehas and so on.

Interrogative sentences with a negative construction have a special emotional connotation. They are used only in colloquial speech.

Hasn 't he called hismotheryet? “Hasn’t he called his mom yet?”
Haven 't I told themaboutthatsituation? “Didn’t I tell them about that situation?”

And the last view - dividing questions. At first glance, they look like statements, but if you look closely, you can identify a question tail with a pronoun and the verb have. It is noteworthy that the additive will always be opposite in meaning to the main phrase.

You have played basketball this week, haven't you? – YouplayedVbasketballonthisweek,isn't itNo?
She has ridden an elephant, hasn't she? – She rode an elephant, didn't she?
They haven 't been inthejungle, have they ? “They weren’t in the jungle, were they?”
Jack hasn't 't visited you, has he ? “Jack hasn’t visited you yet, has he?”

So, we have considered all possible types of the perfect present in statements of various types. Before moving on to the exercises, let’s summarize the information received and remember once again what grammatical constructions of the present perfect and example sentences can be found in the speech of native Englishmen.

Statement		Negation
We have had this cat for 10 years already. We've had this cat for 10 years.		She hasn't cooked a cake this week. She didn't make a cake this week.
Questions
General	Alternative		Special
Have they seen this performance? They watched thisplay?	Has he bought a scooter or a bicycle? Did he buy a scooter or a bicycle?		When have we been in Berlin? When were we in Berlin?
To the subject	Negative		Dividing
Who has opened the door? Who opened the door?	Haven't they gone to the club? Didn't they go to the club?		She has read this book, hasn't she ? She read this book, didn't she?

After studying Past, Present and Future Simple, this topic will seem very complex and incomprehensible. As soon as you translate this time into Russian, panic begins. How can one time unite the past and the present? This is precisely the essence of this time. Let's look at the simplest example:

I have broken my leg. - I broke my leg.

As you can see, the speaker does not name exact date and time, but simply tells that in the past he broke his leg and is currently in a cast.

Present Perfect (present perfect tense) is formed thanks to the verb have, which appears as an auxiliary verb and a perfect participle. These are the forms that are located in the 3rd column of irregular verbs.

Have (has) + V3.

If you carefully examine the formula, it becomes clear that the past participle is an unchanged part in the sentence, but have (has) will change depending on the person and number of the speaker. In any tense, including the Present Perfect, the rules must be taught in such a way that you can remember them at any time. If you memorize the above diagram, then no problems will arise in solving the exercises. But we shouldn’t stop at one scheme, so let’s move on.

Present Perfect: rules and examples

This time marks the action that has completed at the time of the story. The difficulty of perceiving the Present Perfect tense is that when translating a sentence into our language, verbs indicate the past tense. You should not miss the point that the verbs being translated refer to the present tense, since they are connected with the result of the action performed. Based on this, it is concluded that the action in the Present Perfect was performed in a certain period of time, which is not indicated in the sentence and is not so important.

All rules concerning the Present Perfect state that in this time it is strictly forbidden to use words indicating a specific past time:

At that moment;

Such time adverbials are used only in the Past Simple. But in the Present Perfect, the rules allow the use of helping words that indicate this time:

Many or several times;

Eg:

I have run into him several times in the summer camp. “I ran into him several times at summer camp. (That is, the speaker saw the person, but does not name a specific date and time).

It is worth noting that the rules characteristic of the Present Perfect are most difficult for beginners to learn English. Let's try to understand them in more depth.

When is this tense used?

This tense expresses the following concepts:

I have been to Italy.

Here the speaker means that he has already been to Italy. This means he has experience traveling to this country.

2. Changes that occurred over a period of time.

He has grown a beard since the last time I saw him.

This example shows an action that occurred in a certain period of time. The speaker did not see the other person for a certain period of time, and by the time of the meeting he had already grown a beard. In such sentences, the second verb is used in the Past Simple (saw) form.

3. Achievements.

Our son has learned to play piano.

This sentence indicates the guy’s achievements, but at what time he achieved this is not indicated.

4. Unfulfilled but expected action.

Nick has not arrived yet.

That is, the process is still ongoing and is awaiting completion. The sentence is about a guy who at the time of the dialogue has not yet arrived, but soon he will arrive and the process will be completed. Pay attention to the last word yet. At the beginning of studying the topic, it was said that the Present Perfect tense has its own helper words. This word is one of them. It already serves as a signal that this sentence refers to the Present Perfect Tense.

5. Several actions in the past.

The team has led the game 5 times so far.

IN in this example It is clear that the team’s games have been played 5 times so far, but at the time of the story it is still continuing the game.

In the Present Perfect tense, the rules allow the use of the following tense adverbials:

This week (month).

Present Perfect or Past Simple

Present Perfect, Past Simple - the rules for using these tenses are completely different. If in the first case the action that occurred has a connection with the present time, then in the second there is no connection. In Past Simple auxiliary verb did, and in the Present Perfect - have or has. In the first case, time plays no role. What is important here is the result or the fact that the action was completed. In the second, only the time when the action occurred is important.

Below are examples of the use of these tenses:

Present Perfect Continuous Simple. Rules of use

Present Perfect Continuous Simple implies a certain process that began in the past time and is still ongoing at the time of the story. To put it simply, this is an action that began in the past tense and by the time of the conversation has either just ended or is still in progress.

How is the Present Perfect Continuous Simple formed?

Affirmative sentences:

I have been reading.

Interrogative sentences:

Have I been reading?

Negative Suggestions:

I have not/haven’t been reading.

To indicate this time, you need to put the verb to be in the Present Perfect (have been or has been). Then the participle is added to it. To get it, you need to add the ending -ing to the initial form of the word.

Cases when this tense is used:

1. The process began in the past and by the time of the conversation is not completed, but continues.

2. An action that began in the past lasted a certain amount of time, and by the time of the conversation it had already ended.

Even though this is a rather complex topic, you should not give up. English grammar is not “Chinese grammar”. You just need to be careful when studying this topic, analyze examples, perform exercises of varying complexity, and remember the rules. Only then will you be able to master the entire grammar of the English language.

Present Perfect Simple

1. Time name

Present Perfect Simple

2. Method of education

3. Changefinal letters
Tat (short vowel syllable) + ed = tatted
Silent e + ed = ed
Ty + ed = tied

4. Formation approval
Subject + have\has + V3 + minor members offers

5. Formation of the question
Have\has + subject + V3 + minor members of the sentence?

6. Formation of denial
Subject + have\has + not + V3 + minor members of the sentence

7. Words are indicators of time
Ever, never, yet (the word yet in interrogative sentences on last place), already, just, since, for (non-continuous verbs) not only lately, recently, the first (second) time, superlative degree of comparison.

8. Time value

An action that just happened.

The action took place in the past, but we see the result now.

An action that began at a certain moment in the past and continues to this day or has just ended (non-continuous verbs) or state verbs.

An action that began at a certain moment in the past and is repeated to this day.

Something that never happened.

WITH superlative comparisons.

An action that happened 1, 2, 3... times.

9. Modal verbs and constructions
Modal verbs:
- Can - have\has\had to

No constructions are used.

Present Perfect - Present Complete

We have already gone through 2 present tenses, which we called “simple” and"long". Now we will look present complete - Present Perfect. It sounds paradoxical, but in English some types of completed actions can refer to the present tense rather than the past tense. Such actions are referred to in the context of a period of time that has not yet ended. For Russian-speaking students, this phenomenon may present some difficulties, because... we convey it using the past tense. However, the situation will become clearer after you understand the difference. Look at the following pair of sentences in Russian that used the past tense:

In English, these two sentences will be used in 2 different tenses.

I traveled to the USA last spring.-- refers to the Simple Past, which we have already gone through. the key phrase is " last spring ", i.e. a period of time that has already been completed. -I went to the USA last spring
I have traveled to the USA three times in my life.-- refers to the Present Complete, because time interval " in all my life " has not yet been completed, despite the fact that the action has already been completed. - I have gone to the USA three times in my life

Those. the key point will be the period of time referred to in the sentence.

For education Present Perfect You need to put the verb “Have” after the subject in the form corresponding to the subject (Have / Has), and after that the verb, to which the ending “ed” is added. It should be noted that the verb have in the Present Perfect is auxiliary and does not mean “to have”. It simply helps form the Present Perfect Tense.

We know that there are also irregular verbs for which the ending “ed” cannot be substituted, and they simply had to be learned to be used in the past tense. So in the Present Perfect such verbs will have a new form. This form is called "Past Participle", and it will be used in many other tenses and phrases, which we will consider further. Look at the following irregular verbs whose past tense forms you already know. Remember now Past forms Participle, which will be used in the Present Perfect.

List of Irregular Verbs in English

Present	Past	Past Participle
be	was, were	been
become	became	become
begin	began	begun
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
bring	brought	brought
build	built	built
burst	burst	burst
buy	bought	bought
burst	burst	burst
catch	caught	caught
choose	chose	chosen
come	came	come
cut	cut	cut
deal	dealt	dealt
do	did	done
drink	drank	drunk
drive	drove	driven
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
fly	flew	flown
forbid	forbade	forbidden
forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgave	forgiven
freeze	froze	frozen
get	got	gotten
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grow	grew	grown
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
hide	hid	hidden
hold	held	held
hurt	hurt	hurt
keep	kept	kept
know	knew	known
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
leave	left	left
let	let	let
lie	lay	lain
lose	lost	lost
make	made	made
meet	met	met
pay	paid	paid
quit	quit	quit
read	read	read
ride	rode	ridden
run	ran	run
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
seek	sought	sought
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
shake	shook	shaken
shine	shone	shone
sing	sang	sung
sit	sat	sat
sleep	slept	slept
speak	spoke	spoken
spend	spent	spent
spring	sprang	sprung
stand	stood	stood
steal	stole	stolen
swim	swam	swum
swing	swung	swung
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tear	tore	torn
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
throw	threw	thrown
understand	understood	understood
wake	woke (waked)	woken
wear	wore	worn
win	won	won
write	wrote	written

Now look at examples of Present Perfect formation:

Subject	have/has (not)	Past Participle	Abbreviations
I	have (not)	written	I"ve (not) (I haven"t)
you	have (not)	worked	you"ve (not) (you haven"t)
he	has (not)	understood	he"s (not) (he hasn't)
she	has (not)	played	she"s (not) (she hasn't)
it	has (not)	broken	it"s (not) (it hasn't)
we	have (not)	cooked	we"ve (not) (we haven"t)
they	have (not)	met	they"ve (not) (they haven"t)