Difference between false oils and real ones. Types of boletus and boletus: obabka mushrooms and their photos

Butter - incredibly tasty and healthy mushrooms. They chose conifers and mixed forests and appear already at the beginning of summer. They contain very valuable and useful substances. They contained B vitamins, carbohydrates, and essential amino acids that are well absorbed by the body.

Lecithin, found in boletus, prevents the formation of cholesterol and atherosclerotic plaques.

Butter is indicated for people suffering from headaches and gout. However, along with undoubted advantages, mushrooms have harmful properties. So, it is known what they contain a large number of chitin, so those who have disorders in the gastrointestinal tract should not get carried away with them.

Oilseeds accumulate harmful pollutants well. Only those collected away from industrial enterprises and highways are considered safe.

Signs of poisoning

Another danger to human health is the so-called false butter. Due to inexperience, novice mushroom pickers can put in baskets false doubles. And this is fraught with serious consequences, since the toxins contained in them can lead to poisoning and disruption of the entire body.

Signs of poisoning:

• dizziness,
• heat,
• intestinal disorders.

If such a problem happens to you, you need to urgently go to a medical facility and rinse your stomach.

Almost all edible mushrooms have poisonous counterparts, which are not recommended to be consumed.

Main differences

How to distinguish false boletus from healthy mushrooms? To begin with, it is important to know that they grow in several waves. Early oiler, or larch, appears already in early summer and, as a rule, grows in young pine forests. It is easily confused with the false and poisonous oiler. It is not advisable to salt representatives of the first wave, since the seaming is often torn off, but for cooking delicious soups, mouth-watering roasts and aromatic seasonings, better mushrooms simply cannot be found.

Pine butterfly appears in mid-summer and belongs to the second wave of mushrooms. It is excellent for pickling, but can easily be confused with the poisonous panther fly agaric. Unlike a real oiler, toxic representatives have characteristic spots, which is why they got their name. Their hats are clean, but sometimes they have streaks - tan marks. The leaves, stuck to the caps, also leave marks. Thus, it is better to collect small young mushrooms with absolutely clean caps.

Novice mushroom pickers confuse boletus mushrooms with panther fly agarics

Late boletus is well suited for pickling. It is believed that autumn mushrooms the most nutritious and tasty. They differ from others with a bright chocolate hat. However, the autumn butterdish also has its counterpart, which is characterized by a rich reddish cap. Underneath is a spongy layer that is darker and denser than that of a real mushroom.

False butter is not fatal, although it has an unpleasant bitter taste and can cause stomach upset.

Before you send forest dweller to the cart, try to correctly identify it. Moreover, there is characteristic features, by which it is easy to distinguish and reject inedible individuals.

For example, a false oiler has pronounced plates on its inner surface. This is the main visual difference between edible representatives. The hat also plays an important role. In the poisonous representative it has a purple color.

Inner surface false mushroom has pronounced plates

Do you want to be absolutely sure that you have found an edible butter dish? Just turn it over and place it on the cap. There must be a light film on the inside. Take it away. If the structure inside the cap is porous, then you have edible mushroom. If it is lamellar, feel free to throw the mushroom out of the basket. Besides, false oiler It has a gray color on the inside of the cap and a purple stem, and also turns very yellow when cut. These signs indicate that the mushroom should not be taken. Experienced and experienced mushroom pickers pay attention to this pattern: the lighter the mushroom, the more poisonous it is. Toxic individuals have a loose structure and crumble heavily. While real edible mushrooms have dense, elastic mycelium, and the caps are bright and beautiful.

False boletus often ends up in the baskets of inexperienced mushroom pickers along with edible mushrooms. This happens because several poisonous species are outwardly quite easy to confuse with those that are suitable for food, if you do not look closely. Conversely, common early boletus is often mistaken for false, and later varieties closely resemble fly agarics. There are a number of distinctive features, in addition to the shape, by which you can tell whether a mushroom is edible or just looks like it.

Existing varieties of butter - characteristic features

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that combine many of the properties of plants and animals; in Latin they are called Fungi or Mycota. They are divided according to their place of growth into meadow, steppe, mountain and forest. Oil beetles, called Suillus, of which there are more than 40 species, including both useful and conditionally edible or unsuitable for food, grow in wooded areas.

The benefits of tubular mushrooms of the Boletaceae family lie not only in their nutritional value, but also in the elements they contain, such as carbohydrates, a number of amino acids, B vitamins and lecithin. Butter also have harmful properties characteristic of all organisms of the kingdom Mycota - chitin, which has negative impact on the gastrointestinal tract.

According to nutritional value, there are 4 categories, which differ in the amount of useful elements contained and taste. In this regard, any species of the boletus genus does not belong to the second position, that is, the usefulness and taste are quite high, but inferior to many other mushrooms. There is another gradation.

• excellent edible;
• good edible;
• conditionally edible;
• unfit for food;
• poisonous.

Fungi of the genus Suillus occupy second and third positions, depending on the species. The fact is that false boletus is not included in this family and does not exist as a separate species. This is just the name given to some other representatives of the kingdom Mycota, which have a similar shape and color. The difference lies in the fleshy ring around the stem, which appears as it matures from the film covering the spore pockets of the young mushroom - in false oils there is no such. Therefore, the fourth and fifth categories do not apply to Suillus.

TO good mushrooms include such popular species among mushroom pickers as common butterfly (known as late, autumn), pale (or white), granular (or early), yellow-brown (or variegated, familiar to us as swamp moss). Suillus tridentinus (rufous or Tridentine), plorans (cedar or weeping), Siberian (this type is closer to the conditionally edible) and remarkable grow in Russia and Europe.

Conditionally edible, there are several types of butterfly: yellowish, larch, snork and gray. All of them are suitable for food only after thorough cleaning of outer films and long-term cooking.

How to recognize good and tasty Suillus species?

Although most mushrooms of this family have a hairy rim, similar to a collar, on the stem, some species lose this as they grow. hallmark. That’s why they are often so easy to confuse with similar poisonous or simply inedible ones. In order not to make a mistake when collecting forest gifts, you need to know the characteristics of each species that is found in the surrounding area. The following boletus grows in Russia.

Common (Luteus)

You can recognize it by its brown, yellowish or brownish cap, with a diameter of 5 to 12 centimeters, the sticky, oily skin of which is very easily removed. Sometimes the shade is brownish-purple. The stalk is divided into two parts by a mossy ring, which is formed when the mushroom matures, after the veil on the spongy spore pulp ruptures. Above the ring the color is light, below it has a violet tint. The spore pulp under the cap is tubular, yellow color.

Granular (Granulatus)

A very common and popular mushroom that grows in large quantities, starting from June and up to November. It is recommended to collect only young ones, since as they mature, this species quickly becomes flabby and tasteless. The cap with a diameter of 4 to 10 centimeters in young animals is painted bright red, while in larger ones it turns out to be yellow-orange. The shape also changes from a convex pyramidal to a flat one, similar to a round pillow. The easily peelable skin becomes mucous only at high air humidity; the rest of the time it is shiny but dry.

This mushroom does not have the ring characteristic of butter mushrooms; the stalk, up to 8 centimeters high, is light yellow; brownish streaks often appear on it from the liquid released from the spore sacs. This type It has a pleasant nutty taste and a slightly tart smell of pulp, the color of which is usually light, slightly yellowish. The cuts of the grain oiler do not darken.

Cedar (Plorans)

Enough large mushroom legs up to 12 centimeters high. The brown cap has a diameter of up to 15 cm. Feature- shiny, but not oily, but waxy surface of the skin. Another feature by which this species can be recognized is the yellowish-orange flesh that turns blue when cut. The surface of the stem is often strewn with brown spots, because of which the cedar oiler is often confused with the boletus.

White (Placidus)

Forms small groups, mainly growing in cedar forests or pine forests. Like many species of the Suillus family, the cap of young animals has an almost pyramidal shape up to 5 centimeters in diameter, and with age it becomes flat and even has a small hole in the center, about 12 cm in size. The covering of the light yellow skin is slightly slimy, but not sticky, but smooth. Sometimes purple spots appear on the cap, which can be confused with poisonous mushroom and pass by. This is also facilitated by the fact that there is no characteristic ring on the stem.

Yellow-brown (Variegatus)

Popularly known as the marsh or sand flyfly, this mushroom is large in size; its cap, yellowish with brown spots in color, often reaches 14 centimeters. Its shape is slightly semicircular, the skin does not have a characteristic oily coating; on the contrary, as the body ages, it cracks and begins to peel off. The flesh of the leg, which stretches 10 cm due to growth, always turns blue when cut. Variegatus grows in pine forests, singly and in groups.

Tawny red (Tridentinus)

Appears near coniferous trees, mainly in the foothills, from June to October inclusive. It is distinguished by a large semicircular cap, the diameter of which often reaches 15 centimeters. The main color is light orange, the skin is covered with a dense layer of bright red scales, which is why the mushroom acquires its characteristic color.

The spongy pulp of the spore tubes is also orange in color. The stalk, up to 10 cm high, has a slightly pronounced ring remaining from the spore cover. If you cut the flesh, it will quickly turn reddish, although it was originally yellow.

False boletus mushrooms - what are these mushrooms?

Many people classify the representatives of the Suillus family as false, conditionally edible. The same larch or gray (Aeruginascens) has a very pleasant taste and smell; just cook it for a while in boiling water. Therefore, it is more correct to consider false boletus similar mushrooms, which are included in other families, are inedible or poisonous.

This is, first of all, the pepper mushroom (Piperatus), which belongs to the genus Chalciporus. Knowing what an oil can looks like, it is not difficult to confuse a glove with a similar shape, but it can be distinguished by its size, which does not exceed 6 centimeters in height and 8 centimeters in the diameter of the cap. The color of this species is entirely brown, and its flesh inside is yellow. The skin of the cap has a glossy sheen characteristic of the Suillus family, but is not slimy. Another similarity is the growing season, from June to October.

The picked mushroom has a rather pleasant smell, but a very hot, pepper-like taste. It turns reddish when cut. Piperatus is still suitable for food, but only in small quantities, after boiling in boiling water and drying, as a seasoning to add piquancy to the dish. If you cook it like a butter dish, gastrointestinal diseases will occur. Such a treat is especially undesirable for children, as the substances contained in such food cause poisoning.

Another mushroom with which some types of boletus can be confused is the panther fly agaric (Amanita pantherina). Place of growth - deciduous forests. It has a semicircular long cap, brown or dark brown in color. On it, along the edges, it is easy to notice the thin terry from the early spore blanket, which often forms a ring on the white high (up to 12 centimeters) leg of the adult organism.

On the skin of the cap there are light specks of scales that are easily removed from the surface; the spore pulp is represented by plates, and not tubes, like in ordinary butternuts. The mushroom is very poisonous!

Maslyata mushrooms are welcome guests in the basket of every mushroom picker. Butter is suitable for any culinary processing, have good taste. Boletus mushrooms, which we will describe below, must be distinguished from false boletus mushrooms in order to avoid poisoning.

Boletus mushrooms - photos and descriptions of species

Early flocks of boletus are the most welcome gift for the mushroom picker, who has been eagerly awaiting their appearance since mid-June.

Description Light yellow oiler

It is the light yellow granular oiler (Suillus granulatus Kuntze) that is the first to appear in a conspicuous place after warm thunderstorms and regularly bears fruit 3-5 times per season.

Light yellow or light brown caps stick out from the moss litter in a young pine forest, on humus in deciduous forest, along forest roads and in clearings with short grass. After rain, the mushroom is slimy, your hands turn black and cannot be washed off. Under the cap there is a tubular layer of light yellow color, the leg without a ring, dense, light yellow, short. The flesh of the mushroom is light, does not darken when cut, and the top film comes off easily.

Photo: General characteristics and description of the type - Light yellow oiler

True or yellow-brown oiler - description of the species

Later, from the second half of summer until serious frosts in October, the so-called late boletus (Suillus lu-teus Gray.), or real ones, appear. The color of the upper film of the cap of this species varies from dark yellow to medium brown, sometimes with a brown color in the center.

The skin is easily peeled off the convex cap and mercilessly sticks to your hands, making it immediately obvious who brought the butter today. The down tubes are very light, small, and look like a sponge. The dense, thick stem has a ring, which covers the down in young specimens, but remains in the form of a white thin film in older specimens.

This species loves light pine forests and is found in huge colonies in suitable summers. At one edge you can pick up 2-3 buckets of wonderful mushrooms at a time, even if you cut off the wormy stems and throw away lightly eaten specimens. You can pick it up, but then you have to suffer until the night with cleaning the terribly sticky films that must be removed.

Photo: General characteristics and description of the species - Real oiler

Larch oiler - description of the species

In the larch forests of Siberia there is a larch butterfly (Suillus grevillei Sing.) with a very bright yellowish-orange, almost red cap from a distance. The down of the mushroom is lemon-yellow, with pinpoint pores and covered with a white blanket, which gradually comes off from the edges of the cap and remains on the leg in the form of a ring.

The leg, yellow-brown with burgundy coloring, when cut, has light yellow flesh that does not darken in air. On the European territory of Russia, the mushroom is also found under deciduous trees. Under one old larch tree in the Tver region, which was planted 40 years ago, these unusual mushrooms, causing the surprise of all the experienced mushroom pickers. And what wind blew them away?

Photo: General characteristics and description of the species - Larch oildish

There are other types of buttermilk, but they are not so common in our latitudes, or are not eaten, although they are not poisonous, they do not have a good taste.

Marsh butterwort - grows in swamps and wetlands. The swamp butterdish is edible, but its taste is less pronounced than that of other species. The mushroom cap is dirty yellow, sticky, the flesh is dense, lemon-colored, and when cut it takes on a wine color.

Pepper butterfly lives in deciduous and coniferous forests, and is inedible mushroom, because of its hot peppery taste. The cap is convex, funnel-shaped in adulthood, brown in color. When pressed, the pulp acquires a bluish tint.

How to distinguish false butterflies

Before you go into the forest and collect boletus, you need to figure out what their poisonous counterparts look like, so as not to throw the false brother of the mushroom into the basket.

Less experienced mushroom pickers may confuse boletus mushrooms with young panther fly agarics. Panther fly agaric is very poisonous and causes intoxication in the body.

The panther fly agaric looks a bit like an oil can only in its youth; later the cap acquires an expressive pattern, and you can no longer confuse it. To distinguish the false oiler, panther fly agaric, carefully examine the leg; in the fly agaric it is thicker and has a ring that disappears in an older mushroom. In addition, there will be no insects near the mushroom; even the smell of the mushroom is poisonous to them.

The false oiler is not as dangerous as the fly agaric, but it will not bring anything useful. It can be distinguished from its edible counterpart by the plates under the cap - in the false butterdish they are clearly pronounced. In addition, the cap may have a purple tint.

To distinguish an edible butterdish from an inedible one, turn the mushroom over. There is always a film under the cap of the oiler. If you remove it, and under the film there is a porous surface of the mushroom, you have an edible mushroom. If the inner surface of the cap is in plates, it is better to throw out such a mushroom. The false oiler turns yellow when cut, and the color of the inside of the cap is slightly grayish.

The boletus, the descriptions of which we have given above, will be a welcome guest on your table; if you understand how to distinguish false boletus, you will be able to cook delicious dishes with pleasure!

Video: Description of varieties of butter

Butterflies (lat. Suillus) are mushrooms that belong to the department Basidiomycetes, the class Agaricomycetes, the order Boletaceae, the oilcan family, the genus of oilers.

Butter mushrooms get their name from the shiny, sticky skin that covers the cap, making it appear as if the top of the mushroom is smeared with oil. IN different countries the name of this mushroom is associated precisely with the “buttery” appearance of its cap: in Belarus - Maslyuk, in Ukraine - Maslyuk, in the Czech Republic - Maslyak, in Germany - Buterpilz (butter mushroom), in England - “slippery Jack”.

Butter - description, appearance, photo. What do boletus look like?

Hat.

Butterflies are small and medium-sized mushrooms, some varieties are similar to. The cap of young mushrooms has a hemispherical, sometimes conical shape. As it grows, it straightens and, as a rule, takes on a shape similar to a pillow. The largest diameter of the cap is 15 cm.

A feature of butter mushrooms that distinguishes them from other mushrooms is the thin film-like skin covering the cap: sticky and shiny. It can be slimy, constantly or only during wet weather, and in some species it is slightly velvety, subsequently cracking into small scales. The skin is usually easy to separate from the pulp. Its color varies from yellow, ocher tones to brown-chocolate and brown, sometimes with spots and color transitions. The color of the cap depends not only on the type of oiler, but also on the light and the type of forest in which it grows.

Hymenophore.

The hymenophore (spore-bearing layer) is tubular. The tubes are mostly adherent, light yellow in color, becoming darker as the fungus ages. The mouths of the tubes, or pores, are generally round and small.

Pulp.

The flesh of the butter is dense, but soft. Its color is whitish or yellowish; when cut, some species of oilseed may change: turn red or blue. The pulp does not smell at all or has a pleasant pine smell. Butterflies age very quickly. After 7-9 days, the flesh becomes flabby and dark. In addition, these fungi are often attacked by worms. Not only old, but also very young mushrooms that have just emerged from the ground are attacked by worms, of which one in fifteen is not wormy.

Leg.

The leg of the butterfish is cylindrical in shape. Its average dimensions are: diameter from 1 to 3.5 cm and height from 4 to 10 cm. The color is whitish with a dark bottom or matches the color of the cap. It happens that a whitish liquid is released from the pores and solidifies in droplets on the stem, while its surface becomes granular.

Blanket and spore powder.

Some varieties of butterweed have a blanket connecting them between the cap and the stem. When the mushroom grows, it breaks, leaving a ring on the stem. In this case, fragments of film may also remain at the ends of the cap. The spore powder of boletus has various shades of yellow.

Where do boletus grow?

Butterflies are mushrooms common in the Northern Hemisphere (Europe, Asia, Russia, North America). But some species are known in Africa and Australia. Basically, boletus grows under coniferous trees, but some varieties can be found under and. Some mushrooms grow only next to one type of tree, while other varieties grow with various types conifers: cedar, larch. Butterflies do not like dark forests. Most often they can be found on the edges, sides of forest paths and roads, in clearings, forest burnt areas, clearings, and thickets of young coniferous trees. These mushrooms are found both singly and in groups (small or large).

When do boletus grow?

Butterfly can be found in the forest from early summer to mid-autumn. It happens that some species appear even in April, but, generally, the first boletus can be collected in June. According to folk superstition, their appearance coincides with the flowering of pine trees. The second flow coincides with the July flowering of linden. And the third begins in August and lasts until October - November. Butterflies do not like cold; temperatures above 15°C are comfortable for them. In addition to warmth, they also need rain. A day or two after the rain they begin to appear on the surface. In autumn, boletus stops growing when the soil freezes 2-3 cm.

Types of oil, description, names, photographs.

Below is short description several varieties of butter.

Edible boletus, photo and description.

• Oiler white (soft, pale)(lat.Suillus placidus) not growing in large groups from June to November on the soil under pine and cedar trees. The shape of the cap changes with age: first convex, then flat or with a slightly concave middle. The diameter of the cap is from 5 to 12 cm. The skin covering the cap is smooth, slightly slimy, light yellow in color, with purple spots that appear over time. The tubes are initially whitish-yellow, later becoming darker. The leg is cylindrical or fusiform, 3-8 cm in height. The top of the leg is yellowish, the bottom is white, and as it ages it becomes covered with granular spots of brownish flowers. There is no ring on the leg. The flesh of the oiler is purple under the skin, white in the middle and yellowish above the spores, inexpressive in smell and taste. Only young ones are worth collecting: as they age, this edible butterdish quickly rots.

• Oiler granular (summer, early) (lat.Suillus granulatus) - an edible mushroom that is found often and in large quantities. It has a cap with a diameter of 4-10 cm, the color and shape of which changes with age. Young mushrooms have a convex, rusty cap, while old ones have a cushion-shaped, yellow-orange cap. The skin is bare, dry, shiny, and becomes slimy in damp weather. It separates well from the pulp. The leg of the edible granular oiler is light yellow with dark yellow, brown or brownish spots. Its height is from 4 to 8 cm, its diameter is 1-1.5 cm, its shape is cylindrical. Often at the top of the leg you can see droplets of milky liquid secreted by the pores, which, when dried, forms an uneven surface and brown spots. There is no ring on the leg. The oiler tubes, attached to the stem, have a length of 0.3 to 1 cm. Their color changes as they age from pale yellow to brown-yellow, and their diameter increases to 1 mm. The pulp is yellowish, has a pleasant smell and a nutty taste. These edible boletus do not darken when cut. Spore powder is yellow-brown. The granular oiler grows mainly under pine trees, less often under spruce trees. These mushrooms can be found from June to November among thickets of young growth, on the edges, and near forest roads.

• Yellow-brown oiler (variegated oiler, marsh moth, sandy boletus, marsh moth, pied moth) (lat.Suillus variegatus) has a cap from 5 to 14 cm in diameter. In a young mushroom it is semicircular, but then becomes cushion-shaped. The color of the cap of young boletus is olive, while that of adults is yellow with brown, orange, and reddish hues. The skin does not clean well. Its surface, unlike most mushrooms, is not slimy; in young mushrooms it cracks into small scales. Initially, the surface of the cap is woolly, and as it grows, it becomes finely scaly. The leg is high - 3-10 cm, has a cylindrical or club-shaped shape, 1.5-2 cm in diameter. The light yellow flesh of the oiler turns blue when cut, as do the brown or brownish-olive tubes. A broken mushroom has a metallic or pine smell. Yellow-brown boletus grows in several pieces or in not very large groups, in pine forests, often together with heather. Young yellow-brown boletus is well suited for pickling.

• Common oiler(lat.Suillus luteus) also called yellow, late, autumn, present. This is a mushroom with a convex brownish-violet, brown-chocolate, red-brown or yellow-brown cap, covered with a slimy skin that is very easily removed. The diameter of the cap is 4-12 cm. The tubes attached to the stem are light yellow, and then lemon yellow, darkening over time. The spores are brown. The leg of the butterdish is from 5 to 11 cm high and with a diameter from 1.5 to 3 cm. It has a ring on it, which is formed when the cover ruptures. Above the ring the leg is white, and below it is brownish-violet. The ring itself is white on top and purple on the bottom. The common butterwort grows from late July to late September in pine forests.

• Oiler red-red (Tridentine)(lat.Suillus tridentinus) has a fleshy cap, the diameter of which is from 5 to 15 cm. The shape of the cap is semicircular, over time it becomes cushion-shaped. The cap is yellow-orange, covered with many fibrous scales of a red-orange hue. Along its edges there are pieces of a white blanket that connects the cap and stem of young mushrooms. A ring remains on the leg from a torn blanket. The leg is from 4 to 11 cm high, has the same color as the cap or is slightly lighter. The flesh of the butterdish is dense, yellowish in color, and turns red when cut. The tubular layer is yellow-orange, and the spore powder is yellow-olive. Edible red-red boletus grows from July to October in coniferous forests on mountain slopes.

• Cedar oiler (crying) (lat.Suillus plorans) - edible mushroom. The brown cap has a diameter of 3 to 15 cm, its surface is not sticky, but rather matte, as if covered with wax, yellow or orange-brown. The flesh of the oiler is pale yellow or yellowish-orange in color, slightly sour in taste and turns blue when cut. The tubular hymenophore can have different shades: from brownish and dark yellow to olive. The pores of the fungus can secrete a whitish liquid, which becomes brown when dried. The butterdish leg has a height of 4 to 12 cm and a thickness of up to 2.5 cm, tapering towards the top. The surface of the leg may be covered with small dark red-brown spots, like those of.

• Siberian oiler (lat.Suillus sibiricus)– an edible mushroom of the lowest category, has a medium size. The cap grows up to 10 cm in diameter and initially has a hemispherical shape, then straightens. The color of the cap is initially straw yellow, gradually becoming darker with red-brown spots. The skin of the oil can is mucous, especially in wet weather, and is easily peeled off. Young mushrooms have a covering that breaks, leaving a ring on the stem and fragments on the edges of the cap. The tubes are yellow and turn brown over time. May produce droplets that dry and leave dark brown spots. The oiler leg reaches 8 cm in height and 2.5 cm in diameter. Siberian boletus grows in the mountains of North America, Siberia, and rarely in Europe. Found near several species of pine trees. Because of my specific environment habitat and rarity in Europe, the Siberian oiler is included in several regional Red Books.

• The oiler is remarkable (lat. Suillus spectabilis) has a large, fleshy cap from 5 to 15 cm in diameter and a relatively short stalk. The cap is sticky and scaly. The peel comes off easily. The length of the leg is from 4 to 12 cm, thickness - from 1 to 2 cm. The leg has a ring with an adhesive inner surface. The color of the leg above the ring is white-yellow, below the ring it is brown-burgundy, covered with scales. The yellow flesh of the oiler turns pink when cut and then turns brown. The fungus grows in moist, marshy soils and grows singly or in groups. Found mainly in North America, eastern Siberia and Far East Russia.

Conditionally edible boletus, photo and description.

Some researchers include species such as larch butterfly, gray butterfly, goat mushroom and yellowish butterfly as conditionally edible butterflies, while others consider all these mushrooms to be edible. In any case, conditionally edible mushrooms are mushrooms that can be eaten after having previously subjected them to heat or other additional processing.

• Larch oiler(lat.Suillus grevillei) - a mushroom with a bright yellow or bright orange cap from 3 to 15 cm in diameter, at first very convex and cone-shaped, and with growth it becomes flat and cushion-shaped. The leg is 4-10 cm high, often mesh-like, the same color as the cap, and has a light mucous ring that quickly disappears. The flesh of the oiler is quite dense, yellow, according to different sources, turning brown when cut or not changing color. The smell and taste are pleasant. The pores are thin, lemon-yellow, darkening over time. Larch oiler often grows in symbiosis with larch, but it can also be located quite far from its host trees.

• Gray oiler (blue larch oiler, gray tubular larch) (lat.Suillus aeruginascens) – a conditionally edible mushroom that is found in larch forests, parks and plantings. Grows from June to September. The mushroom cap is gray-yellow, gray-brown or light gray, 4-12 cm in diameter. The tubular layer is approximately the same color. The cylindrical stalk has a thin, whitish, rapidly disappearing ring. The height of the leg is from 5 to 10 cm. The cap and bottom of the leg are adhesive. When cut, the flesh of the oiler turns blue.

• Kozlyak ( aka lattice mushroom, cow mushroom, mullein)(lat.Suillus bovinus) – orange-brown or rusty-brown mushroom, not very big size and with a sour taste. The shape of the cap is typical for boletus - first convex, then cushion-shaped. Diameter is from 3 to 11 cm. The skin is slimy, smooth, shiny, and easily separated from the pulp. The stem of the trellis reaches 3-10 cm in height and up to 2 cm in thickness, sometimes invisible from under the cap, the same color as the cap. There is no ring on the leg. The pulp is elastic, whitish-yellow with a brown tint. The pulp of the stem of the trellis may have a red-brown color. The tubes are yellow, then yellow-olive or yellow-tobacco. The goat mushroom grows under pine trees in damp forests and swamps, often with yellow-brown butterfly (lat. Suillus variegatus) from July to November, found alone or in groups. This variety of oiler grows in Europe and Asia, including Japan. The mushroom is well suited for pickling.

• Oiler yellowish(lat.Suillus salmonicolor) – a conditionally edible mushroom that can be eaten cooked, but after removing the skin, which can cause diarrhea (diarrhea). The mushroom cap is colored ocher-orange or orange-brown. The cap has a conical-convex shape and a diameter of 3 to 6 cm. There is a thick gelatin-like ring on the stem; in young mushrooms it white, but turns purple with age. The color of the leg above the ring is white, below it has a more yellow tint. The tubes are yellowish or yellow-brown in color. Mushroom growing on sandy soils, found in Europe, the European part of Russia and Siberia.

In nature, there are so-called “double mushrooms” that are similar to their healthy and tasty counterparts, but are not actually such. How to distinguish false boletus from edible ones from a photo? There are some simple tips that will help both beginners and experienced amateurs quiet hunt Do not bring in a basket a product that can cause serious disorders of the digestive and other body systems.

Everyone knows the most dangerous mushrooms in the world, which, if they fall into a basket, can ruin the entire harvest collected in the forest. This is a fly agaric and death cap. They are deadly and often cause death. But there are also less famous representatives species growing in the forest.

For example, mushrooms appearance resembling chanterelles, boletus and other popular varieties. They are generally not as dangerous as the above-mentioned species with high level toxicity. But their use can lead to liver dysfunction, digestive system, metabolic processes in the body. In general, after eating them, a significant eating disorder is guaranteed.

These also include false boletus; how to distinguish them from edible ones from photos will be discussed below. They are very similar to edible mushrooms. Representatives of false boletus have a pleasant shade of cap, a thick, durable stem, and even a mucous film, almost the same as that of ordinary boletus. But, nevertheless, these mushrooms belong to a completely different species.

The main difference is the structure of the cap. In a regular oiler it has a tubular structure. That is, under the cap there are small pores running throughout its entire thickness to the very top. False boletus refers to agaric mushrooms, if you look under the hat, it will resemble an umbrella.

It is important for a novice mushroom picker to know that tubular mushrooms They are extremely rarely poisonous; the bulk of toxic representatives are precisely the lamellar varieties. Therefore, if you have doubts about whether you should put the mushroom you like in the basket, first of all you need to look under its cap.

Varieties of butter

In nature, there are about 50 varieties of butter. They differ in appearance, taste and place of growth. The most famous varieties in Russia are the following:

• white;
• cedar;
• Siberian;
• swamp;
• yellow-brown.

The most famous of them are autumn boletus, which grows almost throughout the country. Their name is due to their active growth in early and mid-autumn. Top part their hats are Brown color different shades, the stem and lower part of the cap are light yellow or beige, depending on the age of the oiler.

A characteristic feature of this species is the presence of a skirt that forms a white blanket under the cap. Over time, it cracks and comes off. The leg has a cylindrical shape and a rough surface. False butterflies do not have this feature.

Where do boletus grow?

Boletus are mushrooms that are quite common in Russia. They can be found in both deciduous and pine forests. The oiler is often found in plantings and fields located near wooded areas.

The most optimal soil is sandstone and loose, clay soil. Butterflies do not like too dark places, so it is difficult to find them in old, densely overgrown forests. Often along with them grow similar edible ones - false boletus. They look almost the same, but have a cap with a small funnel and a plate-like structure.

Boletus mushrooms are collected easily and quickly; they grow in small families, in which you can see both large and very small mushrooms. If you get to a “mushroom” place, you can pick up a large number of aromatic, tasty mushrooms in a short period of time.

Growth periods

This variety loves moisture, which means it grows after rains, especially during the period when sunny weather sets in after a cold snap. Mushrooms ripen from June until frost. But if the summer turned out to be hot with a small amount rains - boletus will be rare in the forest. This variety loves a temperate, mild climate and sufficient moisture.

When choosing boletus, it is worth remembering that small specimens, the diameter of which does not exceed four centimeters, are much tastier than overgrown boletus. They have a delicate texture and a sweetish taste with a pronounced mushroom aroma. It is better to leave older specimens in place, this will give them time to expel their pores, after which the number of mushrooms in the places where they grow will increase significantly.

How to recognize false boletus

False mushrooms can be easily identified by their photos and descriptions, although they have a certain resemblance to edible ones. There are a few obvious signs, giving out “doubles” of classic butter:

• the inner surface of the cap has a lamellar structure;
• the upper surface is gray with a slight purple tint; in real boletus it is brown;
• the ring on the stem, or skirt, of false butterworts is white or light purple in color, usually dries quickly and hangs down the stem.

This plate of classic boletus has a purple tint and for a long time rests on the stem, forming a film under the cap. One of the main features due to which the false butterfly is often confused with the edible one is the oily surface of the mushroom. But this factor definitely should not be used as a guide during a quiet hunt.

Important! After cooking, the false butter dish will also differ from the edible one: its taste will not be as pleasant, and there may be a distinct bitterness and mustiness. The structure will be more rigid and spongy.

If at least one such mushroom gets into the total portion, the entire dish should be thrown away. But you shouldn’t do this hastily: if someone has already eaten a poisonous specimen, the mushrooms may still be needed to analyze the source of the poisoning.

Why are false boletus dangerous?

Mushrooms, similar to ordinary edible boletus, although they can be poisonous, are quite rare. They usually have a low level of toxicity. Eating false boletus, as a rule, leads to the following consequences:

• nausea;
• vomit;
• general malaise;
• diarrhea;
• increased sweating;
• dizziness;
• in some cases - increased body temperature.

Important! It should also be remembered that any poisoning, even minor, has a detrimental effect on liver function.

What to do in cases of poisoning with false boletus

If, after eating cooked mushrooms, you feel at least one of the symptoms listed above, you should take the following steps:

• call immediately ambulance or take the patient to the hospital yourself;
• before the doctors arrive, you need to rinse your stomach;
• If the victim shows signs of dehydration, you should give him strong, sweet tea.

But don't wait negative consequences eating toxic mushrooms. It is better to leave specimens that arouse even the slightest suspicion in the forest or throw them away instead of chasing their quantity.