The main natural sources of hydrocarbons are. Natural sources of hydrocarbons, their processing

Natural sources of hydrocarbons are fossil fuels - oil and

gas, coal and peat. Crude oil and gas deposits arose 100-200 million years ago

back from microscopic marine plants and animals that turned out to be

included in sedimentary rocks formed on the seabed, Unlike

This coal and peat began to form 340 million years ago from plants,

growing on land.

Natural gas and crude oil are commonly found with water in

oil-bearing layers located between layers rocks(Fig. 2). Term

“natural gas” also applies to gases that are formed in natural

conditions resulting from coal decomposition. Natural gas and crude oil

are being developed on all continents, with the exception of Antarctica. The largest

Natural gas producers in the world are Russia, Algeria, Iran and

United States. The largest producers crude oil are

Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iran.

Natural gas consists mainly of methane (Table 1).

Crude oil is an oily liquid whose color may

be very diverse - from dark brown or green to almost

colorless. It contains a large number of alkanes. Among them there are

straight alkanes, branched alkanes and cycloalkanes with number of atoms

carbon from five to 40. The industrial name of these cycloalkanes is nachta. IN

crude oil also contains approximately 10% aromatic

hydrocarbons, and also not large number other compounds containing

sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen.

Table 1 Composition of natural gas

Coal is the oldest source energy with which you are familiar

humanity. It is a mineral (Fig. 3), which was formed from

plant matter in the process of metamorphism. Metamorphic

are called rocks whose composition has undergone changes in conditions

high pressures, and also high temperatures. The product of the first stage in

the process of coal formation is peat, which is

decomposed organic matter. Coal is formed from peat after

it is covered with sedimentary rocks. These sedimentary rocks are called

overloaded. Overloaded sediment reduces the moisture content of the peat.

Three criteria are used in the classification of coals: purity (determined

relative carbon content in percent); type (defined

composition of the original plant matter); grade (depending on

degree of metamorphism).

Table 2 Carbon content of some fuels and their calorific value

ability

The lowest grade types of fossil coals are brown coal and

lignite (Table 2). They are closest to peat and are characterized relatively

characterized by lower moisture content and is widely used in

industry. The driest and hardest type of coal is anthracite. His

used for heating homes and cooking.

IN lately Thanks to technological advances it is becoming more and more

economical gasification of coal. Coal gasification products include

carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane and nitrogen. They are used in

as a gaseous fuel or as a raw material for the production of various

chemical products and fertilizers.

Coal, as outlined below, is an important source of raw material for the production of

aromatic compounds. Coal represents

a complex mixture chemicals, which contain carbon,

hydrogen and oxygen, as well as small amounts of nitrogen, sulfur and other impurities

elements. In addition, the composition of coal, depending on its type, includes

different quantity moisture and various minerals.

Hydrocarbons occur naturally not only in fossil fuels, but also in

in some materials biological origin. Natural rubber

is an example of a natural hydrocarbon polymer. rubber molecule

consists of thousands of structural units representing methyl buta-1,3-diene

(isoprene);

Natural rubber. Approximately 90% natural rubber, which

currently mined all over the world, obtained from Brazilian

rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis, cultivated mainly in

equatorial countries of Asia. The sap of this tree, which is latex

(colloidal aqueous solution of polymer), collected from cuts made with a knife on

bark Latex contains approximately 30% rubber. His tiny pieces

suspended in water. The juice is poured into aluminum containers, where acid is added,

causing the rubber to coagulate.

Many other natural compounds also contain isoprene structures.

fragments. For example, limonene contains two isoprene units. Limonene

is the main one integral part oils extracted from citrus peels,

such as lemons and oranges. This connection belongs to connection class,

called terpenes. Terpenes contain 10 carbon atoms (C) in their molecules

10-compounds) and include two isoprene fragments connected to each other

each other sequentially (“head to tail”). Compounds with four isoprene

fragments (C 20 compounds) are called diterpenes, and with six

isoprene fragments - triterpenes (C 30 compounds). Squalene,

which is found in shark liver oil is a triterpene.

Tetraterpenes (C 40 compounds) contain eight isoprene

fragments. Tetraterpenes are found in pigments of vegetable and animal fats

origin. Their color is due to the presence of a long conjugate system

double bonds. For example, β-carotene is responsible for the characteristic orange color

carrot coloring.

Oil refining technology and coal

IN late XIX V. Under the influence of progress in the field of heat and power engineering, transport, engineering, military and a number of other industries, demand has increased immeasurably and an urgent need has arisen for new types of fuel and chemical products.

At this time, the oil refining industry was born and rapidly progressed. A huge impetus to the development of the oil refining industry was given by the invention and rapid spread of the engine. internal combustion, operating on petroleum products. The technology for processing coal, which not only serves as one of the main types of fuel, but, what is especially noteworthy, became a necessary raw material for the chemical industry during the period under review, also developed intensively. A major role in this matter belonged to coke chemistry. Coke plants, which previously supplied coke to the ferrous metallurgy industry, turned into coke-chemical enterprises, which also produced a number of valuable chemical products: coke oven gas, crude benzene, coal tar and ammonia.

Based on petroleum and coal processing products, the production of synthetic products began to develop. organic matter and materials. They are widely used as raw materials and semi-finished products in various branches of the chemical industry.

Ticket#10

Dry distillation of coal.

Aromatic hydrocarbons are obtained mainly from the dry distillation of coal. When heating coal in retorts or coking ovens without air access at 1000–1300 °C, the organic substances of the coal decompose with the formation of solid, liquid and gaseous products.

The solid product of dry distillation - coke - is a porous mass consisting of carbon with an admixture of ash. Coke is produced in huge quantities and is consumed mainly by the metallurgical industry as a reducing agent in the production of metals (primarily iron) from ores.

The liquid products of dry distillation are black viscous tar (coal tar), and the aqueous layer containing ammonia is ammonia water. Coal tar is obtained on average 3% by weight of the original coal. Ammonia water is one of the important sources of ammonia. The gaseous products of dry distillation of coal are called coke oven gas. Coke oven gas has a different composition depending on the type of coal, coking mode, etc. Coke oven gas produced in coke oven batteries is passed through a series of absorbers that capture tar, ammonia and light oil vapors. Light oil obtained by condensation from coke oven gas contains 60% benzene, toluene and other hydrocarbons. Most of the benzene (up to 90%) is obtained in this way and only a small part is obtained by fractionating coal tar.

Coal tar processing. Coal tar has the appearance of a black resinous mass with a characteristic odor. Currently, over 120 different products have been isolated from coal tar. Among them are aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as aromatic oxygen-containing substances of an acidic nature (phenols), nitrogen-containing substances of a basic nature (pyridine, quinoline), substances containing sulfur (thiophene), etc.

Coal tar is subjected to fractional distillation, resulting in several fractions.

Light oil contains benzene, toluene, xylenes and some other hydrocarbons. Medium, or carbolic, oil contains a number of phenols.

Heavy or creosote oil: Of the hydrocarbons, heavy oil contains naphthalene.

Obtaining hydrocarbons from oil Oil is one of the main sources of aromatic hydrocarbons. Most species

oil contains only very small quantity aromatic hydrocarbons. Among domestic oils, oil from the Ural (Perm) field is rich in aromatic hydrocarbons. Second Baku oil contains up to 60% aromatic hydrocarbons.

Due to the scarcity of aromatic hydrocarbons, “oil aromatization” is now used: oil products are heated at a temperature of about 700 °C, as a result of which 15–18% of aromatic hydrocarbons can be obtained from oil decomposition products.

32. Synthesis, physical and chemical properties of aromatic hydrocarbons

1. Synthesis from aromatic hydrocarbons and fatty halo derivatives in the presence of catalysts (Friedel-Crafts synthesis).

2. Synthesis from salts of aromatic acids.

When dry salts of aromatic acids are heated with soda lime, the salts decompose to form hydrocarbons. This method is similar to the production of fatty hydrocarbons.

3. Synthesis from acetylene. This reaction is of interest as an example of the synthesis of benzene from fatty hydrocarbons.

When acetylene is passed through a heated catalyst (at 500 °C), the triple bonds of acetylene are broken and three of its molecules are polymerized into one benzene molecule.

Physical properties Aromatic hydrocarbons are liquids or solids With

characteristic odor. Hydrocarbons that have no more than one benzene ring in their molecules are lighter than water. Aromatic hydrocarbons are slightly soluble in water.

The IR spectra of aromatic hydrocarbons are primarily characterized by three areas:

1) about 3000 cm-1, due to C-H stretching vibrations;

2) the region of 1600–1500 cm-1, associated with skeletal vibrations of aromatic carbon-carbon bonds and significantly varying in the position of the peaks depending on the structure;

3) region below 900 cm-1, related to deformation C-H vibrations aromatic ring.

Chemical properties The most important general chemical properties aromatic hydrocarbons are

their tendency to substitution reactions and the greater strength of the benzene ring.

Benzene homologs have a benzene ring and a side chain in their molecule, for example, in the hydrocarbon C 6 H5 -C2 H5, the C6 H5 group is the benzene ring, and C2 H5 is the side chain. Properties

the benzene ring in the molecules of benzene homologs approach the properties of benzene itself. The properties of side chains, which are residues of fatty hydrocarbons, approach those of fatty hydrocarbons.

The reactions of benzene hydrocarbons can be divided into four groups.

33. Orientation rules in the benzene ring

When studying substitution reactions in the benzene ring, it was discovered that if the benzene ring already contains any substituent group, then the second group enters a certain position depending on the nature of the first substituent. Thus, each substituent on the benzene ring has a certain directing, or orienting, effect.

The position of the newly introduced substituent is also influenced by the nature of the substituent itself, i.e., the electrophilic or nucleophilic nature of the active reagent. The vast majority of the most important substitution reactions in the benzene ring are electrophilic substitution reactions (replacement of a hydrogen atom that is eliminated in the form of a proton by a positively charged particle) - halogenation, sulfonation, nitration, etc.

All substituents, according to the nature of their directing action, are divided into two groups.

1. Substituents of the first kind in reactions electrophilic substitution directs subsequent introduced groups to the ortho and para positions.

Substituents of this kind include, for example, the following groups, arranged in descending order of their directing force: -NH2, -OH, – CH3.

2. Substituents of the second kind in reactions electrophilic substitution directs subsequent introduced groups to the meta position.

Substituents of this kind include the following groups, arranged in descending order of their directing force: -NO2, -C≡N, – SO3 H.

Substituents of the first kind contain single bonds; Substituents of the second kind are characterized by the presence of double or triple bonds.

Substituents of the first kind in the vast majority of cases facilitate substitution reactions. For example, to nitrate benzene, you need to heat it with a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids, while phenol C6 H5 OH can be successfully

nitrate with dilute nitric acid at room temperature with the formation of ortho- and paranitrophenol.

Substituents of the second kind usually generally complicate substitution reactions. Substitution in the ortho- and para-position is especially difficult, and substitution in the meta-position is relatively easier.

Currently, the influence of substituents is explained by the fact that substituents of the first kind are electron-donating (donating electrons), i.e., their electron clouds are shifted towards the benzene ring, which increases the reactivity of hydrogen atoms.

Promotion reactivity hydrogen atoms in the ring facilitates the course of electrophilic substitution reactions. For example, in the presence of hydroxyl, the free electrons of the oxygen atom shift towards the ring, which increases the electron density in the ring, and the electron density of carbon atoms in the ortho and para positions to the substituent especially increases.

34. Substitution rules in the benzene ring

The rules of substitution in the benzene ring have a huge practical significance, since they make it possible to predict the course of the reaction and choose the right way synthesis of one or another desired substance.

The mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions in the aromatic series. Modern methods Research has made it possible to largely elucidate the mechanism of substitution in the aromatic series. It is interesting that in many respects, especially in the first stages, the mechanism of electrophilic substitution in the aromatic series turned out to be similar to the mechanism of electrophilic addition in the fatty series.

The first step in electrophilic substitution is (as in electrophilic addition) the formation of a p-complex. The electrophilic Xd+ species binds to all six p-electrons of the benzene ring.

The second stage is the formation of p-complex. In this case, the electrophilic particle “pulls” two electrons from six p-electrons to form the usual covalent bond. The resulting p-complex no longer has an aromatic structure: it is an unstable carbocation in which four p-electrons in a delocalized state are distributed among five carbon atoms, while the sixth carbon atom goes into a saturated state. The introduced substituent X and the hydrogen atom are in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the six-membered ring. The S-complex is an intermediate whose formation and structure have been demonstrated by a number of methods, in particular spectroscopy.

The third stage of electrophilic substitution is the stabilization of the S-complex, which is achieved by the removal of a hydrogen atom in the form of a proton. Two electrons involved in the formation S-N connections, after the removal of a proton, together with the four delocalized electrons of the five carbon atoms, give the usual stable aromatic structure of substituted benzene. The role of the catalyst (usually A 1 Cl3) in this case

The process consists in increasing the polarization of the alkyl halide with the formation of a positively charged particle, which enters into an electrophilic substitution reaction.

Addition reactions Benzene hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions with great difficulty - they do not

decolorize with bromine water and KMnO4 solution. However, under special reaction conditions

joining is still possible. 1. Addition of halogens.

In this reaction, oxygen plays the role of a negative catalyst: in its presence, the reaction does not proceed. Addition of hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst:

C6 H6 + 3H2 → C6 H12

2. Oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons.

Benzene itself is extremely resistant to oxidation - more resistant than paraffins. When energetic oxidizing agents (KMnO4 in an acidic environment, etc.) act on benzene homologues, the benzene nucleus is not oxidized, whereas side chains undergo oxidation to form aromatic acids.

Natural springs hydrocarbons Full name Starchevaya Arina Group B-105 2013

Natural sources Natural sources of hydrocarbons are fossil fuels - oil and gas, coal and peat. Crude oil and gas deposits arose 100-200 million years ago from microscopic marine plants and animals that became embedded in sedimentary rocks formed on the sea floor. In contrast, coal and peat began to form 340 million years ago from plants growing on land. .

Natural gas and crude oil are typically found along with water in oil-bearing strata located between rock layers (Figure 2). The term "natural gas" also applies to gases that are formed in natural conditions as a result of coal decomposition. Natural gas and crude oil are developed on every continent except Antarctica. The world's largest producers of natural gas are Russia, Algeria, Iran and the United States. The largest producers of crude oil are Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iran. Natural gas consists mainly of methane. Crude oil is an oily liquid that can vary in color from dark brown or green to almost colorless. It contains a large number of alkanes. Among them there are straight alkanes, branched alkanes and cycloalkanes with the number of carbon atoms from five to 50. The industrial name of these cycloalkanes is nachtany. Crude oil also contains approximately 10% aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as small amounts of other compounds containing sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen.

Natural gas is used both as a fuel and as a raw material for the production of a variety of organic and inorganic substances. You already know that from methane, the main component of natural gas, hydrogen, acetylene and methyl alcohol, formaldehyde and formic acid, many other organic substances. Natural gas is used as fuel in power plants, in boiler systems for water heating of residential and industrial buildings, in blast furnace and open-hearth industries. By striking a match and lighting the gas in the kitchen gas stove of a city house, you “trigger” a chain reaction of oxidation of alkanes that make up natural gas. In addition to oil, natural and associated petroleum gases, coal is a natural source of hydrocarbons. 0n forms thick layers in the bowels of the earth, its proven reserves significantly exceed oil reserves. Like oil, coal contains a large amount of various organic substances. In addition to organic, it also contains inorganic substances, such as water, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and, of course, carbon itself - coal. One of the main methods of processing coal is coking - calcination without air access. As a result of coking, which is carried out at a temperature of about 1000 °C, the following are formed: coke oven gas, which includes hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, impurities of ammonia, nitrogen and other gases; coal tar containing several hundred times-personal organic substances, including benzene and its homologues, phenol and aromatic alcohols, naphthalene and various heterocyclic compounds; tar, or ammonia water, containing, as the name implies, dissolved ammonia, as well as phenol, hydrogen sulfide and other substances; coke is a solid residue from coking, almost pure carbon. Coke is used in the production of iron and steel, ammonia is used in the production of nitrogen and combined fertilizers, and the importance organic products coking is difficult to overestimate. Thus, associated petroleum and natural gases, coal are not only the most valuable sources of hydrocarbons, but also part of a unique storehouse of irreplaceable natural resources, the careful and reasonable use of which - necessary condition progressive development of human society.

Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other compounds. In this form it is rarely used. It is first processed into other products that have practical application. Therefore, crude oil is transported by tankers or pipelines to refineries. Petroleum refining involves a range of physical and chemical processes: fractional distillation, cracking, reforming and desulfurization.

Crude oil is separated into its many constituent parts by simple, fractional and vacuum distillation. The nature of these processes, as well as the number and composition of the resulting oil fractions, depend on the composition of the crude oil and on the requirements for its various fractions. First of all, gas impurities dissolved in it are removed from crude oil by subjecting it to simple distillation. The oil is then subjected to primary distillation, as a result of which it is separated into gas, light and medium fractions and fuel oil. Further fractional distillation of light and medium fractions, as well as vacuum distillation of fuel oil leads to the formation large number factions. In table 4 shows the boiling point ranges and composition of various oil fractions, and Fig. Figure 5 shows a diagram of the design of a primary distillation (distillation) column for oil distillation. Let us now move on to a description of the properties of individual oil fractions.

Oil fields contain, as a rule, large accumulations of so-called associated petroleum gas, which collects above the oil in earth's crust and partially dissolves in it under the pressure of overlying rocks. Like oil, associated petroleum gas is a valuable natural source of hydrocarbons. It contains mainly alkanes, whose molecules contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. It is obvious that the composition of associated petroleum gas is much poorer than oil. However, despite this, it is also widely used both as a fuel and as a raw material for the chemical industry. Just a few decades ago, in most oil fields, associated petroleum gas was burned as a useless supplement to oil. Currently, for example, in Surgut, the richest oil reserve in Russia, the cheapest electricity in the world is generated using associated petroleum gas as fuel.

Thank you for your attention.

During the lesson you will be able to study the topic “Natural sources of hydrocarbons. Oil refining." More than 90% of all energy currently consumed by humanity is obtained from fossil natural organic compounds. You will learn about natural resources ( natural gas, oil, coal), about what happens to oil after its extraction.

Topic: Saturated hydrocarbons

Lesson: Natural Sources of Hydrocarbons

About 90% of the energy consumed by modern civilization is generated by burning natural fossil fuels - natural gas, oil and coal.

Russia is a country rich in natural fossil fuel reserves. There are large reserves of oil and natural gas in Western Siberia and the Urals. Coal is mined in the Kuznetsk, South Yakutsk basins and other regions.

Natural gas consists on average of 95% methane by volume.

In addition to methane, natural gas from various fields contains nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulfide, as well as other light alkanes - ethane, propane and butanes.

Natural gas is extracted from underground deposits where it is under high pressure. Methane and other hydrocarbons are formed from organic substances of plant and animal origin during their decomposition without access to air. Methane is constantly being formed as a result of the activity of microorganisms.

Methane discovered on planets solar system and their companions.

Pure methane has no odor. However, the gas used in everyday life has a characteristic bad smell. This is what special additives smell like - mercaptans. The smell of mercaptans allows you to detect a domestic gas leak in time. Mixtures of methane with air are explosive in a wide range of ratios - from 5 to 15% gas by volume. Therefore, if you smell gas in a room, you should not only light a fire, but also not use electrical switches. The slightest spark can cause an explosion.

Rice. 1. Oil from different fields

Oil- a thick liquid similar to oil. Its color ranges from light yellow to brown and black.

Rice. 2. Oil fields

Oil from different fields varies greatly in composition. Rice. 1. The main part of oil is hydrocarbons containing 5 or more carbon atoms. Basically, these hydrocarbons are classified as limiting, i.e. alkanes. Rice. 2.

Oil also contains organic compounds containing sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen. Oil contains water and inorganic impurities.

Gases that are released during its production are dissolved in oil - associated petroleum gases. These are methane, ethane, propane, butanes with admixtures of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.

Coal, like oil, is a complex mixture. The share of carbon in it accounts for 80-90%. The rest is hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and some other elements. In brown coal the proportion of carbon and organic matter is lower than in stone. Even less organic matter in oil shale.

In industry, coal is heated to 900-1100 0 C without air access. This process is called coking. The result is coke with a high carbon content, necessary for metallurgy, coke oven gas and coal tar. Many organic substances are released from gas and tar. Rice. 3.

Rice. 3. Construction of a coke oven

Natural gas and oil are the most important sources of raw materials for the chemical industry. Oil as it is extracted, or “crude oil,” is difficult to use even as fuel. Therefore, crude oil is divided into fractions (from the English “fraction” - “part”), using differences in the boiling points of its constituent substances.

Oil separation method based on different temperatures boiling of its constituent hydrocarbons is called distillation or distillation. Rice. 4.

Rice. 4. Petroleum products

The fraction that distills from approximately 50 to 180 0 C is called gasoline.

Kerosene boils at temperatures of 180-300 0 C.

A thick black residue containing no volatile substances is called fuel oil.

There are also a number of intermediate fractions that boil in narrower ranges - petroleum ethers (40-70 0 C and 70-100 0 C), white spirit (149-204 ° C), and gas oil (200-500 0 C). They are used as solvents. Fuel oil can be distilled under reduced pressure to produce lubricating oils and paraffin. Solid residue from fuel oil distillation - asphalt. It is used for the production of road surfaces.

Processing of associated petroleum gases is a separate industry and produces a number of valuable products.

Summing up the lesson

During the lesson you studied the topic “Natural sources of hydrocarbons. Oil refining." More than 90% of all energy currently consumed by humanity is obtained from fossil natural organic compounds. You learned about natural resources (natural gas, oil, coal), what happens to oil after its extraction.

References

1. Rudzitis G.E. Chemistry. Basics general chemistry. 10th grade: textbook for general education institutions: basic level/ G. E. Rudzitis, F. G. Feldman. - 14th edition. - M.: Education, 2012.

2. Chemistry. 10th grade. Profile level: academic. for general education institutions/ V.V. Eremin, N.E. Kuzmenko, V.V. Lunin et al. - M.: Bustard, 2008. - 463 p.

3. Chemistry. 11th grade. Profile level: academic. for general education institutions/ V.V. Eremin, N.E. Kuzmenko, V.V. Lunin et al. - M.: Bustard, 2010. - 462 p.

4. Khomchenko G.P., Khomchenko I.G. Collection of problems in chemistry for those entering universities. - 4th ed. - M.: RIA "New Wave": Publisher Umerenkov, 2012. - 278 p.

Homework

1. No. 3, 6 (p. 74) Rudzitis G.E., Feldman F.G. Chemistry: Organic chemistry. 10th grade: textbook for general education institutions: basic level / G. E. Rudzitis, F.G. Feldman. - 14th edition. - M.: Education, 2012.

2. How does associated petroleum gas differ from natural gas?

3. How is oil distilled?

The main natural sources of hydrocarbons are oil, gas, and coal. Most of the substances are isolated from them organic chemistry. We will discuss this class of organic substances in more detail below.

Composition of minerals

Hydrocarbons are the most extensive class of organic substances. These include acyclic (linear) and cyclic classes of compounds. There are saturated (saturated) and unsaturated (unsaturated) hydrocarbons.

Saturated hydrocarbons include compounds with single bonds:

alkanes- linear connections;
cycloalkanes- cyclic substances.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons include substances with multiple bonds:

alkenes- contain one double bond;
alkynes- contain one triple bond;
alkadienes- include two double bonds.

A separate class of arenes or aromatic hydrocarbons containing a benzene ring is distinguished.

Rice. 1. Classification of hydrocarbons.

Mineral resources include gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons. The table describes natural sources of hydrocarbons in more detail.

*Source*	*Species*
		Alkanes, cycloalkanes, arenes, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur-containing compounds
	natural - a mixture of gases found in nature; associated - a gaseous mixture dissolved in oil or located above it	Methane with impurities (no more than 5%): propane, butane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, water vapor. Natural gas contains more methane than associated gas
	anthracite - includes 95% carbon; stone - contains 99% carbon; brown - 72% carbon	Carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrocarbons

Every year more than 600 billion m 3 of gas, 500 million tons of oil, and 300 million tons of coal are produced in Russia.

Recycling

Minerals are used in processed form. Coal is calcined without oxygen (coking process) to separate several fractions:

coke oven gas- a mixture of methane, carbon oxides (II) and (IV), ammonia, nitrogen;
coal tar- a mixture of benzene, its homologues, phenol, arenes, heterocyclic compounds;
ammonia water- a mixture of ammonia, phenol, hydrogen sulfide;
coke- the final coking product containing pure carbon.

Rice. 2. Coking.

One of the leading branches of world industry is oil refining. Oil extracted from the depths of the earth is called crude oil. It is recycled. First, mechanical purification from impurities is carried out, then the purified oil is distilled to obtain various fractions. The table describes the main fractions of oil.

*Fraction*	*Compound*	*What do you get?*
	Gaseous alkanes from methane to butane
Gasoline	Alkanes from pentane (C 5 H 12) to undecane (C 11 H 24)	Gasoline, esters
Naphtha	Alkanes from octane (C 8 H 18) to tetradecane (C 14 H 30)	Naphtha (heavy gasoline)
Kerosene
Diesel	Alkanes from tridecane (C 13 H 28) to nonadecane (C 19 H 36)
	Alkanes from pentadecane (C 15 H 32) to pentacontane (C 50 H 102)	Lubricating oils, petroleum jelly, bitumen, paraffin, tar

Rice. 3. Oil distillation.

Plastics, fibers, and medicines are produced from hydrocarbons. Methane and propane are used as household fuel. Coke is used in the production of iron and steel. Produced from ammonia water nitric acid, ammonia, fertilizers. Tar is used in construction.

What have we learned?

From the topic of the lesson we learned from what natural sources hydrocarbons are isolated. Petroleum, coal, natural and associated gases. Minerals are purified and divided into fractions, from which substances suitable for production or direct use are obtained. Produced from oil liquid fuel, oils. The gases contain methane, propane, butane, used as household fuel. Liquid and solid raw materials are extracted from coal for the production of alloys, fertilizers, and medicines.