The ancient city of Mohenjo Daro is located in. Nuclear war of antiquity - lost civilizations

The Harappan Civilization and Mohenjo-Daro

The area of ​​Proto-Indian civilization was more extensive than the areas of the civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt combined. It extended for 1600 kilometers from south to north and 800 kilometers from east to west. From the beginning of the 20s of the XX century until today, about 2,500 monuments of this ancient culture, including its capital cities, seaports, border fortresses, etc. We cannot say whether it was a single civilization or several city-states.

During the era of prosperity of Mohenjo-Daro, fertile lands stretched around it, and deep rivers were transport channels. The population was engaged in agriculture and grew wheat, barley, sesame, dates and cotton. Rich harvests and convenient communications allowed city residents to exchange their products for raw materials, metal, gems and spices from Central Asia, Afghanistan, Persia and South India. Among the ruins of Mohenjo-daro, many male and female female figures made of terracotta and miniature images of various animals, as well as clay signets with pictographic inscriptions.

The cities of the Indus Valley were built from brick - but not from the raw brick that the Sumerians used, but from burnt brick. This fact, as well as the remains of huge dams that protected cities from floods, and a dense network of sewers clearly indicated that five thousand years ago heavy rains in the Indus Valley were very frequent, so much so that the abundance of water posed a threat to urban buildings. The Sumerians could build their cities from mud bricks because rain was rare in southern Mesopotamia. The inhabitants of the Indus Valley, on the contrary, clearly had an excess of water - and this is all the more surprising given that today it is one of the driest places on the planet.

The Indian civilization contains many unsolved mysteries. We don’t know what it was actually called or who built it. The names of its mysterious cities are forgotten. The language of this civilization is also unknown; the hieroglyphs on the Indus seals still remain undeciphered...

To date, several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the reasons for the “collapse” of such a vast, powerful and developed civilization. Among them: climate change associated with the movement of tectonic plates, floods, earthquakes, invasion of nomadic tribes. Civilization declined quite quickly. And the catastrophe in Mohenjo-Daro came suddenly.

Causes of the death of Mohenjo-Daro

From the research conducted, one thing was clear: Mohenjo-Daro was the victim of some kind of environmental disaster, it happened suddenly and did not last long. However, its power was such that it led to the sudden and irreversible death of an entire city. Another interesting fact is that almost simultaneously with Mohejo-Daro, other nearby large cities also died.

According to some reports, a powerful explosion occurred on the hill where the city was located, the ruins of buildings were melted, and the skeletons in the area of ​​the explosion were radioactive. Allegedly, back in 1927, archaeologists found 27 or 44 fully preserved human skeletons with increased level radiation. The authorities became worried. You can’t give people evidence that in the middle of the second millennium someone used powerful nuclear bombs. Some version was needed. To begin with, they launched a message into the media of disinformation that the epicenter of an ancient earthquake, which was the cause of the tragedy, was allegedly found one hundred and forty kilometers from Mohenjo-Daro. However, no one believed that the earthquake was capable of melting the stones. Then a certain A.P. Nevsky spoke out, declaring that it was a comet. They say that upon entering the atmosphere, a discharge of static electricity with a force of millions of amperes occurred, and it was this that destroyed the city. However, no signs of flooding, volcanic eruptions or large meteorite impacts were found at Mohenjo-daro.

Version one. Mohenjo-daro and black lightning

In the magazine “Around the World” No. 7 for 1987, an article by Professor M. Dmitriev “Black lightning over Mohenjo-Daro” was published. In it, the high temperature that melted the stones at the “epicenter of the explosion” was explained by the explosion of a large number of ball lightning orphysical and chemical formations (FCO) (black lightning) , which are unstable and when they decay, a significant temperature arises. These formations can exist for a very long time and emit toxic gases. It is assumed that they “strangled” the residents. Moreover, FHOs can explode like ordinary ball lightning. It is the aggression of a huge accumulation of “black lightning” that supporters of this hypothesis explain the melted stones and skeletons of people on the streets of Mohenjo-Daro...
But what caused black lightning to accumulate specifically in Mohenzhdo-Daro? The ruins of the city are located in Pakistan, near the border with India. This is right at the junction of the Indian and Eurasian lithospheric plates. In this place, enormous tectonic stresses arise in the earth's crust. It is believed that it was the collision of these two plates, which lasted for millions of years, that led to the emergence of the folded mountain belt now called the Himalayas. The pressure at the junction of two plates could cause enormous electrical stress in rocks containing quartz. For the same reason, tension arises in the piezo lighter. Only the scale here is continental. At the same time, there is enormous tension between the Earth's surface and the upper atmosphere. Top layer ionized solar radiation, it is electrically conductive. The Earth's surface and ionosphere become the plates of a planetary capacitor. The layer of atmosphere between them is an insulator. You can imagine what kind of lightning can happen if you close the surface with the ionosphere.

There was even a hypothesis that Nikola Tesla learned how to cause an ionospheric breakdown and even boasted that he could burn an entire army or fleet with electricity at once.
Ancient Indian myths speak of some kind of unbearable radiance. Perhaps it was incredible ionospheric lightning.
If there really was incredible lightning, then what should be left behind is no less incredible fulgurite. This is a channel of fused soil that goes deep into the earth at the site of a lightning strike.
In this regard, we can recall the town of Sasovo in the Ryazan region. Thanks to the investigation of geologist V. Larin, the cause of the strange explosion in that place (also accompanied by piezoelectric phenomena) was found. Hydrogen rose from the depths, forming explosive mixture, flashing with an effect similar to triggering vacuum bomb. Fortunately, this did not happen in the city itself, but a little further away. True, unlike Mohenjo-Daro, no melting was observed here and the outbreak was too short-lived. There were also cases when deep hydrogen was burning in one of the anomalous wells in Yakutia and the heat around the burning well simply sintered the sand into glass.
This version about black lightning is supported by researcher V. Kandyba. He recalls many ancient reports about strong air glows and all kinds unusual phenomena in China, Ethiopia, India, Egypt, Scotland.

"At dawn Indian history An urban civilization existed in the Indus River valley for two thousand years. It is called Indus or Harappan (after the name of the first open city). Now the lands of the ancient civilization of the subcontinent are located on the territory of two states - India and Pakistan."

IN modern science the question of the origin of the Harappan civilization is being debated. Some scientists suggest that it was founded by people from Mesopotamia. Their opponents go so far as to claim the opposite: people from the Indus Valley founded Sumer. Others consider builders Mohenjo-daro representatives of the first wave of Indo-European migrations to the subcontinent.

Research in the second half of the 20th century showed that Harappan civilization was the result of the development of local agricultural crops. Urban civilization in the Indus Valley began to develop around 3300 BC. After 2600 BC The Mature Harappan period begins. After 1900 BC its decline begins, which lasted several centuries and ended with the disappearance of cities in the Indus Valley.

The largest city of the Harappan civilization was Mohenjo-Daro. He inherited this name from the name of the area in the 19th century - “hill of the dead”. We do not know what the inhabitants themselves called the city.

History of discovery

The honor of discovering one of the largest cities of the Harappan civilization belongs to an Indian. This man's name was Rakhal Bannerjee. He was born in West Bengal, in the small town of Baharampur. Bannerjee graduated from Presidency College, Calcutta in 1907 with honors in history. Rakhal continued his education and received a degree in history from Calcutta University in 1911.

A year before graduating from university, the young scientist began working in the archaeological section of the Indian Museum. Kolkata. A year later he took part in the first archaeological excavations.

Until 1922, Mohenjo-Daro was known only for its poorly preserved Buddhist stupa. Bannerjee, while exploring the area, discovered a flint scraper there and suggested that the hill might have more ancient history. In 1922, an Indian began excavations.

Archaeologists They found there seals with inscriptions in an unknown language, copper tools and the remains of an ancient brick city. Bannerjee suggested that they had discovered an ancient settlement that predated the Mauryan era.

During the archaeological season of 1925-1926, excavations at Mohenjo-Daro continued under the leadership of John Marshall. Archaeologists found large residential areas with well-built houses, straight streets, thin gutters, and a brick swimming pool called the “Big Bath.” During the excavations, two famous figurines were discovered - a bust of the “priest king” and a figurine of a dancer.

The dancer figurine is a bronze figurine of a naked girl. There are 25 bracelets on her left hand and four on her right hand. The figurine is made of bronze, its creation dates back to the 26th century BC. A few years later, archaeologists found another figurine of a dancing girl in Mohenjo-Daro, which dates back to approximately the same time of creation.

After the finds in Mohenjo-daro and other cities, Indologists began to try to decipher the inscriptions on the seals. Researchers tried to find commonalities in the signs from the Indus Valley and the inscriptions of the Sumerians, Minoans, Etruscans, Hittites, the Indian Brahmi syllabary and even the Rongorongo script of the inhabitants of Easter Island. Naturally, the attempts did not yield results. There was a discussion about the language of the inscriptions from Mohenjo-Daro. Marshall insisted that the language of the Harappan civilization belonged to the Dravidian family.

In 1944, the English archaeologist Sir Mortimer Wheeler came to India. His mission was to train a new generation of Indian archaeologists in modern field techniques. When Wheeler first visited Mohenjo-Daro, he discovered the city's fortified citadel. In 1947, after the separation of Pakistan from India, Sir Mortimer served for three years as an adviser on archeology to that country.

In 1950, he again conducted excavations at Mohenjo-Daro. Wheeler completed the excavation of the Great Bath. Based on excavations, the English archaeologist formulated his concept of the Indus civilization, which for a long time was popular both in science and in the public consciousness. According to Sir Mortimer, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were the two capitals of a great state, headed by priest-kings.

Since the 1980s, Mohenjo-Daro has been excavated by teams from the United States, Germany and Italy in collaboration with Pakistani scientists. Their goal was to revise the ideas made on the basis of previous excavations.

The emergence of Mohenjo-Daro

Soon after 2600 BC, agricultural settlements in the Indus basin began to change radically. The specialization of artisans developed, writing appeared, and coastal cities began to trade with Asian countries. Cities were built in accordance with the plan: they had wide streets, houses made of baked bricks, defensive walls made of clay and brick.

The high groundwater level at the location of Mohenjo-Daro does not allow archaeologists to excavate the most ancient layers of the settlement. Most of the excavated buildings date back to the Mature Harappan period.

Probably Mohenjo-Daro was largest city in that era. It occupied an advantageous position between the Indus and Eastern Nara rivers. To the north of the city was Harappa, the second largest city of the Indus civilization, and to the south was Dholavira. From Mohenjo-Daro there were roads to the highlands of Southern Balochistan and the valley of the Saraswati River. The city was ideally suited to control the communications of the entire Indus Valley, and perhaps this is what it was founded for.

The citadel of the city housed the “Great Bath,” a reservoir surrounded by a complex of rooms. Now this complex is considered religious, the cult of which was associated with water.

The appearance of the city

The Indus city was the social, administrative and religious center of the surrounding lands. It is believed that the bulk of the townspeople had high level life. Central position, size and individual unique features lead some scholars to suggest that it was not just a city, but the capital of a state. But there is no other evidence for this.

Mohenjo-Daro consisted of a citadel in the west and a lower city in the east. They were separated by a deep depression. A huge platform of sand and silt was prepared for the citadel, reinforced by a retaining wall of mud brick. The area of ​​the citadel was 200 by 400 meters. Her separate structures, such as the Big Bath, had their own platforms. The citadel, according to archaeologists, was built from the very beginning as a single complex.

The location of the citadel away from the lower city suggests that it was built to be a separate part settlement. Most likely, access there was controlled by guards. At the southeastern corner of the citadel there was an entrance to the temple of the upper city.

The northeastern part of the city's citadel is located under a Buddhist stupa and therefore has not yet been excavated. Excavations around it show that large buildings stood on the site of the stupa. Southern part occupied the citadel large complex, which included a pillared hall and possibly a temple. The buildings of this part of the citadel were intended both for everyday life and for public events.

The pillared hall was presumably used for public meetings. Researchers have found similarities between it and the assembly halls in Mauryan Pataliputra and the monastic halls in Buddhist monasteries. This hall was part of more large complex, possibly a palace similar to the residences of the rulers of the Middle East.

The most famous building of the citadel Mohenjo-daro- “Big Bath”. It has been called the oldest public water reservoir in ancient world. Its area was 11 by 7 meters, and its depth was almost two and a half. To get into the pool there were two ladders, and at one end of the tank there was a hole for draining the water. The bottom and walls of the tank were strong thanks to clay, bricks and plaster. The walls were also strengthened by a thick layer of bitumen.

It is assumed that Big bathhouse used for religious ceremonies, during which the participants were washed. To the north of the Great Bath there was a block of eight rooms with water tanks arranged in two rows. Each room had a staircase leading to the upper floor. It is believed that in these rooms there were people serving the Great Bath.

Behind the block, separated from it by a street, was the so-called College of Priests(College of Priests). It was a building consisting of many small rooms, several courtyards and one large courtyard. The College had seven entrances, so it is assumed that it was associated with the government of the city.

The building next to the Great Bath of the citadel is identified as a granary. But no grains were found during excavations of the building, making its identification as a granary controversial.

The lower city was also built on an artificial embankment - the remains of its retaining wall were discovered. There were three main streets and several secondary streets in the city from north to south. The street lines deviated from the north-south orientation by no more than two degrees. From east to west there were also streets and alleys that divided Mohenjo-daro for several blocks. The main street of the city was ten meters wide.

The houses in the lower city were two- and three-story. They contained several rooms. The houses had courtyards. The entrance to the dwelling was located in the alleys; only the walls of the houses looked onto the wide streets. Some buildings are identified as workshops. On the outskirts of the settlement there were areas in which craft activities were concentrated. Near the houses there were small brick platforms on which free time Residents of the city sat and talked with each other. Material for buildings Mohenjo-daro there was a burnt brick. Wood was used for doors and window frames.

One of the buildings in the lower city was identified as a temple, the other as a caravanserai. There were about 700 wells in the city. This number was due to the distance Mohenjo-daro from the Indus. In the next Harappa there were only about 30 wells. Sewage drains ran down the center of the streets. Trees grew along the streets, giving people shade and possibly having religious significance.

Below, beyond the artificial hills Mohenjo-daro suburbs were located. The largest were to the south and east of the city. In addition to residential buildings, there was an extensive industrial zone.

Feature of most cities Indus civilization– inability to accurately identify public buildings. It is difficult to find majestic temples and palaces here, which are known from other civilizations of the Ancient East. Some of the houses in the lower city at Mohenjo-daro had internal platforms which must have given them an imposing appearance. Other houses had a network of courtyards.

One of the buildings of Mohenjo-Daro consisted of two rows of rooms. Each of them included two rooms separated by a partition. There was a bathtub in the floor of one of the rooms. Presumably, the building was a hotel for merchants or officials arriving in the city.

Mohenjo-daro occupied an area of ​​more than 250 hectares, and its population is estimated from 40 to 100 thousand people. A six-meter artificial hill raised the city to a height that could not be reached by the waters of the flooded Indus.

Seals from Mohenjo-daro

The issue of power in the cities of the Harappan civilization is debated. The sparse data opens up the possibility of the most contradictory interpretations. On the one hand, there is a developed system of handicraft production, urban planning, and uniformity in artifacts. On the other hand, there are no such signs of solid individual power as monumental palaces. Archaeological data does not provide evidence of the presence of strong armies and police forces in the Indus cities. Other eastern civilizations left palace archives. Perhaps the archival documents of the Indus cities were written on material that has not survived the millennium.

The main evidence of existence in Mohenjo-daro political structure - the press. Square artifacts made of soapstone in large quantities discovered in Mohenjo-Daro and other cities. They are found on the territory of Sumer and Elam - lands with which the Indus cities traded.

The seals were worn around the neck. Most often they are found along roads or in workshops where owners have lost them. Seals were never found in the graves, probably because the seal was not a personal item, but an attribute of office. Leaving the post, the person parted with the seal.

An inscription and an image were placed on the seal. Not decrypted yet Harappan script, the inscriptions on the seals cannot be read. They may have provided the name and title of the owner to whom the goods belonged. The most popular design on the seal was the unicorn. About 50 seals from Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa contained the image of a bull. It is even rarer to find images of an elephant, antelope and others.

Some researchers see generic symbols in the drawings. According to others, these are symbols of cities. The unicorn is the sign of Mohenjo-daro, and the prevalence of such seals demonstrates the influence of this city. Another hypothesis is that the symbol on the seal reflects the status of its owner and the area of ​​​​his operations. Outside the Indus Valley, bull seals are found. It was probably a symbol of a person engaged in foreign trade.

Classes

Cotton clothing was produced in Mohenjo-Daro. Cotton was grown in the Indus Valley and Balochistan. Residents of the city used indigo and madder root to dye it. Fabrics dyed red with madder were discovered during excavations at Mohenjo-Daro.

The inhabitants of Mohenjo-daro used lifting mechanisms to extract water from rivers and canals. The city preserves an image of such a device - a vertical pole with a bucket on one side and a counterweight on the other.

As noted above, more than 700 wells were dug in Mohenjo-Daro. Houses were rebuilt from decade to decade, and the level of the city rose. The wells were also completed so that they were at the same level in relation to the pavement. During excavations of the old streets of Mohenjo-Daro, brick wells cleared of centuries-old debris rose above the researchers like towers.

Some cities of the Indus Valley specialized in one craft, while larger ones were centers of many crafts. The second type was Mohenjo-daro. The needs of settlers and fishermen stimulated the development of water transport. A clay tablet and seal found during excavations of the city show what a river boat might have looked like. It is a punt with a cabin on deck, reminiscent of modern Indian houseboats. She had a high stern and sides, and two steering oars. Presumably, the boats were made from bundles of reeds. For the cabin, four reed pillars were made, on which fabric was thrown. Such boats could easily navigate both shallow river waters and the sea. But their lifespan was limited to a few months.

Two birds sit on the stern of the boat depicted on the Mohenjo-Daro tablet. It is believed that they could have been released while swimming so that the birds would show the way to land.

Residents of Mohenjo-daro and others Indian cities Copper was widely used, which was used to make everyday tools. It was probably mined in the Aravalli mountain range of Hindustan. Spectral analysis showed that copper artifacts from Mohenjo-Daro contained nickel and arsenic. These elements are found in the copper of the Aravalli and Oman regions with which the ancient Indians traded. Most likely, local copper was the main, but not the only source for Mohenjo-Daro. Copper was delivered from mountain mines to the city Cat-Digi, and from there to Mohenjo-Daro.

Chicken bones were discovered in Mohenjo-Daro. Scientists admit that chickens could have been domesticated in this region. Modern domestic chickens are thought to be descended from birds domesticated in Thailand, but in the Indus Valley this may have been done independently Southeast Asia. Perhaps the city residents kept domestic ducks. But they definitely continued to hunt wild ones. Game chips from Mohenjo-daro are decorated with images of ducks.

Indian gray mongooses were kept in Mohenjo-Daro. Perhaps the Indians used them to protect themselves from snakes. Wild elephants were hunted for meat and bones. Tamed elephants were used as working animals. The city made works of art from ivory. Domestic camels began to be used in these lands after the decline of Mohenjo-Daro.

The outskirts of the city were full of wood suitable for construction. At Mohenjo-Daro, Dalberia sissu wood was used for rafter beams. Tamarisk was used as fuel. Rosewood, obtained from Dalberia, was used to make furniture, tools, cart wheels, and coffins. For the construction of buildings in Mohenjo-Daro, pine trees and Himalayan cedars were brought from the heights.

The cities were self-sufficient when it came to providing residents with food. The largest of them depended on the rural district. But there was also trade in food products, as evidenced by the finds of date seeds in Mozhenjo-Daro.

Decline

The last period of Mohenjo-Daro's existence is characterized by the decline of urban life. Houses were poorly built, residents neglected hygiene - the sewage system fell into disrepair. The dead were dumped in abandoned houses or left on the streets rather than undergoing funeral rites. The big sauna stopped working. Some cult statues were deliberately destroyed. A similar picture was characteristic of other cities of the Indus Valley.

The reason for this decline of Mohenjo-Daro is seen in epidemics. A study of skeletons from the upper levels of the city shows that the inhabitants of Mohenjo-Daro died from diseases, in particular malaria. Mohenjo-Daro and other cities, with their abundance of water in wells, reservoirs and drainage tanks, were ideal places for the spread of malaria and cholera. The last inhabitants of Mohenjo-Daro huddled in a few dilapidated dwellings.

Nuclear war in ancient times?

There is evidence that Rama Empire(now India) was devastated by nuclear warth.
In the Indus Valley - now Thar Desert, west of Jodhpur Many areas with traces of radioactive ash have been discovered.

Read these verses from ancient (6500 BC at the latest) Mahabharata:

"...a single projectile charged with all the power of the Universe. A glittering column of smoke and a flame as bright as a thousand suns rose in all its splendor...a perpendicular explosion with its billowing clouds of smoke...a cloud of smoke rising after its first explosion formed into expanding circles like opening giant beach umbrellas..."

It was an unknown weapon iron lightning strike, the giant messenger of death who burned the whole valley to the ground Vrishnis and Andhakas.
The corpses were so burned, What they were impossible to identify.
Hair and nails fell out, the pottery broke for no apparent reason, and the birds turned pale.
After several hours, all the food was contaminated…, to wash away the ashes, which settled on soldiers and their equipment, They rushed into the raging stream, but he too was infected.

Before the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, modern humanity could not imagine weapons as terrible and destructive as those described in ancient Indian texts.
Still they very accurately described the consequences of an atomic explosion.
As a result of radioactive contamination, hair and nails fall out, and food becomes unusable.
Bathing in the river provides some respite, although it is not a cure.

When excavations of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro have reached street level, They skeletons discovered, scattered on the streets ancient city and in cities, many held various objects and tools in their hands as if there was an immediate, terrible death.
People lay unburied on the streets of the city.
And these skeletons are thousands of years old, even by traditional archaeological standards.
The picture revealed to archaeologists strikingly reminiscent of the scene after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
On one site Soviet scientists found a skeleton, who has background radiation was 50 times greater than normal.

Other cities, found in northern India, have signs of high-power explosions.
One such city found between the Ganges and the Rajmahal mountains seems to have been exposed to extreme heat.
Huge masses of the walls of the ancient city are fused together, literally turned into glass!
And there is no sign of a volcanic eruption in Mohenjo-Daro or other cities.
Intense heat that can melt the stone, May be explained only by a nuclear explosion or some other unknown weapons.
Cities were completely wiped off the face of the Earth.

Human skeletons have been radiocarbon dated to 2500 BC, but we must keep in mind that Carbon dating involves measuring the amount of residual radiation.
But as a result of exposure to radiation, during nuclear explosion, the remains seem much younger.

The head of the Manhattan Project's research, Dr. Robert Oppenheimer, was known to be familiar with ancient Sanskrit literature.
In an interview conducted after he witnessed the first atomic explosion, he quoted Bhagavad Gita:
"Now I have become Death, Destroyer of Worlds".
When asked during an interview at the University of Rochester, seven years after nuclear test at Alamogordo, whether this was the first atomic bomb exploded on Earth, he replied: "Okay, in modern history Yes".

Ancient cities, stone walls which were fused together and literally turned into glass, find not only in India, also in Ireland, Scotland, France, Turkey and other places.
There is no logical explanation vitrification (transition to a glassy state) of stone forts and cities, except from an atomic explosion.
Another curious sign of ancient nuclear war in India is giant crater, located 400 kilometers northeast of Bombay And at least 50,000 years old, could be associated with the nuclear war of antiquity.
No trace of any meteoric material, etc., has been found at the site or in the vicinity, and it is the world's only known "impact" crater in basalt.

Signs of major destruction (from pressure, exceeding 600,000 atmospheres) and intense, sharp high temperature(indicated by glassy basalt balls - tektites), also found in another famous place.
Destruction of the biblical cities of Sodom and Gomorrah(a dense column of smoke quickly rose, the cloud was pouring burning sulfur, the surrounding soil was turned into sulfur and salt so that not even a blade of grass could grow there, and anyone in the vicinity turned into a column of salt) is like a nuclear explosion.
If there were pillars of salt at the end of the Dead Sea(which are still there today) would be ordinary salt, they would disappear with periodic rains.
Instead these the pillars are made of salt, which heavier than usual, And can only be created in a nuclear reaction, such as an atomic explosion.

In every ancient text there are references to Sodom and Gomorrah.
It is also known from these sources that happened to Babylon:
“Babylon, the most magnificent of kingdoms, the flower of Chaldean culture, will be desolate like Sodom and Gomorrah when God destroyed them.
Babylon will never rise again.
Generation after generation will come, but no one will ever live on this earth again.
The nomads will refuse to camp there, and the shepherds will not allow their sheep to sleep in that land." - Isaiah, 13:19-20.

Glassy formations are tektites.

The secret of Mohenjo-Daro.

For many decades now, archaeologists have been concerned about the mystery of the death of the city of Mohenjo Daro in India 3,500 years ago.
In 1922, Indian archaeologist R. Banarji discovered ancient ruins on one of the islands of the Indus River.
They were named Mohenjo-Daro, which means " Hill of the Dead".
Even then, questions arose: how was this destroyed? big city, where did its inhabitants go?
The excavations did not answer any of them...

The ruins of the buildings did not contain numerous corpses of people and animals, as well as fragments of weapons and signs of destruction.
There was only one obvious fact - the disaster occurred suddenly and did not last long.

Decline of culture - the process is slow, no traces of flooding were found.
Moreover, there is indisputable data talking about massive fires.
An epidemic does not strike people calmly walking the streets or doing business suddenly and simultaneously.
And this is exactly what happened - this is confirmed by the location of the skeletons.
Paleontological studies also reject the epidemic hypothesis.
One can rightfully reject the version of a surprise attack by the conquerors. there are no traces on any of the discovered skeletons, left behind by cold steel.

A very unusual version was expressed by the Englishman D. Davenport and the Italian E. Vincenti.
They claim that Mohenjo-Daro survived the fate of Hiroshima.
The authors provide the following arguments in favor of their hypothesis.
Among the ruins scattered pieces of baked clay and green glass come across(whole layers!).
In all likelihood, the sand and clay first melted under the influence of high temperature and then instantly hardened.
Similar layers of green glass appear in the Nevada desert(USA) every time after a nuclear explosion.
Analysis of samples carried out at the University of Rome and in the laboratory of the Italian National Research Council showed: melting occurred at a temperature of 1400-1500 degrees.
Such a temperature in those days could be obtained in the furnace of a metallurgical workshop, but not in a vast open area.

If you carefully examine the destroyed buildings, it seems that outlinedclear area - epicenter, in which all buildings were swept away by some kind of squall.
From the center to the periphery, the destruction gradually decreases.
The best preserved outlying buildings in the Word, the picture reminds consequences atomic explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Is it conceivable to assume that the mysterious conquerors of the Indus River Valley possessed atomic energy?
Such an assumption seems incredible and categorically contradicts the ideas of modern historical science.
However, the Indian epic "Mahabharata" speaks of a certain "explosion" that caused "a blinding light, fire without smoke", while "the water began to boil, and the fish were charred."
That this is just a metaphor.
Davenport believes that it is based on some real events.

But let's return to the city itself...

Mohenjo-Daro occupied an area of ​​about 259 hectares and was a network of neighborhoods (the oldest example of such a layout), separated by wide streets with a developed drainage system, which were divided into smaller ones and built up with houses made of baked bricks.
The dating of this settlement is still a matter of debate.
Radiocarbon dating and connections to Mesopotamia place it at 2300-1750. BC

When Indian archaeologists D. R. Sahin and R. D. Banerjee were finally able to look at the results of their excavations, they saw red brick ruins the oldest city in India, belonging to the proto-Indian civilization, a city quite unusual for the time of its construction - 4.5 thousand years ago.
He was planned with the greatest meticulousness: streets stretched as if along a ruler, houses are mostly the same, proportions reminiscent of cake boxes.
But behind this “cake” shape there was sometimes hidden such a design: in the center there was a courtyard, and around it there were four to six living rooms, a kitchen and a room for ablution (houses with this layout are found mainly in Mohenjo-Daro, the second big city) .
The preserved stairwells in some houses suggest that two-story houses were also built.
The main streets were ten meters wide, the network of passages obeyed a single rule: some ran strictly from north to south, and transverse ones - from west to east.

But this one is monotonous, like a chessboard, the city provided residents with amenities unheard of at that time.
Ditches flowed through all the streets, and from them water was supplied to the houses (although wells were found near many).
But more importantly, each house was connected to a sewerage system laid underground in pipes made of baked bricks and carrying all sewage outside the city limits.
This was an ingenious engineering solution that allowed large masses of people to gather in a fairly limited space: in the city of Harappa, for example, at times up to 80000 Human.
The instinct of the city planners of that time was truly amazing!
Knowing nothing about pathogenic bacteria, especially active in warm climates, but probably possessing accumulated observational experience, they protected settlements from the spread of dangerous diseases.

The city of Mohenjo-Daro is another of the treasures of ancient civilizations and evidence of their existence. The city is located in the Indus River Valley, namely in Pakistan, in the Sindh province. The city of Mohenjo-daro is one of the most ancient cities in the world and the very first city in South Asia. ( 11 photos)

The city was built 2 thousand years BC, lived and actively developed for about nine hundred years. The city is still crowned with a curtain of secrecy, very little is known about it, and a number of questions remain open: who built it? when exactly? How did they manage to build such a city? and the main question is why the city was abandoned by its inhabitants? So far, Mohenjo-Daro is the main subject among archaeologists and historians. It is believed that Mohenjo-Daro was “the administrative center of the ancient inhabitants of the Indian civilization.

Only a few remains of the city have survived to this day, you yourself understand how much time has passed, but with the help latest technologies scientists were able to establish that about 50,000 people lived in the city. This is a very large city for that time. The city was made of clay bricks, isn’t it interesting, 2000 BC these are bricks, and not just some kind of cakes, but baked bricks. Subsequently, local residents stole them to build their houses and all other needs.

It is also surprising that the city already at that time had a clear architectural focus, all alleys and streets were clearly measured and had a right angle, the city did not have any dead ends or incomprehensible labyrinths, which we can see in other ancient cities. The streets in the city were clearly coordinated, and the length was 8 meters, that is, on such a road two carts could easily pass each other, so there was no crowding on the street.

The unique qualities of the architecture include the presence of centralized nationalization and complete water supply. They thought that the first and only water supply appeared in the great ancient Rome, as you can see, the ancient inhabitants of Mohenjo-Daro also reached this stage of development. More specifically, the city had “public baths” equipped with a hot water, also in most houses there was a primitive (for our time) and not constant water supply, but still, this speaks of high intelligence civilization. All sewer water flowed into special drainage pits, usually located outside the city.

The height of the houses reached 7 meters in height, the architecture of the city had a fairly clear form of structures, the city was even divided into two tiers, of course, the main life took place below, but the houses had a second floor, and the roof of the first floors served as balconies. The city was also highly developed economically, Mohenjo-Daro was in excellent geographical location, next to it was the Indus River, in fact Mohenjo-Daro was shopping center, traders came here from all over Asia to exchange goods.

A large building with good ventilation passages was also discovered, perhaps it was a barn for storing grain. It can be assumed that religion in the city was also at a special level; an ancient mosque was found, to which a long street leads. Unfortunately, now most of the city is buried under a multi-meter layer of silt, excavations are also hampered groundwater that cover the city.

It is not clear why such an intelligent and well-developed civilization disappeared without a trace, all the people literally evaporated, archaeologists found the remains of only about 2,000 people out of 50,000. There are various theories on this matter, perhaps people simply left the city due to the constantly flooding river bed, this is an opinion arose after the discovery of a large wall, with which residents may have tried to protect themselves from floods.

The remains of the townspeople were found completely intact, that is, they did not die a violent death, and the remains of any weapons were not found in the city. Which automatically cancels the theory about the attack of the Aryan civilization. Lovers of the mystical world actively claim the movement of people to another time, and the abduction of people by aliens.

It is not known for certain why the city was abandoned, perhaps it was an earthquake of unprecedented strength, or a unique discharge of several ball lightning, the force of the explosion can be equated to nuclear. The remains of the residents were radioactive, which allows scientists to claim an explosion atomic bomb, but what kind of bomb was it at that time, at least it’s not logical, it means some kind of explosion natural origin, electric discharge as an option.

Despite all the efforts of archaeologists and historians on how and why the city was abandoned, Mohenjo-Daro stubbornly keeps all the secrets. And we can only guess and comment on the article)

Mohenjo-Daro is a city of the Indus Valley Civilization. It is the largest ancient city of the Indus Valley and one of the first cities in the history of South Asia, a contemporary of civilization Ancient Egypt and Ancient Mesopotamia.

Mohenjo-Daro arose around 2600 BC. e. and was abandoned some nine hundred years later. It is believed that during its heyday, the city was the administrative center of the Indus Valley Civilization and one of the most developed cities in South Asia. According to some versions, its inhabitants were exterminated during the Aryan invasion.

The city (or "hill of the dead") was discovered in 1922 by Indian archaeologist Rakhal Banarji. And for the first time it was seriously studied in the 1930s by the expedition of the British archaeologist John Marshall, who did not fail to note the “identity” of the finds in Mohenjo-Daro with those discovered in Harappa, 400 km upstream of the Indus. The last major excavations of Mohenjo-Daro were carried out by an American expedition in 1964-1965, but were abandoned due to erosion damage to the excavated structures.

In earlier studies, the “hill of the dead” was described as a border fortress of the Mesopotamian civilization. Mohenjo-Daro stands out among other centers of the Indus civilization with its almost ideal layout, use as the main building material baked bricks, as well as the presence of complex irrigation and religious structures. occupied an area of ​​about 259 hectares and was a network of blocks (the oldest example of such a layout), separated by wide streets with a developed drainage system, which were divided into smaller ones. Among other buildings, the granary, “ large swimming pool» for ritual ablutions with an area of ​​83 sq. m. and an elevated “citadel” (apparently intended for protection against floods). During its heyday, the population ranged from 30,000 to 40,000 people. The width of the streets in the city reached 10 m. Almost the first known to archaeologists were discovered in Mohenjo-Daro public toilets, as well as the city sewerage system. Part of the territory of the lower city, where commoners settled, was eventually flooded by the Indus and therefore remains unexplored. Over 4,500 years, the water (soil) level has risen by 7 meters.

To this day, many archaeologists are concerned about the mystery of the death of the city of Mohenjo-Daro 4500 years ago. The ruins of the buildings did not contain numerous corpses of people and animals, as well as fragments of weapons and traces of destruction. The only obvious fact was that the disaster occurred suddenly and did not last long. The decline of culture is a slow process, no traces of the flood were found. Moreover, there is indisputable evidence of massive fires. The epidemic does not strike people calmly walking along the streets or doing business, suddenly and simultaneously. This is exactly how it happened - this is confirmed by the location of the skeletons. Paleontological studies also reject the epidemic hypothesis. With good reason, one can also reject the version of a sudden attack by the conquerors; none of the discovered skeletons contain traces left by bladed weapons.

A very unusual version was expressed by the Englishman D. Davenport and the Italian E. Vincenti. They claim that Mohenjo-Daro survived the fate of Hiroshima. The authors provide the following arguments in favor of their hypothesis. Among the ruins there are scattered pieces of baked clay and green glass (whole layers!). In all likelihood, the sand and clay first melted under the influence of high temperature and then instantly hardened. The same layers of green glass appear in the desert of Nevada (USA) every time after a nuclear explosion. Analysis of the samples carried out at the University of Rome and in the laboratory of the Italian National Research Council showed that melting occurred at a temperature of 1400-1500 degrees. Such a temperature in those days could be obtained in the forge of a metallurgical workshop, but not in a vast open area

If you carefully examine the destroyed buildings, you get the impression that a clear area is outlined - the epicenter, in which all the buildings were swept away by some kind of squall. From the center to the periphery, the destruction gradually decreases. The outlying buildings are the most preserved. In a word, the picture is reminiscent of the consequences of the atomic explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Is it conceivable to assume that the mysterious conquerors of the Indus River valley possessed atomic energy?" Such an assumption seems incredible and categorically contradicts the ideas of modern historical science. However, the Indian epic "Mahabharata" speaks of a certain "explosion" that caused "a blinding light, fire without smoke" , while “the water began to boil, and the fish were charred” - What is this - just a metaphor? D. Davenport believes that it is based on real events.