How to read the ending ed in regular verbs. How to correctly pronounce the ending –ed in English

These are actually all the endings that appear in it. Unlike the Russian language, which is rich in various endings. Due to the fact that there are only three endings in English, their use is found everywhere: in verbs, nouns, adjectives, gerunds, and participles. Let's take a closer look at each of the endings and identify the most common cases of their use.

Ending s in English

So, the ending -s in English (also -es) is used in the following cases:

The plural of nouns is formed by adding the ending -s to the noun:

cat - cats;
table - tables;
disk - disks;
window - windows.

If a noun ends in -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh or -o, then the ending -es is added:

fox - foxes;
bush - bushes;
potato - potatoes
dress - dresses.

However, nouns borrowed from other languages and ending in –o add the ending -s:

photo – photos;
piano - pianos.

The ending - s in English (also - es) is used when using verbs in the third person singular V Present Simple(for he, she, it):

I play - he plays;
We go - she goes;
They see - it sees;

This ending is also used to form the possessive case of nouns, which is written with an apostrophe:

my mother’s coat - my mother’s coat;
brother's cup - brother's cup;
Susan's sister - Suzanne's sister.

If the noun is plural or ends in -s, we put only an apostrophe after it:

his parents’ anniversary - the anniversary of his parents;
students’ books - students’ books;
Lucas' wife - Lucas' wife.

The ending ed in English

When do you use the ending ed in English?

If the verb is used in the Past Simple and it is correct, you must add the ending - ed to it:

She waited for the concert yesterday. - She watched the concert yesterday.
He looked for it two days ago. - He was looking for him two days ago.
I borrowed this dress from a friend. - I borrowed this dress from a friend.

This ending is also used if we're talking about about the third form of the regular verb (past participle) in Perfect tenses:

She has learned English since she was 5.
The snow had stopped when we arrived.
I will have dressed the baby by 10 a.m.

A verb ending in -ed is sometimes translated as an adjective (which? which? which?)

folded T-shirt - folded T-shirt;
blessed marriage - blessed marriage;
opened door - open door.

Always look to see if such a word is followed by a noun in order to know which part of speech is more correct to translate the verb with the ending; ed.

The ending ing in English

In what cases is it used? ending ing in English?

If we are talking about the fourth form of the verb (or present participle) - tenses of the Continuous group:

She is typing now.
He was walking along the street when he saw an accident.
I will be reading tomorrow at 5 p.m.

We can also translate a word ending -ing as an adjective if it is followed by a related noun:

sleeping baby - sleeping baby;
crying lady - crying woman;
boring book - boring book.

You can also translate a word with the ending - ing as a noun (see the Gerund topic) - it all depends on the context and word order:

Stealing is a crime. - Stealing is a crime.
Walking is good for your health. - Walking is good for health.
I like dancing. - I love dancing.

End -ed in verbs it is also pronounced differently depending on what sound precedes it:

[t]– if the word ends in an unvoiced word vowel, except t: as ked[α:skt], finis hed["fΙnΙʃt];

[d]– if the word ends in a voiced consonant or vowel sound,

except d:li ved, smi led, pl ayed;

[Ιd]– if the word ends in t or d: visi ted["vΙzΙtΙd], wan ted["wɒntΙd], men ded["mendΙd", lan ded["lændΙd].

Exercise 14.Read the following words:

[t] – worked, helped, liked, pushed, hoped, missed, looked, reached, discussed, passed, finished, thanked, stopped;

[d] – moved, solved, lived, closes, shaved, answered, opened, closed, enjoyed, turned, examined, traveled, organized;

[Ιd] – waited, needed, wanted, greeted, studied, decided, founded, collected, translated, calculated, crowded, included.

Exercise 15.Arrange the following words in a table according to the rules for reading the -ed ending:

Fixed, seemed, operated, cooked, sailed, tested, used, changed, placed, washed, carried, joined, walked, loved, picked, rented, smoked, called, landed, kissed, played, handed, baked, dived, stayed, brushed, greeted, mixed, constructed.

[t]	[d]	[Ιd]

Syllabification rules

In English, a syllable can consist of one or more sounds. A vowel in a stressed syllable of a two-syllable word is read according to the same rules as a vowel in a one-syllable word. To define a graphic border in two-syllable words you need to proceed from the following:

1. If there is only one consonant after a stressed vowel (except for the consonant r), then it belongs to the unstressed syllable that follows it (even if this consonant is followed by a silent letter e). For example: stu \ dent, pu \ pil, "ru\ le, to\ ne. Thus, the stressed syllable turns out to be open and the vowel letter in it is read in the same way as in the alphabet.

However, in English there are a number of two-syllable words in which the stressed vowel is open syllable reads briefly. For example: city, copy, very, pity.

If a stressed vowel is followed by a letter x, always conveying two sounds, then this letter goes to the stressed syllable, which is read as closed. For example: box \ er, fox \ es.

2. If the vowel of a stressed syllable is separated from the subsequent vowel by two or more consonants, including the doubled letter r, then the first of the consonants goes to the stressed syllable, thereby closing it. The vowel in this case is read as a closed syllable, that is, briefly. For example: din \ ner,mar \ ry, Ted \ dy, un \ cle, ap \ ple.

This rule does not apply to words in which the second of two consonants is syllabic ( m, n, l, r). In this case, both consonants are adjacent to the second syllable, leaving the stressed syllable open. For example: ta \ ble, ti\ tle, a\ cre.

3. The syllable division boundary runs between two adjacent vowels if they belong to different syllables. For example: po\ et ["pəuΙt], tri\ al ["traΙəl].

If the stressed syllable is the third from the end of the word, then you need to remember "third syllable rule": The third stressed syllable from the end of the word is always read as closed. The syllable boundary in the third syllable from the end passes after the only consonant letter (including if it is the letter r). For example: "fam \ ily, "el \ ement, "min \ eral.

The third syllable rule often does not apply when the stressed third syllable contains the sound [ j]. In this case, the syllabic boundary passes after the letter u, and the syllable is read as open. For example: "pu \ rity, "fu \ neral.

Exercise 16.Divide the following words into syllables.

Marry, polish, enter, politics, monument, sixty, industry, appendix, history, settle, discussion, letter, energy, worry, development, England, Russia, university, assistant, numerous economy, important, potato, passenger, culture, revolution, method, export, musical.

If people communicated without endings, then our speech would resemble the inarticulate stream of phrases of a foreigner who has not studied: “Son, come to school, wash your hands, eat fried potatoes" Probably, the romance of songs and poems would have immediately disappeared, and the great classics would not have written their works.

Endings help us construct logical, meaningful sentences every day. And if in Russian there are several dozen of them, then in English there are only 3: -s, -ing And –ed. It's about the ending –ed we would like to tell you this time. Despite the fact that this is one of only three brothers, you will still have to strain your memory.

Let's look at the cases of its use:

The ending –ed in English is added to correct verbs
- IN past tense(Past Simple) to denote one or more actions in the past:
  My mother cook ed breakfast– My mother prepared breakfast.
  We play ed hockey last week- On last week we played hockey.
- IN perfect tenses. This is where you can notice the action is complete:
  - Present Perfect: John has just visited ed me. John just visited me.
  - Past Perfect: Children had clean ed the room by 6 o’clock yesterday– The children cleaned the room by six o’clock yesterday.
  - Future Perfect: They will have here ed tomorrow by noon“By noon tomorrow they will have already voted.”
  - Future-in-the-Past Perfect: Tom said that he would have prepared ed the report by Sunday Tom said he would prepare a report by Sunday.
- At all times passive voice:
  He was talking ed about last week– They talked about him last week.
  The roof will be repaired ed next Friday- The roof will be repaired by Friday.
To impersonal forms of the verb: gerund, participle and infinitive– for the formation of some forms:
- Gerund: We like having three ed Indian cuisine– We like that we tried Indian cuisine.
- Infinitive: They are happy to be called ed for help“They are happy that they were called to help.”
- Participle: Having practice ed German we were not sure of our knowledge– After practicing German, we were not confident in our knowledge.
End –ed also used for formation of other parts of speech mainly adjectives:
She is depressed ed because of her marks She feels depressed about her grades.
We were disappointing ed to learn about it“We were disappointed when we found out about this.
Brown-ey ed – brown-eyed
Fortunately, if other parts of speech end in –ed, then this is definitely part of the root or suffix:
Provid ed – provided that

Let's draw a conclusion. At the end -ed there are several nuances in English: it is added to correct verbs for the formation of temporary and impersonal forms. It is also used in other parts of speech, such as adjectives. The rule, of course, should be practiced in exercises in order to firmly remember all its details, so go for it.

The ending -ED deserves its own article, primarily because it opens up a new level of communication for students: the past tense. Having learned how to use the ending -ED, you acquire a new linguistic means of expressing your thoughts and can already communicate with your interlocutor on new topics that were difficult to discuss using the present tense.

We first encounter the ending -ED on elementary level when we start learning English. Then we learn to divide verbs into correct And . The ending -ED is added only to regular verbs to form the second and third forms of the verb. The second form is used to form time. But it is not enough to simply remember that a verb ending in -ED is used in the past tense. It is also necessary to understand the peculiarities of using the ending, namely the pronunciation and writing of verbs with the ending -ED.

Pronunciation

The first nuance that is often overlooked by both teachers and students is the pronunciation of the ending. As soon as it is not pronounced, and most often incorrectly. When learning the pronunciation features of any endings, remember that the ending is added to the word, not the word to the ending, so the ending will adapt to the word, and not vice versa. The verb always retains its sound. If adding an ending changes the pronunciation of the verb, then you are pronouncing it incorrectly.

To understand how to pronounce the ending -ED with a particular verb, you must pay attention to the last sound of the verb.

After the sounds /t/ and /d/, the ending is pronounced as /ɪd/, since otherwise it will be very difficult for you to pronounce the word:

Count - counted
end - ended
invite - invited
land - landed
start - started
visit - visited
wait - waited

Remember that the ending -ED is never pronounced as /ed/, only /ɪd/, or simply /t/ or /d/.

If the verb ends in dull sound: /p/, /h/, /s/, /k/, /f/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/, then the ending is pronounced dull: /t/:

Ask - asked
clap - clapped
dress - dressed
help - assisted
like - liked
touch - touched
wash - washed

If the verb ends in voiced or vowel, then the ending is pronounced loudly: /d/:

Answer - answered
call - called
cry - cried
love - loved
move - moved
phone - phoned
play - played

Unfortunately, many students openly neglect the pronunciation of the ending -ED and pronounce it the way they think is correct. Since in Russian we deafen the voiced endings of words without noticing it ourselves: we pronounce "slap"(bread), "boot"(boot), "snack"(snow) and so on, then in English we pronounce words according to the same principle, without thinking. In English, stun ringing sounds it is forbidden. This leads not only to terrible pronunciation, but also to distorted words.

For example, if you stun the ending in the word played, then you get pleɪT. A plate is a plate. If you pronounce /lɪFt/ instead of /lɪVd/ in the word lived, then you get a completely different word - lift, which is translated “to raise”.

There are many such examples that can be given. You will never get rid of your accent or acquire good English pronunciation if you stifle endings, so don’t hesitate to practice, it’s better to pronounce the word slowly but clearly, without distorting the sounds.

Writing

We've sorted out the pronunciation, now let's look at the rules for writing the ending -ED with verbs.

Most often, the ending is simply added to the stem of the verb and no changes in spelling occur:

Open - opened
call - called
look - looked
listen - listened
talk - talked

There are a number of rules that come into play when the ending -ED is added to a verb.

If the verb already ends in -E, then only -D is added to it:

Smile - smiled
bake - baked
close - closed
live - lived
move - moved

The rule that is important to pay your attention to is adding an ending to a verb that ends in -Y. From previous experience adding endings (plural formation or Present Simple, since if you are already familiar with Past Simple, then by default Present has already been mastered by you) you remember that if a word ends in -Y, then something should happen to it when adding an ending. This gives rise to all sorts of interesting spelling options that are not always correct.

Play - played
enjoy - enjoyed
prey - preyed
stay - stayed
employ - employed

If the regular verb you want to use in Past Simple ends in I agree, followed by -Y , then with clear conscience you can replace Y with I and add -ED :

Copy - copied
cry - cried
try - tried
spy - spied
tidy - tidied

If a verb ends in one consonant preceded by a stressed vowel ( closed stressed syllable), then before adding the ending -ED the last consonant is doubled:

Star - starred
stop - stopped
drop - dropped
rob - robbed
begged
refer - referred
prefer - preferred

If the verb ends in two consonants, then the ending is simply added and nothing changes:

Climb - climbed
comb - combined
start - started

When a verb consists of several syllables and the last syllable is unstressed, then the last consonant is not doubled:

Benefit - benefited
profit - profited

British English (BrE) has several exception verbs that have a doubled consonant before the -ED ending, despite being stressed:

Travel - travelled
quarrel - quarreled
label - labeled
signal - signaled

In American English, these words do not double the final consonant.

Usage

Now let's talk about using verbs ending -ED.

The main uses of this form of verbs are: Time Past Simple. By the way, verbs with endings can only be found in the affirmative Past form Simple, because in negative and interrogative sentences the auxiliary verb DID appears and the main verb remains in the first form, without endings.

Regular verbs have the same second and third forms, so in all tenses of the Perfect group we will also encounter verbs with the ending -ED in all types of utterances.

Interested - interested
motivated - motivated
prepared - prepared
isolated - isolated
recommended - recommended

It is important to remember that endings can only be added to regular verbs, and irregular ones can be easily learned. If you have a problem with this, use ours.

If you have just started learning English, then it is at this stage that it is important to master the features that we talked about in this article, because in the future more complex aspects of a foreign language await you. Thus, by remembering the simple features of using the ending -ED at the very beginning, you will make your task easier in the future.

Good luck to you! Have fun learning English!

English belongs to the category of analytical languages: grammatical connections in it are expressed not by changing the word and adding various morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, endings) to it, but with the help of various function words - prepositions, modal and auxiliary verbs. And therefore there are not so many endings in the English language - only three: -s (-es), -ed And -ing. For comparison, Russian is a synthetic language, and it is morphemes that carry the grammatical load in it.

So, let's look at the most common cases of using English endings.

End -s (-es)

The ending -s (-es) can be found in the following cases:

Plural nouns

Almost all nouns form their plural by adding -s (-es). For example:

dog - dog s

book - book s

When a word ends in -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh or -o, the ending takes the form -es. For example:

Church - church es

box - box es

tomato - tomato es

Verbs in the 3rd person singular in the Present Simple tense

Used when talking about events that happen constantly, every day, systematically. It uses the base form of the verb, and in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it) also adds the ending -s (-es) as a verb ending. For example:

She play s every tennis weekend. — She plays tennis every weekend.

Sometimes my grandmother watch es soap operas. — Sometimes my grandmother watches soap operas.

Possessive case of nouns

By by and large, the ending of the possessive case should be considered separately, since it has a different history and is written through apostrophe ("). For example:

John 's car - John's car

My daughter "s book - my daughter's book

If the word ends in -s or initially ends in -s, only an apostrophe is placed at the end of the word. For example:

Her parent s" house - her parents' house

Jam s' coat - James' coat

In this case, the ending is read in full in all cases: [‘pɛːr(ə)ntsiz], [‘dʒeɪmziz].