Test questionnaire developed by E.F. Bazhin et al. based on J. Rotter’s locus of control scale

Study subjective control

Instructions to the subject. “The questionnaire offered to you contains 44 statements. Read them and answer whether you agree with this statement or not. If you agree, then in the answer form put a “+” sign in front of the corresponding number; if you disagree, put a “-” sign. Remember that there are no “bad” or “good” answers in the test. Express your opinion freely and sincerely. The answer that comes to your mind first is preferable.”

Questionnaire

1. Career advancement depends more on a successful combination of circumstances than on a person’s abilities and efforts.

2. Most divorces occur because people did not want to adapt to each other.

3. Illness is a matter of chance; if you are destined to get sick, then nothing can be done.

4. People find themselves lonely because they themselves do not show interest and friendliness towards others.

5. Making my dreams come true often depends on luck.

6. It is useless to make efforts to win the sympathy of other people.

7. External circumstances (parents, welfare) influence family happiness no less than the relationship between spouses.

8. I often feel that I have little influence on what happens to me.

9. As a rule, management turns out to be more effective when it fully controls the actions of subordinates, rather than relying on their independence.

10. My grades at school often depended on random circumstances (for example, on the mood of the teacher), and not on my own efforts.

11. When I make plans, I generally believe that I can carry them out.

12. What many people think is luck or luck is actually the result of long, focused efforts.

13. I think that correct image life can help health more than doctors and medicines.

14. If people are not suitable for each other, then no matter how hard they try, they still will not be able to establish family life.

15. The good things I do are usually appreciated by others.

16. Children grow up the way their parents raise them.

17. I think that chance or fate do not play an important role in my life.

18. I try not to plan too far ahead, because a lot depends on how circumstances turn out.

19. My grades at school depended most on my efforts and degree of preparedness.

20. In family conflicts, I often feel more guilty than on the other side.

21. The life of most people depends on a combination of circumstances.

22. I prefer leadership in which I can independently determine what to do and how to do it.

23. I think that my lifestyle is in no way the cause of my illnesses.

24. As a rule, it is an unfortunate combination of circumstances that prevents people from achieving success in their business.

25. In the end, the people who work in it themselves are responsible for the poor management of an organization.

26. I often feel that I cannot change anything in the existing relationships in the family.

27. If I really want to, I can win over almost anyone.

28. The younger generation is influenced by so many different circumstances that the efforts of parents to raise them often turn out to be useless.

29. What happens to me is the work of my own hands.

30. It can be difficult to understand why leaders act this way and not otherwise.

31. A person who could not succeed in his work most likely did not show enough effort.

32. Most often I can get what I want from my family members.

33. The troubles and failures that happened in my life were often more to blame for other people than for me.

34. A child can always be protected from a cold if you look after him and dress him correctly.

35. In difficult circumstances, I prefer to wait until the problem resolves itself.

36. Success is the result of hard work and depends little on chance or luck.

37. I feel that the happiness of my family depends on me more than anyone else.

38. It has always been difficult for me to understand why some people like me and not others.

39. I always prefer to make a decision and act on my own, rather than rely on the help of other people or fate.

40. Unfortunately, a person’s merits often remain unrecognized, despite all his efforts.

41. B family life There are situations that cannot be resolved even with the strongest desire.

42. Capable people Those who failed to realize their potential have only themselves to blame.

43. Many of my successes were possible only thanks to the help of other people.

44. Most of the failures in my life resulted from inability, ignorance or laziness and depended little on luck or bad luck.

Processing the results

The purpose of processing the results is to obtain an indicator of the locus of subjective control, that is, an indicator of the general internality of “Io”. It represents the sum of matches between the test subject’s answers and the answers to the questions given in the key.

Analysis of results

Locus of control is a characteristic of a person’s volitional sphere, which reflects his tendency to attribute responsibility for the results of his activities to external forces or his own abilities and efforts. Attributing responsibility for the results of one’s activities to external forces is called external, or external, locus of control, and attributing responsibility to one’s own abilities and efforts is called internal, or internal, locus of control.

Thus, two polar types of personalities are possible depending on the localization of control: external and internal. Every person has a certain position on a continuum that extends from the external to the internal type.

0 _______________¦______________ 44

external internal

The locus of control indicator (Io) obtained in the process of processing the results is deciphered as follows:

In general, the greater the value of internality, the less externality.

The locus of control characteristic of a person is universal in relation to any type of events and situations that he has to face. The same type of control manifests itself in cases of failure and in cases of achievement, and this is observed in different spheres of the subject’s life.

To determine the level of locus of control, the following boundaries of the internality scale are used.

At low level of internality people make little connection between their actions and life events that are significant to them. They do not consider themselves capable of controlling the development of such events and believe that most of them are the result of chance or the actions of other people. Therefore, “externals” are emotionally unstable, prone to informal communication and behavior, uncommunicative, have poor self-control and high tension.

High level of internality corresponds high level subjective control over any significant situations. People with this locus of control believe that most important events in their lives was the result of their own actions, that they can control them and feel responsible both for these events and for how their lives develop in general. “Internals” with high rates of subjective control have emotional stability, perseverance, determination, are sociable, have good self-control and restraint.

Intermediate level internality typical for most people. The features of their subjective control may vary somewhat depending on whether the situation seems complex or simple, pleasant or unpleasant, etc. to the person. But although their behavior and psychological sense of responsibility for it depend on specific social situations, it is still possible to establish in them the predominance of one or another type of locus of control.

Thus, the subjective locus of control is associated with a person’s sense of his strength, dignity, responsibility for what is happening, with self-esteem, social maturity and personal independence. Therefore, when making recommendations for self-improvement, you should consider that:

· conformal, compliant behavior is largely characteristic of people with an external locus of control; internals are less inclined to submit to the pressure (opinion, emotions, etc.) of other people;

· a person with an internal locus of control works better alone;

· internals more actively seek information and are usually more aware of the situation than externals;

· internals have a more active position in relation to their health than externals.

Research has shown that internals are more popular and occupy a favorable position in the system of interpersonal relations. They are more benevolent, more self-confident and more tolerant.

Individuals with an internal locus of control prefer non-directive methods of education and psychocorrection. And when working with externalities, it is important to take care of reducing the frequently observed anxiety and depression.

Methodology for studying personality self-esteem
Instructions: Carefully read the words characterizing individual personality qualities (character traits):

· neatness, · carelessness, · thoughtfulness, · receptivity, · pride, · rudeness, · cheerfulness, · caring, · envy, · responsiveness, · pedantry, · mobility, · suspicion, · integrity, · poetry, · contempt, · cordiality ,

· shyness, · rancor, · sincerity, · sophistication, · capriciousness, · gullibility, · slowness, · daydreaming, · suspiciousness, · vindictiveness · swagger, · rationality, · determination, · self-forgetfulness, · restraint, · compassion · bashfulness,

· persistence, · tenderness, · ease, · nervousness, · indecisiveness, · lack of restraint, · charm, · touchiness, · caution, · patience, · cowardice, · fascination, · perseverance, · compliance, · coldness, · enthusiasm.

Make two rows of words of 10-20 each.
In the first column - let's call it “My ideal” - place words that characterize your ideal.

In the second - let's call it “Anti-ideal” - words denoting traits that an ideal should not have.

From the first (“positive”) and second (“negative”) rows, select those traits that you think you possess. In this case, the choice must be made according to the “yes-no” system: whether you have this trait or not, regardless of the degree of its severity.

Processing, results and conclusions

Number positive traits that you ascribe to yourself, divide by the number of words placed in the “My ideal” column. If the result is close to one, you are most likely overestimating yourself; a result close to zero indicates underestimation and increased self-criticism; if the result is close to 0.5, you have a normal average self-esteem, and you perceive yourself quite critically.

In the same way, conclusions are drawn based on a comparison of the selected negative qualities with the “Anti-ideal” column. Here, a result close to zero indicates an overestimated self-esteem, one - underestimated, and one - 0.5 - normal.

Questionnaire "Level of Subjective Control" (USC)

Selection personal characteristics, which describes the extent to which a person feels like an active subject of his own activity, and to what extent a passive object of the actions of other people and external circumstances, is justified by existing empirical research and can contribute to further study of a wide range of problems in general and especially applied personality psychology. This characteristic fully corresponds to the theoretical ideas that have developed in Russian psychology, in which the study and formation of the conscious, active activity of the individual has always been given paramount importance.

In total, the USC questionnaire consists of 44 items.

In order to increase the reliability of the results, the questionnaire is balanced according to the following parameters:

I) regarding internality-externality, half of the questionnaire items are formulated in such a way that people with internal USC will give a positive answer to them, and the other half are formulated in such a way that people with external USC will give a positive answer to it;

2) according to the emotional sign - an equal number of questionnaire items describe emotionally positive and emotionally negative situations;

3) in the direction of attributions - an equal number of points are formulated in the first and third person.

Unlike the Rotter scale, the questionnaire includes items measuring internality-externality in interpersonal and family relationships. For medical and psychological studies, it includes items measuring USC. regarding illness and health.

To increase the spectrum possible applications The questionnaire is designed in two versions, differing in the format of the respondents’ responses. Option A, intended for research purposes, requires a response on a 6-point scale “-3, -2, -1, +1, +2, +3”, in which the answer “+3” means “strongly agree”, “- 3” - “completely disagree” with this item. Option B, intended for clinical psychodiagnostics, requires answers on a binary scale “agree-disagree.”

As studies conducted on normal student subjects have shown, responses to all points of the questionnaire have a sufficient spread: none of the halves of the scale was chosen less than 15% of the time. The results of filling out the questionnaire by individual subjects are converted into a standard system of wall units and can be visually presented in the form of a profile of subjective control.

The indicators of the USC questionnaire are organized in accordance with the principle of the hierarchical structure of the activity regulation system in such a way that they include a generalized indicator of individual USC, invariant to frequent situations of activity, two indicators of the average level of generality, differentiated by the emotional sign of these situations, and a number of situation-specific indicators .

1. Scale of general internality I o. A high score on this scale corresponds to a high level of subjective control over any significant situations. Such people believe that most of the important events in their lives were the result of their own actions, that they can control them, and therefore feel their own responsibility for these events and for the way their lives turn out in general. A low score on the Io scale corresponds to a low level of subjective control. Such subjects do not see the connection between their actions and the events of their life that are significant to them, do not consider themselves capable of controlling their development, and believe that most of them are the result of chance or the actions of other people.

2. Scale of internality in the field of achievements Id. High scores on this scale correspond to a high level of subjective control over emotionally positive events and situations. Such people believe that they have achieved everything good that was and is in their life themselves and that they are able to successfully pursue their goals in the future. Low scores on the Id scale indicate that a person attributes his successes, achievements and joys to external circumstances - luck, good fortune or the help of other people.

3. Scale of internality in the field of failures I n. High scores on this scale indicate a developed sense of subjective control in relation to negative events and situations, which is manifested in a tendency to blame oneself for various failures, troubles and suffering. Low I n scores indicate that the subject is inclined to attribute responsibility for such events to other people or consider them the result of bad luck.

4. Scale of internality in family relationships I with. High scores on this scale mean that a person considers himself responsible for the events of his family life. Low I s indicates that the subject considers not himself, but his partners, to be the cause of significant situations that arise in his family.

5. Scale of internality in the field of industrial relations I p. High I p indicates that a person considers his actions important factor in organizing your own production activities, in developing relationships in a team, in one’s advancement, etc. Low I n indicates that the subject is inclined to attribute more important importance to external circumstances - management, workmates, luck or bad luck.

6. Internality scale in the field of interpersonal relations I m. A high I m indicator indicates that a person considers himself capable of controlling his informal relationships with other people, arousing respect and sympathy for himself, etc. Low I m, on the contrary, indicates that he does not consider himself capable of actively form their own social circle and are inclined to consider their relationships as the result of the actions of their partners.

7. Scale of internality in relation to health and illness I from. High Iz scores indicate that the subject considers himself largely responsible for his health: if he is sick, he blames himself for it and believes that recovery largely depends on his actions. A person with low Iz: considers health and illness to be the result of chance and hopes that recovery will come as a result of the actions of other people, first of all doctors.

Keys to USK scales

Processing of completed forms should be carried out according to the keys given below, summing up the answers to the items in the “+” columns with the opposite sign and the answers to the items in the “-” columns with the opposite sign.

1. Io Scale

+: 2, 4, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34,. 36, 37, 39, 42, 44.

-: 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28, 30, 33,

35,. 38, 40, 41, 43.

2. Id scale: +: 12, 15, 27, 32, 36, 37.

-: 1, 5, 6, 14, 26, 43.

3. In scale: +: 2, 4, 20,31,42,44.

- :7,24,33,36,40,41

4. Is scale: +: 7,24,33,36,40,41

. -: 7, 14,26,28,41

5. Ip scale: . +: 19,22,25,31,42.

-: 1,9, 10,24,30

6. Im. Scale +; 4.27.

7. Scale I. +: 13.34.

Converting raw points into walls

To convert the raw score of the scales of the USC questionnaire into a standard value (sten), find the desired scale in the top line and move down the column to the line with the value interval in which the raw score you calculated falls. The leftmost column of the found line shows the corresponding wall. For example, if the raw score on the IS scale is 8, we find the interval 7-10 in the IS column and the wall value -7 is indicated in the left column of this row.

QUESTIONNAIRE USK.

Instructions. Read each of the statements below carefully and mark on your answer sheet:

completely agree rather agree, rather disagree, completely disagree

agree than disagree than agree disagree

1.Promotion depends more on a successful combination of circumstances than on a person’s abilities and efforts.

2. Most divorces occur because people did not want to adapt to each other.

3. Illness - given the opportunity, if you are destined to get sick, then nothing can be done.

4. People find themselves lonely because they themselves do not show interest and friendliness towards others. to others.

5. The fulfillment of my desires often depends on luck.

6. It is useless to make efforts to win the sympathy of other people.

7. External circumstances - parents and wealth - influence family happiness no less than the relationship of spouses.

8. I often feel that I have little influence on what happens to me.

9. As a rule, management is more effective when the actions of subordinates are fully controlled, rather than relying on their independence.

10. My grades at school often depended on random circumstances (for example, on the teacher’s mood) than on my own efforts. .

11. When I make plans, I generally believe that I can carry them out.

12. What seems to many people like luck or luck is actually the result of long, focused efforts.

13. I think that a healthy lifestyle can help your health more than doctors and medications.

14. If people are not suitable for each other, then no matter how hard they try to improve their family life, they still will not be able to.

15. The good things I do are usually appreciated by others.

16 Children grow up the way their parents raise them.

17. I think that chance or fate do not play an important role in my life.

18. I try not to plan too far ahead, because a lot depends on how circumstances turn out.

19. My grades at school depended most on my efforts and degree of preparedness.

20. In family conflicts, I more often feel guilty for myself than for the opposite party.

21. The life of most people depends on a combination of circumstances.

22. I prefer leadership in which I can independently determine what to do and how to do it.

23. I think that my lifestyle is in no way the cause of my illnesses.

24. As a rule, it is an unfortunate combination of circumstances that prevents people from achieving success in their business.

25. In the end, the people who work in it themselves are responsible for the poor management of an organization.

26. I often feel that I cannot change anything in the existing relationships in the family.

27. If I really want to, I can win over anyone.

28. The younger generation is influenced by so many different circumstances that the efforts of parents to raise them often turn out to be useless.

29. What happens to me is the work of my own hands.

30. It can be difficult to understand why leaders act this way and not otherwise.

31. A person who could not succeed in his work most likely did not show enough effort.

32. Most often, I can get what I want from my family members.

33. The troubles and failures that happened in my life were more often the fault of other people than myself.

34. A child can always be protected from a cold if you look after him and dress him correctly.

35. In difficult circumstances, I prefer to wait until problems resolve themselves.

36. Success is the result of hard work and depends little on chance or luck.

37. I feel that the happiness of my family depends on me more than anyone else.

38. It has always been difficult for me to understand why some people like me and not others.

39. I always prefer to make a decision and act on my own, rather than rely on the help of other people or fate.

40. Unfortunately, a person’s merits often remain unrecognized, despite all his efforts.

41. There are situations in family life that cannot be resolved even with the strongest desire.

42. Capable people who failed to realize their potential have only themselves to blame.

43. Many of my successes were possible only thanks to the help of others.

44. Most of the failures in my life resulted from inability, laziness and depended little on luck or bad luck.

gender_______ age__________ profession_______________________ date___________

Instructions

Please answer the questions posed using (marking on the form) one of the gradations of the 7-point scale :

USK Questionnaire

1. Career advancement depends more on a successful combination of circumstances than on a person’s abilities and efforts.

2. Most divorces occur because people did not want to adapt to each other.

3. Illness is a matter of chance; If you are destined to get sick, then nothing can be done.

4. People find themselves lonely because they themselves do not show interest and friendliness towards others.

5. Making my dreams come true often depends on luck.

6. It is useless to make efforts to win the sympathy of other people.

7. External circumstances - parents and wealth - influence family happiness no less than the relationship of spouses.

8. I often feel that I have little influence on what happens to me.

9. As a rule, management turns out to be more effective when it fully controls the actions of subordinates, rather than relying on their independence.

10. My grades at school often depended on random circumstances (for example, the teacher’s mood) rather than on my own efforts.

11. When I make plans, I generally believe that I can carry them out.

12. What many people think is luck or luck is actually the result of long, focused efforts.

13. I think that a healthy lifestyle can help your health more than doctors and medications.

14. If people don’t get along with each other, then no matter how hard they try to improve their family life, they still won’t be able to.

15. The good things I do are usually appreciated by others.

16. Children grow up the way their parents raise them.

17. I think that chance or fate do not play an important role in my life.

18. I try not to plan too far ahead, because a lot depends on how circumstances turn out.

19. My grades at school depended most on my efforts and degree of preparedness.

20. In family conflicts, I more often feel guilty for myself than for the opposite party.

21. The life of most people depends on a combination of circumstances.

22. I prefer leadership in which I can independently determine how and what to do.

23. I think that my lifestyle is in no way the cause of my illnesses.

24. As a rule, it is an unfortunate combination of circumstances that prevents people from achieving success in their business.

25. In the end, the people who work in it themselves are responsible for the poor management of an organization.

26. I often feel that I can’t change anything in the existing relationships in the family.

27. If I really want to, I can win over almost anyone.

28. The younger generation is influenced by so many different circumstances that the efforts of parents to raise them often turn out to be useless.

29. What happens to me is the work of my own hands.

30. It can be difficult to understand why leaders act this way and not otherwise.

I completely disagree

USK methodology(level of subjective control) received greatest distribution in our country, the authors of which are E. F. Bazhin, E. A. Golynkina, L. M. Etkind.

This technique is based on the concept of locus of control by J. Rotter. However, Rotter considers the locus of control to be universal in relation to any type of situation: the locus of control is the same in both the sphere of achievements and in the sphere of failures. When developing the USC methodology, the authors proceeded from the fact that sometimes not only unidirectional combinations of locus of control are possible in situations of different types. This position also has empirical confirmation. In this regard, the developers of the test proposed to identify subscales in the locus of control diagnostic methodology: control in situations of achievement, in situations of failure, in the field of production and family relations, in the field of health.

In total, the USC questionnaire consists of 44 items.

In order to increase the reliability of the results, the questionnaire is balanced according to the following parameters:

1) according to internality-externality- half of the questionnaire items are formulated in such a way that people with internal USC will give a positive answer to them, and the other half are formulated in such a way that people with external USC will give a positive answer to them;

2) by emotional sign- an equal number of questionnaire items describe emotionally positive and emotionally negative situations; 3) in the direction of attributions - an equal number of points are formulated in the first and third person.

Unlike the Rotter scale, the questionnaire includes items measuring internality-externality in interpersonal and family relationships. For medical and psychological studies, it includes items measuring USC. regarding illness and health.

To increase the range of possible applications of the questionnaire, it is designed in two versions, differing in the format of the respondents’ responses.

Option A, intended for research purposes, requires a response on a 6-point scale “-3, -2, -1, +1, +2, +3”, in which the response “+3” means “strongly agree”, “-3” - “completely disagree” with this point.

Option B, intended for clinical psychodiagnostics, requires answers on a binary scale “agree - disagree.”

As studies conducted on normal subjects—students—have shown, responses to all points of the questionnaire have a sufficient spread: none of the halves of the scale was chosen less than 15% of the time. The results of filling out the questionnaire by individual subjects are converted into a standard system of wall units and can be visually presented in the form of a profile of subjective control.

The indicators of the USC questionnaire are organized in accordance with the principle of the hierarchical structure of the activity regulation system in such a way that they include a generalized indicator of individual USC, invariant to frequent situations of activity, two indicators of the average level of generality, differentiated by the emotional sign of these situations, and a number of situation-specific indicators . Procedure Instructions

Read each of the statements below carefully and mark on your answer sheet:

• -3 – completely disagree
• -2 – partially disagree
• -1 – rather disagree than agree
• +1 – more likely to agree than to disagree
• +2 – I partially agree
• +3 – I completely agree

Processing the results

The results are processed in several stages:

1. Using the key, “raw” points are calculated for each scale:

The number corresponding to the choice determines the number of points received for each answer. In this case, points for answers to questions with a “+” sign are summed up with their sign, and for questions with a “–” sign - with the opposite sign.

Key

Scale	«+»	«–»	Σ
Io	2; 4; 11; 12; 13; 15; 16; 17;, 19; 20; 22; 25; 27; 29; 31; 32; 34; 36; 37; 39; 42; 44	1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28, 30, 33, 35, 38, 40, 41, 43
Eid	12; 15; 27; 32; 36; 37	1; 5; 6; 14; 26; 43
In	2; 4; 20; 31; 42; 44	7; 24; 33; 38; 40; 41
Is	2; 16; 20; 32; 37	7; 14; 26; 28; 41
IP	19; 22; 25; 31; 42	1; 9; 10; 24; 30
Them	4; 27	6; 38
From	13; 34	3; 23

2. “Raw” points are converted (Σ) into walls.

Table for converting raw scores into standard scores

Walls	"Raw" points
	And oh interval		And d interval		I n interval		And with interval		And p interval		And m interval		From interval
	from	to	from	to	from	to	from	to	from	to	from	to	from	to
1	-132	-14	-36	-11	-36	-8	-30	12	-30	-5	-12	-7	-12	-6
2	-13	-3	-10	-7	-7	-4	-11	-8	-4	-1	-6	-5	-5	-4
3	-2	0	-6	-3	-3	0	-7	-5	0	3	-4	-3	-3	-2
4	10	21	-2	1	1	4	-4	-1	4	7	-2	-1	-1	0
5	22	32	2	5	5	7	0	3	8	11	0	1	1	2
6	33	44	6	9	8	11	4	6	12	15	2	4	3	4
7	45	56	10	14	12	15	7	10	16	19	5	6	5	6
8	57	68	15	18	16	19	11	13	20	23	7	8	7	8
9	69	79	19	22	20	23	14	17	24	27	9	10	9	10
10	80	132	23	36	24	36	18	30	28	30	11	12	11	12

3. The received assessments within the walls are entered into the table:

Final table of results

The results can also be presented as a graph or as a profile.

Example graph

Example profile

Interpretation of results

Analyze quantitatively and qualitatively your USC indicators on seven scales, comparing your results (the resulting “profile”) with the norm. Deviation to the right (> 5.5 walls) indicates an internal type of control (ITC) in appropriate situations. Deviation to the left from the norm (< 5,5 стенов) свидетельствует об экстернальном типе УСК.

Description of scales

• General internality scale (Io).
  • A high score on this scale corresponds to a high level of subjective control over any significant situations: internal control, internal personality. Such people believe that most important events in their lives are the result of their own actions, that they can control them, and thus they feel their own responsibility for these events and for how their lives turn out in general. Generalization of various experimental data allows us to speak of internals as more self-confident, calmer and more benevolent, and more popular in comparison with externals. They are distinguished by a more positive system of attitudes towards the world and a greater awareness of the meaning and goals of life.
  • A low score on this scale corresponds to a low level of subjective control: external control, external personality. Such people do not see the connection between their actions and the events of their life that are significant to them, and do not consider themselves capable of controlling their development. They believe that most events in their lives are the result of chance or the actions of other people. Generalization of various experimental data allows us to talk about externals as people with increased anxiety and concern. They are distinguished by conformity, less tolerance towards others and increased aggressiveness, less popularity in comparison with internals.

• Achievement Internality Scale (Id).
  • High scores on this scale correspond to a high level of subjective control over emotionally positive events and situations. Such people believe that they themselves have achieved all the good things that have happened and are in their lives, and that they are able to successfully pursue their goals in the future.
  • Low scores on the scale indicate that a person attributes his successes, achievements and joys to external circumstances - luck, good fortune or the help of other people.

• School of internality in the field of failures (In).
  • High scores on this scale indicate a developed sense of subjective control in relation to negative events and situations, which is manifested in a tendency to blame oneself for various troubles and suffering.
  • Low scores indicate that a person tends to attribute responsibility for such events to other people or consider them the result of bad luck.

• Internality scale in family relationships (Is).
  • High scores mean that a person considers himself responsible for the events occurring in his family life.
  • Low ones indicate that the subject considers not himself, but his partners, to be the cause of significant situations that arise in his family.

• Scale of internality in the field of production relations (Ip).
  • High indicators also indicate that a person considers his actions an important factor in organizing his own production activities, developing relationships in the team, his advancement, etc.
  • Low ones indicate that a person is inclined to attribute more importance to external circumstances - management, workmates, good luck or bad luck.

• Internality scale in the field of interpersonal relations (Im).
  • High scores indicate that a person considers himself responsible for building interpersonal relationships with others.
  • Low ones indicate that a person tends to attribute more importance in this process to circumstances, chance, or the people around him.

• Internality in Health and Illness Scale (Iz).
  • High rates indicate that a person considers himself largely responsible for his health: if he is sick, he blames himself for it and believes that recovery largely depends on his actions.
  • A person with low scores on this scale considers illness and health to be the result of chance and hopes that recovery will come as a result of the actions of other people, especially doctors.

For professional diagnostics, the most informative are the results on the internality scale in industrial relations(IP). Results on other scales make it possible to construct a multidimensional profile. Since most people are characterized by more or less wide variability of behavior depending on specific social situations, the characteristics of subjective control can also change in a person depending on whether the situation seems complex or simple, pleasant or unpleasant, etc.

The level of subjective control increases as a result of psychological correction. It should be remembered that internals prefer non-directive methods of psychological correction; and externals, as individuals with increased anxiety and prone to depression, are subjectively more satisfied with behavioral methods.

Level of subjective control(USK) - a technique designed to diagnose internality - externality, that is, the degree of a person’s readiness to take responsibility for what happens to him and around him. Developed on the basis of the J. Rotter scale at the Research Institute named after. Bekhterev and published by E. F. Bazhin, E. A. Golynkin, L. M. Etkind in 1984.

Description of the technique

The USC questionnaire consists of 44 items.

In order to increase the reliability of the results, the questionnaire is balanced according to the following parameters:

1. According to internality-externality - half of the questionnaire items are formulated in such a way that people with internal USC will give a positive answer to them, and the other half are formulated in such a way that people with external USC will give a positive answer to it;
2. According to the emotional sign, an equal number of questionnaire items describe emotionally positive and emotionally negative situations;
3. In terms of attributions, an equal number of points are formulated in the first and third person.

The results are processed in several stages:

1. Using the key, “raw” points are calculated for each scale.
2. “Raw” points are converted into stans
3. The received stans are entered into the “USK Profile”.

Scales

Processing of completed answers should be carried out using the keys below, summing up the answers that match the key. The USC questionnaire is accompanied by seven keys corresponding to seven scales:

• General internality scale (Io) A high score on this scale corresponds to a high level of subjective control over any significant situations. Such people believe that most important events in their lives were the result of their own actions, that they can control them, and therefore take responsibility for their lives as a whole. A low score on the Io scale corresponds to a low level of subjective control. Such people do not see the connection between their actions and significant events, which they consider as the result of chance or the actions of other people. To determine the USC on this scale, it is necessary to remember that the maximum value of the indicator on it is 44, and the minimum is 0.
• Achievement Internality Scale (ID) A high score on this scale corresponds to a high level of subjective control over emotionally positive events. Such people believe that they have achieved all the best things in their lives themselves and that they are able to successfully achieve their goals in the future. A low score on the Id scale indicates that a person associates his successes, achievements and joys with external circumstances - luck, good fortune or the help of other people. The maximum value of the indicator on this scale is 12, the minimum is 0.
• Internality scale in the field of failures (In) A high score on this scale indicates a developed sense of subjective control in relation to negative events and situations, which manifests itself in a tendency to blame oneself for various troubles and failures. A low score indicates that a person tends to attribute responsibility for such events to other people or consider them to be the result of bad luck. The maximum value of In is 12, the minimum is 0.
• Internality scale in family relationships (Is) A high Is score means that a person considers himself responsible for the events occurring in his family life. Low Is indicates that the subject considers his partners to be the cause of significant situations that arise in his family. The maximum value of Is is 10, the minimum is 0.
• Internality scale in the field of industrial relations (IP) A high IP indicates that a person considers himself and his actions an important factor in organizing his own production activities, in particular, in his career advancement. Low IP indicates a tendency to attach more importance to external circumstances - management, work colleagues, luck - bad luck. Maximum IP - 8, minimum - 0.
• Internality scale in the field of interpersonal relations (Im) A high score on IM indicates that a person feels able to command the respect and sympathy of other people. Low Im indicates that the subject is not inclined to take responsibility for his relationships with others. The maximum value of Im is 4, the minimum is 0.
• Internality scale in relation to health and illness (From) A high Iz score indicates that a person considers himself largely responsible for his health and believes that recovery depends mainly on his actions. A person with low I considers health and illness to be the result of chance and hopes that recovery will come as a result of the actions of other people, especially doctors. The maximum value of From is 4, the minimum is 0.

When selecting applicants for leadership positions When forming teams, there is often a need to determine how responsible a person is, to find out how much he “controls himself” in various professionally significant situations, to assess the degree of his activity and emotional maturity.

The level of subjective control is a generalized personality characteristic that manifests itself in a similar way in different situations. Psychologists believe that the level of subjective control is associated with a person’s sense of responsibility for what is happening “here and now,” as well as for long-term consequences, i.e., with social maturity and individual independence. For the first time, diagnostic methods for such personality characteristics were tested in the 60s in the USA. The most famous among them is the locus of control scale ( locus of control scale), developed by J. Rotter ( J. B. Rotter). This scale is based on the premise that all people are divided into two types - internals and externals - depending on how they evaluate what causes various events in their lives and who is responsible for them. Every person can be assessed on the “internality-externality” scale. Internals have an internal locus of control, externals have an external one. The differences between the two types of localized control can be significant in terms of success professional activities(internal locus of control significantly correlates with the index of professional success).

People of the internal type evaluate all significant events that happen to them as the result of their own activities. They work more productively alone and are more active in searching for information. In addition, internal personalities cope better with work that requires initiative. They are more decisive, self-confident, principled in interpersonal relationships, and are not afraid to take risks. Research shows that internal leaders are able to successfully exercise directive leadership.

An external personality, on the contrary, interprets all events occurring in her life as depending not on her, but on some external forces (God, other people, fate, etc.). Since externals do not feel able to influence their lives in any way, to control the development of events, they abdicate all responsibility for everything that happens to them. At the same time, they are characterized by greater conformity, are more compliant and sensitive to the opinions and assessments of others. In general, externalizing individuals appear to be good performers who work effectively under the control of other people.

In domestic practice it is used methodology for studying the level of subjective control (USC), created by E. F. Bazhin, E. A. Golynkina and A. M. Etkind at the Leningrad Psychoneurological Institute named after. V. M. Bekhterev based on the J. Rotter scale. The authors of this technique proceed from the fact that the direction of subjective control in the same person can have variations in different spheres of life. Therefore, the USC includes a number of scales that measure not just internality-externality, but also the manifestations of this characteristic in such areas as attitudes towards achievements, failures, health and illness, as well as in the sphere of family, work and interpersonal relationships.

This experimental psychological technique makes it possible to relatively quickly and effectively assess the level of subjective control formed in the subject over various life situations.

QUESTIONNAIRE
to study the level of subjective control (USC)

Instructions: You are offered 44 statements that describe various ways a person’s interpretation of the most common social situations. Read each statement carefully, rate the extent to which you agree or disagree, and indicate answer form the number corresponding to your choice:

3 - completely agree
+2 - I agree
+1 - more likely to agree than to disagree
–1 - rather disagree than agree
–2 - I don’t agree
–3 - completely disagree

Try to use the full range of estimates.

Answer form
_______________________________________________
Last name, first name, patronymic

№ p/p	Statement	Grade
	Career advancement depends more on a successful combination of circumstances than on personal abilities and efforts
	Most divorces occur because people did not want to adapt to each other.
	Illness is a matter of chance; If you are destined to get sick, then nothing can be done
	People end up lonely because they themselves do not show interest and friendliness towards others
	Making my dreams come true often depends on luck.
	It is futile to make efforts to win the sympathy of other people
	External circumstances, parents and well-being influence family happiness no less than the relationship between spouses
	I often feel like I have little influence over what happens to me
	As a rule, management is more effective when it fully controls the actions of subordinates, rather than relying on their independence
	My grades at school depended more on random circumstances (for example, on the mood of the teacher) than on my own efforts
	When I make plans, I generally believe that I can implement them
	What many people think is luck or luck is actually the result of long, focused effort.
	I think that a healthy lifestyle can help your health more than doctors and medications
	If people are not suitable for each other, then no matter how hard they try, they still will not be able to establish family life.
	The good that I do is usually appreciated by others
	Children grow up the way their parents raise them
	I think that chance or fate do not play an important role in my life
	I try not to plan too far ahead because a lot depends on how the circumstances turn out
	My grades in school depended most on my effort and level of preparedness
	In family conflicts, I often feel guilty for myself rather than for the other party.
	People's lives depend on circumstances
	I prefer leadership where you can decide for yourself what to do and how to do it
	I think that my lifestyle is in no way the cause of my illnesses
	As a rule, it is an unfortunate combination of circumstances that prevents people from achieving success in their business
	In the end, the people who work in it are responsible for the poor management of an organization.
	I often feel that I can’t change anything in my family relationships.
	If I really want, I can win over anyone
	The younger generation is influenced by so many different circumstances that the efforts of parents to raise them are often useless
	What happens to me is the work of my hands
	It can be difficult to understand why leaders act this way and not otherwise.
	A person who has not been able to succeed in his or her job most likely did not try hard enough.
	Most often I can get what I want from my family members
	The troubles and failures that happened in my life were often the fault of other people than myself.
	A child can always be protected from a cold if you look after him and dress him correctly
	In difficult circumstances, I prefer to wait until the problems resolve themselves
	Success is the result of hard work and depends little on chance or luck
	I feel that the happiness of my family depends on me more than on anyone else.
	I've always had a hard time understanding why some people like me and others don't.
	I always prefer to make a decision and act independently, and not rely on the help of other people or fate
	Unfortunately, a person’s merits often remain unrecognized, despite all his efforts
	There are situations in family life that cannot be resolved even with the strongest desire.
	Capable people who fail to realize their potential have only themselves to blame
	Many of my successes were only possible thanks to the help of other people.
	Most of the failures in my life were due to ignorance or laziness and had little to do with luck or bad luck.

Processing the results

Processing of testing results is carried out in several stages. The number corresponding to the choice determines the number of points received for each answer. First, with the help of keys, points are calculated on each scale (by simple summation). In this case, points for answers to questions with a “+” sign are summed up with their own sign, and for questions with a “–” sign - with the opposite sign.

Keys to scales

1. Scale of general internality (Io)

2. Scale of internality in the field of achievements (Id)

3. Scale of internality in the field of failures (I n)

5. Scale of internality in the field of industrial relations (I p)

7. Scale of internality in relation to health and illness (I h)

As a result of calculating points for each of the scales, so-called “raw” points are obtained, which must be converted into standard scores (walls). To do this, use a special table.

Table for converting raw scores into standard scores

Click on image to enlarge

The received assessments within the walls are entered into the table:

Final table of results

The results expressed in walls are compared with the norm (5.5 walls). An indicator above 5.5 points indicates an internal type of control in this area, below 5.5 - about an external one.

The results can also be presented as a graph or as a profile.

Example of USC chart

USK profile example

Interpretation of the results obtained

IN psychologically man with high level of subjective control has emotional stability, perseverance, determination, sociability, high self-control and restraint. Man with low subjective control emotionally unstable, prone to informal behavior, uncommunicative, poor self-control and high tension.

General internality scale (Io). High rate on this scale corresponds to a high level of subjective control over any significant situations. Such people believe that most important events in their lives are the result of their own actions, that they can control them. They feel their own responsibility for these events and for how their lives turn out in general. Subjects with low level Subjective control people do not see the connection between their actions and life events that are significant to them. They do not consider themselves capable of controlling their development and believe that most events are the result of chance or the actions of other people.

Scale of internality in the field of achievements (Id). High rate on this scale corresponds to a high level of subjective control over emotionally positive events and situations. Such people believe that they themselves have achieved everything that was and is in their lives, and that they are able to successfully achieve their goals in the future. Low rate on the scale indicates that a person attributes his successes and achievements to circumstances - luck, good fortune or the help of other people.

Internality scale in the field of failures (I n). High rate on this scale reflects a developed sense of subjective control in relation to negative events and situations, which is manifested in the tendency to blame oneself for a variety of troubles and suffering. Low rate indicates that the subject is inclined to attribute responsibility for such events to other people or consider them the result of bad luck.

Internality scale in the field of family relations (Is). High rate And s means that a person considers himself responsible for the events occurring in his family life. Low rate And c indicates that the subject considers his partners responsible for the situations that arise in his family.

Scale of internality in the field of industrial relations (I p). High rate on this scale indicates that a person relies mainly on himself in organizing his production activities. He believes that he can influence his relationships with colleagues, manage them and be responsible for them; thinks that his professional career and promotion depend on to a greater extent from himself than from other people or external forces. Low rate indicates that a person has a tendency not to take responsibility for his professional successes and failures. Such a person believes that it is not he himself, but someone else - his superiors, colleagues, luck, etc. - who determine everything that happens to him in this area.

Internality scale in the field of interpersonal relations (Im). High rate And this indicates that a person considers himself able to control his formal and informal relationships with other people, to command respect and sympathy. Low rate , on the contrary, indicates that a person cannot actively form his social circle and is inclined to consider his interpersonal relationships the result of partners' activity.

Scale of internality in relation to health and illness (I h). High rate indicate that the subject considers himself responsible for his health: if he is sick, he blames himself for it and believes that recovery largely depends on his actions. Man with low rate on this scale, he considers the disease to be the result of chance and hopes that recovery will come as a result of the actions of others, primarily doctors.

For professional diagnostics, the most informative are the results on the scale of internality in industrial relations (I p). Results on other scales make it possible to construct a multidimensional profile. Since most people are characterized by more or less wide variability in behavior depending on specific social situations, the characteristics of subjective control can also change in a person depending on whether the situation seems complex or simple, pleasant or unpleasant, etc.

The level of subjective control increases as a result of psychological correction. It should be remembered that internals prefer non-directive methods of psychological correction; and externals, as individuals with increased anxiety and prone to depression, are subjectively more satisfied with behavioral methods.

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