Present simple tense in Russian. Formation of the affirmative form Present Simple

Let's start a series of articles about English tenses with the simplest tense - Present Simple, present simple. Indeed, there should be no difficulties either with the construction of this time or with its use.

In some textbooks, you can see the name Present Indefinite. Don't be alarmed - this is absolutely the same as the Present Simple. Indefinite means indefinite, that is, without any features that need to be conveyed about the action in the sentence.

How is the Present Simple formed?

Let's start with how the Present Simple is formed. Here, from the very beginning, a small difficulty awaits you - present time Simple looks different for the verb to be (to be) and for all other verbs. Why is the verb “to be” given such honor – because it is the most common verb in the English language and therefore many things will happen with it, unlike everyone else, in a special way. But for now let's start with everyone else.

Present Simple for all verbs except the verb to be

Present Simple is a really simple tense, not only by the standards of the English language, but also by the standards of other languages.
However, in order to appreciate how simple everything is in the English language, let’s take a step back and remember from school what verb conjugation is. If in simple words– these are different forms for different actors. For example me I'm watching, You look, He looks, We look, You look, They are watching. It turns out that in Russian there are 6 different forms for each verb. In Italian, Spanish and French– also in 6 different forms. IN German a little simpler - 4 forms. Now, pay attention - there are only 2 different forms in English!

So, for all persons and numbers except he/she/it (that is, for I, you, we, you and they) we take the form that is in the dictionary - see (I see, you see, we see, you see, they see), and for he/she/it we add -s (or –es): sees (sees). That's all - there are only two forms and they are formed simply in an elementary way. Isn't it much simpler than Russian?

I see dead people. I see dead people. (Movie “The Sixth Sense”)
Moscow never sleeps. Moscow never sleeps. (Extremely affectionate musical composition, which I hope will not let you forget about –s in the third person singular)

Present Simple for the verb to be

Now there is a small fly in the ointment in this idyll. There is one verb that in the Present Simple becomes completely different from its original form - this is the verb to be, to be.

Surely you remember from school how you memorized I – am, you – are, he/she/it – is, we – are, you – are, they – are. This is the verb to be in the Present Simple. If you still don’t know these forms, then be sure to learn them. If there are things you can’t do without, and this is just one of them. However, am, are and is will appear in every second sentence - and it will be simply impossible not to remember them.

By the way, different options There are only 3 conjugations for the verb to be: am, are, is. It’s still twice as simple to conjugate Russian verbs. Ironically, in Russian, on the contrary, the verb “is” in the present tense will remain in its previous form: “there is”, no matter how you conjugate it.

Another note: the verb to be is very often used in the form of abbreviated forms, when it merges with a noun into one word: I am = I’m, you are = you’re, he is = he’s. There is no difference between them, it’s just easier and faster to pronounce them.

This is a table. This – table. (The phrase is the apotheosis of school English).
You're beautiful. You're beautiful. You're beautiful, it's true. You are beautiful, you are beautiful, you are beautiful and it's true. (James Blunt, song “You’re beautiful”).
I'm the king of the world. I am the king of the world (Movie “Titanic”).

When to use the Present Simple

The use of tenses in English is a complex, multifaceted topic, and, of course, these five cases use of Present Simple is not limited. However, these five cases are quite suitable for a first idea of when and how the Present Simple is used.

1. General facts

Present Simple should be used for general facts about life that are always true. Whether these are facts from physics and mathematics known to all mankind, or facts from personal experience that no one knows except you - the Present Simple is suitable for everyone.

Ice melts at 0 degrees. Ice melts at 0 degrees.
London is the capital of Great Britain. London - Capital of the UK. (Another greeting from the Soviet school).
My name is Pasha, I’m from Russia. My name is Pasha, I'm from Russia.

2. Things and phenomena that are more or less permanent

Present Simple– one of the basic tenses of English grammar. It is impossible to do without it either in written or especially in oral speech. In many sources you can find a variety of ridiculous phrases that this is one of the simplest tenses in English. Where there! Time is very difficult both in education and in competent use. There are so many nuances and a lot of “buts” here... However, if you don’t be lazy and read this post to the end, you will become familiar with all the intricacies of using Present Simple. Good luck! You can also find it in the Present Simple.

Using the Present Simple.

Present Simple used to denote or express:

Permanent personality characteristics.

She speaks fluent Japanese. – She speaks Japanese fluently.

Facta

They live in Kongo. – They live in Congo.

Repeated action

The Ivanovs go to Turkey every summer. – The Ivanovs go to Turkey every summer.

Absolute truths or laws of nature

Snow melts at O degrees. – Snow melts at a temperature of 0 degrees.

Special cases of using Present Simple instead of Present Continuous.

In announcements, expressions of consent

I declare our meeting open. – I declare our meeting open.

To express a sequence of actions

Now watch: I take some potatoes, peel them and carefully cut them into pieces. - Look, I take the potatoes, peel them and carefully cut them into pieces.

To denote states, actions and processes expressed by verbs that do not have Present forms Continuous

Who does this truck belong to? – Who owns this truck?

See more details

Special cases of using Present Simple instead of Future Simple.

To denote an action planned for the future (usually with verbs denoting movement, and if time is indicated)

I fly to Madrid next Friday. - I'm flying to Madrid next Friday.

In the subordinate clause conditional offers Type I after conjunctions If, when, after, until, before, unless, provided, etc.

Get me know, if they come. - Let me know if they come.

Special cases of using Present Simple instead of Past Simple.

In the headlines of periodicals

Little boy saves his mother! — A little boy saved his mother.

In descriptions of films, books, theatrical productions.

The main hero meets a young lady. They fall in love with each other. – Main character met a young girl. They fell in love with each other.

IN colloquial speech in order to more vividly and vividly convey the events that took place.

Yesterday I came home late. And there – who do you think I see? Mary! My sweetheart! I rush to her and kiss her! And - Yesterday I came home late - and who do you think I saw there? Mary! My dear!

In colloquial speech with the verbs be told, hear, forget.

I am told he got a driving license last week. “They told me he got his license last week.”

I hear you are leaving for Rome. – I heard you are leaving for Rome.

Education Present Simple.

Present Simple in affirmative sentences.

In affirmative sentences form Present Simple coincides with the stem of the verb in all persons, except for the 3rd person singular, where the ending –s\es is added. Read more about the rules for adding endings here.

Present Simple in negative sentences.

Negative sentences are formed according to the scheme

do not (don’t) + verb stem

does not (doesn’t) + verb stem (for 3rd person singular)

Present Simple in interrogative sentences.

Interrogative sentences are formed according to the scheme

Do + S (subject) + verb stem

Does + S (subject) + verb stem

I suggest you practice using

Present Simple Tense is one of the most frequently used tenses in the English language. Therefore, immediately after studying the rules of use, it is important to consolidate the Present Simple with example sentences in Russian.

Affirmative sentences

Positive or affirmative sentences form the basis of all tenses in the English language. Why? Because thanks to such sentences, with translation you can strengthen the skill of constructing negative and interrogative sentences.

In Present Simple Tense, endings are added to the verb -s And -es in the third person singular.

He works at the factory. - He works at the factory.
Mary lives in Paris. – Mary lives in Paris.
It snows a lot in winter. - It's snowing frequently in the winter.
Tomas and I like playing football. – Thomas and I love to play football.
Steve always arrives at work in time. - Steve always arrives at work on time.
They often see Tom because he lives near them. – They often see Tom because he lives next to them.
Children usually like drinking cocoa. – Children usually like to drink cocoa.
Julia is an artist. She draws very beautiful pictures. Julia is an artist. She paints beautiful pictures.
I have got a big family. - I have a big family.
She can speak three languages: Russian, English and Italian. – She can speak three languages: Russian, English and Italian.

It is important to learn how to work with verbs. Therefore, put the sentences above into interrogative and negative forms.

Interrogative sentences

When studying Present Simple, translation of sentences plays an important role. Why? Because it helps to draw an analogy with your native language, understand the topic and consolidate it in practice. How? Easily! Try putting the question sentences below into affirmative and negative forms.

Do/does auxiliary, with the help of which a question is asked in the Present Simple. But this rule does not apply to modal verbs and design have got.

Negative sentences

To consolidate the topic, put the sentences below in the affirmative and interrogative forms.

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What have we learned?

From this article we learned in what cases the Present Simple Tense is used in English. We reinforced this material with examples, and also learned how to construct negative and interrogative sentences in this tense.

Present Simple - simple present tense. It shows an action that occurs regularly, with a certain frequency. The study of tense forms of a verb in English always begins with the Present Simple, since it is basic. If you understand the structure of this tense, it will be easy for you to understand the rest of the tenses. After studying the material, you will learn in what cases the Present Simple tense is used, and become familiar with the rules Education Present Simple and with many other nuances of using Present Simple tense, shown in individual examples.

Ways to use the Present Simple

Rules for the formation of Present Simple

Affirmative form

For education affirmative form Present Simple does not require auxiliary verbs. For persons I, you singular and we, you, they plural, the verb forms in the Present Simple are the same as the infinitive form (the form you find in the dictionary). We remove the particle from the verb to and put it in second place in the sentence, after the subject.

Ending -s/-es

Only in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it) an ending is added to the verb -s or -es. These endings are pronounced like [s], [z] or .

Ending - es added to verbs that end in - o, —y, —s, —sh, —ch, —tch, —x, —z. This is done so that two difficult-to-pronounce sounds do not stand next to each other in a word.

She do es(it does).
Don't teach es(he teaches).
She watch es(she is looking).

If a word ends in a consonant and - at, the ending is used - es. In this case - y changes to - i:

I tr y(I'm trying). – He tr ies(He tries).
They carr y(they are wearing). – She carr ies(she wears).

If a word ends in a vowel and -y, used -s. In this case, no changes from -y not happening:

You bu y(you buy). -He bu ys(he buys).
We pla y(we play). – She pla ys(she plays).

If the word ends in –o, in this case add the ending -s.

phot o– photo s(photo/photos).
pian o– 2 piano s(piano/2 pianos).

Pronunciation -s/-es

If the word ends in voiceless consonant, then we pronounce [s].

book – book s
to like – like s

If the word ends in vowel or voiced consonant, then we pronounce [z].

key – key s
to fly – fly s
to seem – seem s

If the word ends with a letter or letter combination –sh, -ch, -x, -ss, -tch (hissing, whistling sounds), then we pronounce .

address – address es[əˈdre siz]
to relax – relax es

Negative form

The negative form is also formed using the auxiliary verb do (does), but in combination with the negative particle not. So, the subject comes first, then the auxiliary verb do (does) + negative particle not, and the main verb in the infinitive form.

Interrogative form

To form the interrogative form Present Simple auxiliary verb do (does) comes first before the subject, and the subject is followed by the main verb in the infinitive form.

Exceptions

Modal verbs can, ought, may, should, must, would, as well as verbs to be And to have They form Present Simple forms not according to general rules.

In the affirmative form, modal verbs in the 3rd person singular form do not have an ending -s or -es:

I can -he can
I may -he may
I ought -he ought
I must -he must
I should-he should

Verb to be in the affirmative form has the forms am, is, are, was, were, depending on person and number, and the verb to have forms − have And has.

The Past Simple Tense is the simple past tense of a verb in English. This is one of the basic times you need to know on basic level learning English and it belongs to the group of simple tenses - Simple Tenses (Present Simple, Past Simple, Future Simple). The English usually use this tense when talking about the past, that is, when an action verb answers a question: what did you do?

From this article you will learn:

When to use Past Simple in a sentence about the past:

So, as mentioned above Past Simple Tense (simple past tense) used in a sentence that refers to the past. But let's figure out what the past is. The past tense is a grammatical category, and the past is a philosophical concept, and in order not to get confused, there are clue words in the English language that indicate the past. These are the words - yesterday, last, ago(for example, a year ago), and actually year in the past(eg 1970). Rule 1 below will help you remember these tips.

The Past Simple Tense (rules for beginners from the book “English Grammar: Simply About Complex Things”)

Here's ten more simple rules from my book, which will help you avoid basic mistakes when learning this verb tense.

1. " yesterday, ago, last, when(v.sl) – Past Simple then"

2. "in" Past Simple assistant did , the end of the action ed »

3. “if the verb is correct – ed add if wrong D 2 remember"

4. Appears in a negative sentence didn't(after D.L.),
and D2 changes to D or see rule No. 5

5. In exercises on Past Simple « you see not, write didn't»

6. "where" did, No ed and there is no second form D2".

7. B will ask. appears in the sentence did
and D2 changes to D or see rule No. 8

8. “if you want to Past Simple did write and D 2 on D change.

9. " be don't need either did, neither ed."

10. “be polite, that you were- Do not forget » .

Commentary on the rules:

Rule 1. « Yesterday, ago, last, when(v.sl) – Past Simple then" says that the sentence should use the simple past tense - The Past Simple Tense, if it contains temporary expressions (hints):

yesterday- yesterday
ago- backwards, that is, in phrases like:

a week ago - a week ago
a month ago - a month ago
a year ago - a year ago

last- past, that is, in phrases like:

last week - last week
last month - last month
last year - last year, etc.

When(question next) - that is, in questions starting with When...? - When?

Conclusion: If the sentence contains " yesterday, ago, last, when(v.sl) » , then 100% of it must use Past Simple Tense.

Rule 2.“In the Past Simple, the assistant did, the ending of the action ed» means that for most verbs (they are called regular) the past tense is formed by adding the ending -ed to the main form (it is called the first).

watch - watch (first form)
watch ed- look l(second form)

Adding an ending -ed To correct verb, we'll put it in the second form.

Rule 3. “If the verb is correct -ed add, if incorrect D2 remember” suggests that there are still Irregular Verbs, to which you CANNOT add a past tense ending -ed.

sleep - sleep (first form)

slept — slept(second form)

So, we have looked at three rules for the simple past tense - Past Simpe Tense and we will stop there for now. 'Cause now it's time to find out how to compose Past sentences Simple Tense.

How to make sentences in Past Simple Tense

Now look at these diagrams and read again rules 4-8.

Rule 4. Appears in a negative sentence didn't(after D.L.),
and D2 changes to D or see rule No. 5

Rule 5. In exercises on Past Simple « you see not, write didn't"that is a negative particle « not" is translated into English language Not not, A didn't.

EXAMPLE. He didn't. — He didn’t do.

Rule 6."Where did, No ed and there is no second form D2"

Rule 7. Appears in an interrogative sentence did(before D.L., but after V.sl.),
and D2 changes to D or see rule No. 8

Rule 8."if you want to Past Simple don’t forget to ask the question in front of the actor did write and D 2 on D change.

Let's leave two rules for later, but for now answer the questions.

Test yourself and answer the questions:

When should you use The Past Simple Tense in a sentence?
Which tense expressions indicate the simple past tense?
What form is the verb in the simple past tense?
How are affirmative, negative, interrogative sentence in Past Simple Tense? Draw time diagrams.
What rules do you remember?

Now let's figure it out how to read ending -ed in Past Simple.

If you remember well eight rules for the Past Simple, then you need to do it